Статті в журналах: "MOLECULAR QUANTUM-DOT CELLULAR AUTOMATA (QCA)"

1

Blair, Enrique, and Craig Lent. "Clock Topologies for Molecular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 8, no. 3 (September 8, 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea8030031.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a low-power, non-von-Neumann, general-purpose paradigm for classical computing using transistor-free logic. Here, classical bits are encoded on the charge configuration of individual computing primitives known as “cells.” A cell is a system of quantum dots with a few mobile charges. Device switching occurs through quantum mechanical inter-dot charge tunneling, and devices are interconnected via the electrostatic field. QCA devices are implemented using arrays of QCA cells. A molecular implementation of QCA may support THz-scale clocking or better at room temperature. Molecular QCA may be clocked using an applied electric field, known as a clocking field. A time-varying clocking field may be established using an array of conductors. The clocking field determines the flow of data and calculations. Various arrangements of clocking conductors are laid out, and the resulting electric field is simulated. It is shown that that control of molecular QCA can enable feedback loops, memories, planar circuit crossings, and versatile circuit grids that support feedback and memory, as well as data flow in any of the ordinal grid directions. Logic, interconnect and memory now become indistinguishable, and the von Neumann bottleneck is avoided.

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2

Porod, Wolfgang. "Quantum-Dot Devices and Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 07, no. 10 (October 1997): 2199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127497001606.

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We discuss novel nanoelectronic architecture paradigms based on cells composed of coupled quantum-dots. Boolean logic functions may be implemented in specific arrays of cells representing binary information, the so-called Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA). Cells may also be viewed as carrying analog information and we outline a network-theoretic description of such Quantum-Dot Nonlinear Networks (Q-CNN). In addition, we discuss possible realizations of these structures in a variety of semiconductor systems (including GaAs/AlGaAs, Si/SiGe, and Si/SiO 2), rings of metallic tunnel junctions, and candidates for molecular implementations.

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3

Hänninen, Ismo, and Jarmo Takala. "Binary multipliers on quantum-dot cellular automata." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 20, no. 3 (2007): 541–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0703541h.

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This article describes the design of ultra-low-power multipliers on quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology, promising very dense circuits and high operating frequencies, using a single homogeneous layer of the basic cells. We construct structures without the earlier noise problems, verified by the QCA Designer coherence vector simulation. Our results show that the wiring overhead of the arithmetic circuits grows quadratically with the operand word length, and our pipelined array multiplier has linearly better performance-area efficiency than the previously proposed serial-parallel structure. Power analysis at the fundamental Landauer's limit shows, that the operating frequencies will indeed be bound by the energy dissipated in information erasure: under irreversible operation, the limits for the clock rates on molecular QCA are much lower, than the switching speeds of the technology.

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4

Cong, Peizhong, and Enrique P. Blair. "Clocked molecular quantum-dot cellular automata circuits tolerate unwanted external electric fields." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 23 (June 21, 2022): 234304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0090171.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) may provide low-power, general-purpose computing in the post-CMOS era. A molecular implementation of QCA features nanometer-scale devices and may support [Formula: see text]THz switching speeds at room-temperature. Here, we explore the ability of molecular QCA circuits to tolerate unwanted applied electric fields, which may come from a variety of sources. One likely source of strong unwanted electric fields may be electrodes recently proposed for the write-in of classical bits to molecular QCA input circuits. Previous models have shown that the input circuits are sensitive to the applied field, and a coupled QCA wire can successfully transfer the input bit to downstream circuits despite strong applied fields. However, the ability of other QCA circuits to tolerate an applied field has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we study the robustness of various QCA circuits by calculating their ground state responses in the presence of an applied field. To do this, a circuit is built from several QCA molecules, each described as a two-state system. A circuit Hamiltonian is formed and diagonalized. All pairwise interactions between cells are considered, along with all correlations. An examination of the ground state shows that these QCA circuits may indeed tolerate strong unwanted electric fields. We also show that circuit immunity to the dominant unwanted field component may be obtained by choosing the orientation of constituent molecules. This suggests that relatively large electrodes used for bit write-in to molecular QCA need not disrupt the operation of nearby QCA circuits. The circuits may tolerate significant electric fields from other sources as well.

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5

Pintus, Alberto M., Andrea Gabrieli, Federico G. Pazzona, Giovanni Pireddu, and Pierfranco Demontis. "Molecular QCA embedding in microporous materials." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 15 (2019): 7879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp00832b.

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We propose an environment for information encoding and transmission via a nanoconfined molecular Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) wire, composed of a single row of head-to-tail interacting 2-dots molecular switches.

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6

POROD, WOLFGANG. "QUANTUM-DOT CELLULAR AUTOMATA DEVICES AND ARCHITECTURES." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 09, no. 01 (March 1998): 37–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012915649800004x.

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We discuss novel nanoelectronic architecture paradigms based on cells composed of coupled quantum-dots. These ideas of a transistor-less approach represent a radical departure from conventional technology. We utilize a strategy which exploits the physical interactions between quantum-dots arranged in suitably designed cellular arrays. Boolean logic functions may be implemented in specific arrays of cells representing binary information, the so-called Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA). Cells may also be viewed as carrying analog information and we outline a network-theoretic description of such Quantum-Dot Nonlinear Networks (Q–CNN). In addition, we discuss possible realizations of these structures in a variety of semiconductor systems (including GaAs/AlGaAs, Si/SiGe, and Si/SiO 2), rings of metallic tunnel junctions, and candidates for molecular implementations.

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7

Sen, Bibhash, Ayush Rajoria, and Biplab K. Sikdar. "Design of Efficient Full Adder in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/250802.

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Further downscaling of CMOS technology becomes challenging as it faces limitation of feature size reduction. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), a potential alternative to CMOS, promises efficient digital design at nanoscale. Investigations on the reduction of QCA primitives (majority gates and inverters) for various adders are limited, and very few designs exist for reference. As a result, design of adders under QCA framework is gaining its importance in recent research. This work targets developing multi-layered full adder architecture in QCA framework based on five-input majority gate proposed here. A minimum clock zone (2 clock) with high compaction (0.01 μm2) for a full adder around QCA is achieved. Further, the usefulness of such design is established with the synthesis of high-level logic. Experimental results illustrate the significant improvements in design level in terms of circuit area, cell count, and clock compared to that of conventional design approaches.

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8

Dey, Debarati, Pradipta Roy, and Debashis De. "Design and Electronic Characterization of Bio-Molecular QCA: A First Principle Approach." Journal of Nano Research 49 (September 2017): 202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.49.202.

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Molecular Quantum-dot Cellular Automata is the most promising and challenging technology nowadays for its high operating frequency, extremely high device density and non-cryogenic working temperature. In this paper, we report a First Principle approach based on analytical model of 3-dot Bio Molecular Quantum-dot Cellular Automata. The device is 19.62Å long and this bio molecular Quantum dot Cell has been made with two Adenine Nucleotide bio-molecules along with one Carbazole and one Thiol group. This whole molecular structure is supported onto Gold substrate. In this paper, two Adenine Nucleotides act as two quantum dots and Carbazole acts as another dot. These 3-Quantum-dots are mounted in a tree like structure supported with Thiol group. This model has been demonstrated with Extended Hückel Theory based semi-empirical method. The quantum ballistic transmission and HOMO-LUMO plot support the polarization state change. This state changing ability has been observed for this molecular device. Therefore, this property has been investigated and reported in this paper. HOMO-LUMO plot shows the two logic states along with null state for this 3-dots system. This phenomenon illustrates how the charge transfers take place. Two polarization states along with one additional null state have been obtained for this bio molecular nano device. This molecular device has been operated with 1000THz frequency. This nanoscale design approach will initiate one step towards the modeling of high frequency bio molecular Quantum dot Cell at room temperature.

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9

Liza, Nishattasnim, Dylan Murphey, Peizhong Cong, David W. Beggs, Yuihui Lu, and Enrique P. Blair. "Asymmetric, mixed-valence molecules for spectroscopic readout of quantum-dot cellular automata." Nanotechnology 33, no. 11 (December 21, 2021): 115201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac40c0.

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Abstract Mixed-valence compounds may provide molecular devices for an energy-efficient, low-power, general-purpose computing paradigm known as quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). Multiple redox centers on mixed-valence molecules provide a system of coupled quantum dots. The configuration of mobile charge on a double-quantum-dot (DQD) molecule encodes a bit of classical information robust at room temperature. When arranged in non-homogeneous patterns (circuits) on a substrate, local Coulomb coupling between molecules enables information processing. While single-electron transistors and single-electron boxes could provide low-temperature solutions for reading the state of a ∼1 nm scale molecule, we propose a room-temperature read-out scheme. Here, DQD molecules are designed with slightly dissimilar quantum dots. Ab initio calculations show that the binary device states of an asymmetric molecule have distinct Raman spectra. Additionally, the dots are similar enough that mobile charge is not trapped on either dot, allowing device switching driven by the charge configuration of a neighbor molecule. A technique such as tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy could be used to detect the state of a circuit comprised of several QCA molecules.

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10

Ardesi, Yuri, Giuliana Beretta, Marco Vacca, Gianluca Piccinini, and Mariagrazia Graziano. "Impact of Molecular Electrostatics on Field-Coupled Nanocomputing and Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Circuits." Electronics 11, no. 2 (January 16, 2022): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11020276.

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The molecular Field-Coupled Nanocomputing (FCN) is a promising implementation of the Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) paradigm for future low-power digital electronics. However, most of the literature assumes all the QCA devices as possible molecular FCN devices, ignoring the molecular physics. Indeed, the electrostatic molecular characteristics play a relevant role in the interaction and consequently influence the functioning of the circuits. In this work, by considering three reference molecular species, namely neutral, oxidized, and zwitterionic, we analyze the fundamental devices, aiming to clarify how molecule physics impacts architectural behavior. We thus examine through energy analysis the fundamental cell-to-cell interactions involved in the layouts. Additionally, we simulate a set of circuits using two available simulators: SCERPA and QCADesigner. In fact, ignoring the molecular characteristics and assuming the molecules copying the QCA behavior lead to controversial molecular circuit proposals. This work demonstrates the importance of considering the molecular type during the design process, thus declaring the simulators working scope and facilitating the assessment of molecular FCN as a possible candidate for future digital electronics.

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11

Bahadori, Golnaz, Monireh Houshmand, and Mariam Zomorodi-Moghadam. "Design of a fault-tolerant reversible control unit in molecular quantum-dot cellular automata." International Journal of Quantum Information 16, no. 01 (February 2018): 1850010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749918500107.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a promising emerging nanotechnology that has been attracting considerable attention due to its small feature size, ultra-low power consuming, and high clock frequency. Therefore, there have been many efforts to design computational units based on this technology. Despite these advantages of the QCA-based nanotechnologies, their implementation is susceptible to a high error rate. On the other hand, using the reversible computing leads to zero bit erasures and no energy dissipation. As the reversible computation does not lose information, the fault detection happens with a high probability. In this paper, first we propose a fault-tolerant control unit using reversible gates which improves on the previous design. The proposed design is then synthesized to the QCA technology and is simulated by the QCADesigner tool. Evaluation results indicate the performance of the proposed approach.

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12

Haruehanroengra, Sansiri, and Wei Wang. "Efficient Design of QCA Adder Structures." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 553–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.553.

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Optimizing arithmetic primitives such as quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) adders is important for investigating high-performance QCA computers in this emerging nano-technological paradigm. In this paper, we demonstrate that QCA ripple carry adder and bit-serial adder designs actually outperform carry-look-ahead and carry-select adder designs because of the increase in required interconnects. Simulation results obtained by using the QCADesigner tool for the proposed adder designs are also presented.

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13

Wang, Y., and M. Lieberman. "Thermodynamic Behavior of Molecular-Scale Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Wires and Logic Devices." IEEE Transactions On Nanotechnology 3, no. 3 (September 2004): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnano.2004.828576.

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14

Santana Bonilla, Alejandro, Rafael Gutierrez, Leonardo Medrano Sandonas, Daijiro Nozaki, Alessandro Paolo Bramanti, and Gianaurelio Cuniberti. "Structural distortions in molecular-based quantum cellular automata: a minimal model based study." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 33 (2014): 17777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp02458c.

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Molecular-based quantum cellular automata (m-QCA) offer a novel alternative in which binary information can be encoded in the molecular charge configuration of a cell and propagated via nearest-neighbor Coulombic cell–cell interactions. Structural distortions of the cells may have however a sensitive influence on the m-QCA response and thus, potentially alter its functionality.

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15

Rahimi, Ehsan, and Jeffrey R. Reimers. "Molecular quantum cellular automata cell design trade-offs: latching vs. power dissipation." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 26 (2018): 17881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02886a.

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A new way of using molecules to enact switches in quantum cellular automata (QCA) is proposed, utilizing monostable molecules that neither provide latching nor consume power; properties are compared to those for conventional bistable switches that both latch and consume power.

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16

Vahabi, Mohsen, Pavel Lyakhov, and Ali Newaz Bahar. "Design and Implementation of Novel Efficient Full Adder/Subtractor Circuits Based on Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Technology." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 8717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188717.

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One of the emerging technologies at the nanoscale level is the Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology, which is a potential alternative to conventional CMOS technology due to its high speed, low power consumption, low latency, and possible implementation at the atomic and molecular levels. Adders are one of the most basic digital computing circuits and one of the main building blocks of VLSI systems, such as various microprocessors and processors. Many research studies have been focusing on computable digital computing circuits. The design of a Full Adder/Subtractor (FA/S), a composite and computing circuit, performing both the addition and the subtraction processes, is of particular importance. This paper implements three new Full Adder/Subtractor circuits with the lowest number of cells, lowest area, lowest latency, and a coplanar (single-layer) circuit design, as was shown by comparing the results obtained with those of the best previous works on this topic.

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17

Jeon, Jun-Cheol, Amjad Almatrood, and Hyun-Il Kim. "Multi-Layered QCA Content-Addressable Memory Cell Using Low-Power Electronic Interaction for AI-Based Data Learning and Retrieval in Quantum Computing Environment." Sensors 23, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010019.

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In this study, we propose a quantum structure of an associative memory cell for effective data learning based on artificial intelligence. For effective learning of related data, content-based retrieval and storage rather than memory address is essential. A content-addressable memory (CAM), which is an efficient memory cell structure for this purpose, in a quantum computing environment, is designed based on quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). A CAM cell is composed of a memory unit that stores information, a match unit that performs a search, and a structure, using an XOR gate or an XNOR gate in the match unit, that shows good performance. In this study, we designed an XNOR gate with a multilayer structure based on electron interactions and proposed a QCA-based CAM cell using it. The area and time efficiency are verified through a simulation using QCADesigner, and the quantum cost of the proposed XOR gate and CAM cell were reduced by at least 70% and 15%, respectively, when compared to the latest research. In addition, we physically proved the potential energy owing to the interaction between the electrons inside the QCA cell. We also proposed an additional CAM circuit targeting the reduction in energy dissipation that overcomes the best available designs. The simulation and calculation of power dissipation are performed by QCADesigner-E and it is confirmed that more than 27% is reduced.

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18

Palii, Andrew, Sergey Aldoshin, and Boris Tsukerblat. "Functional Properties of Tetrameric Molecular Cells for Quantum Cellular Automata: A Quantum-Mechanical Treatment Extended to the Range of Arbitrary Coulomb Repulsion." Magnetochemistry 8, no. 8 (August 16, 2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry8080092.

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We discuss the problem of electron transfer (ET) in mixed valence (MV) molecules that is at the core of molecular Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA) functioning. Theoretical modelling of tetrameric bi-electronic MV molecular square (prototype of basic QCA cell) is reported. The model involves interelectronic Coulomb repulsion, vibronic coupling and ET between the neighboring redox sites. Unlike the majority of previous studies in which molecular QCA have been analyzed only for particular case when the Coulomb repulsion energy significantly exceeds the ET energy, here we do not imply assumptions on the relative strength of these two interactions. Moreover, in the present work we go beyond the adiabatic semiclassical approximation often used in theoretical analysis of such systems in spite of the fact that this approximation ignores such an important phenomenon as quantum tunneling. By analyzing the electronic density distributions in the cells and the ell-cell response functions obtained from a quantum-mechanical solution of a complex multimode vibronic problem we have concluded that such key features of QCA cell as bistability and switchability can be achieved even under failure of the condition of strong Coulomb repulsion provided that the vibronic coupling is strong enough. We also show that the semiclassical description of the cell-cell response functions loses its accuracy in the region of strong non-linearity, while the quantum-mechanical approach provides correct results for this critically important region.

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19

Kim, Hyun-Il, and Jun-Cheol Jeon. "Quantum LFSR Structure for Random Number Generation Using QCA Multilayered Shift Register for Cryptographic Purposes." Sensors 22, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 3541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093541.

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A random number generator (RNG), a cryptographic technology that plays an important role in security and sensor networks, can be designed using a linear feedback shift register (LFSR). This cryptographic transformation is currently done through CMOS. It has been developed by reducing the size of the gate and increasing the degree of integration, but it has reached the limit of integration due to the quantum tunneling phenomenon. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), one of the quantum circuit design technologies to replace this, has superior performance compared to CMOS in most performance areas, such as space, speed, and power. Most of the LFSRs in QCA are designed as shift registers (SR), and most of the SR circuits proposed based on the existing QCA have a planar structure, so the cell area is large and the signal is unstable when a plane intersection is implemented. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a multilayered 2-to-1 QCA multiplexer and a D-latch, and we make blocks based on D-latch and connect these blocks to make SR. In addition, the LFSR structure is designed by adding an XOR operation to it, and we additionally propose an LFSR capable of dual-edge triggering. The proposed structures were completed with a very meticulous design technique to minimize area and latency using cell interaction, and they achieve high performance compared to many existing circuits. For the proposed structures, the cost and energy dissipation are calculated through simulation using QCADesigner and QCADesigner-E, and their efficiency is verified.

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20

Karim, Faizal, and Konrad Walus. "Calculating the steady-state polarizations of quantum cellular automata (QCA) circuits." Journal of Computational Electronics 13, no. 3 (April 12, 2014): 569–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-014-0573-0.

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21

Zimborás, Zoltán, Terry Farrelly, Szilárd Farkas, and Lluis Masanes. "Does causal dynamics imply local interactions?" Quantum 6 (June 29, 2022): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-06-29-748.

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We consider quantum systems with causal dynamics in discrete spacetimes, also known as quantum cellular automata (QCA). Due to time-discreteness this type of dynamics is not characterized by a Hamiltonian but by a one-time-step unitary. This can be written as the exponential of a Hamiltonian but in a highly non-unique way. We ask if any of the Hamiltonians generating a QCA unitary is local in some sense, and we obtain two very different answers. On one hand, we present an example of QCA for which all generating Hamiltonians are fully non-local, in the sense that interactions do not decay with the distance. We expect this result to have relevant consequences for the classification of topological phases in Floquet systems, given that this relies on the effective Hamiltonian. On the other hand, we show that all one-dimensional quasi-free fermionic QCAs have quasi-local generating Hamiltonians, with interactions decaying exponentially in the massive case and algebraically in the critical case. We also prove that some integrable systems do not have local, quasi-local nor low-weight constants of motion; a result that challenges the standard definition of integrability.

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22

Tsukerblat, Boris, Andrew Palii, and Sergey Aldoshin. "In Quest of Molecular Materials for Quantum Cellular Automata: Exploration of the Double Exchange in the Two-Mode Vibronic Model of a Dimeric Mixed Valence Cell." Magnetochemistry 7, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry7050066.

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In this article, we apply the two-mode vibronic model to the study of the dimeric molecular mixed-valence cell for quantum cellular automata. As such, we consider a multielectron mixed valence binuclear d2−d1–type cluster, in which the double exchange, as well as the Heisenberg-Dirac-Van Vleck exchange interactions are operative, and also the local (“breathing”) and intercenter vibrational modes are taken into account. The calculations of spin-vibronic energy spectra and the “cell-cell”-response function are carried out using quantum-mechanical two-mode vibronic approach based on the numerical solution of the dynamic vibronic problem. The obtained results demonstrate a possibility of combining the function of molecular QCA with that of spin switching in one electronic device and are expected to be useful from the point of view of the rational design of such multifunctional molecular electronic devices.

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23

AlKaldy, Esam, Ali H. Majeed, Mohd Shamian Zainal, and Danial MD Nor. "Optimum multiplexer design in quantum-dot cellular automata." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i1.pp148-155.

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<p>Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the most important computing technologies for the future and will be the alternative candidate for current CMOS technology. QCA is attracting a lot of researchers due to many features such as high speed, small size, and low power consumption. QCA has two main building blocks (majority gate and inverter) used for design any Boolean function. QCA also has an inherent capability that used to design many important gates such as XOR and Multiplexer in optimal form without following any Boolean function. This paper presents a novel design 2:1 QCA-Multiplexer in two forms. The proposed design is very simple, highly efficient and can be used to produce many logical functions. The proposed design output comes from the inherent capabilities of quantum technology. New 4:1 QCA-Multiplexer has been built using the proposed structure. The output waveforms showed the wonderful performance of the proposed design in terms of the number of cells, area, and latency.</p>

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24

Qanbari, Mahdie, and Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan. "Two Novel Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Full Adders." Journal of Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/561651.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is an efficient technology to create computing devices. QCA is a suitable candidate for the next generation of digital systems. Full adders are the main member of computational systems because other operations can be implemented by adders. In this paper, two QCA full adders are introduced. The first one is implemented in one layer, and the second one is implemented in three layers. Five-input majority gate is used in both of them. These full adders are better than pervious designs in terms of area, delay, and complexity.

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25

Zhang, Ming Liang, Li Cai, Xiao Kuo Yang, Huan Qing Cui, and Zhi Chun Wang. "Implementation of Convolutional Encoder in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Key Engineering Materials 645-646 (May 2015): 1078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.645-646.1078.

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As a nanoelectronic system, Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is very likely to present high defect and fault rates. Therefore making QCA bits distortion-free is a necessary work. In this paper, we present the QCA based rate-1/2 and memory length-2 convolutional encoders that can generate one kind of error correcting codes from the perspective of information redundancy. Three schemes of layouts are presented and compared, and the majority-based type has the compactest layout and lowest latency. Our simulation results demonstrate that these encoders can all functionally work.

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26

Yao, Fenghui, Mohamed Saleh Zein-Sabatto, Guifeng Shao, Mohammad Bodruzzaman, and Mohan Malkani. "Nanosensor Data Processor in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Journal of Nanotechnology 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/259869.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is an attractive nanotechnology with the potential alterative to CMOS technology. QCA provides an interesting paradigm for faster speed, smaller size, and lower power consumption in comparison to transistor-based technology, in both communication and computation. This paper describes the design of a 4-bit multifunction nanosensor data processor (NSDP). The functions of NSDP contain (i) sending the preprocessed raw data to high-level processor, (ii) counting the number of the active majority gates, and (iii) generating the approximate sigmoid function. The whole system is designed and simulated with several different input data.

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27

Cui, Huanqing, Li Cai, Sen Wang, Xiaoqiang Liu, and Xiaokuo Yang. "Accurate reliability analysis method for quantum-dot cellular automata circuits." International Journal of Modern Physics B 29, no. 29 (November 13, 2015): 1550203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979215502033.

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Probabilistic transfer matrix (PTM) is a widely used model in the reliability research of circuits. However, PTM model cannot reflect the impact of input signals on reliability, so it does not completely conform to the mechanism of the novel field-coupled nanoelectronic device which is called quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). It is difficult to get accurate results when PTM model is used to analyze the reliability of QCA circuits. To solve this problem, we present the fault tree models of QCA fundamental devices according to different input signals. After that, the binary decision diagram (BDD) is used to quantitatively investigate the reliability of two QCA XOR gates depending on the presented models. By employing the fault tree models, the impact of input signals on reliability can be identified clearly and the crucial components of a circuit can be found out precisely based on the importance values (IVs) of components. So this method is contributive to the construction of reliable QCA circuits.

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Shahidinejad, Ali, Ali Farrokhtala, Saman Asadi, Maryam Mofarrahi, and Toni Anwar. "A Novel Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata XOR Design." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.545.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is an emerging nanotechnology that promises faster speed, smaller size, and lower power consumption compared to the transistor-based technology. Moreover, XOR is a useful component for the design of many logical and functional circuits. This paper proposes a novel and efficient QCA XOR design. The proposed XOR design has been compared to a few recent designs in terms of area, speed and complexity. Comparison of results illustrates significant improvements in our design as compared to traditional approaches. Also simulation proves that the proposed XOR design is completely robust and more sustainable to high input frequency as compared to other designs. This robustness is highly significant when this component is applied for realizing larger designs.

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Shahidinejad, Ali, and Ali Selamat. "Design of First Adder/Subtractor Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 3392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.3392.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is an emerging nanotechnology that provides faster speed, smaller size and lower power consumption compared to the current transistor-based technology. Adder/ subtractor is a useful component for the design of many computation systems and functional circuits. This paper proposes a practical XOR design in QCA. Then the first adder/subtractor circuit in QCA is designed and simulated using the proposed XOR design. Results of simulation were carried out using QCADesigner.

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Sherif, Noora H., Mohammed Hussien Ali, and Najim Abdallah Jazea. "Design and implementation reversible multiplexer using quantum-dot cellular automata approach." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2022): 3383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i6.4307.

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Rapid progress in the field of nanotechnology includes using quantum dot-cellular automata (QCA) as a replacement for conventional transistor-based complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits in the construction of nano-circuits. Due to ultra low thermal dissipation, rapid clocking, and extremely high density, the QCA is a rapidly growing field in the nanotechnological field to inhibit the field effect transistor (FET)-based circuit. This paper discusses and evaluates two multiplexer (MUX) architectures: an innovative and effective 4×1 MUX structure and an 8×1 MUX structures using QCA technology. The suggested architectural designs are constructed using the Fredkin and controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates. These constructions were designed to simulate using tool QCA designer 2.0.3. The 591 and 1,615 cells would be used by the 4×1 and 8×1 QCA MUX architectures, respectively. The simulation results demonstrate that, when compared to the previous QCA MUX structures, the suggested QCA MUX designs have the best clock latency performance and use of different gate types.

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31

Zilberg, Shmuel. "Design of Light‐Induced Molecular Switcher for the Driver of the Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA) Based on the Transition through the Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT) Structure." Israel Journal of Chemistry 60, no. 5-6 (January 27, 2020): 570–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201900148.

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Xu, Z. Y., M. Feng, and W. M. Zhang. "Universal quantum computation with quantum-dot cellular automata in decoherence-free subspace." Quantum Information and Computation 8, no. 10 (November 2008): 977–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic8.10-7.

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We investigate the possibility to have electron-pairs in decoherence-free subspace (DFS), by means of the quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) and single-spin rotations, to deterministically carry out a universal quantum computation with high-fidelity. We show that our QCA device with electrons tunneling in two dimensions is very suitable for DFS encoding, and argue that our design favors a scalable quantum computation robust to collective dephasing errors.

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Xiao, Lin Rong, Xiang Xu, and Shi Yan Ying. "Dual-Edge Triggered T Flip-Flop Structure Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Advanced Materials Research 662 (February 2013): 562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.562.

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As an emerging nanotechnology, quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) has the potential to be used for next generation VLSI. Various designs of combinational logic circuits have been proposed for QCA implementation, but sequential circuit design is limited due to the lack of high-performance QCA flip-flops. After an introduction on QCA and dual-edge triggered (DET) flip-flops, a new QCA DET T flip-flop following a pulsed latch scheme is presented. The proposed T flip-flop is simulated using QCADesigner simulator and its logic functionality is verified. The same data throughput of the DET flip-flop can be achieved while operating at half the clock frequency of a single-edge triggered (SET) counterpart. The proposed flip-flop is promising in building QCA sequential circuits with low power and high performance.

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Joy, Upal Barua, Shourov Chakraborty, Sharnali Islam, Hasan U. Zaman, and Mehedi Hasan. "Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata-Based Full Adder Design: Comprehensive Review and Performance Comparison." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2023 (January 10, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6784413.

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Being one of the promising techniques for future computing systems, quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA)-based circuit design has gained massive interest among researchers due to which numerous QCA-based full adder (FA) circuits have been designed. Due to numerous QCA FA circuits available in the existing literature, researchers find it difficult to invest the time to search, implement, simulate, and analyze QCA FAs to find the best-suited design according to their needs. Existing review articles do not present a complete overview and performance comparison of QCA FAs. Also, the existing articles do not include quite a number of QCA FA designs in the literature review. As a result, a detailed review including all possible QCA FAs becomes essential. Therefore, rather than going for a new QCA FA design, this research aims to aid researchers by providing an extensive literature review and comprehensive study on existing QCA FAs. A total of 47 QCA FAs have been considered for analysis. The QCA FA implementation method and performance parameters are summarized in a tabular manner to provide a quick overview and comparison of the QCA FAs.

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35

Vahabi, Mohsen, Ehsan Rahimi, Pavel Lyakhov, Ali Newaz Bahar, Khan A. Wahid, and Akira Otsuki. "Novel Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata-Based Gate Designs for Efficient Reversible Computing." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032265.

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Reversible logic enables ultra-low power circuit design and quantum computation. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is the most promising technology considered to implement reversible circuits, mainly due to the correspondence between features of reversible and QCA circuits. This work aims to push forward the state-of-the-art of the QCA-based reversible circuits implementation by proposing a novel QCA design of a reversible full adder\full subtractor (FA\FS). At first, we consider an efficient XOR-gate, and based on this, new QCA circuit layouts of Feynman, Toffoli, Peres, PQR, TR, RUG, URG, RQCA, and RQG are proposed. The efficient XOR gate significantly reduces the required clock phases and circuit area. As a result, all the proposed reversible circuits are efficient regarding cell count, delay, and circuit area. Finally, based on the presented reversible gates, a novel QCA design of a reversible full adder\full subtractor (FA\FS) is proposed. Compared to the state-of-the-art circuits, the proposed QCA design of FA\FS reversible circuit achieved up to 57% area savings, with 46% and 29% reduction in cell number and delay, respectively.

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Mokhtari, Dariush, Abdalhossein Rezai, Hamid Rashidi, Faranak Rabiei, Saeid Emadi, and Asghar Karimi. "Design of novel efficient full adder architecture for Quantum-dot Cellular Automata technology." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 31, no. 2 (2018): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1802279m.

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In this paper the novel coplanar circuits for full adder implementation in Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology are presented. We propose a novel one-bit full adder circuit and then utilize this new circuit to implement novel four-bit Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) circuit in the QCA technology. The QCA Designer tool version 2.0.1 is utilized to implement the designed QCA full adder circuits. The implementation results show that the designed QCA full adder circuits have an improvement compared to other QCA full adder circuits.

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Vankamamidi, V., M. Ottavi, and F. Lombardi. "A Serial Memory by Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA)." IEEE Transactions on Computers 57, no. 5 (May 2008): 606–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tc.2007.70831.

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38

Sumana, G., and G. Anjan Babu. "Adder with Efficient Speed and Area by Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Technology." Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology 8, S3 (June 5, 2019): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajcst-2019.8.s3.2073.

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Анотація:

The lessening in transistor estimate by following field’s law made chip unpredictability with more computational capacity. The present size of the transistor needs to decrease more, which prompts nanotechnology. The quantum-dot cell automata come extremely close to nanotechnology presents one of the conceivable arrangements in defeat this physical breaking point, even though the designs with QCA technology are not a fundamental basic. In this brief by considering quantum-dot cell automata (QCA) innovation idea a greater part door based adder is outlined. The effectiveness in territory and speed by larger part entryway idea based adders are executed and contrasted with beforehand technique plans by utilizing verilog coding mimicked in Xilinx. The proposed one-piece QCA viper depends on another calculation that requires just three larger part entryways and two inverters for the QCA expansion. Novel 128-bit adders designed in QCA become accomplished.

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MARDIRIS, VASILIOS A., and IOANNIS G. KARAFYLLIDIS. "DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MODULAR QUANTUM-DOT CELLULAR AUTOMATA MULTIPLEXERS FOR MEMORY ACCESSING." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 19, no. 02 (April 2010): 349–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126610006104.

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Multiplexers are extremely important parts of signal control systems. Some critical circuits of computing systems, like memories, use large multiplexers in order to present the value of a specific memory cell to their output. Several quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) circuits have been designed and the need for a QCA memory access system becomes prominent. A modular 2n to 1 QCA multiplexer covering small area could reduce the size of such circuits and conclusively could increase circuit integration. In this paper we present a novel design of a small size, modular quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) 2n to 1 multiplexer that can be used for memory addressing. The design objective is to develop a modular design methodology which can be used to implement 2n to 1 multiplexers using building blocks. For the QCA implementation a careful consideration is taken into account concerning the design in order to increase the circuit stability.

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40

Sen, Bibhash, Siddhant Ganeriwal, and Biplab K. Sikdar. "Reversible Logic-Based Fault-Tolerant Nanocircuits in QCA." ISRN Electronics 2013 (June 16, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/850267.

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Parity-preserving reversible circuits are gaining importance for the development of fault-tolerant systems in nanotechnology. On the other hand, Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA), a potential alternative to CMOS, promises efficient digital design at nanoscale. This work targets design of reversible ALU (arithmetic logic unit) in QCA (Quantum-dot Cellular Automata) framework. The design is based on the fault tolerant reversible adders (FTRA) introduced in this paper. The proposed fault tolerant adder is a parity-preserving gate, and QCA implementation of FTRA achieved 47.38% fault-free output in the presence of all possible single missing/additional cell defects. The proposed designs are verified and evaluated over the existing ALU designs and found to be more efficient in terms of design complexity and quantum cost.

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Bhat, Soha Maqbool, Suhaib Ahmed, Ali Newaz Bahar, Khan A. Wahid, Akira Otsuki, and Pooran Singh. "Design of Cost-Efficient SRAM Cell in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Technology." Electronics 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020367.

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SRAM or Static Random-Access Memory is the most vital memory technology. SRAM is fast and robust but faces design challenges in nanoscale CMOS such as high leakage, power consumption, and reliability. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is the alternative technology that can be used to address the challenges of conventional SRAM. In this paper, a cost-efficient single layer SRAM cell has been proposed in QCA. The design has 39 cells with a latency of 1.5 clock cycles and achieves an overall improvement in cell count, area, latency, and QCA cost compared to the reported designs. It can therefore be used to design nanoscale memory structures of higher order.

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Jayalakshmi, R., M. Senthil Kumaran, and R. Amutha. "A Step Towards Optimisation of 2 to 4 Decoder Using Farooq-Nikesh-Zaid Gate with Coplanar Crossing in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 2120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8857.

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The limitations of the existing Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor are leading the momentum to various new approaches like Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA). QCA offers low power dissipation, less area and high switching speeds. The Majority Voter is the basic structure that votes out on the majority of the inputs to implement a Boolean Function. The QCA architectures are created by using majority gates with inverters or by using universal gates like AND–OR-Inverter and NAND–NOR-Inverter gate. This paper proposes a quantum-dot cellular automata 2 to 4 decoder using Universal Farooq-Nikesh-Zaid gate, which utilizes the NAND gate logic to implement the functionality. The design offers 33% reduction in the cell count, reduction in the area with Six Clock Phases in simple co planar wire crossing. The proposed design is validated using the QCA Designer tool.

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Sasamal, Trailokya Nath, Anand Mohan, and Ashutosh Kumar Singh. "Efficient Design of Reversible Logic ALU Using Coplanar Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 02 (September 11, 2017): 1850021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618500214.

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Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) based reversible logic is the utmost necessity to achieve an architecture at nano-scale, which promises extremely low power consumption with high device density and faster computation. This paper emphasises on the design of an efficient reversible Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) block in QCA technology. We have considered [Formula: see text] RUG (Reversible Universal Gate) as the basic unit, and also report a HDLQ model for RUG with 52.2% fault tolerance capability. Further, the reversible ALU has synthesized with reversible logic unit (RLU) and reversible arithmetic unit (RAU). We also demonstrate QCA implementation of RLU and RAU with lesser complexity and cell counts. The proposed ALU needs only 64 MVs (Majority Voters), which demonstrates 40% optimizations in the majority gate counts than the existing result. QCADesigner-2.0.3 is used to verify the proposed designs.

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Ahmad, Firdous, Ghulam Mohiuddin Bhat, and Peer Zahoor Ahmad. "Novel Adder Circuits Based On Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA)." Circuits and Systems 05, no. 06 (2014): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/cs.2014.56016.

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Swapna, Mavurapu, and Adepu Hariprasad. "Design of Sequential Circuit Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA)." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 9 (2016): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers/3.9.15.

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Afrooz, Sonia, and Nima Jafari Navimipour. "Memory Designing Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata: Systematic Literature Review, Classification and Current Trends." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 26, no. 12 (August 2017): 1730004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126617300045.

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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) has come out as one of the potential computational structures for the emerging nanocomputing systems. It has a large capacity in the development of circuits with high space density and dissipation of low heat and allows faster computers to develop with lower power consumption. The QCA is a new appliance to realize nanolevel digital devices and study and analyze their various parameters. It is also a potential technology for low force and high-density memory plans. Large memory designs in QCA show unique features because of their architectural structure. In QCA-based architectures, memory must be maintained in motion, i.e., the memory state has to be continuously moved through a set of QCA cells. These architectures have different features, such as the number of bits stored in a loop, access type (serial or parallel) and cell arrangement for the memory bank. However, the decisive features of the QCA memory cell design are the number of cells, to put off the use of energy. Although the review and study of the QCA-based memories are very important, there is no complete and systematic literature review about the systematical analyses of the state of the mechanisms in this field. Therefore, there are five main types to provide systematic reviews about the QCA-based memories; including read only memory (ROM), register, flip-flop, content addressable memory (CAM) and random access memory (RAM). Also, it has provided the advantages and disadvantages of the reviewed mechanisms and their important challenges so that some interesting lines for any coming research are provided.

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Mukherjee, Chiradeep, Saradindu Panda, Asish K. Mukhopadhyay, and Bansibadan Maji. "Towards the Design of Cost-efficient Generic Register Using Quantum-dot Cellular Automata." Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia 10, no. 4 (August 26, 2020): 534–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210681209666190412142207.

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Background: The advancement of VLSI in the application of emerging nanotechnology explores quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) which has got wide acceptance owing to its ultra-high operating speed, extremely low power dissipation with a considerable reduction in feature size. The QCA architectures are emerging as a potential alternative to the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Experimental: Since the register unit has a crucial role in digital data transfer between the electronic devices, such study leading to the design of cost-efficient and highly reliable QCA register is expected to be a prudent area of research. A thorough survey on the existing literature shows that the generic models of Serial-in Serial Out (SISO), Serial-in-Parallel-Out (SIPO), Parallel-In- Serial-Out (PISO) and Parallel-in-Parallel-Out (PIPO) registers are inadequate in terms of design parameters like effective area, delay, O-Cost, Costα, etc. Results: This work introduces a layered T gate for the design of the D flip flop (LTD unit), which can be broadly used in SISO, SIPO, PISO, and PIPO register designs. For detection and reporting of high susceptible errors and defects at the nanoscale, the reliability and defect tolerant analysis of LTD unit are also carried out in this work. The QCA design metrics for the general register layouts using LTD unit is modeled. Conclusion: Moreover, the cost metrics for the proposed LTD layouts are thoroughly studied to check the functional complexity, fabrication difficulty and irreversible power dissipation of QCA register layouts.

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Farazkish, Razieh, Samira Sayedsalehi, and Keivan Navi. "Novel Design for Quantum Dots Cellular Automata to Obtain Fault-Tolerant Majority Gate." Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/943406.

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Анотація:

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the most attractive technologies for computing at nanoscale. The principle element in QCA is majority gate. In this paper, fault-tolerance properties of the majority gate is analyzed. This component is suitable for designing fault-tolerant QCA circuits. We analyze fault-tolerance properties of three-input majority gate in terms of misalignment, missing, and dislocation cells. In order to verify the functionality of the proposed component some physical proofs using kink energy (the difference in electrostatic energy between the two polarization states) and computer simulations using QCA Designer tool are provided. Our results clearly demonstrate that the redundant version of the majority gate is more robust than the standard style for this gate.

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49

Won You, Young, and Jun Cheol Jeon. "Design of Falling-Edge Triggered T Flip-Flop based on Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.4 (September 15, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.4.19599.

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A T flip-flop, which is an essential element of a counter, has been proposed as various types of quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) circuits, but practicality is not expected because there is no clock in circuit. A T flip-flop is a circuit which outputs value changing in synchronization with the rising or falling edge of a clock. In a QCA circuit, a clock pulse generator outputs the time at which the clock changes and it is required for the circuit. In this paper, we propose a falling-edge triggered T flip-flop based on QCA.

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Safoev, Nuriddin, and Jun-Cheol Jeon. "Design and Evaluation of Cell Interaction Based Vedic Multiplier Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata." Electronics 9, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9061036.

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A multiplier is one of the main units for digital signal processing and communication systems. In this paper, a high speed and low complexity multiplier is designed on the basis of quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), which is considered promising nanotechnology. We focus on Vedic multiplier architectures according to Vedic mathematics from ancient Indian sculptures. In fact, an adder is an important block in the design of almost all types of multipliers and a ripple carry adder is used to design simple multiplier implementations. However, a high-speed multi-bit multiplier requires high-speed adder owing to carry propagation. Cell-interaction-based QCA adders have better improvements over conventional majority-gate-based adders. Therefore, a two-bit Vedic multiplier is proposed in QCA and it is used to implement a four-bit form of the multiplier. The proposed architecture has a lower cell count and area compared to other existing structures. Moreover, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed design is sustainable and can be used to realize complex circuit designs for QCA communication networks.

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