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Статті в журналах з теми "Molecular palaeontology"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

CURRY, GORDON B. "Molecular palaeontology." Geology Today 3, no. 1 (January 1987): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.1987.tb00480.x.

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2

Morris, S. Conway. "Why molecular biology needs palaeontology." Development 1994, Supplement (January 1, 1994): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.1994.supplement.1.

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Анотація:

Molecular biology has re-opened the debate on metazoan diversification, including the vexing question of the origin of the major body plans (phyla). In particular, sequence analyses of rRNA have reconfigured significantly metazoan phylogeny, while homeobox genes suggest there could be an underlying similarity of developmental instructions in nominally disparate phyla. Despite this dramatic progress I argue that this renaissance of activity is lop-sided, but can be redressed by palaeontological data, especially from the Cambrian and immediately preceding Vendian. The fossil record complements and amplifies the conclusions derived from molecular biology, notably in the early radiation of cnidarians (Ediacaran faunas) and key steps in the diversification of the protostomes.

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3

Curry, Gordon B. "Molecular palaeontology: New life for old molecules." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2, no. 6 (June 1987): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(87)90067-x.

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4

Fleming, James F., Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen, Martin Vinther Sørensen, Tae-Yoon S. Park, Kazuharu Arakawa, Mark Blaxter, Lorena Rebecchi, et al. "Molecular palaeontology illuminates the evolution of ecdysozoan vision." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1892 (December 5, 2018): 20182180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2180.

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Colour vision is known to have arisen only twice—once in Vertebrata and once within the Ecdysozoa, in Arthropoda. However, the evolutionary history of ecdysozoan vision is unclear. At the molecular level, visual pigments, composed of a chromophore and a protein belonging to the opsin family, have different spectral sensitivities and these mediate colour vision. At the morphological level, ecdysozoan vision is conveyed by eyes of variable levels of complexity; from the simple ocelli observed in the velvet worms (phylum Onychophora) to the marvellously complex eyes of insects, spiders, and crustaceans. Here, we explore the evolution of ecdysozoan vision at both the molecular and morphological level; combining analysis of a large-scale opsin dataset that includes previously unknown ecdysozoan opsins with morphological analyses of key Cambrian fossils with preserved eye structures. We found that while several non-arthropod ecdysozoan lineages have multiple opsins, arthropod multi-opsin vision evolved through a series of gene duplications that were fixed in a period of 35–71 million years (Ma) along the stem arthropod lineage. Our integrative study of the fossil and molecular record of vision indicates that fossils with more complex eyes were likely to have possessed a larger complement of opsin genes.

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5

Smith, Andrew B. "What Does Palaeontology Contribute to Systematics in a Molecular World?" Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9, no. 3 (June 1998): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1998.0488.

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6

Lee, Michael S. Y. "Palaeontology: Turtles in Transition." Current Biology 23, no. 12 (June 2013): R513—R515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.011.

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7

Maderspacher, Florian. "Palaeontology: The New Conservative." Current Biology 20, no. 12 (June 2010): R513—R515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.05.025.

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8

Austin, Jeremy J., Andrew B. Smith, and Richard H. Thomas. "Palaeontology in a molecular world: the search for authentic ancient DNA." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 12, no. 8 (August 1997): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(97)01102-6.

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9

Klesment†, I., and E. Bondar. "BIOGEOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF EVOLUTION OF SAPROPELITES ACCORDING TO DATA OF MOLECULAR PALAEONTOLOGY." Oil Shale 14, no. 1 (1997): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/oil.1997.1.02.

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10

Xu, Xing, Zhe-Xi Luo, and Jia-Yu Rong. "Recent advances in Chinese palaeontology." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1679 (October 7, 2009): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1668.

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11

Sues, Hans-Dieter. "Palaeontology: Many Babies or Bigger Brains?" Current Biology 28, no. 21 (November 2018): R1254—R1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.041.

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12

Langer, Martin R., and Ursula Leppig. "Molecular phylogenetic status of Ammonia catesbyana (D’Orbigny, 1839), an intertidal foraminifer from the North Sea." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 2000, no. 9 (September 16, 2000): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/2000/2000/545.

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13

Higby Schweitzer, Mary. "Molecular paleontology: some current advances and problems." Annales de Paléontologie 90, no. 2 (April 2004): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annpal.2004.02.001.

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14

TAKAHASHI, O., T. YUASA, D. HONDA, and S. MAYAMA. "Molecular phylogeny of solitary shell-bearing Polycystinea (Radiolaria)." Revue de Micropaléontologie 47, no. 3 (July 2004): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-1598(04)00029-7.

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15

Cohen, Bernard L., and Maria Aleksandra Bitner. "Molecular phylogeny of rhynchonellide articulate brachiopods (Brachiopoda, Rhynchonellida)." Journal of Paleontology 87, no. 2 (March 2013): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12-100r.1.

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Анотація:

We present here the first report based on phylogenetic analyses of small subunit (SSU/18S) and large subunit (LSU/28S) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences from a wider-than-token sample of rhynchonellide articulate brachiopods, with data from 11 of ∼20 extant genera (12 species) belonging to all four extant superfamilies. Data exploration by network and saturation analyses shows that the molecular sequence data are free from major aberrations and are suitable for phylogenetic reconstruction despite the presence of large deletions in four SSU rDNA sequences. Although molecular sequence analyses cannot directly illuminate the systematics of fossils, the independent, genealogical evidence and phylogenetic inferences about extant forms that they make possible are highly relevant to paleontological systematics because they highlight the limitations of evolutionary inference from morphology. Parsimony, distance, maximum likelihood (no clock) and Bayesian (relaxed-clock) analyses all find a tree topology that disagrees strongly with the existing superfamily classification. All tested phylogenetic reconstructions agree that the taxa analyzed fall into three clades designated A1, A2, and B that reflect two major divergence events. The relaxed-clock analysis indicates that clades A and B diverged in the Paleozoic, while clades A1 and A2 reflect Permo-Triassic (and later) events. Morphological homoplasy and possible gene co-option are suggested as the main sources for the discord between the morpho-classification, the results of cladistic analyses of morphology, and the relationships reconstructed from molecular sequences. The origin, function and evolutionary implications of the deletion-bearing rhynchonellide SSU rDNA sequences are briefly discussed in relation to pseudogenes and concerted evolution in the rDNA genomic region.

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16

Pillet, Loïc, Ivan Voltski, Sergei Korsun, and Jan Pawlowski. "Molecular phylogeny of Elphidiidae (foraminifera)." Marine Micropaleontology 103 (September 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2013.07.001.

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17

Schweitzer, Mary Higby, Recep Avci, Timothy Collier, and Mark B. Goodwin. "Microscopic, chemical and molecular methods for examining fossil preservation." Comptes Rendus Palevol 7, no. 2-3 (April 2008): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2008.02.005.

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18

Darling, K. F., D. Kroon, C. M. Wade, and A. J. Leigh Brown. "Molecular phylogeny of the planktic foraminifera." Journal of Foraminiferal Research 26, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.26.4.324.

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19

THEODOR, JESSICA M. "MOLECULAR CLOCK DIVERGENCE ESTIMATES AND THE FOSSIL RECORD OF CETARTIODACTYLA." Journal of Paleontology 78, no. 1 (January 2004): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0039:mcdeat>2.0.co;2.

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20

Langer, Martin R. "Comparative molecular analysis of small-subunit ribosomal 18S DNA sequences from Haynesina germanica (Ehrenberg, 1840), a common intertidal foraminifer from the North Sea." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 2000, no. 11 (October 13, 2000): 641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/2000/2000/641.

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21

de Ricqlès, Armand. "On Darwin's palaeontology in The Origin of Species." Comptes Rendus Biologies 333, no. 2 (February 2010): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2009.11.007.

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22

Martill, David M. "Palaeontology: Which Came First, the Pterosaur or the Egg?" Current Biology 24, no. 13 (July 2014): R615—R617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.040.

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23

Langer, Martin R., Jere H. Lipps, and Werner E. Piller. "Molecular Paleobiology of Protists: Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Foraminiferal DNA." Micropaleontology 39, no. 1 (1993): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1485975.

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24

Allemand, Denis, Christine Ferrier-Pagès, Paola Furla, Fanny Houlbrèque, Sandrine Puverel, Stéphanie Reynaud, Éric Tambutté, Sylvie Tambutté, and Didier Zoccola. "Biomineralisation in reef-building corals: from molecular mechanisms to environmental control." Comptes Rendus Palevol 3, no. 6-7 (October 2004): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2004.07.011.

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25

van Dam, Jan A. "The systematic position of Anourosoricini (Soricidae, Mammalia): paleontological and molecular evidence." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30, no. 4 (July 14, 2010): 1221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2010.483553.

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26

Teyssèdre, B. "Precambrian palaeontology in the light of molecular phylogeny – an example: the radiation of the green algae." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 5 (September 10, 2007): 3123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-3123-2007.

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Abstract. The problem of the antiquity of the radiation of the green algae (phylum Viridiplantae) has been hotly debated and is still controversial today. A method combining Precambrian paleontology and molecular phylogeny is applied to shed light on this topic. As a critical method, molecular phylogeny is essential for avoiding taxonomic mistakes. As a heuristic method, it helps us to discern to what extent the presence of such and such clade is likely at such and such time, and it may even suggest the attribution of some fossil to a clade whose taxonomic position will be distinctly defined even though it has no previously known representative. Some well characterized Precambrian fossils of green algae are Palaeastrum and Proterocladus at Svanbergfjellet (ca. 750 Ma), Tasmanites and Pterospermella at Thule (ca. 1200 Ma), Spiromorpha at Ruyang (ca. 1200 Ma) and Leiosphaeridia crassa at Roper (ca. 1450 Ma). The position of these fossils in the taxonomy and the phylogeny of the Viriplantae is discussed. The conclusions are that the Chlorophyceae and the Ulvophyceae were separated long before 750 Ma, that the Chlorophyta and the Streptophyta were separated long before 1200 Ma and that the last common ancestor of the Viridiplantae and the Rhodophyta was possibly two billion years old.

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27

Danelian, Taniel, and David Moreira. "Palaeontological and molecular arguments for the origin of silica-secreting marine organisms." Comptes Rendus Palevol 3, no. 3 (May 2004): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2004.01.005.

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28

Holzmann, M. "MOLECULAR DATA REVEAL PARALLEL EVOLUTION IN NUMMULITID FORAMINIFERA." Journal of Foraminiferal Research 33, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/0330277.

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29

Bhatt, Karan A., and Mrugesh H. Trivedi. "Molecular Studies On Foraminifers: Past, Present, and Future." Journal of Foraminiferal Research 48, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.48.3.193.

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Анотація:

Abstract Applications of molecular techniques have become integral to most fields of biological research, including evolutionary biology. Over the past two decades, studies of molecular genetics of foraminifers have emerged to enhance taxonomic identification with broad applications, including biodiversity, environmental assessments, and paleoceanographic studies. However, the results are widely scattered across the literature, thereby inhibiting advances in such research on foraminifers, especially regionally. In this review, we discuss the developments and contributions in the field of molecular genetics as applied to foraminifers, offering a guide to beginners in this area of research. Furthermore, this review highlights new opportunities for foraminiferal research that will pave the way for future studies in this field.

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30

Zehr, J. P., I. Hewson, and P. Moisander. "Molecular biology techniques and applications for ocean sensing." Ocean Science 5, no. 2 (May 8, 2009): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-5-101-2009.

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Abstract. The study of marine microorganisms using molecular biological techniques is now widespread in the ocean sciences. These techniques target nucleic acids which record the evolutionary history of microbes, and encode for processes which are active in the ocean today. Molecular techniques can form the basis of remote instrumentation sensing technologies for marine microbial diversity and ecological function. Here we review some of the most commonly used molecular biological techniques. These techniques include the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse-transcriptase PCR, quantitative PCR, whole assemblage "fingerprinting" approaches (based on nucleic acid sequence or length heterogeneity), oligonucleotide microarrays, and high-throughput shotgun sequencing of whole genomes and gene transcripts, which can be used to answer biological, ecological, evolutionary and biogeochemical questions in the ocean sciences. Moreover, molecular biological approaches may be deployed on ocean sensor platforms and hold promise for tracking of organisms or processes of interest in near-real time.

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31

Zehr, J. P., I. Hewson, and P. H. Moisander. "Molecular biology techniques and applications for ocean sensing." Ocean Science Discussions 5, no. 4 (November 27, 2008): 625–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-5-625-2008.

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Анотація:

Abstract. The study of marine microorganisms using molecular biological techniques is now widespread in the ocean sciences. These techniques target nucleic acids which record the evolutionary history of microbes, and encode for processes which are active in the ocean today. Here we review some of the most commonly used molecular biological techniques. Molecular biological techniques permit study of the abundance, distribution, diversity, and physiology of microorganisms in situ. These techniques include the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse-transcriptase PCR, quantitative PCR, whole assemblage "fingerprinting" approaches (based on nucleic acid sequence or length heterogeneity), oligonucleotide microarrays, and high-throughput shotgun sequencing of whole genomes and gene transcripts, which can be used to answer biological, ecological, evolutionary and biogeochemical questions in the ocean sciences. Moreover, molecular biological approaches may be deployed on ocean sensor platforms and hold promise for tracking of organisms or processes of interest in near-real time.

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32

Amaral Zettler, Linda A., O. R. Anderson, and David A. Caron. "Towards a molecular phylogeny of colonial spumellarian radiolaria." Marine Micropaleontology 36, no. 2-3 (March 1999): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8398(98)00028-0.

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33

Ní Fhlaithearta, Shauna, Sander R. Ernst, Klaas G. J. Nierop, Gert J. de Lange, and Gert-Jan Reichart. "Molecular and isotopic composition of foraminiferal organic linings." Marine Micropaleontology 102 (June 2013): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2013.06.004.

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34

Marcé-Nogué, Jordi. "One step further in biomechanical models in palaeontology: a nonlinear finite element analysis review." PeerJ 10 (August 8, 2022): e13890. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13890.

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Анотація:

Finite element analysis (FEA) is no longer a new technique in the fields of palaeontology, anthropology, and evolutionary biology. It is nowadays a well-established technique within the virtual functional-morphology toolkit. However, almost all the works published in these fields have only applied the most basic FEA tools i.e., linear materials in static structural problems. Linear and static approximations are commonly used because they are computationally less expensive, and the error associated with these assumptions can be accepted. Nonetheless, nonlinearities are natural to be used in biomechanical models especially when modelling soft tissues, establish contacts between separated bones or the inclusion of buckling results. The aim of this review is to, firstly, highlight the usefulness of non-linearities and secondly, showcase these FEA tool to researchers that work in functional morphology and biomechanics, as non-linearities can improve their FEA models by widening the possible applications and topics that currently are not used in palaeontology and anthropology.

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35

Hageman, Steven J. "From DNA to Diversity, Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design. 2001." Journal of Paleontology 77, no. 3 (May 2003): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0598:r>2.0.co;2.

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36

Vislobokova, I. A. "On the origin of Cetartiodactyla: Comparison of data on evolutionary morphology and Molecular biology." Paleontological Journal 47, no. 3 (May 2013): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s003103011303012x.

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37

Schmitz, Andreas, Patrick Mansfeld, Evon Hekkala, Tara Shine, Hemmo Nickel, George Amato, and Wolfgang Böhme. "Molecular evidence for species level divergence in African Nile Crocodiles Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti, 1786)." Comptes Rendus Palevol 2, no. 8 (December 2003): 703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2003.07.002.

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38

Schweizer, Magali, Frans Jorissen, and Emmanuelle Geslin. "Contributions of molecular phylogenetics to foraminiferal taxonomy: General overview and example of Pseudoeponides falsobeccarii." Comptes Rendus Palevol 10, no. 2-3 (March 2011): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2011.01.003.

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39

Holland, Nicholas D., and Junyuan Chen. "Origin and early evolution of the vertebrates: New insights from advances in molecular biology, anatomy, and palaeontology." BioEssays 23, no. 2 (January 17, 2001): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-1878(200102)23:2<142::aid-bies1021>3.0.co;2-5.

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40

Perricone, Valentina, Tobias Grun, Pasquale Raia, and Carla Langella. "Paleomimetics: A Conceptual Framework for a Biomimetic Design Inspired by Fossils and Evolutionary Processes." Biomimetics 7, no. 3 (July 5, 2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7030089.

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Анотація:

In biomimetic design, functional systems, principles, and processes observed in nature are used for the development of innovative technical systems. The research on functional features is often carried out without giving importance to the generative mechanism behind them: evolution. To deeply understand and evaluate the meaning of functional morphologies, integrative structures, and processes, it is imperative to not only describe, analyse, and test their behaviour, but also to understand the evolutionary history, constraints, and interactions that led to these features. The discipline of palaeontology and its approach can considerably improve the efficiency of biomimetic transfer by analogy of function; additionally, this discipline, as well as biology, can contribute to the development of new shapes, textures, structures, and functional models for productive and generative processes useful in the improvement of designs. Based on the available literature, the present review aims to exhibit the potential contribution that palaeontology can offer to biomimetic processes, integrating specific methodologies and knowledge in a typical biomimetic design approach, as well as laying the foundation for a biomimetic design inspired by extinct species and evolutionary processes: Paleomimetics. A state of the art, definition, method, and tools are provided, and fossil entities are presented as potential role models for technical transfer solutions.

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41

Lowe, Christopher J. "Molecular genetic insights into deuterostome evolution from the direct-developing hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1496 (January 11, 2008): 1569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2247.

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Анотація:

Progress in developmental biology, phylogenomics and palaeontology over the past five years are all making major contributions to a long-enduring problem in comparative biology: the early origins of the deuterostome phyla. Recent advances in the developmental biology of hemichordates have given a unique insight into developmental similarities between this phylum and chordates. Transcriptional and signalling gene expression patterns between the two groups during the early development of the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes reveal close similarities, despite large morphological disparity between the body plans. These genetic networks have been proposed to play conserved roles in patterning centralized nervous systems in metazoans, yet seem to play a conserved role in patterning the diffusely organized basiepithelial nerve net of the hemichordates. Developmental genetic data are providing a unique insight into early deuterostome evolution, revealing a complexity of genetic regulation previously attributed only to vertebrates. While these data allow for key insights into the development of early deuterostomes, their utility for reconstructing ancestral morphologies is less certain, and morphological, palaeontological and molecular datasets should all be considered carefully when speculating about ancestral deuterostome features.

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42

Polly, P. David, Jussi T. Eronen, Marianne Fred, Gregory P. Dietl, Volker Mosbrugger, Christoph Scheidegger, David C. Frank, John Damuth, Nils C. Stenseth, and Mikael Fortelius. "History matters: ecometrics and integrative climate change biology." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1709 (January 12, 2011): 1131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2233.

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Анотація:

Climate change research is increasingly focusing on the dynamics among species, ecosystems and climates. Better data about the historical behaviours of these dynamics are urgently needed. Such data are already available from ecology, archaeology, palaeontology and geology, but their integration into climate change research is hampered by differences in their temporal and geographical scales. One productive way to unite data across scales is the study of functional morphological traits, which can form a common denominator for studying interactions between species and climate across taxa, across ecosystems, across space and through time—an approach we call ‘ecometrics’. The sampling methods that have become established in palaeontology to standardize over different scales can be synthesized with tools from community ecology and climate change biology to improve our understanding of the dynamics among species, ecosystems, climates and earth systems over time. Developing these approaches into an integrative climate change biology will help enrich our understanding of the changes our modern world is undergoing.

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43

Holzmann, Maria, Werner E. Piller, Louisette Zaninetti, Rogerio Fenner, Rossana Martini, Rossana Serandrei-Barbero, and Jan Pawlowski. "Molecular versus morphologic variability in Ammonia SPP. (Foraminifera, Protozoa) from the Lagoon of Venice, Italy." Revue de Micropaléontologie 41, no. 1 (March 1998): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-1598(98)90098-8.

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44

Li, Chunxiang, and Qun Yang. "Notes on the divergence time of the fern genus Asplenium from fossil and molecular evidence." Cretaceous Research 45 (October 2013): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2013.06.005.

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45

PETERSON, KEVIN J., ROGER E. SUMMONS, and PHILIP C. J. DONOGHUE. "MOLECULAR PALAEOBIOLOGY." Palaeontology 50, no. 4 (July 2007): 775–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00692.x.

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46

Wellman, Charles H. "Palaeontology: The Rhynie Chert Is the Gift that Keeps on Giving." Current Biology 29, no. 3 (February 2019): R93—R95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.014.

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47

Holzmann, M., and J. Pawlowski. "Molecular, morphological and ecological evidence for species recognition in Ammonia (Foraminifera)." Journal of Foraminiferal Research 27, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.27.4.311.

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48

Joyce, Walter G., James F. Parham, Tyler R. Lyson, Rachel C. M. Warnock, and Philip C. J. Donoghue. "A divergence dating analysis of turtles using fossil calibrations: an example of best practices." Journal of Paleontology 87, no. 4 (July 2013): 612–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12-149.

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Анотація:

Turtles have served as a model system for molecular divergence dating studies using fossil calibrations. However, because some parts of the fossil record of turtles are very well known, divergence age estimates from molecular phylogenies often do not differ greatly from those observed directly from the fossil record alone. Also, the phylogenetic position and age of turtle fossil calibrations used in previous studies have not been adequately justified. We provide the first explicitly justified minimum and soft maximum age constraints on 22 clades of turtles following best practice protocols. Using these data we undertook a Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analysis establishing a timescale for the evolution of crown Testudines that we exploit in attempting to address evolutionary questions that cannot be resolved with fossils alone. Some of these questions, such as whether the turtle crown originated in the Triassic or Jurassic, cannot be resolved by our analysis. However, our results generate novel age-of-origination estimates for clades within crown Testudines. Finally, we compare our fossil calibrations and posterior age estimates to those from other studies, revealing substantial differences in results and interpretation.

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49

ERWIN, DOUGLAS H. "Molecular clocks, molecular phylogenies and the origin of phyla." Lethaia 22, no. 3 (July 1989): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1989.tb01338.x.

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50

Scott, W. G. "Molecular palaeontology: understanding catalytic mechanisms in the RNA world by excavating clues from a ribozyme three-dimensional structure." Biochemical Society Transactions 24, no. 3 (August 1, 1996): 604–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0240604.

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