Статті в журналах з теми "Mona Mona mission"

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reset the performance bar for the Caribbean professional through the identification and classification of core competencies and skills sets for academic librarians at The University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona Campus. Design/methodology/approach – Competency documents published by various library profession organizations and academic libraries across various geographic regions were content analysed to identify the major skills and competencies of highly skilled professionals. Findings – Core competencies selected for The UWI Mona Library are: first, uses professional knowledge and practice to lead staff and manage resources; second, identifies emerging trends and supports innovations; third, demonstrate willingness to embrace change and utilize best practices in service delivery; fourth, analyses situations for appropriate solutions; fifth, interacts positively and effectively with others; sixth, develops an environment that leads and manages change; seventh, manages and mentors staff; eight, sets clear goals and objectives while providing specific performance and feedback. Research limitations/implications – The competencies profile developed reflects the unique compositions of competencies required by academic librarians working in a twenty-first century, Caribbean, regional, academic/research environment. Practical implications – This framework will effectively guide the exercises of employee selection and succession planning within the library organization. Ensuring that the best employees are selected augurs well for succession planning within an organization. Social implications – A competencies profile provides rationale for the provision of transparent employee selection criteria. The framework is intended to set meaningful professional development goals and align those goals with the vision, mission and objectives of organizations. Originality/value – This paper presents the English-speaking Caribbean context for core competencies formulation and a listing of required competencies for The UWI, Mona Library professional.

ResumoApresento neste texto algumas das formas como o Acampamona, acampamento de “cura e libertação” de travestis, organizado pela missão evangélica Salvação, Amor e Libertação (SAL) em conjunto com seu ministério anônimo de conversão de travestis, opera seu discurso religioso / sexual / generificado, e como tal discurso atua, em conexão com a própria agência de travestis, ex-travestis e ex-ex-travestis, em suas concepções acerca da relação entre corpo e alma.Palavras-chave: “cura e libertação” de travestis, transexuais e homossexuais; gênero, sexualidade e religião; ex-travestis e ex-ex-travestis.AbstractI present in this paper some of the ways the Acampamona, camping of "healing and deliverance" of transvestites, organized by the evangelical mission Salvation, Love and Deliverance (Salvação, Amor e Libertação / SAL), in conjunction with your anonymous ministry transvestites conversion, operates its religious / sexual / gendered discourse, and as such speech acts in connection with the agency itself transvestites, former transvestites and ex-ex-transvestites in their conceptions of the connection between body and soul.Keywords: "Healing and deliverance" of transvestites, transsexuals and homosexuals; gender, sexuality and religion; former transvestites and ex-ex-transvestite.

Forging a new self: the Adamic protagonist and the emergence of a Jewish-American author as revealed through the novels of Bernard Malamud (Pirjo Ahokas, 1991) is reviewed by Paul Levine.EN TREUER KETZER. Studien zu Manès Sperbers Romantrilogie "We eine Träne im Ozean" (Claudia Sternberg, 1991, diss.) is reviewed by Margit Frank.Vilna on the Seine. Jewish intellectuals in France since 1968 (Judith Friedlander, 1990) is reviewed by Juhani Ihanus.Suomen juutalaisten aseveljeys (Hannu Rautakallio, 1989) is reviewed by Tapani Harviainen.Karaites and dejudaization. A historical review of an endogenous and exogenous paradigm (Roman Freund, 1991) is reviewed by Tapani Harviainen.Hakkorset och Wasakärven. En studie av nationalsocialismen i Sverige 1924–1950 (Heléne Lööw, 1990) and Führerns trogna följeslagare. Den finländska nazismen 1932–1944 (Henrik Ekberg, 1991) are reviewed by Lauri Karvonen.Juden in der Soziologie. Eine öffentliche Vortragsreihe an der Universität Konstantz 1989 (ed. Erhard R. Wiehn, 1989) is reviewed by Susan Sundback.Bibeln: tillägg till gamla testamentet: de apokryfa eller deuterokanoniska skrifterna (1986) and God och nyttig läsning: om gamla testamentets apokryfer (P. Block, J. Blomqvist, G-B Sundström, C. Åsberg, 1988) are reviewed by Nils Martola.Tradition og nybrud: jødedommen i hellenistisk tid (eds. Troels Engberg-Pedersen, Niels Lemche, 1990) is reviewed by Nils Martola.Short notice by Nils Martola.Jerusalem ja Rooma (Pauli Huuhtanen, 1989) is reviewed by Nils Martola.Minnen och tankar (Bruno Bettelheim, 1991) is reviewed by Karl-Johan Illman.Jødiske høytider i evangelisk lys (Dag Bughaug, 1991) is reviewed by Karl-Johan Illman.Antisemitismen. En historisk skildring i ord och bild (Hans Jansen, Janrense Boonstra, Joke Kniesmeyer, 1991) is reviewed by Karl-Johan Illman.Kyrkan och det judiska folket (Svenska kyrkans mission, 1991) is reviewed by Karl-Johan Illman.Mellan ord och tystnad. Essäer (Mona Vincent, 1991) is reviewed by Karl-Johan Illman.

Underwater wireless sensor networks have grown considerably in recent years and now contribute substantially to ocean surveillance applications, marine monitoring and target detection. However, the existing deployment solutions struggle to address the deployment of mobile underwater sensor nodes as a stochastic system. The system faces internal and external environment problems that must be addressed for maximum coverage in the deployment region while minimizing energy consumption. In addition, the existing traditional approaches have limitations of improving simultaneously the objective function of network coverage and the dissipated energy in mobility, sensing and redundant coverage. The proposed solution introduced a hybrid adaptive multi-parent crossover genetic algorithm and fuzzy dominance-based decomposition approach by adapting the original non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II. This study evaluated the solution to substantiate its efficacy, particularly regarding the nodes’ coverage rate, energy consumption and the system’s Pareto optimal metrics and execution time. The results and comparative analysis indicate that the Multi-Objective Optimisation Genetic Algorithm based on Adaptive Multi-Parent Crossover and Fuzzy Dominance (MOGA-AMPazy) is a better solution to the multi-objective sensor node deployment problem, outperforming the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, SPEA2 and MOEA/D algorithms. Moreover, MOGA-AMPazy ensures maximum global convergence and has less computational complexity. Ultimately, the proposed solution enables the decision-maker or mission planners to monitor effectively the region of interest.

In modern warfare, the comprehensiveness of combat domain and the complexity of tasks pose great challenges to operational coordination.To address this challenge, we use the improved triangular fuzzy number to express the combat mission time, first present a new multi-objective operational cooperative time scheduling model that takes the fluctuation of combat coordinative time and the time flexibility between each task into account. The resulting model is essentially a large-scale multi-objective combinatorial optimization problem, intractably complicated to solve optimally. We next propose multi-objective improved Bat algorithm based on angle decomposition (MOIBA/AD) to quickly identify high-quality solutions to the model. Our proposed algorithm improves the decomposition strategy by replacing the planar space with the angle space, which helps greatly reduce the difficulty of processing evolutionary individuals and hence the time complexity of the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D). Moreover, the population replacement strategy is enhanced utilizing the improved bat algorithm, which helps evolutionary individuals avoid getting trapped in local optima. Computational experiments on multi-objective operational cooperative time scheduling (MOOCTS) problems of different scales demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method over four state-of-the-art multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs), including multi-objective bat Algorithm (MOBA), MOEA/D, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) and multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm (MOPSO). Our proposed method performs better in terms of four performance criteria, producing solutions of higher quality while keeping a better distribution of the Pareto solution set.

Abstract From space, the Pacific glitters in ocean blue. What might the world’s largest ocean contribute to missio Dei? A spiral methodology is used to trace connections between the baptism of Jesus, early Christian art, recent legal (Treaty of Waitangi Tribunal) research and indigenous knowing, including ocean voyaging, ancestor understandings of whirlpools, Māori water rites and oral history of river beings (taniwha). The argument is that indigenous Oceanic (Māori) understandings of water, in conversation with baptismal narratives, present missio Dei as an immersion in God. Mission is located not in the activity of the church – and hence mission expansion as part of European colonisation – but in the being and becoming of God. Creation and redemption are interconnected and an environmental ethic is expected. Children of the waters (ngā tamariki o te Moana nui a Kiwa) listen to creation’s voice (taniwha speaking) and act for the life (waiora) of water.

We summarize an interesting set of solar system predictions that we have recently derived for modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND). Specifically, we find that strong MOND behavior may become evident near the saddle points of the total gravitational potential. Whereas in Newtonian theory tidal stresses are finite at saddle points, they are expected to diverge in MOND, and to remain distinctly large inside a sizable oblate ellipsoid around the saddle point. While strong MOND behavior would be a spectacular "backyard" vindication of the theory, pinpointing the MOND bubbles in the setting of the realistic solar system may be difficult. Space missions such as the LISA Pathfinder, equipped with sensitive accelerometers, may be able to explore the larger perturbative region.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are gaining preference for mapping and monitoring ground activities, partially due to the cost efficiency and availability of lightweight high-resolution imaging sensors. Recent advances in solar-powered High Altitude Pseudo-Satellites (HAPSs) widen the future use of multiple UAVs of this sort for long-endurance remote sensing, from the lower stratosphere of vast ground areas. However, to increase mission success and safety, the effect of the wind on the platform dynamics and of the cloud coverage on the quality of the images must be considered during mission planning. For this reason, this article presents a new planner that, considering the weather conditions, determines the temporal hierarchical decomposition of the tasks of several HAPSs. This planner is supported by a Multiple Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) that determines the best Pareto front of feasible high-level plans according to different objectives carefully defined to consider the uncertainties imposed by the time-varying conditions of the environment. Meanwhile, the feasibility of the plans is assured by integrating constraints handling techniques in the MOEA. Leveraging historical weather data and realistic mission settings, we analyze the performance of the planner for different scenarios and conclude that it is capable of determining overall good solutions under different conditions.

AbstractThis paper describes strategies to search for, detect, and identify organic material on the surface and subsurface of Mars. The strategies described include those applied by landed missions in the past and those that will be applied in the future. The value and role of ESA's ExoMars rover and of her key science instrument Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) are critically assessed.

Aims. Observational data show that the observed luminous matter is not sufficient to explain several features of the present universe, from gravitational structure formation to the rotational velocities in galaxies and clusters. The mainstream explanation is that the missing mass, although gravitationally active, interacts very weakly with ordinary matter. Competing explanations involve changing the laws of gravity at low accelerations, as in MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). Here, we suggest that the Dirac-Milne cosmology, a matter-antimatter symmetric cosmology where the two components repel each other, is capable of accounting for such an apparent modification of the Newtonian law, without invoking dark matter. Methods. Using a simple analytical approximation and 1D and 3D simulations, we study rotation curves and virial velocities and compare the mass observed in the simulations to the mass derived assuming Newtonian gravity. Using a modified version of the RAMSES code, we study the Faber-Jackson scaling relation and the intensity of the additional gravitational field created by antimatter clouds. Results. We show that, in the Dirac-Milne universe, rotation curves are generically flat beyond a characteristic distance of ≈2.5 virial radii, and that the Tully-Fisher and Faber-Jackson scaling relations with an exponent ≈3 are satisfied. We show that the mass derived from the rotation curves assuming Newtonian gravity is systematically overestimated compared to the mass really present. In addition, the Dirac-Milne universe, featuring a polarization between its matter and antimatter components, presents a behavior similar to that of MOND, characterized by an additional surface gravity compared to the Newtonian case. We show that in the Dirac-Milne universe, at the present epoch, the intensity of the additional gravitational field gam due to the presence of clouds of antimatter is on the order of a few 10−11 m s−2, similar to the characteristic acceleration of MOND. We study the evolution of this additional acceleration gam and show that it depends on the redshift, and it is therefore not a fundamental constant. Conclusions. Combined with its known concordance properties on the SNIa luminosity distance, age, nucleosynthesis, and structure formation, the Dirac-Milne cosmology may then represent an interesting alternative to the standard cosmological model ΛCDM, MOND, and other scenarios for explaining the dark matter (or missing gravity) and dark energy conundrum.

Right from its opening in 1929, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) recreated modern art as a new myth that was rescued from European history and thus became accessible as an independent value for an American audience. Paradoxically, the myth stemmed from the opinion that modern art’s history seemed to have expired in pre-war Europe. Upon MoMA’s completion of a major expansion project in 2004, there was considerable anticipation about how the museum would represent its own history and raise its profile in a new century. As it turned out, the museum opted for a surprisingly retrospective look, since its curators were tempted to exhibit its own collection, so unique up until the sixties, in the new exhibition halls. This launched a dilemma for MoMA, as it became a place for past art with little space for new art. In an in-depth analysis of what constitutes “modern” art in the context of the preeminent questions circulating in the art world during this time—When was modern art? and Where was modern art?—the author presents a focused chronology of the administration of MoMA under the museum’s first director, Alfred Hamilton Barr Jr. (1929–43), and, later, William Rubin, director of the Department of Painting and Sculpture (1968–88), with regard to their influence on the museum’s mission, exhibitions, and international profile. The author concludes with commentary on contemporary changes in art geography and contemplation on the effect on artists of the emergence of a global art market.

Aging coincides with a decline in map learning ability, but it is unclear to what extent different aspects of the mental representation are susceptible. The present study aimed to investigate knowledge about landmarks, their positions and distances (categorical and distance relations, respectively) in relation to aging as well as cognitive functioning (measured with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]), visuospatial abilities, and self-reported wayfinding inclinations. Thirty young adults and 60 older adults (30 aged 63–74 and 30 aged 75–86) learned a map, freely recalled the landmarks and performed a map drawing task (considering the number of landmarks missing, position accuracy and distance accuracy). Before that, older participants were also assessed regarding their general cognitive functioning (MoCA) and a series of visuospatial measures. The results show age-related differences among adults in recalling landmarks and in both categorical and distance relations, with a worsening of performance of old-olds only in the former. Older adults’ MoCA score related to accuracy in the three measures, and an additional role of spatial anxiety was found for distance accuracy. Above and beyond the age-related decline, the quality of older people’s spatial mental representation is related to higher general cognitive level and lower spatial anxiety.

When COVID-19 brought on the MCO or Movement Control Order in March 2020, it was an unprecedented & uncertain time for Malaysians. As the battle to treat infections began, the issue of personal protective equipment (PPE) arose. Shortage of availability, high cost, suitability of materials were the challenges faced by our medical frontliners and to which MODA decided to step up to fill the gap.MODA is a Non-Profit Organization (NPO) whose members comprise local fashion designers as well as persons & companies involved in Malaysia’s fashion industry. Thus, began a mission to raise funds, procure suitable locally produced material, mobilize manpower from designers with staff & facilities to produce PPE, to individual volunteers who cut, sew, packed & transported completed PPE to hospitals throughout the country.However, while this initiative addressed Malaysia’s needs currently, it is a short-term solution. In this article, we wish to not only share MODA’s experience in producing PPE but look ahead towards a solution for the future. Reusable PPE that will reduce the massive amount of waste, suitable materials that can be produced locally and is suitable for our climate, a PPE bank and storage facilities so that we are better prepared should another pandemic arise. Together let us learn from this experience and face the future better prepared as a nation!International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Supplementary Issue: 2021 Page: S7

Background Studies on genome-wide associations help to determine the cause of many genetic diseases. Genome-wide associations typically focus on associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genotyping every SNP in a chromosomal region for identifying genetic variation is computationally very expensive. A representative subset of SNPs, called tag SNPs, can be used to identify genetic variation. Small tag SNPs save the computation time of genotyping platform, however, there could be missing data or genotyping errors in small tag SNPs. This study aims to solve Tag SNPs selection problem using many-objective evolutionary algorithms. Methods Tag SNPs selection can be viewed as an optimization problem with some trade-offs between objectives, e.g. minimizing the number of tag SNPs and maximizing tolerance for missing data. In this study, the tag SNPs selection problem is formulated as a many-objective problem. Nondominated Sorting based Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-III), and Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm based on Decomposition (MOEA/D), which are Many-Objective evolutionary algorithms, have been applied and investigated for optimal tag SNPs selection. This study also investigates different initialization methods like greedy and random initialization. optimization. Results The evaluation measures used for comparing results for different algorithms are Hypervolume, Range, SumMin, MinSum, Tolerance rate, and Average Hamming distance. Overall MOEA/D algorithm gives superior results as compared to other algorithms in most cases. NSGA-III outperforms NSGA-II and other compared algorithms on maximum tolerance rate, and SPEA2 outperforms all algorithms on average hamming distance. Conclusion Experimental results show that the performance of our proposed many-objective algorithms is much superior as compared to the results of existing methods. The outcomes show the advantages of greedy initialization over random initialization using NSGA-III, SPEA2, and MOEA/D to solve the tag SNPs selection as many-objective optimization problem.

Though better known in the Anglophone world as the guru of postmodern “hyperreality”, the French philosopher and radical sociologist Jean Baudrillard devoted a great deal of attention to theorizing design. This paper singles out the moment—inspired by a conference he attended in 1972 in New York at MoMA—where he advances the argument that contemporary design, understood as articulating and incorporating the entirety of the artificial environment, is a direct manifestation of the most significant development in political economy since the industrial revolution—what Baudrillard calls the “political economy of the sign.” According to Baudrillard the origin of this expanded sense of design is the Bauhaus. That school sought to extend the role and mission of design to all fabricated phenomena, in the process collapsing any distinction between objects (and environments), turning them all into a fusion of art and technology, aesthetics and functionality. In explicating Baudrillard's argument, this paper also traces the missing presence of design in traditional political economy, arguing that Baudrillard was one of the first authors, albeit critically, to identify the now essential role of design in postindustrial capitalism.

The mirror as blind mouth: The poetry of Breyten Breytenbach The representation of reality, the word and the relationship between signifier and signified is the main theme of this article. In the poetry of the Afrikaans poet, Breyten Breytenbach, representation and “reality” are concerns constantly reflected on. The poem “drome is ook wonde” (“dreams are wounds as well”) can be read as a central “ars poetica” of Breytenbach’s work. Although it is a love poem it can also be read as literary theory, but not the same kind of theory as in, for example, Horace’s or Alexander Pope’s work. The poem discussed in this article does not deal with poetry as such, and what poetry should attempt to do; it is a presentation, the poetics being its representation. Breytenbach theorises an “epistemology of reading” in which the intuitive faculty of the reader – more than the cognitive – will guide the creation of meaning, and where the signifying value of the metaphor is beyond logical meaning. With the awareness of the impossibility of portraying reality by means of the poetic word, the mirror and mirror image acquire a meaningful function. For Leonardo (see Gombrich, 1986:5) the mirror was the painter’s master; the artist is the maker of mirrors, and then also the maker of dreams. The creation of a second reality, however, has boundaries because of the limitation of the poet’s medium. The creation then becomes more meaningful than the imitation, the presentation than the representation. After the analysis of Breytenbach’s poem one may come to the same conclusion as Lyotard (1984:81) concerning postmodern aesthetics which “ … allows the unpresentable to be put forward only as the missing contents; but the form … continues to offer to the reader … matter for solace and pleasure”.

Abstract Objective The current study sought to examine the specificity of Digit Span (DS) scaled score from the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) as a performance validity test (PVT) in older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or dementia. Method Archival data were utilized and included 195 patients (mean age = 72.8; mean education = 13.2) who underwent outpatient neuropsychological evaluations. Cases that had missing data, did not meet criteria for a neurocognitive disorder, or whose performance was deemed invalid were excluded. Participants were classified according to their evaluation diagnosis of MCI (n = 72; mean RBANS total score = 86.8) or dementia. Those diagnosed with dementia were divided by MoCA performance and categorized as mild dementia (n = 90; MoCA≥15; mean RBANS Total Score = 71.0) or moderate dementia (n = 33; MoCA < 15; mean RBANS Total Score = 55.9). Scaled score frequencies were analyzed to calculate specificity for each group. Results An RBANS DS scaled score of ≤4 occurred infrequently in older adults with MCI and mild dementia, resulting in specificity values of 0.93 and 0.90, respectively. In moderate dementia, specificity fell to 0.68 when using a scaled score of ≤4, with a cutoff of ≤2 required to maintain adequate specificity. Conclusions Findings suggest utility of RBANS DS scaled score as a PVT in dementia evaluations provided use of appropriate cutoffs. A more stringent cutoff was required in examinees with moderate dementia relative to patients with MCI and mild dementia. Future research should examine the RBANS DS sensitivity to invalid performance, as well as DS specificity across specific etiologies of MCI and dementia.

Abstract Objective Traditional performance validity tests (PVTs) often yield high false positive rates in dementia evaluations. The current study examined the frequency of extremely low scores (≤ 2 percentile) on WAIS-IV Digit Span Forward (DSF) in older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or dementia to evaluate its possible utility as a PVT in these populations. Method Archival data from outpatient neuropsychological evaluations were analyzed. Individuals who were not diagnosed with a neurocognitive disorder, had missing data, or were believed to be invalidly performing were excluded. Participants (n = 195; mean age = 72.8; mean education = 13.2 years) were classified according to their evaluation diagnosis of MCI (n = 72; mean RBANS Total Score = 86.8) or dementia. Dementia patients were further divided by MoCA score into groups of mild dementia (n = 90; MoCA≥15; mean RBANS Total Score = 71.0) or moderate dementia (n = 33; MoCA < 15; mean RBANS Total Score = 55.9). Frequencies of scaled scores were analyzed to calculate specificity values for each group. Results A WAIS-IV DSF scaled score of ≤4 (≤ 2 percentile) resulted in specificity values of 0.99 and 0.94 in MCI and mild dementia, respectively. Conversely, in moderate dementia, ≥0.90 specificity was achieved only when using a more conservative cutoff of ≤2. Conclusions Low DSF scaled scores occurred infrequently in MCI and mild dementia, indicating strong specificity and potential utility as a PVT in these populations. However, in moderate dementia, low DSF scores were more common, requiring use of a more stringent cutoff. Future research should examine DSF sensitivity to invalid performance, as well as DSF specificity according to specific etiologies of MCI and dementia.

As a harrowing sub-discipline of English and Comparative Literature, Trauma Studies is in need of geographical expansion beyond its moorings in European genocides of the 20th century. In this article, the authors chart the institutional and cinematic appropriation of atrocity images in relation to the Khmer Rouge’s auto-genocide from 1975–1979 in Cambodia. They analyse the cultural and scholarly value of these images in conjunction with genocide studies to reveal principles often overlooked, taken for granted, or pushed to the periphery in photography studies and film studies. Through grim appropriations of archival or news footage to more experimental approaches in documentary, such as the use of dioramas, the authors examine the commercial and artistic articulations of trauma, reconciliation and testimony in two case studies: The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) exhibition Photographs from S-21: 1975–1979 (1997) and Pithy Panh’s documentary The Missing Picture (2013). The authors first focus on the relatively obscure scholarship devoted to contextualizing images from international genocides outside the Euro-American canon for genocide study in order to build their critical formulations; they go on to explore whether these atrocity-themed still and moving images are capable of defying aspects of commodification and sensationalism to instead convey positive notions of commemoration and memory. Finally, their contribution to this debate regarding the merit of appropriating atrocity imagery is viewed from two perspectives: ‘commodified witnessing’ (a negative descriptor for the MoMA exhibition) and ‘commemorative witnessing’ (a positive term for the Cambodian film).

The surface slopes of planetary bodies are important factors for exploration missions, such as landing site selection and rover manoeuvre. Generally, high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) such as those generated from the HiRISE images on Mars are preferred to generate detailed slopes with a better fidelity of terrain features. Unfortunately, high-resolution datasets normally only cover small area and are not always available. While lower resolution datasets, such as MOLA, provide global coverage of the Martian surface. Slopes generated from the low-resolution DEM will be based on a large baseline and be smoothed from the real situation. In order to carry out slope analysis at large scale on Martian surface based low-resolution data such as MOLA data, while alleviating the smoothness problem of slopes due to its low resolution, this paper presents an amplifying function of slopes derived from low-resolution DEMs based on the relationships between DEM resolutions and slopes. First, slope maps are derived from the HiRISE DEM (meter-level resolution DEM generated from HiRISE images) and a series of down-sampled HiRISE DEMs. The latter are used to simulate low-resolution DEMs. Then the high-resolution slope map is down- sampled to the same resolution with the slope map from the lower-resolution DEMs. Thus, a comparison can be conducted pixel-wise. For each pixel on the slope map derived from the lower-resolution DEM, it can reach the same value with the down-sampled HiRISE slope by multiplying an amplifying factor. Seven sets of HiRISE images with representative terrain types are used for correlation analysis. It shows that the relationship between the amplifying factors and the original MOLA slopes can be described by the exponential function. Verifications using other datasets show that after applying the proposed amplifying function, the updated slope maps give better representations of slopes on Martian surface compared with the original slopes.

This study proposes a path-finding model for multi-target strike planning. The model evaluates three elements, i.e., the target value, the aircraft’s threat tolerance, and the battlefield threat, and optimizes the striking path by constraining the balance between mission execution and the combat survival. In order to improve the speed of the Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm Based on Decomposition (MOEA/D), we use the conjugate gradient method for optimization. A Gaussian perturbation is added to the search points to make their distribution closer to the population distribution. The simulation shows that the proposed method effectively chooses its target according to the target value and the aircraft’s acceptable threat value, completes the strike on high value targets, evades threats, and verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the multi-objective optimization model.

Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis moda entri jasa ritel Indonesia ke negara-negara ASEAN sesuai dengan komitmen setiap negara di AFAS Paket 8. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan indeks Hoekman. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa Alfamart masuk ke pasar jasa ritel Filipina tanpa memanfaatkan kerjasama AFAS. Hal ini disebabkan Filipina masih menutup jasa ritelnya pada kerjasama tersebut. Moda entri yang digunakan Alfamart untuk masuk ke Filipina adalah waralaba. Suksesnya Alfamart menjadi tolak ukur untuk mengembangkan alternatif moda entri ke negara-negara ASEAN lainnya sesuai dengan hasil pemetaan peluang akses pasar di AFAS Paket 8. Moda Entri yang diusulkan tersebut yaitu: a) Waralaba untuk negara yang belum terbuka (indeks Hoekman 0) yaitu Brunei Darussalam dan Laos, b) Usaha patungan pada negara-negara yang membuka akses pasar dengan pembatasan (indeks Hoekman 0,5) yaitu Malaysia dan Myanmar, dan c) Kepemilikan saham penuh pada negara-negara yang membuka akses pasar tanpa pembatasan (indeks Hoekman 1) yaitu Vietnam, Kamboja, Singapura dan Thailand. Faktor kunci suksesnya ekspor jasa ritel dalam kasus ini adalah mitra bisnis lokal yang membeli master franchise. Untuk itu, pemerintah dapat berperan dalam promosi dan misi dagang ke luar negeri untuk menarik mitra bisnis. The aim of this study is to analyze the mode of entry of Indonesia’s retail supplier into ASEAN countries in accordance with the commitment of each country in AFAS Package 8. The methods deployed in this study are the Hoekman Index and descriptive analysis. The study results show that Alfamart has entered into the Philippine market retail services without utilizing AFAS cooperation. This is due to Philippines’s policy that still close its retail services market on such cooperation. The mode of entry used by Alfamart is franchise service. The success of Alfamart can be a benchmark to develop alternative modes of entry into other ASEAN countries in accordance with market access opportunities mapping of AFAS package 8. The alternatives of entry modes proposed in this study are: a) franchise for countries that does not have open access yet (indeks Hoekman 0) such as Brunei Darussalam and Laos, b) joint ventures in countries which have limited open access (indeks Hoekman 0.5) such as Malaysia and Myanmar , c) and wholly owned subsidiary in countries with full access into the market without restrictions (indeks Hoekman 1) such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore and Thailand. A key factor which contributes to the success of retail service exports is local business partners who purchases master franchise. For that, the government can play a decisive role in promoting trade missions abroad to attract business partners.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the effects of the shape optimization on the missile performance at supersonic speeds. The N1G missile model shape variation, which decreased its aerodynamic drag and increased its aerodynamic lift at supersonic flow under determined constraints, was numerically investigated. Missile geometry was selected from a literature study for optimization in terms of aerodynamics. Missile aerodynamic coefficient prediction was performed to verify and compare with existing experimental results at supersonic Mach numbers using SST k-omega, realizable k-epsilon, and Spalart-Allmaras turbulence models. In the optimization process, the missile body and fin design parameters need to be estimated to design optimum missile geometry. Lift and drag coefficients were considered objective function. Input and output parameters were collected to obtain design points. Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) was used to optimize missile geometry. The front part of the body, the main body, and tailfins were improved to find an optimum missile model at supersonic speeds. The optimization results showed that a lift-to-drag coefficient ratio, which determines the performance of a missile, was improved about 11-17 percent at supersonic Mach numbers.

Noun class prefixes ki-/vi- and ka-/tu- found in Bantu diminutives are widespread despite claims that these affixes are missing in Kiswahili. This study was qualitative, employing data from Kiswahili native speakers, selected literary works of art written in Kiswahili by Kiswahili speakers, and Kiswahili chat messages from WhatsApp forums of Kiswahili speakers. The study reveals that Kiswahili speakers use ka- and tu- affixes in addition to ki-/vi- to form diminutives. These affixes may attach to noun stems as in ka-toto/tu-toto ‘tiny child/tiny children’; or may attach to prefixed stems as pre-prefixes as in ki-m-nazi ‘small/short coconut tree’ and vi-mi-nazi ‘small/short coconut trees. The study findings also reveal that the noun class prefixes trigger agreement on modifiers and verb complexes regardless of their forms as prefixes or pre-prefixes as observed in ki-toto ki-moja ki-zuri ‘one pretty little girl’; or in ka-dada ka-na-miliki-gari ‘pretty little girl owning a car’ where the ki- and ka- on the subject noun stems (-toto and -dada) re-surface as subject markers (SMs) on the modifiers -moja ‘one’ and -zuri ‘pretty’; and on the verb complex -na-miliki ‘owning’. These facts provide strong support for arguing that Kiswahili projects special diminutive affixes in class 12/13 that triggers agreement on other modifiers.

Background. Medication is often changed after hospital discharge in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Objective. This observational study aimed to describe changes in PD medication after discharge and explore their association with self-reported adherence and clinical parameters. Methods. During hospitalisation sociodemographic characteristics, the Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified PD Rating Scale for motor function (MDS-UPDRS III), Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage, levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) score, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score, nonmotor symptoms questionnaire (NMSQ), and Stendal Adherence to Medication Score (SAMS) were collected in 125 people with PD. A semistructured interview was conducted 1 month after discharge to determine the extent and reasons for medication changes. Results. Thirty-eight patients (30.4%) changed their PD medication after discharge. Most changes (20.8%) were performed by physicians while 9.6% of patients changed their medication by themselves due to side effects, missing effect of the medication, missing knowledge about the indication, running out of medication, or nonspecific reason. This led to decreased doses while changes by physicians resulted in both increase and decrease of doses as well as new drug prescription. Patients without changes, patients with changes performed by them, and patients with changes performed by physicians did not differ in age, disease duration, MDS-UPDRS III, LEDD, NMSQ, MoCA, BDI-II, gender, marital status, or education. However, patients who themselves made the changes were more likely to be nonadherent according to baseline SAMS. Patients who made changes after discharge had higher SAMS modification and forgetting subscores than patients without changes or with changes made by physicians. Conclusion. Both intended and unintended nonadherence occur in patients who change medication after discharge. The use of an adherence questionnaire during inpatient treatment may help detect patients with higher risk of changing medication after discharge.

Metabolite annotation has been a challenging issue especially in untargeted metabolomics studies by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This is in part due to the limitations of publicly available spectral libraries, which consist of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data acquired from just a fraction of known metabolites. Machine learning provides the opportunity to predict molecular fingerprints based on MS/MS data. The predicted molecular fingerprints can then be used to help rank putative metabolite IDs obtained by using either the precursor mass or the formula of the unknown metabolite. This method is particularly useful to help annotate metabolites whose corresponding MS/MS spectra are missing or cannot be matched with those in accessible spectral libraries. We investigated a convolutional neural network (CNN) for molecular fingerprint prediction based on data acquired by MS/MS. We used more than 680,000 MS/MS spectra obtained from the MoNA repository and NIST 20, representing about 36,000 compounds for training and testing our CNN model. The trained CNN model is implemented as a python package, MetFID. The package is available on GitHub for users to enter their MS/MS spectra and corresponding putative metabolite IDs to obtain ranked lists of metabolites. Better performance is achieved by MetFID in ranking putative metabolite IDs using the CASMI 2016 benchmark dataset compared to two other machine learning-based tools (CSI:FingerID and ChemDistiller).

To achieve maximum efficiency of the teaching process, it is necessary to eliminate the negative effects of traditional teaching such as forcing verbalism, reproductive learning, the dominant role of teacher and insufficient students' engagement. Teachers today have better opportunities for more creative work with students, and this is especially expressed in Moja okolina (My Environment) subject classes. The experimental method is learning by observing direct reality, following protocols and keeping notes of observations. We examined the attitudes and opinions of 100 primary school teachers from Sarajevo Canton. The results of this work show that teachers are familiar with the benefits of the experimental method but do not apply it enough. Teachers recognize teaching materials which are compatible in work with this method. Teachers are familiar with many benefits of applying the experimental method for students but the conditions, support and expertise to apply it more and better are missing.

Purpose The purpose of this case study is to focus on the role of higher education in the realisation of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4, discussing both challenges and opportunities. Drawing on the example of The University of the West Indies (UWI) School of Education (SOE) (Mona Campus in Jamaica), this paper illustrates how higher education can move SDG 4 forward in a realistic and significant way. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the literature and case study experiences implementing education for sustainable development-related activities within a SOE, opportunities and challenges regarding SDG 4 and higher education institutions (HEIs) are identified and outlined. The SOE at the UWI campus is used as an illustrative case study to highlight the ways in which HEIs can drive SDG 4 through teaching, programme and course development, research and outreach activities. Findings Based on the literature examined, along with the case study, the paper argues that HEIs must help to shape and lead the SDG 4 agenda by being integrally involved and no longer watching from the side lines. A framework to aid HEIs in achieving outcomes associated with SDG 4 is then proffered. The intent is that this will not only help shape discourse but also shape actions, as the demand for higher education increases across the globe. Originality/value This paper uses a Caribbean regional HEI as the basis for the framework proposed to aid HEIs in achieving SDG 4 outcomes. This brings to the fore discourse from the global south, as space that is often missing from the discussion.

This paper describes the sand procedure of the Hetman’s Court in the Crown Army at the time of the Great Turkish War (1683-1699). The Court has not been the subject of a separate study since the 1920s, whereas older studies relied on a very meagre source base. Meanwhile, there were availble Hetman’s registers (copies of documents issued by Hetman’s chancellery) from the period when the offi ce was held by Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski, the Ruthenian Palatine and later Kraków Castellan. The registers, albeit incomplete (registers for 1683-1685, 1687-1689 and 1696 are missing), contain, inter alia, decrees issued by the Court Martial (i.e., the Hetman’s Court), which served as the basis for this discussion. The Great Crown Hetman, similarly to the connétable de France (until 1627), combined in his hand the authority of the Commander-in-Chief of the regular army and the administrative authority over it. One of the major aspects of the latter was administration of justice over soldiers. Originally, the hetman had exclusive jurisdiction in this respect but the demands of nobility who suffered from robberies by soldiers resulted in subjecting soldiers to the jurisdiction of ‘civil’ (i.e. non military) courts. In the late 17th century, one can speak of the practically overlapping jurisdiction of the Hetman’s Court, Crown Tribunal and fi scal organs with relation to so-called causae iniuriatorum (causes of the aggrieved: nobility vs. the army). The Great Crown Hetman did not have as extensive a judicial apparatus as some western European armies at that time. Most causes were adjudicated by Jabłonowski himself (possibly with the assistance of junior judges). The Court Martial had also its own instigator and ushers. The competences of military judges are not very clear. To perform certain evidentiary acts (such as inquisition – an equivalent of scrutinum conducted in district courts (sądy ziemskie) – a kind of on-site inspection combined with the hearing of witness testimony) the Hetman would delegate trusted offi cers or national enlistment comrades and, not infrequently, local ‘civil’ offi cers. The role of military police was doubtless performed by the Hetman’s company of Hungarian infantry. The procedure of the Hetman’s court was similar to that of a trial before a district court. A military trial was in principle instituted by a complaint, it was adversarial and controlled by the parties. Proceedings were instituted by bringing a complaint to the military instigator who, in turn, petitioned the Hetman to issue a writ of summons. The penalty for a failure to appear on the fi rst date was contumacy (a fi ne – so-called niestanne). A writ of summons for the second date was announced publicly. The second term was a strict one – a failure to appear meant losing the case, having one’s pay distrained (this, by the way, was the most effective remedy) and – theoretically – being dishonourably discharged from the army (wytrąbienie). The most common evidence included inquisition, interrogation (involving torture in the case of people of non-noble descent) and an oath. The most important penalties imposed by the Court Martial included the penalty of the throat (death penalty – imposed very rarely, it practically was not executed in the case of noblemen), imprisonment in a tower and fi nally damages, which had the greatest practical value.

The photogrammetric bundle adjustment of line scanner image data requires a precise description of the time-dependent image orientation. For this task exterior orientation parameters of discrete points are used to model position and viewing direction of a camera trajectory via polynomials. This paper investigates the influence of the distance between these orientation points on the quality of trajectory modeling. A new method adapts the distance along the trajectory to the available image information. Compared to a constant distance as used previously, a better reconstruction of the exterior orientation is possible, especially when image quality changes within a strip. <br><br> In our research we use image strips of the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC), taken to map the Martian surface. Several experiments on the global image data set have been carried out to investigate how the bundle adjustment improves the image orientation, if the new method is employed. For evaluation the forward intersection errors of 3D points derived from HRSC images, as well as their remaining height differences to the MOLA DTM are used. <br><br> In 13.5 % (515 of 3,828) of the image strips, taken during this ongoing mission over the last 12 years, high frequency image distortions were found. Bundle adjustment with a constant orientation point distance was able to reconstruct the orbit in 239 (46.4 %) cases. A variable orientation point distance increased this number to 507 (98.6 %).

The photogrammetric bundle adjustment of line scanner image data requires a precise description of the time-dependent image orientation. For this task exterior orientation parameters of discrete points are used to model position and viewing direction of a camera trajectory via polynomials. This paper investigates the influence of the distance between these orientation points on the quality of trajectory modeling. A new method adapts the distance along the trajectory to the available image information. Compared to a constant distance as used previously, a better reconstruction of the exterior orientation is possible, especially when image quality changes within a strip. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; In our research we use image strips of the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC), taken to map the Martian surface. Several experiments on the global image data set have been carried out to investigate how the bundle adjustment improves the image orientation, if the new method is employed. For evaluation the forward intersection errors of 3D points derived from HRSC images, as well as their remaining height differences to the MOLA DTM are used. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; In 13.5 % (515 of 3,828) of the image strips, taken during this ongoing mission over the last 12 years, high frequency image distortions were found. Bundle adjustment with a constant orientation point distance was able to reconstruct the orbit in 239 (46.4 %) cases. A variable orientation point distance increased this number to 507 (98.6 %).

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics such as fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) have been proposed as clinical trial markers of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) due to their associations with outcomes such as cognition. However, studies investigating this have been predominantly single-centre. As clinical trials are likely to be multisite, further studies are required to determine whether associations with cognition of similar strengths can be detected in a multicentre setting. One hundred and nine patients (mean age =68 years) with symptomatic lacunar infarction and confluent white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI was recruited across six sites as part of the PRESERVE DTI substudy. After handling missing data, 3T-MRI scanning was available from five sites on five scanner models (Siemens and Philips), alongside neuropsychological and quality of life (QoL) assessments. FA median and MD peak height were extracted from DTI histogram analysis. Multiple linear regressions were performed, including normalized brain volume, WMH lesion load, and n° lacunes as covariates, to investigate the association of FA and MD with cognition and QoL. DTI metrics from all white matter were significantly associated with global cognition (standardized β =0.268), mental flexibility (β =0.306), verbal fluency (β =0.376), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (β =0.273). The magnitudes of these associations were comparable with those previously reported from single-centre studies found in a systematic literature review. In this multicentre study, we confirmed associations between DTI parameters and cognition, which were similar in strength to those found in previous single-centre studies. The present study supports the use of DTI metrics as biomarkers of disease progression in multicentre studies.

ABSTRACT The first trimester, mostly defined as the first 100 days of pregnancy, is characterized by many important landmarks heralding the ultimate outcome of pregnancy. Woman becomes aware of her pregnancy after missing her period, being already two weeks postconception at that time. A positive pregnancy test opens Pandora's Box, raising more questions than giving answers. Although a positive pregnancy test most likely suggests an intrauterine pregnancy, production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) occurs as well in tumors (dysgerminoma, choriocarcinoma) or maldeveloped pregnancies, such as ectopic pregnancy, blighted ovum or mola hydatidosa. Other early pregnancy complications and failures, like subchorionic hematoma, missed abortion, incomplete miscarriage, retained products of conception, are likely to be accompanied by clinical symptoms such as lower abdominal pain and/or vaginal bleeding, and suboptimal beta hCG serum levels. Transvaginal ultrasound probes with frequencies of up to 14 MHz have lowered the threshold for US-detection of intrauterine pregnancy to 1200 mIu/ml beta hCG/serum (discriminatory zone), and enable identification of all above-mentioned 1st trimester pregnancy disorders earlier than ever before. Furthermore, the additional interrogation of the region of interest (ROI) with color Doppler (CD) and pulsed-wave Doppler (PW) supplies important information about characteristics of vascularization and flow indices, which assists in further differentiation and prognosis of abnormal early pregnancy findings. With the introduction of transvaginal three-dimensional (3D) sonography, and real-time 3D ultrasound (4D), in vivo studies of the early fetal life became possible. The developmental progress of the embryo and early fetus, its anatomy, and first movement patterns, have been explored by means of ultrasonic 3- and 4D imaging, which can be considered as nonteratogenic as long as investigators adhere to certain safety rules. The new field of sonoembryology has emerged, and researchers are penetrating the mists hiding the beginning of human life. Another area of remarkable expansion has been the 1st trimester scan between 11 and 13/6 weeks of gestation. It includes not only the early diagnose of fetal structural anomalies, like acranius-anencephalus sequence, and the screening for fetal aneuploidies such as trisomia 21,18 and 13, but also offers likelihood ratios for hypertensive pregnancy disorders (pre-eclampsia) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).

AbstractA space-qualified pulsed UV laser has been developed as an irradiation source for the Mars Organic Molecule Analyser (MOMA) instrument aboard the “Rosalind Franklin” rover of the ExoMars mission (ESA/Roscosmos). MOMA will search for signatures of extinct and/or extant life on Mars. Its advanced analytical capabilities arise from the combination of a pyrolysis gas chromatograph and an ion trap-based mass spectrometer. With the addition of a compact UV laser system enabling laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, MOMA can detect a wide variety of both volatile and non-volatile, organic and inorganic molecules within Martian soil samples of interest. The design of the MOMA Laser Head is based on a longitudinally diode-pumped, passively Q-switched Nd:Cr:YAG oscillator generating millijoule pulses with nanosecond pulse durations at a wavelength of 1064 nm. A subsequent two-stage frequency quadrupling converts the fundamental infrared emission of the oscillator into the deep UV at 266 nm. The Laser Head emits UV pulses with a duration of about 1.5 ns and an energy tunable between 12.5 and 125 µJ for optimum adaptation to varying ionization thresholds of different molecular species. The complex but highly compact opto-mechanical design, enclosed in a hermetically sealed housing, is realized within an envelope of 200 × 56 × 45 mm3 with a total mass of less than 220 g. In this paper, we present a comprehensive summary of our development efforts towards the delivery of the LH Flight Model, which has been integrated to the MOMA instrument and finally incorporated into the ExoMars rover.

The tradition of sending fethname in order to announce the victories won in the Turkish-Islamic states, both within the country and to foreign states, was continued in the Ottomans as well. However, the Ottomans developed a peculiar style to themselves in the practice of sending fethname, as in many traditions they inherited from the Turkish-Islamic states before them too. So much so that the Ottomans attributed different meanings to the practice of sending a fethname beyond just declaring a victory won inside and outside the country. The fethnames, sent to the kaimmaqam, who deputized the grand vizier in Istanbul and to administrators such as kadi and beylerbeyi in the provinces, to announce the victory to the public, were actually aimed at enhancement the loyalty of the public to the state and their services. Fethnames sent to foreign countries had a diplomatic mission. By emphasizing the power and magnificence of the Ottoman Empire with the victory in the fethnames sent abroad, the friendship and loyalty of the friendly or allied countries was strengthened and continued, while a threat was implied to the countries that were hostile. So much so that this tradition has become the language of good news for friend and threat to enemy in Ottoman diplomacy. For this reason, it has been interpreted that the main function of the Ottoman fethnames was war propaganda or a display of power and splendor. In fact, the mission that the Ottomans attributed to the fethnames changed occasionally in the historical process. They used fethnames to emphasize their power and magnificence during the periods when they were politically and militarily strong, while they were used to make diplomacy effective when they were weak politically and militarily. Therefore, it can be said that the function of the Ottoman fethnames changed over time in parallel with the political and military position of the state, as a reflection of the change in Ottoman diplomacy and diplomatic language. The Fethname of Morea, which was written by the chronicler Mehmed Raşid Efendi after the re-conquest of Morea in 1715 and sent to nearly fifty statesmen and rulers, is an appropriate case of this change. Because the re-conquest of Morea, which was lost with the 1699 Karlowitz Treaty, was an important opportunity to repair the loss of military and political prestige suffered by the state. The aforementioned fethname was the manifestation of a diplomatic aim to eliminate the pessimistic mood in the domestic public opinion caused by this loss of prestige and the doubts about the power of the Ottomans in the neighboring countries. Today, only two copies of this fethname have been found out of nearly fifty copies. Of these two copies, the one sent to the Iranian ruler Shah Hussein is in the No. 6 Nâme-i Hümâyûn Register in the Presidency Ottoman Archives. The other copy, sent to the kaimaqam who deputized for the Grand Vizier and to the Kadi of Istanbul, is in the Library of Süleymaniye, Esad Efendi, no. 3655/4. In the study, text criticism was made between these two copies based on the second copy and these two documents were compared in terms of diplomatic language. Based on the Fethname of Morea, it has been tried to make some inferences about the role of fetihnames, which is an important document type of Ottoman diplomatic, in Ottoman Diplomacy and the changes they have shown in the historical process.

This paper presents the application of advanced optimization techniques to unmanned aerial system mission path planning system (MPPS) using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs). Two types of multi-objective optimizers are compared; the MOEA nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II and a hybrid-game strategy are implemented to produce a set of optimal collision-free trajectories in a three-dimensional environment. The resulting trajectories on a three-dimensional terrain are collision-free and are represented by using Bézier spline curves from start position to target and then target to start position or different positions with altitude constraints. The efficiency of the two optimization methods is compared in terms of computational cost and design quality. Numerical results show the benefits of adding a hybrid-game strategy to a MOEA and for a MPPS.

Die Sendingwetenskap, kerke en sendingorganisasies dink wêreldwyd opnuut na oor die bybelse fundering vir die integrasie van Woord en daad in die verkondiging van die evangelie. Die Lausanne-beweging het ’n kongres in Kaapstad gehou, waar 4200 kerkleiers van 198 lande vanaf 16 tot 25 Oktober 2010 vergader het. Die program het besinnings ingesluit oor hoe om kwessies soos armoede, ongeregtigheid en die voorspoed-teologie skrifgetrou te hanteer. Die Miga-netwerk is ’n groeiende wêreldwye koalisie van kerke en organisasies wat hulle in die lig van Miga 6:8 tot die uitbou van integrale sending verbind. Die Gospel Coalition is ’n netwerk van teoloë wat hulle daartoe verbind het om gelowiges te stimuleer sodat hulle geloof in die evangelie van Christus verdiep. Die doel is ook dat bedieningspraktyke ’n teosentriese en Christosentriese fokus vertoon. Hierdie koalisie het verskeie debatte oor aspekte van integrale sending in hulle mondstuk, Themelios, gepubliseer. Die World Reformed Fellowship het in hulle geloofsverklaring duidelik gestel dat gelowiges uit gehoorsaamheid aan die opdrag van God met twee hande na alle mense moet uitreik, naamlik die hand wat hulle roep om hulle sonde te bely, om te glo en só die ewige versoening met God deur Christus te ontvang, en tweedens die hand wat deur dade van dankbaarheid en deernis die goedheid van God se koninkryk in die naam van Christus na vore bring.Verskeie missiologiese publikasies het onlangs verskyn wat uitdruklik oor integrale en dus die behoefte aan holistiese sending handel.Missiological reflection indicates that mission organisations and churches worldwide, are reconsidering the biblical foundations of the integration of Word and deed when proclaiming the Gospel. The Lausanne Movement held its global congress in Cape Town, where 4200 church leaders of 198 countries gathered from 16 to 25 October in 2010. The program also included in-depth discussions on dealing in a valid biblical way with issues such as poverty, social justice and prosperity gospel theology. The Micah Network is a growing global coalition consisting of churches and organisations that committed themselves in the light of Micah 6:8 to promote integral mission. The Gospel Coalition is a network of theologians who are committed to stimulate Christian believers in order to deepen their faith in die gospel of Christ. Their aim is that ministry and missionary practice should reflect a Theocentricand Christ-centred vision. This coalition also published several debates in their mouthpiece,Themelios, on aspects of integral mission. The World Reformed Fellowship made it clear in its statement of faith that Christians, in obedience to the commission of our God, have to present two hands to all people, namely the hand calling them to repentance, faith and eternal reconciliation with God through Christ, and secondly, the hand manifesting deeds of mercy and compassion, extending the goodness of God’s kingdom on earth in the name of Christ. Several missiological publications have recently been published that explicitly deals with the integration of Word and deeds and the need for holistic missions. Forum discussions and blogs on the Internet are debating whether to embrace, or to reject the concept of integralmissions on biblical grounds. This article attempts to make a contribution to the debates by analysing a few key biblical terms in which God reveals himself through the integration of Word and deeds. Thus this calls for a holistic approach in missions, in which people’s words and deeds should not be separated when proclaiming the gospel.

Introduction: Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is common, but evidence on the impact of vascular risk factors is lacking. We explored the association between pre-stroke vascular risk factors and PSCI and studied the course of PSCI.Materials and Methods: Vascular risk factors were collected at baseline in stroke survivors (n = 635). Cognitive assessments of attention, executive function, memory, language, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were performed at 3 and/or 18 months post-stroke. Stroke severity was assessed with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). PSCI was measured with global z; MoCA z-score; and z-score of the four assessed cognitive domains. Mixed-effect linear regression was applied with global z, MoCA z-score, and z-scores of the cognitive domains as dependent variables. Independent variables were the vascular risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease, previous stroke), time, and the interaction between these. The analyses were adjusted for age, education, and sex. There were between 5 and 25% missing data for the variables for PSCI.Results: Mean age was 71.6 years (SD 11.7); 42% were females; and the mean NIHSS score at admittance was 3.8 (SD 4.8). Regardless of vascular risk factors, global z, MoCA, and all the assessed cognitive domains were impaired at 3 and 18 months, with MoCA being the most severely impaired. Atrial fibrillation (AF) was associated with poorer language at 18 months and coronary heart disease (CHD) with poorer MoCA at 18 months (LR = 12.80, p = 0.002, and LR = 8.32, p = 0.004, respectively). Previous stroke was associated with poorer global z and attention at 3 and 18 months (LR = 15.46, p &lt; 0.001, and LR = 16.20, p &lt; 0.001). In patients without AF, attention improved from 3 to 18 months, and in patients without CHD, executive function improved from 3 to 18 months (LR = 10.42, p &lt; 0.001, and LR = 9.33, p = 0.009, respectively).Discussion: Our findings indicate that a focal stroke lesion might be related to pathophysiological processes leading to global cognitive impairment. The poorer prognosis of PSCI in patients with vascular risk factors emphasizes the need for further research on complex vascular risk factor interventions to prevent PSCI.

Introduction This article is concerned with the recent rise in popularity of crypto art, the term given to digital artworks whose ownership and provenance are confirmed with a non-fungible token (NFT), making it possible to sell these works within decentralised cryptocurrency art markets. The goal of this analysis is to trace a genealogy of crypto art to Dada, an avant-garde movement that originated in the early twentieth century. My claim is that Dadaism in crypto art appears in its exhausted form that is a result of its revival in the 1950s and 1960s by the Neo Dada that reached the current age through Pop Art. Dada’s anti-art project of rejecting beauty and aesthetics has transformed into commercial success in the Neo Dada Pop Art movement. In turn, Pop Art produced its crypto version that explores not only the question of what art is and is not, but also when art becomes money. In what follows, I will provide a brief overview of NFT art and its three categories that could generally be found within crypto marketplaces: native crypto art, non-digital art, and digital distributed-creativity art. Throughout, I will foreground the presence of Dadaism in these artworks and provide art historical context. NFTs: Brief Overview A major technological component that made NFTs possible was developed in 1991, when cryptographers Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta proposed a method for time-stamping data contained in digital documents shared within a distributed network of users (99). This work laid the foundation for what became known as blockchain and was further implemented in the development of Bitcoin, a digital currency invented by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. The original non-fungible tokens, Coloured Coins, were created in 2012. By “colouring” or differentiating bitcoins, Coloured Coins were assigned special properties and had a value independent of the underlying Bitcoin, allowing their use as commodity certificates, alternative currencies, and other financial instruments (Assia et al.). In 2014, fuelled by a motivation to protect digital artists from unsanctioned distribution of their work while also enabling digital art sales, media artist Kevin McCoy and tech entrepreneur Anil Dash saw the potential of blockchain to satisfy their goals and developed what became to be known as NFTs. This overnight invention was a result of McCoy and Dash’s participation in the Seven on Seven annual New York City event, a one-day creative collaboration that challenged seven pairs of artists and engineers to “make something” (Rhizome). McCoy and Dash did not patent their invention, nor were they able to popularise it, mentally archiving it as a “footnote in internet history”. Ironically, just a couple of years later NFTs exploded into a billion-dollar market, living up to an ironic name of “monetized graphics” that the pair gave to their invention. Crypto art became an international sensation in March 2021, when a digital artist Mike Winklemann, known as Beeple, sold his digital collage titled Everydays: The First 5000 Days for US$69.3 million, prompting Noah Davis, a curator who assisted with the sale at the Christie’s auction house, to proclaim: “he showed us this collage, and that was my eureka moment when I knew this was going to be extremely important. It was just so monumental and so indicative of what NFTs can do” (Kastrenakes). As a technology, a non-fungible token can create digital scarcity in an otherwise infinitely replicable digital space. Contrary to fungible tokens, which are easily interchangeable due to having an equal value, non-fungible tokens represent unique items for which one cannot find an equivalent. That is why we rely on the fungibility of money to exchange non-fungible unique goods, such as art. Employing non-fungible tokens allows owning and exchanging digital items outside of the context in which they originated. Now, one can prove one’s possession of a digital skin from a videogame, for example, and sell it on digital markets using crypto currency (“Bible”). Behind the technology of NFTs lies the use of a cryptographic hash function, which converts a digital artwork of any file size into a fixed-length hash, called message digest (Dooley 179). It is impossible to revert the process and arrive at the original image, a quality of non-reversibility that makes the hash function a perfect tool for creating a digital representation of an artwork proofed from data tampering. The issued or minted NFT enters a blockchain, a distributed database that too relies on cryptographic properties to guarantee fidelity and security of data stored. Once the NFT becomes a part of the blockchain, its transaction history is permanently recorded and publicly available. Thus, the NFT simultaneously serves as a unique representation of the artwork and a digital proof of ownership. NFTs are traded in digital marketplaces, such as SuperRare, KnownOrigin, OpenSea, and Rarible, which rely on a blockchain to sustain their operations. An analysis of these markets’ inventory can be summarised by the following list of roughly grouped types of artistic works available for purchase: native crypto art, non-digital art, distributed creativity art. Native Crypto Art In this category, I include projects that motivated the creation of NFT protocols. Among these projects are the aforementioned Colored Coins, created in 2012. These were followed by issuing other visual creations native to the crypto-world, such as LarvaLabs’s CryptoPunks, a series of 10,000 algorithmically generated 8-bit-style pixelated digital avatars originally available for free to anyone with an Ethereum blockchain account, gaining a cult status among the collectors when they became rare sought-after items. On 13 February 2022, CryptoPunk #5822 was sold for roughly $24 million in Ethereum, beating the previous record for such an NFT, CryptoPunk #3100, sold for $7.58 million. CryptoPunks laid the foundation for other collectible personal profile projects, such Bored Ape Yacht Club and Cool Cats. One of the ultimate collections of crypto art that demonstrates the exhaustion of original Dada motivations is titled Monas, an NFT project made up of 5,000 programmatically generated versions of a pixelated Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci (c. 1503-1506). Each Monas, according to the creators, is “a mix of Art, history, and references from iconic NFTs” (“Monas”). Monas are a potpourri of meme and pop culture, infused with inside jokes and utmost silliness. Monas invariably bring to mind the historic Dadaist gesture of challenging bourgeois tastes through defacing iconic art historical works, such as Marcel Duchamp’s treatment of Mona Lisa in L.H.O.O.Q. In 1919, Duchamp drew a moustache and a goatee on a reproduction of La Joconde, as the French called the painting, and inscribed “L.H.O.O.Q.” that when pronounced sounds like “Elle a chaud au cul”, a vulgar expression indicating sexual arousal of the subject. At the time of its creation, this Dada act was met with the utmost public contempt, as Mona Lisa was considered a sacred work of art and a patron of the arts, an almost religious symbol (Elger and Grosenick 82). Needless to say, the effect of Monas on public consciousness is far from causing disgust and, on the contrary, brings childish joy and giggles. As an NFT artist, Mankind, explains in his YouTube video on personal profile projects: “PFPs are built around what people enjoy. People enjoy memes, people enjoy status, people enjoy being a part of something bigger than themselves, the basic primary desire to mix digital with social and belong to a community”. Somehow, “being bigger than themselves” has come to involve collecting defaced images of Mona Lisa. Turning our attention to historical analysis will help trace this transformation of the Dada insult into a collectible NFT object. Dada and Its Legacy in Crypto Art Dada was founded in 1916 in Zurich, by Hugo Ball, Tristan Tzara, Hans Richter, and other artists who fled their homelands during the First World War (Hapgood and Rittner 63). One of Dada’s primary aspirations was to challenge the dominance of reason that brought about the tragedy of the First World War through attacking the postulates of culture this form of reason produced. Already in 1921, such artists as André Breton, Louis Aragon, and Max Ernst were becoming exhausted by Dada’s nihilist tendencies and rejection of all programmes for the arts, except for the one that called for the total freedom of expression. The movement was pronounced dead about May 1921, leaving no sense of regret since, in the words of Breton, “its omnipotence and its tyranny had made it intolerable” (205). An important event associated with Dada’s revival and the birth of the Neo Dada movement was the publication of The Dada Painters and Poets in 1951. This volume, the first collection of Dada writings in English and the most comprehensive anthology in any language, was introduced to the young artists at the New School by John Cage, who revived Tristan Tzara’s concept that “life is far more interesting” than art (Hapgood and Rittner 64). The 1950s were marked by a renewed interest in Dadaism that can also be evidenced in galleries and museums organising numerous exhibitions on the movement, such as Dada 1916 –1923 curated by Marcel Duchamp at the Sidney Janis Gallery in 1953. By the end of the decade, such artists as Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg began exploring materials and techniques that can be attributed to Dadaism, which prompted the title of Neo Dada to describe this thematic return (Hapgood and Rittner 64). Among the artistic approaches that Neo Dada borrowed from Dada are Duchampian readymades that question the status of the art object, Kurt Schwitters’s collage technique of incorporating often banal scraps and pieces of the everyday, and the use of chance operations as a compositional device (Hapgood and Rittner 63–64). These approaches comprise the toolbox of crypto artists as well. Monas, CryptoPunks, and Bored Ape Yacht Club are digital collages made of scraps of pop culture and the everyday Internet life assembled into compositional configurations through chance operation made possible by the application of algorithmic generation of the images in each series. Art historian Helen Molesworth sees the strategies of montage, the readymade, and chance not only as “mechanisms for making art objects” but also as “abdications of traditional forms of artistic labor” (178). Molesworth argues that Duchamp’s invention of the readymade “substituted the act of (artistic) production with consumption” and “profoundly questioned the role, stability, nature, and necessity of the artist’s labor” (179). Together with questioning the need for artistic labour, Neo Dadaists inherited what an American art historian Jack D. Flam terms the “anything goes” attitude: Dada’s liberating destruction of rules and derision of art historical canon allowed anything and everything to be considered art (xii). The “anything goes” approach can also be traced to the contemporary crypto artists, such as Beeple, whose Everydays: The First 5000 Days was a result of assembling into a collage the first 5,000 of his daily training sketches created while teaching himself new digital tools (Kastrenakes). When asked whether he genuinely liked any of his images, Beeple explained that most digital art was created by teams of people working over the course of days or even weeks. When he “is pooping something out in 45 minutes”, it “is probably not gonna look that great comparatively” (Cieplak-Mayr von Baldegg). At the core of Dada was a spirit of absurdism that drove an attack on the social, political, artistic, and philosophical norms, constituting a radical movement against the Establishment (Flam xii). In Dada Art and Anti-Art, Hans Richter’s personal historical account of the Dada movement, the artist describes the basic principle of Dada as guided by a motivation “to outrage public opinion” (66). Richter’s writings also point out a desensitisation towards Dada provocations that the public experienced as a result of Dada’s repetitive assaults, demanding an invention of new methods to disgrace the public taste. Richter recounts: our exhibitions were not enough. Not everyone in Zurich came to look at our pictures, attending our meetings, read our poems and manifestos. The devising and raising of public hell was an essential function of any Dada movement, whether its goal was pro-art, non-art or anti-art. And the public (like insects or bacteria) had developed immunity to one of kind poison, we had to think of another. (66) Richter’s account paints a cultural environment in which new artistic provocations mutate into accepted norms in a quick succession, forming a public body that is immune to anti-art “poisons”. In the foreword to Dada Painters and Poets, Flam outlines a trajectory of acceptance and subjugation of the Dadaist spirit by the subsequent revival of the movement’s core values in the Neo Dada of the 1950s and 1960s. When Dadaism was rediscovered by the writers and artists in the 1950s, the Dada spirit characterised by absurdist irony, self-parody, and deadpan realism was becoming a part of everyday life, as if art entered life and transformed it in its own image. The Neo Dada artists, such as Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Claes Oldenburg, Roy Lichtenstein, and Andy Warhol, existed in a culturally pluralistic space where the project of a rejection of the Establishment was quickly absorbed into the mainstream, mutating into the high culture it was supposedly criticising and bringing commercial success of which the original Dada artists would have been deeply ashamed (Flam xiii). Raoul Hausmann states: “Dada fell like a raindrop from heaven. The Neo-Dadaists have learnt to imitate the fall, but not the raindrop” (as quoted in Craft 129). With a similar sentiment, Richard Huelsenbeck writes: “Neo-Dada has turned the weapons used by Dada, and later by Surrealism, into popular ploughshares with which to till the fertile soil of sensation-hungry galleries eager for business” (as quoted in Craft 130). Marcel Duchamp, the forefather of the avant-garde, comments on the loss of Dada’s original intent: this Neo-Dada, which they call New Realism, Pop Art, Assemblage, etc., is an easy way out, and lives on what Dada did. When I discovered ready-mades I thought to discourage aesthetics. In Neo-Dada they have taken my ready-mades and found aesthetic beauty in them. I threw the bottle-rack and the urinal into their faces as a challenge and now they admire them for their aesthetic beauty. (Flam xiii) In Neo Dada, the original anti-art impulse of Dadaism was converted into its opposite, becoming an artistic stance and a form of aesthetics. Flam notes that these gradual transformations resulted in the shifts in public consciousness, which it was becoming more difficult to insult. Artists, among them Roy Lichtenstein, complained that it was becoming impossible to make anything despicable: even a dirty rug could be admired (Flam xiii). The audience lost their ability to understand when they were being mocked, attacked, or challenged. Writing in 1981, Flam proclaimed that “Dada spirit has become an inescapable condition of modern life” (xiv). I contend that the current crypto art thrives on the Dada spirit of absurdism, irony, and self-parody and continues to question the border between art and non-art, while fully subscribing to the “anything goes” approach. In the current iteration of Dada in the crypto world, the original subversive narrative can be mostly found in the liberating rhetoric promoted by the proponents of the decentralised economic system. While Neo Dada understood the futility of shocking the public and questioning their tastes, crypto art is ignorant of the original Dada as a form of outrage, a revolutionary movement ignited by a social passion. In crypto art, the ambiguous relationship that Pop Art, one of the Neo Dada movements, had with commercial success is transformed into the content of the artworks. As Tristan Tzara laconically explained, the Dada project was to “assassinate beauty” and with it all the infrastructure of the art market (as quoted in Danto 39). Ironically, crypto artists, the descendants of Dada, erected the monument to Value artificially created through scarcity made possible by blockchain technology in place of the denigrated Venus demolished by the Dadaists. After all, it is the astronomical prices for crypto art that are lauded the most. If in the pre-NFT age, artistic works were evaluated based on their creative merit that included considering the prominence of the artist within art historical canon, current crypto art is evaluated based on its rareness, to which the titles of the crypto art markets SuperRare and Rarible unambiguously refer (Finucane 28–29). In crypto art, the anti-art and anti-commercialism of Dada has fully transformed into its opposite. Another evidence for considering crypto art to be a descendant of Dada is the NFT artists’ concern for the question of what art is and is not, brought to the table by the original Dada artists. This concern is expressed in the manifesto-like mission statement of the first Museum of Crypto Art: at its core, the Museum of Crypto Art (M○C△) challenges, creates conflict, provokes. M○C△ puts forward a broad representation of perspectives meant to upend our sense of who we are. It poses two questions: “what is art?” and “who decides?” We aim to resolve these questions through a multi-stakeholder decentralized platform of art curation and exhibition. (The Museum of Crypto Art) In the past, the question regarding the definition of art was overtaken by the proponent of the institutional approach to art definition, George Dickie, who besides excluding aesthetics from playing a part in differentiating art from non-art famously pronounced that an artwork created by a monkey is art if it is displayed in an art institution, and non-art if it is displayed elsewhere (Dickie 256). This development might explain why decentralisation of the art market achieved through the use of blockchain technology still relies on the endorsing of the art being sold by the widely acclaimed art auction houses: with their stamp of approval, the work is christened as legitimate art, resulting in astronomical sales. Non-Digital Art It is not surprising that an NFT marketplace is an inviting arena for the investigation of questions of commercialisation tackled in the works of Neo Dada Pop artists, who made their names in the traditional art world. This brings us to a discussion of the second type of artworks found in NFT marketplaces: non-digital art sold as NFT and created by trained visual artists, such as Damien Hirst. In his recent NFT project titled Currency, Hirst explores “the boundaries of art and currency—when art changes and becomes a currency, and when currency becomes art” (“The Currency”). The project consists of 10,000 artworks on A4 paper covered in small, coloured dots, a continuation of the so-called “spot-paintings” series that Hirst and his assistants have been producing since the 1980s. Each artwork is painted on a hand-made paper that bears the watermark of the artist’s bust, adorned with a microdot that serves as a unique identification, and is made to look very similar to the others—visual devices used to highlight the ambiguous state of these artworks that simultaneously function as Hirst-issued currency. For Hirst, this project is an experiment: after the purchase of NFTs, buyers are given an opportunity to exchange the NFT for the original art, safely stored in a UK vault; the unexchanged artworks will be burned. Is art going to fully transform into currency? Will you save it? In Hirst’s project, the transformation of physical art into crypto value becomes the ultimate act of Dada nihilism, except for one big difference: if Dada wanted to destroy art as a way to invent it anew, Hirst destroys art to affirm its death and dissolution in currency. In an ironic gesture, the gif NFT artist Nino Arteiro, as if in agreement with Hirst, attempts to sell his work titled Art Is Not Synonymous of Profit, which contains a crudely written text “ART ≠ PROFIT!” for 0.13 Ether or US$350. Buying this art will negate its own statement and affirm its analogy with money. Distributed-Creativity Art When browsing through crypto art advertised in the crypto markets, one inevitably encounters works that stand out in their emphasis on aesthetic and formal qualities. More often than not, these works are created with the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI). To a viewer bombarded with creations unconcerned with the concept of beauty, these AI works may serve as a sensory aesthetic refuge. Among the most prominent artists working in this realm is Refik Anadol, whose Synthetic Dreams series at a first glance may appear as carefully composed works of a landscape painter. However, at a closer look nodal connections between points in rendered space provide a hint at the use of algorithmic processes. These attractive landscapes are quantum AI data paintings created from a data set consisting of 200 million raw images of landscapes from around the world, with each image having been computed with a unique quantum bit string (“Synthetic Dreams”). Upon further contemplation, Anadol’s work begins to remind of the sublime Romantic landscapes, revamped through the application of AI that turned fascination with nature’s unboundedness into awe in the face of the unfathomable amounts of data used in creation of Anadol’s works. These creations can be seen as a reaction against the crypto art I call exhausted Dada, or a marketing approach that targets a different audience. In either case, Anadol revives aesthetic concern and aligns himself with the history of sublimity in art that dates back to the writings of Longinus, becoming of prime importance in the nineteenth-century Romantic painting, and finding new expressions in what is considered the technological sublime, which, according to David E. Nye. concentrates “on the triumph of machines… over space and time” (as quoted in Butler et al. 8). In relation to his Nature Dreams project, Anadol writes: “the exhibition’s eponymous, sublime AI Data Sculpture, Nature Dreams utilizes over 300 million publicly available photographs of nature collected between 2018- 2021 at Refik Anadol Studio” (“Machine Hallucinations Nature Dreams”). From this short description it is evident that Anadol’s primary focus is on the sublimity of large sets of data. There is an issue with that approach: since experiencing the sublime involves loss of rational thinking (Longinus 1.4), these artworks cease the viewer’s ability to interrogate cultural adaptation of AI technology and stay within the realm of decorative ornamentations, demanding an intervention akin to that brought about by the historical avant-garde. Conclusions I hope that this brief analysis demonstrates the mechanisms by which the strains of Dada entered the vocabulary of crypto artists. It is probably also noticeable that I equate the nihilist project of the exhausted Dada found in such works as Hirst’s Cryptocurrency with a dead end similar to so many other dead ends in art history—one only needs to remember that the death of painting was announced a myriad of times, and yet it is still alive. Each announcement of its death was followed by its radiant return. It could be that using art as a visual package for monetary value, a death statement to art’s capacity to affect human lives, will ignite artists to affirm art’s power to challenge, inspire, and enrich. References Assia, Yoni et al. “Colored Coins Whitepaper.” 2012-13. <https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AnkP_cVZTCMLIzw4DvsW6M8Q2JC0lIzrTLuoWu2z1BE/edit>. Breton, André. “Three Dada Manifestoes, before 1924.” The Dada Painters and Poets: An Anthology, Ed. Robert Motherwell, Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 1989. 197–206. Butler, Rebecca P., and Benjamin J. 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The main topic of this research is the relationship of stereotypes and masculinity of woman which is discussed based on a study of the main character in the novel Moana by Suzanna Francis. The research process uses intrinsic elements: characters, settings, conflicts, irony, and symbol, as well as extrinsic elements: gender, masculinity-femininity, stereotypes and symbolic violence. This research uses descriptive analytical methods and literature study techniques that produce stereotype findings that cause masculine trait of characters in the main character. The main character, suffered gender injustice of stereotypes and symbolic violence which can be seen from her father’s prohibition to let her go outside the reef. Upon the agreement, the main character was encouraged to go outside the reef by carrying out the mission of recovering and saving inhabitants of the village.Keywords: Masculine, stereotypes, gender injustice, symbolic violence, and woman.