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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 21 вересня 2024

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1

Pashko, Pandeli. "Morave Mt Oligocene-Middle Miocene succession of Albanian-Thessalian Basin." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 52, no. 1 (September 28, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.15837.

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The Morava Mountain Oligocene-Middle Miocene molasse deposits take part in the Albanian-Thessalian Basin, which developed NW-SE from eastern Albania to Thessaly in Greece, where it is called as Mesohellenic Basin. The 4.5 km thick basin infill is subdivided into three molasse cycles separated by two regional unconformities at the Eocene/Oligocene and Aquitanian/Burdigalian boundaries. The Morava Mountain Oligocene-Middle Miocene molase, ~ 3500 m thick, represents an exposed continuous, rich in fossil fauna succession. Six stratigraphic sections were studied and measured.

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2

Akgiin, Funda, and Hasan Sözbilir. "A palynostratigraphic approach to the SW Anatolian molasse basin: Kale-Tavas molasse and Denizli molasse." Geodinamica Acta 14, no. 1-3 (January 2001): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2001.11432436.

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3

Akgün, F. "A palynostratigraphic approach to the SW Anatolian molasse basin: Kale–Tavas molasse and Denizli molasse." Geodinamica Acta 14, no. 1-3 (May 2001): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0985-3111(00)01054-8.

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4

Mamengko, David Victor, Yoga B.Sendjadja, Budi Mulyana, Hermes Panggabean, Iyan Haryanto, Eko Budi Lelono, Juwita Trivianty Musu, and Panuju Panuju. "Perkembangan Fasies Sedimen Formasi Mamberamo Berumur Miosen Akhir-Pliosen di Cekungan Papua Utara." Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral 20, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.2019.v20.1.37-47.

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North Papua Basin is a fore arc basin located in northern coastal of Papua Island. This basin filled by Middle-Upper Miocene turbidite sediment and overlied by Upper Miocene – Quarternary clastic sediment. Upper Miocene – Quaternary clastic sediments (Mamberamo Formation) composed by interbedding conglomerate, sandstone and shale as molasses deposit. A detailed stratigraphic study was performed to identify facies and its association of the Mamberamo Formation to that give a new perspective on the characteristics and development of facies succession of Lower Mamberamo Formation. Result shows that the Lower Mamberamo Formation consists of three facies: A) cross bedding sandstone (subtidal), B) heterolothic silty shale (intra-tidal), C) carbonaceous shale (supra-tidal) deposited on Late Miocen to Plio-Pleistocene during centra range orogeny (syn-orogeny) as molasses deposits.Keywords: Fore arc basin, North Papua Basin, Mamberamo Formation, molasse deposits.

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5

Mamengko, David Victor, Yoga B.Sendjadja, Budi Mulyana, Hermes Panggabean, Iyan Haryanto, Eko Budi Lelono, Juwita Trivianty Musu, and Panuju Panuju. "Perkembangan Fasies Sedimen Formasi Mamberamo Berumur Miosen Akhir-Pliosen di Cekungan Papua Utara." Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral 20, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.geologi.20.1.37-47.

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North Papua Basin is a fore arc basin located in northern coastal of Papua Island. This basin filled by Middle-Upper Miocene turbidite sediment and overlied by Upper Miocene – Quarternary clastic sediment. Upper Miocene – Quaternary clastic sediments (Mamberamo Formation) composed by interbedding conglomerate, sandstone and shale as molasses deposit. A detailed stratigraphic study was performed to identify facies and its association of the Mamberamo Formation to that give a new perspective on the characteristics and development of facies succession of Lower Mamberamo Formation. Result shows that the Lower Mamberamo Formation consists of three facies: A) cross bedding sandstone (subtidal), B) heterolothic silty shale (intra-tidal), C) carbonaceous shale (supra-tidal) deposited on Late Miocen to Plio-Pleistocene during centra range orogeny (syn-orogeny) as molasses deposits.Keywords: Fore arc basin, North Papua Basin, Mamberamo Formation, molasse deposits.

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6

Mamengko, David Victor, Yoga B.Sendjadja, Budi Mulyana, Hermes Panggabean, Iyan Haryanto, Eko Budi Lelono, Juwita Trivianty Musu, and Panuju Panuju. "Perkembangan Fasies Sedimen Formasi Mamberamo Berumur Miosen Akhir-Pliosen di Cekungan Papua Utara." Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral 20, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.geologi.v20i1.399.

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Анотація:

North Papua Basin is a fore arc basin located in northern coastal of Papua Island. This basin filled by Middle-Upper Miocene turbidite sediment and overlied by Upper Miocene – Quarternary clastic sediment. Upper Miocene – Quaternary clastic sediments (Mamberamo Formation) composed by interbedding conglomerate, sandstone and shale as molasses deposit. A detailed stratigraphic study was performed to identify facies and its association of the Mamberamo Formation to that give a new perspective on the characteristics and development of facies succession of Lower Mamberamo Formation. Result shows that the Lower Mamberamo Formation consists of three facies: A) cross bedding sandstone (subtidal), B) heterolothic silty shale (intra-tidal), C) carbonaceous shale (supra-tidal) deposited on Late Miocen to Plio-Pleistocene during centra range orogeny (syn-orogeny) as molasses deposits.Keywords: Fore arc basin, North Papua Basin, Mamberamo Formation, molasse deposits.

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7

Mamengko, David Victor, Yoga B.Sendjadja, Budi Mulyana, Hermes Panggabean, Iyan Haryanto, Eko Budi Lelono, Juwita Trivianty Musu, and Panuju Panuju. "Perkembangan Fasies Sedimen Formasi Mamberamo Berumur Miosen Akhir-Pliosen di Cekungan Papua Utara." Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral 20, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.v20i1.399.

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Анотація:

North Papua Basin is a fore arc basin located in northern coastal of Papua Island. This basin filled by Middle-Upper Miocene turbidite sediment and overlied by Upper Miocene – Quarternary clastic sediment. Upper Miocene – Quaternary clastic sediments (Mamberamo Formation) composed by interbedding conglomerate, sandstone and shale as molasses deposit. A detailed stratigraphic study was performed to identify facies and its association of the Mamberamo Formation to that give a new perspective on the characteristics and development of facies succession of Lower Mamberamo Formation. Result shows that the Lower Mamberamo Formation consists of three facies: A) cross bedding sandstone (subtidal), B) heterolothic silty shale (intra-tidal), C) carbonaceous shale (supra-tidal) deposited on Late Miocen to Plio-Pleistocene during centra range orogeny (syn-orogeny) as molasses deposits.Keywords: Fore arc basin, North Papua Basin, Mamberamo Formation, molasse deposits.

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8

Bachmann, G. H., M. Müller, and K. Weggen. "Evolution of the Molasse Basin (Germany, Switzerland)." Tectonophysics 137, no. 1-4 (June 1987): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90315-5.

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9

Garefalakis, Philippos, and Fritz Schlunegger. "Tectonic processes, variations in sediment flux, and eustatic sea level recorded by the 20 Myr old Burdigalian transgression in the Swiss Molasse basin." Solid Earth 10, no. 6 (November 19, 2019): 2045–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2045-2019.

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Abstract. The stratigraphic architecture of the Swiss Molasse basin, situated on the northern side of the evolving Alps, reveals crucial information about the basin's geometry, its evolution, and the processes leading to the deposition of the siliciclastic sediments. Nevertheless, the formation of the Upper Marine Molasse (OMM) and the controls on the related Burdigalian transgression have still been a matter of scientific debate. During the time period from ca. 20 to 17 Ma, the Swiss Molasse basin was partly flooded by a shallow marine sea striking SW–NE. Previous studies have proposed that the transgression occurred in response to a rise in global sea level, a reduction of sediment flux, or an increase in tectonically controlled accommodation space. Here, we readdress this problem and extract stratigraphic signals from the Burdigalian molasse deposits that can be related to changes in sediment supply rate, variations in the eustatic sea level, and subduction tectonics. To achieve this goal, we conducted sedimentological and stratigraphic analyses of several sites across the entire Swiss Molasse basin. Field investigations show that the transgression and the subsequent evolution of the Burdigalian seaway was characterized by (i) a deepening and widening of the basin, (ii) phases of erosion and non-deposition during Lower Freshwater Molasse (USM), OMM, and Upper Freshwater Molasse (OSM) times, and (iii) changes in along-strike drainage reversals. We use these changes in the stratigraphic record to disentangle tectonic and surface controls on the facies evolution at various scales. As the most important mechanism, rollback subduction of the European mantle lithosphere most likely caused a further downwarping of the foreland plate, which we use to explain the deepening and widening of the Molasse basin, particularly at distal sites. In addition, subduction tectonics also caused the uplift of the Aar massif. This process was likely to have shifted the patterns of surface loads, thereby resulting in a buckling of the foreland plate and influencing the water depths in the basin. We use this mechanism to explain the establishment of distinct depositional settings, particularly the formation of subtidal shoals wherein a bulge in relation to this buckling is expected. The rise of the Aar massif also resulted in a reorganization of the drainage network in the Alpine hinterland, with the consequence that the sediment flux to the basin decreased. We consider this reduction in sediment supply to have amplified the tectonically controlled deepening of the Molasse basin. Because the marine conditions were generally very shallow, subtle changes in eustatic sea level contributed to the formation of several hiatuses that chronicle periods of erosion and non-sedimentation. These processes also amplified the tectonically induced increase in accommodation space during times of global sea level highstands. Whereas these mechanisms are capable of explaining the establishment of the Burdigalian seaway and the formation of distinct sedimentological niches in the Swiss Molasse basin, the drainage reversal during OMM times possibly requires a change in tectonic processes at the slab scale, most likely including the entire Alpine range between the Eastern and Central Alps. In conclusion, we consider rollback tectonics to be the main driving force controlling the transgression of the OMM in Switzerland, with contributions by the uplift of individual crustal blocks (here the Aar massif) and by a reduction of sediment supply. This reduction of sediment flux was likely to have been controlled by tectonic processes as well when basement blocks became uplifted, thereby modifying the catchment geometries. Eustatic changes in sea level explain the various hiatuses and amplified the deepening of the basin during eustatic highstand conditions.

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10

Reinecker, John, Mark Tingay, Birgit Müller, and Oliver Heidbach. "Present-day stress orientation in the Molasse Basin." Tectonophysics 482, no. 1-4 (February 2010): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.07.021.

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11

Seithel, Robin, Emmanuel Gaucher, Birgit Mueller, Ulrich Steiner, and Thomas Kohl. "Probability of fault reactivation in the Bavarian Molasse Basin." Geothermics 82 (November 2019): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.06.004.

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12

Dostal, J., W. U. Mueller, and J. B. Murphy. "Archean Molasse Basin Evolution and Magmatism, Wabigoon Subprovince, Canada." Journal of Geology 112, no. 4 (July 2004): 435–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/421073.

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13

Rühaak, Wolfram, Volker Rath, and Christoph Clauser. "Detecting thermal anomalies within the Molasse Basin, southern Germany." Hydrogeology Journal 18, no. 8 (November 13, 2010): 1897–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0676-z.

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14

Rössner, Gertrud E. "A community of Middle Miocene Ruminantia (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the German Molasse Basin." Palaeontographica Abteilung A 277, no. 1-6 (October 30, 2006): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pala/277/2006/103.

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15

Meller, Barbara. "Wetland vegetation types in the Late Miocene Alpine Molasse Basin in Upper Austria." Palaeontographica Abteilung B 287, no. 1-6 (December 13, 2011): 57–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/palb/287/2011/57.

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16

Maurer, Holger, and Elmar Buchner. "Fluvial systems of the Upper Freshwater Molasse (North Alpine Foreland Basin, SW-Germany)." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 158, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2007/0158-0249.

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17

Becker, Damien, Pierre-Olivier Antoine, Burkart Engesser, Florent Hiard, Bernhard Hostettler, Ursula Menkveld-Gfeller, Bastien Mennecart, Laureline Scherler, and Jean-Pierre Berger. "Late Aquitanian mammals from Engehalde (Molasse Basin, Canton Bern, Switzerland)." Annales de Paléontologie 96, no. 3 (July 2010): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annpal.2011.03.001.

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18

Jodocy, Marco, and Ingrid Stober. "Geologic-geothermal cross-sections through the southwestern part of the Molasse Basin (South Germany)." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 160, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2009/0160-0359.

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19

Meszar, Maria, Susanne Gier, Markus Palzer-Khomenko, Wolfgang Knierzinger, and Michael Wagreich. "Clay mineralogy of Miocene mudstones from the Lower Austrian Molasse Basin." Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 113, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2020.0008.

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Abstract Recent studies established the lithological and chemical sediment evolution in the Lower Austrian Molasse Basin (LAMB), a part of the North Alpine foreland basin, during the Early Miocene. In this study, we aim to integrate the clay mineralogy of seven wells across the LAMB with a newly proposed lithostratigraphy, and to infer implications for provenance, palaeo-geography and palaeoclimate. The results of our qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the clay-sized fraction with x-ray diffractometry largely support the stratigraphic model. The early stage of foreland basin formation (Egerian/Eggenburgian?) is represented by kaolinite contents up to 93 % in the clay sized fraction. This indicates an orogen-external source, i.e. the Bohemian Massif, and erosion of intensively chemical weathered products during this early Molasse basin stage. The over-lying marine Robulus Schlier (lower/middle Ottnangian) is characterized by a distinctly reduced kaolinite content and overall increased illite content compared to the other formations. Illite was predominantly provided from denudation of the rising Eastern Alps, i.e. characterizing the orogen-internal provenance. The pelites of the overlying carbonate poor Traisen Formation (upper Ottnangian) show again a higher kaolinite and smectite content. In the largely coeval basinal Wildendürnbach Formation, smectite reaches up to 70 % in the clay sized fraction. Peak smectite values may be linked to volcanic ash input from the nearby Carpathian volcanic arc. Generally rising smectite versus illite ratios during the Ottnangian-Karpatian could point to a warming and intensified chemical weathering of the rising Alpine orogen.

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20

Rybach, Ladislaus. "Geothermal potential of Sedimentary Basins, especially of the Swiss Molasse Basin." Földtani Közlöny 149, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.23928/foldt.kozl.2019.149.4.401.

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Sedimentary basins usually have significant geothermal potential. Deep aquifers are key components. The factors, conditions, and processes that define and control the potential are: processes during basin formation like sedimentation, karstification, fracturing; rock porosity, permeability/fluid content; depth/temperature; hydrogeology; production sustainability. They are demonstrated on selected examples: USA basins, Paris Basin, Molasse Basin. Of the latter, the French, German and Austrian parts are treated first and then the Swiss Molasse Basin (SMB) in more detail.The various efforts undertaken to assess and quantify the SMB potential are described, example maps presented. The realizations of the SMB potential so far are really modest: of 10 deep drilling projects performed in various locations to date only one is successful, two are a partial success. The official Swiss energy strategy EN2050 includes electricity supply in the future; this assigns 4.4 TWh to geothermal sources in 2050. This would be delivered from geothermal power plants, foreseen are 250 MWe installed capacity from hydrothermal reservoirs and another 250 MWe from petrothermal (EGS) sources. Only the SMB could host hydrothermal resources; the current data don’t make much hope. In principle, EGS plants could take heat (and convert it to electricity) from below the SMB. The EGS technology itself has great potential but it is still in the proof of concept stage. Intensive R&D is ongoing in several countries, however, very substantial funding will be needed to answer the many questions still open.

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21

Gier, S. "Clay mineral and organic diagenesis of the Lower Oligocene Schöneck Fishshale, western Austrian Molasse Basin." Clay Minerals 35, no. 4 (September 2000): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985500547151.

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AbstractThe ‘Fischschiefer formation’ has been identified as the likely source rock for petroleum in the western Molasse Basin of Austria. The investigated cores originate from different depths (1242 m to 4294 m) of the Fischschiefer horizon. The illitization observed in the <0.2 μm fraction proceeds slowly, probably because of the low geothermal gradient (3°C/100 m) in the Molasse Basin. The illite content in illite-smectite ranges from 30% (randomly ordered) for the shallowest sample to 65% (R0+R1 ordering) for the deepest sample. The oxygen index (OI) vs. hydrogen index (HI) plot implies type I to II kerogen for the organic matter. Vitrinite reflectance and Rock Eval parameters indicate an immature stage in the diagenesis of kerogen. Only the deepest sample (4294 m, 0.6% Rr) reaches the early oil window. There is a good correlation of the illitization trend of the mixed-layer mineral I-S and the organic maturity parameters.

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22

Schumacher, S., and R. Schulz. "Effectiveness of acidizing geothermal wells in the South German Molasse Basin." Geothermal Energy Science 1, no. 1 (October 22, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gtes-1-1-2013.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In Germany, many hydro-geothermal plants have been constructed in recent years, primarily in the region of Munich. As the host formation here mainly consists of carbonates, nearly all recently drilled wells have been acidized in order to improve the well yield. In this study, the effectiveness of these acid treatments is analyzed with respect to the amount of acid used and the number of acid treatments carried out per well. The results show that the first acid treatment has the largest effect, while subsequent acidizing improves the well only marginally. Data also indicate that continued acidizing can lead to degradation of the well. These findings may not only be important for geothermal installations in Germany but also for projects, for example, in Austria, France or China where geothermal energy is produced from carbonate formations as well.</p>

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23

Chelle-Michou, Cyril, Damien Do Couto, Andrea Moscariello, Philippe Renard, and Elme Rusillon. "Geothermal state of the deep Western Alpine Molasse Basin, France-Switzerland." Geothermics 67 (May 2017): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2017.01.004.

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24

Schlunegger, Fritz, and Jon Mosar. "The last erosional stage of the Molasse Basin and the Alps." International Journal of Earth Sciences 100, no. 5 (October 17, 2010): 1147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0607-1.

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25

Gjoka, Michail, and Alekssander Dulaj. "Overpressuring in the molasse deposits of the Adriatic Basin in Albania." Petroleum Geoscience 3, no. 3 (September 1997): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/petgeo.3.3.259.

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26

Shalaby, A., K. Stüwe, H. Fritz, and F. Makroum. "The El Mayah molasse basin in the Eastern Desert of Egypt." Journal of African Earth Sciences 45, no. 1 (May 2006): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.01.004.

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27

Heine, Florian, Kai Zosseder, and Florian Einsiedl. "Hydrochemical Zoning and Chemical Evolution of the Deep Upper Jurassic Thermal Groundwater Reservoir Using Water Chemical and Environmental Isotope Data." Water 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091162.

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A comprehensive hydrogeological understanding of the deep Upper Jurassic carbonate aquifer, which represents an important geothermal reservoir in the South German Molasse Basin (SGMB), is crucial for improved and sustainable groundwater resource management. Water chemical data and environmental isotope analyses of δD, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr were obtained from groundwater of 24 deep Upper Jurassic geothermal wells and coupled with a few analyses of noble gases (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar) and noble gas infiltration temperatures. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed three major water types and allowed a hydrochemical zoning of the SGMB, while exploratory factor analyses identified the hydrogeological processes affecting the water chemical composition of the thermal water. Water types 1 and 2 are of Na-[Ca]-HCO3-Cl type, lowly mineralised and have been recharged under meteoric cold climate conditions. Both water types show 87Sr/86Sr signatures, stable water isotopes values and calculated apparent mean residence times, which suggest minor water-rock interaction within a hydraulically active flow system of the Northeastern and Southeastern Central Molasse Basin. This thermal groundwater have been most likely subglacially recharged in the south of the SGMB in close proximity to the Bavarian Alps with a delineated northwards flow direction. Highly mineralised groundwater of water type 3 (Na-Cl-HCO3 and Na-Cl) occurs in the Eastern Central Molasse Basin. In contrast to water types 1 and 2, this water type shows substantial water-rock interaction with terrestrial sediments and increasing 40Ar/36Ar ratios, which may also imply a hydraulic exchange with fossil formation waters of overlying Tertiary sediments.

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28

Mödden, Clemens. "Biostratigraphic correlations in the lowermost Miocene of the Mainz Basin and the western Molasse Basin based on fossil mammals." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 202, no. 1 (November 18, 1996): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/202/1996/111.

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29

Friend, P. F. "Molasse basins of Europe: a tectonic assessment." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 76, no. 4 (1985): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300010658.

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ABSTRACTSedimentary basins are structures that formed either by subsidence of an area relative to its surroundings, or by uplift of the surroundings. The basin is defined by its sedimentary fill, and the vertical kinematics of the fill are reflected by stratal wedging, unconformities and, or, faulting. The following basin mechanisms are distinguished: locally (a) stretch, (b) thrust and piggy-back, (c) local uplift, and regionally (d) stretch-and-cool, (e) load-and-flex and (f) cratonic uplift.Basin patterns are reviewed for the three main Phanerozoic episodes for which molasse-like features of sedimentation or tectonics are claimed. Sediment accumulation rates are used as an index of the vigour of basinal activity.Within the area of the Caledonian orogen, Devonian basinal activity was locally very rigorous, some of it being late orogenic and some post-orogenic, and mostly apparently of ‘stretch-type’. The orogenic area stood high, relative to sea level, throughout Devonian times, but outside the orogenic area, the basins were less vigorous and marine.Within the area of the Hercynian orogen, and outside it, Permian basins were generally not so active, apparently reflecting a different style of orogenesis. However, the whole area was standing high, relative to sea level. The Triassic basins, though post-orogenic, were rather more vigorous, although a marine transgression records the general lowering of the continental surface. Major evaporites accumulated in these settings.In Cenozoic times, the narrow orogenic belts formed the most active basins, and these were of load-and-flex type, reflecting the importance of thrust-sheet movement, itself perhaps a result of the presence of Triassic evaporites. Other non-orogenic basins reflect both ‘stretch’ and ‘stretch-and-cool’ mechanisms. Only the Spanish basins appear to have been standing high, relative to sea level, perhaps in response to cratonic uplift.

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30

Willett, Sean D., and Fritz Schlunegger. "The last phase of deposition in the Swiss Molasse Basin: from foredeep to negative-alpha basin." Basin Research 22, no. 5 (September 3, 2010): 623–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2009.00435.x.

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Berger, Jean-Pierre. "Paleogeographic-palinspastic maps of the Swiss Molasse Basin (Early Oligocene-Middle Miocene)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 202, no. 1 (November 18, 1996): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/202/1996/1.

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32

Jost, Jürg, Daniel Kälin, Saskia Börner, Davit Vasilyan, Daniel Lawver, and Bettina Reichenbacher. "Vertebrate microfossils from the Upper Freshwater Molasse in the Swiss Molasse Basin: Implications for the evolution of the North Alpine Foreland Basin during the Miocene Climate Optimum." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 426 (May 2015): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.02.028.

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33

Krsnik, Emilija, Katharina Methner, Marion Campani, Svetlana Botsyun, Sebastian G. Mutz, Todd A. Ehlers, Oliver Kempf, Jens Fiebig, Fritz Schlunegger, and Andreas Mulch. "Miocene high elevation in the Central Alps." Solid Earth 12, no. 11 (November 23, 2021): 2615–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2615-2021.

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Abstract. Reconstructing Oligocene–Miocene paleoelevation contributes to our understanding of the evolutionary history of the European Alps and sheds light on geodynamic and Earth surface processes involved in the development of Alpine topography. Despite being one of the most intensively explored mountain ranges worldwide, constraints on the elevation history of the European Alps remain scarce. Here we present stable and clumped isotope measurements to provide a new paleoelevation estimate for the mid-Miocene (∼14.5 Ma) European Central Alps. We apply stable isotope δ–δ paleoaltimetry to near-sea-level pedogenic carbonate oxygen isotope (δ18O) records from the Northern Alpine Foreland Basin (Swiss Molasse Basin) and high-Alpine phyllosilicate hydrogen isotope (δD) records from the Simplon Fault Zone (Swiss Alps). We further explore Miocene paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental conditions in the Swiss Molasse Basin through carbonate stable (δ18O, δ13C) and clumped (Δ47) isotope data from three foreland basin sections in different alluvial megafan settings (proximal, mid-fan, and distal). Combined pedogenic carbonate δ18O values and Δ47 temperatures (30±5 ∘C) yield a near-sea-level precipitation δ18Ow value of -5.8±1.2 ‰ and, in conjunction with the high-Alpine phyllosilicate δD value of -14.6±0.3 ‰, suggest that the region surrounding the Simplon Fault Zone attained surface elevations of >4000 m no later than the mid-Miocene. Our near-sea-level δ18Ow estimate is supported by paleoclimate (iGCM ECHAM5-wiso) modeled δ18O values, which vary between −4.2 ‰ and −7.6 ‰ for the Northern Alpine Foreland Basin.

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34

Jin, Jiuqiang, Thomas Aigner, H. P. Luterbacher, Gerhard H. Bachmann, and Manfred Müller. "Sequence stratigraphy and depositional history in the south-eastern German Molasse Basin." Marine and Petroleum Geology 12, no. 8 (January 1995): 929–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(95)98856-z.

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35

Searle, M. P., K. T. Pickering, and D. J. W. Cooper. "Restoration and evolution of the intermontane Indus molasse basin, Ladakh Himalaya, India." Tectonophysics 174, no. 3-4 (March 1990): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90327-5.

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36

Nebelsick, James H., Michael W. Rasser, and Ulrich Bieg. "The North Alpine Foreland Basin: Special Volume of the 2008 Molasse Meeting." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 254, no. 1 (November 1, 2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0001.

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37

Schlunegger, Fritz, Dirk Rieke-Zapp, and Karl Ramseyer. "Possible environmental effects on the evolution of the Alps-Molasse Basin system." Swiss Journal of Geosciences 100, no. 3 (November 6, 2007): 383–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-007-1238-9.

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38

Andrews, J. N., M. J. Youngman, J. E. Goldbrunner, and W. G. Darling. "The geochemistry of formation waters in the molasse basin of upper Austria." Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 10, no. 1 (February 1987): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02588004.

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39

Koch, Roman. "Upper Jurassic facies development in the subsurface of Lake Constance – Southern Germany; Molasse Basin. Where did the “Swabian Marl-Basin” disappear?" Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins 101 (April 11, 2019): 359–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/jmogv/101/0015.

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40

Scholz, Herbert. "The conventional stratigraphical system of the Molasse used at the southern rim of the Molasse basin in southwestern Bavaria - proved or problematic?" Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 214, no. 3 (December 15, 1999): 391–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/214/1999/391.

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41

Schegg, Roland, Chris Cornford, and Werner Leu. "Migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the Swiss Molasse Basin: implications of a 2D basin modeling study." Marine and Petroleum Geology 16, no. 6 (October 1999): 511–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-8172(99)00018-5.

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42

Ershov, Andrei V., Marie-Françoise Brunet, Maxim V. Korotaev, Anatoly M. Nikishin, and Sergei N. Bolotov. "Late Cenozoic burial history and dynamics of the Northern Caucasus molasse basin: implications for foreland basin modelling." Tectonophysics 313, no. 1-2 (November 1999): 219–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(99)00197-3.

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43

Schegg, Roland. "Coalification, shale diagenesis and thermal modelling in the Alpine Foreland basin: the Western Molasse basin (Switzerland/France)." Organic Geochemistry 18, no. 3 (May 1992): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(92)90070-e.

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44

Su, Wen, Shutong Xu, Laili Jiang, and Yican Liu. "Coesite from quartz-jadeitite in the Dabie Mountains, Eastern China." Mineralogical Magazine 60, no. 401 (August 1996): 659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.401.12.

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The Dabie Mountains is a collisional orogen between the North China and Yantze Continental plates. It is composed, from south to north, of the foreland fold and thrust belt alternated with molasse basin, the subducted cover and basement of the Yangtze continental plate, the meta-ophiolitic melange belt, the forearc meta-flysch nappe (bounded by southward and northward thrust belts) in which there may be a buried volcanic arc and a relict back-arc basin (Fig. 1A) (Xu et al., 1992a, 1994).

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SCHWARTZ, S., S. GUILLOT, P. TRICART, M. BERNET, S. JOURDAN, T. DUMONT, and G. MONTAGNAC. "Source tracing of detrital serpentinite in the Oligocene molasse deposits from the western Alps (Barrême basin): implications for relief formation in the internal zone." Geological Magazine 149, no. 5 (January 31, 2012): 841–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811001105.

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AbstractWe present the first contribution of tracing the source area of ophiolitic detritus in the Alpine molasse deposits by Raman spectroscopy. The lower Oligocene molasse deposits preserved in the Barrême basin, in the SW foreland of the western Alpine arc, are known for the sudden arrival of the first ‘exotic’ detritus coming from the internal Alpine zones. Among them, the pebbles of serpentinized peridotites have so far not been studied. We show that they only consist of antigorite serpentinite, implying that they originate from erosion of high temperature blueschists. In contrast, the upper Oligocene/lower Miocene molasse shows mixed clasts of serpentine including antigorite and lizardite without any evidence of chrysotile. This suggests that they were derived from a less metamorphosed unit such as the low temperature blueschist unit. Taking into account the sediment transport direction in the basin and the varied metamorphic characteristics of the other ocean-derived detritus, we constrain the lithologic nature of the source zones and the location of the relief zones, identified as the internal Alps, SE of the Pelvoux external crystalline massif. Available structural data andin situthermochronological data allow the reconstruction of the Oligocene to early Miocene collisional geometry of the Palaeogene subduction wedge. This phase corresponds to two major phases of uplift evolving from a single relief zone located above the Ivrea body during early Oligocene times and persisting up to early Miocene times; then during late Oligocene/early Miocene times a second relief zone developed above the Briançonnais zone. At that time, the internal western Alps acquired its double vergency.

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Aziz, Nabaz. "U-Pb ZIRCON DATING OF MIDDLE EOCENE CLASTIC ROCKS FROM THE GERCUS MOLASSE, NE IRAQ: NEW CONSTRAINTS ON THEIR PROVENANCE, AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION." Iraqi Geological Journal 54, no. 1C (March 31, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1c.1ms-2021-03-21.

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The provenance of Middle Eocene clastic rock from the Gercus Molasse, NE Iraq was determined by detrital zircon (DZ) U-Pb geochronology. The Gercus Molasse in the Iraqi segment of the north-eastern Zagros Thrust Zone provides an ideal example of foreland system evolution with respect to the transition from passive margin to the accretionary complex terrene-flexural foreland basins. The DZ U-Pb age spectra from the Gercus Molasse suggest that the foreland sediments either influx from multiple provenances or are the result of recycling from the accretionary complex terrane. During pre-accretion, however, the radiolarite basin (Qulqula Radiolarite, 221 Ma) located along Arabian passive margin likely acted as an intermediate sediment repository for most or all of the DZ. Representative DZ U-Pb measurements revealed that the Gercus clastic rocks fall into several separable age population ranges of 92-102 (Albian-Cenomanian), 221 (Upper Triassic), 395-511 (Cambrian), 570- 645 (Neoproterozoic), 1111 (Mesoproterozoic), and lesser numbers of Paleoproterozoic (1622-1991 Ma) ages. The source of Proterozoic detrital Zircons is enigmatic; the age peaks at 1.1, 1.5, 1.6, and 1.9 Ga (Proterozoic) does not correspond to any known outcrops of Precambrian rocks in Iraq, and it may be useful to continue to search for such basement. The detrital zircons with age populations at 0.63–0.86 Ga probably originated from the Arabian-Nubian Shield. The age peak at 0.55 Ga correlates with Cadomian Magmatism reported from north Gondwana. The age peaks at ~0.4 Ga is interpreted to represent Gondwana rifting and the opening of Paleotethys. The youngest ages populations at 93 Ma indicate that fraction of DZ were transported directly from the contemporaneously active magmatic arc (Zagros Ophiolite segments). The paleogeography and tectonic evolution of the Neogene Zagros foreland basin were reconstructed and divided into two tectonic stages. The early stage is defined by the Campanian accreted terranes (i.e. orogenic wedge) form loads sufficient to produce flexural basin with a deepest part is situated next to the tip of the loads. This flexural basin is filled by the flysch clastics of the Maastrichtian– Early Eocene (i.e. referred to by the Tanjero-Kolosh flysch sequence). The late stage is marked by a synchronized modification of the clastics fill of the basin and changes in dip directions to compensate for the reduction of the load by both erosion and extension and the basin, therefore, was sealed by a shallowing upwards depositional sequence ending with the terrestrial Gercus Formation.

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Mraz, Elena, Inga Moeck, Silke Bissmann, and Stephan Hild. "Multiphase fossil normal faults as geothermal exploration targets in the Western Bavarian Molasse Basin: Case study Mauerstetten." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 169, no. 3 (October 31, 2018): 389–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/2018/0166.

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48

Kempf, O., A. Matter, D. W. Burbank, and M. Mange. "Depositional and structural evolution of a foreland basin margin in a magnetostratigraphic framework: the eastern Swiss Molasse Basin." International Journal of Earth Sciences 88, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 253–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050263.

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49

Villagómez Díaz, Diego, Silvia Omodeo-Salé, Alexey Ulyanov, and Andrea Moscariello. "Insights into the Thermal History of North-Eastern Switzerland—Apatite Fission Track Dating of Deep Drill Core Samples from the Swiss Jura Mountains and the Swiss Molasse Basin." Geosciences 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11010010.

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This work presents new apatite fission track LA–ICP–MS (Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) data from Mid–Late Paleozoic rocks, which form the substratum of the Swiss Jura mountains (the Tabular Jura and the Jura fold-and-thrust belt) and the northern margin of the Swiss Molasse Basin. Samples were collected from cores of deep boreholes drilled in North Switzerland in the 1980s, which reached the crystalline basement. Our thermochronological data show that the region experienced a multi-cycle history of heating and cooling that we ascribe to burial and exhumation, respectively. Sedimentation in the Swiss Jura Mountains occurred continuously from Early Triassic to Early Cretaceous, leading to the deposition of maximum 2 km of sediments. Subsequently, less than 1 km of Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic sediments were slowly eroded during the Late Cretaceous, plausibly as a consequence of the northward migration of the forebulge of the neo-forming North Alpine Foreland Basin. Following this event, the whole region remained relatively stable throughout the Paleogene. Our data show that the Tabular Jura region resumed exhumation at low rates in early–middle Miocene times (≈20–15 Ma), whereas exhumation in the Jura fold-and-thrust belt probably re-started later, in the late Miocene (≈10–5 Ma). Erosional exhumation likely continues to the present day. Despite sampling limitations, our thermochronological data record discrete periods of slow cooling (rates of about 1°C/My), which might preclude models of elevated cooling (due to intense erosion) in the Jura Mountains during the Miocene. The denudation (≈1 km) of the Tabular Jura region and the Jura fold-and-thrust belt (≈500 m) has provided sediments to the Swiss Molasse Basin since at least 20 Ma. The southward migration of deformation in the Jura mountains suggests that the molasse basin started to uplift and exhume only after 5 Ma, as suggested also by previous authors. The data presented here show that the deformation of the whole region is occurring in an out-of-sequence trend, which is more likely associated with the reactivation of thrust faults beneath the foreland basin. This deformation trend suggests that tectonics is the most determinant factor controlling denudation and exhumation of the region, whereas the recently proposed “climate-induced exhumation” mechanism might play a secondary role.

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Anfinson, Owen A., Daniel F. Stockli, Joseph C. Miller, Andreas Möller, and Fritz Schlunegger. "Tectonic exhumation of the Central Alps recorded by detrital zircon in the Molasse Basin, Switzerland." Solid Earth 11, no. 6 (November 23, 2020): 2197–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2197-2020.

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Abstract. Eocene to Miocene sedimentary strata of the Northern Alpine Molasse Basin in Switzerland are well studied, yet they lack robust geochronologic and geochemical analysis of detrital zircon for provenance tracing purposes. Here, we present detrital zircon U–Pb ages coupled with rare-earth and trace element geochemistry to provide insights into the sedimentary provenance and to elucidate the tectonic activity of the central Alpine Orogen from the late Eocene to mid Miocene. Between 35 and 22.5 ± 1 Ma, the detrital zircon U–Pb age signatures are dominated by age groups of 300–370, 380–490, and 500–710 Ma, with minor Proterozoic age contributions. In contrast, from 21 Ma to ∼ 13.5 Ma (youngest preserved sediments), the detrital zircon U–Pb age signatures were dominated by a 252–300 Ma age group, with a secondary abundance of the 380–490 Ma age group and only minor contributions of the 500–710 Ma age group. The Eo-Oligocene provenance signatures are consistent with interpretations that initial basin deposition primarily recorded unroofing of the Austroalpine orogenic lid and lesser contributions from underlying Penninic units (including the Lepontine dome), containing reworked detritus from Variscan, Caledonian–Sardic, Cadomian, and Pan-African orogenic cycles. In contrast, the dominant 252–300 Ma age group from early Miocene foreland deposits is indicative of the exhumation of Variscan-aged crystalline rocks from the Lepontine dome basement units. Noticeable is the lack of Alpine-aged detrital zircon in all samples with the exception of one late Eocene sample, which reflects Alpine volcanism linked to incipient continent–continent collision. In addition, detrital zircon rare-earth and trace element data, coupled with zircon morphology and U∕Th ratios, point to primarily igneous and rare metamorphic sources. The observed switch from Austroalpine to Penninic detrital provenance in the Molasse Basin at ∼ 21 Ma appears to mark the onset of synorogenic extension of the Central Alps. Synorogenic extension accommodated by the Simplon fault zone promoted updoming and exhumation the Penninic crystalline core of the Alpine Orogen. The lack of Alpine detrital zircon U–Pb ages in all Oligo-Miocene strata corroborate the interpretations that between ∼ 25 and 15 Ma, the exposed bedrock in the Lepontine dome comprised greenschist-facies rocks only, where temperatures were too low for allowing zircon rims to grow, and that the Molasse Basin drainage network did not access the prominent Alpine-age Periadriatic intrusions located in the area surrounding the Periadriatic Line.

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