Статті в журналах: "Modulation of insurance premiums"

1

Pal, Ranjan, and Pan Hui. "CyberInsurance for cybersecurity a topological take on modulating insurance premiums." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 40, no. 3 (December 4, 2012): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2425248.2425271.

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2

Blinn, Ming, M. J. Goovaerts, F. de Vylder, and J. Haezendonck. "Insurance Premiums." Journal of Risk and Insurance 54, no. 2 (June 1987): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/252871.

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3

Eisner, Joseph. "UNPREDICTABLE INSURANCE PREMIUMS." Bottom Line 3, no. 3 (March 1990): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb025244.

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4

Allisiya. "PEMBAYARAN PREMI ASURANSI SYARIAH SEBAGAI TRANSFORMASI DAN BERKEMBANGNYA EKONOMI ISLAM DALAM KOMUNITAS PERSAINGAN EKONOMI GLOBAL." Jurnal Al Wadiah 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.62214/jaw.v1i1.96.

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Payment of sharia insurance premiums is one of the important instruments in the transformation and development of Islamic economics in the global economic competition community. This is because the payment of sharia insurance premiums can be a source of funds for sharia insurance companies to provide protection and benefits to their participants. In addition, the payment of sharia insurance premiums can also increase the liquidity of the sharia financial market and boost Islamic economic growth. Islamic economics is an economic system based on the principles of Islamic sharia. Islamic economics aims to achieve social welfare in a just and equitable manner. One of the important instruments in Islamic economics is sharia insurance. Sharia insurance is a sharia financial institution that provides protection and benefits to its participants based on the principles of Islamic sharia. The payment of sharia insurance premiums is one of the important activities in sharia insurance. The payment of sharia insurance premiums is a source of funds for sharia insurance companies to provide protection and benefits to their participants. The payment of sharia insurance premiums can also increase the liquidity of the sharia financial market and boost Islamic economic growth. The payment of sharia insurance premiums is one of the important instruments in the transformation and development of Islamic economics. The payment of sharia insurance premiums can increase public awareness of the importance of sharia insurance, improve sharia financial literacy, increase the contribution of Islamic economics to the national economy, and improve the competitiveness of Islamic economics at the global level.

5

Harahap, Nurul Husna. "PEMBAYARAN PREMI ASURANSI SYARIAH SEBAGAI TRANSFORMASI DAN BERKEMBANGNYA EKONOMI ISLAM DALAM KOMUNITAS PERSAINGAN EKONOMI GLOBAL." Al Qadhi 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.62214/jaq.v1i1.107.

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Payment of sharia insurance premiums is one of the important instruments in the transformation and development of Islamic economics in the global economic competition community. This is because the payment of sharia insurance premiums can be a source of funds for sharia insurance companies to provide protection and benefits to their participants. In addition, the payment of sharia insurance premiums can also increase the liquidity of the sharia financial market and boost Islamic economic growth. Islamic economics is an economic system based on the principles of Islamic sharia. Islamic economics aims to achieve social welfare in a just and equitable manner. One of the important instruments in Islamic economics is sharia insurance. Sharia insurance is a sharia financial institution that provides protection and benefits to its participants based on the principles of Islamic sharia. The payment of sharia insurance premiums is one of the important activities in sharia insurance. The payment of sharia insurance premiums is a source of funds for sharia insurance companies to provide protection and benefits to their participants. The payment of sharia insurance premiums can also increase the liquidity of the sharia financial market and boost Islamic economic growth. The payment of sharia insurance premiums is one of the important instruments in the transformation and development of Islamic economics. The payment of sharia insurance premiums can increase public awareness of the importance of sharia insurance, improve sharia financial literacy, increase the contribution of Islamic economics to the national economy, and improve the competitiveness of Islamic economics at the global level.

6

Berlin, Leonard. "Professional Liability Insurance Premiums." American Journal of Roentgenology 197, no. 6 (December 2011): W1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.10.5537.

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7

Benjamin, Sidney. "Loadings for Insurance Premiums." Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 11, no. 2 (April 1986): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/gpp.1986.9.

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8

&NA;. "Paying AIDS Insurance Premiums." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 90, no. 5 (May 1990): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199005000-00023.

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9

Mostert, Cyprian M. "Rural Health Insurance Premiums." Health Affairs 39, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 346–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01757.

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10

Ciccarelli, Nicola. "The Effects of Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance Premiums on Employment and Wages: Evidence from US Longitudinal Data." Review of Economic Analysis 12, no. 1 (April 25, 2020): 89–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/rea.v12i1.1697.

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We analyze the effect of employer-sponsored health insurance premiums on employment and annual wages in the US using a county-level panel dataset for the period 2005-2010. Using variation in medical malpractice payments and variation in medical malpractice legislation over time and within states as the source of identifying variation in the health insurance premiums, we estimate the causal effects of rising health insurance premiums on employment and annual wages. We find that a 10% increase in premiums reduces employment by 1.1 percentage points, and leads to a statistically insignificant reduction of annual wages. Since US counties are characterized by a varying degree of private health insurance coverage, we also test whether the private health insurance coverage is a moderating variable for the relationship between the health insurance premiums and the labor market outcomes analyzed in this study. We find that rising premiums negatively affect the labor market conditions faced by US workers, especially in areas that are characterized by high private health insurance coverage.

11

Risimović, Marko, Zlata Đurić, and Nađa Đurić. "Operations of the insurance sector in the Republic of Serbia in the circumstances of COVID-19 pandemic." Tokovi osiguranja 38, no. 2 (2022): 111–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tokosig2201111r.

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Every economic or health crisis forces insurance companies to take into account the sensitivity of their portfolios and adjust their business, notably in terms of proper risk management. This paper examines the effects of the pandemic on the profits of insurance companies and insurance premiums, where the impact of changes in travel health insurance premiums on the realized profits of insurance companies is particularly analysed since the premiums of travel health insurance are most affected by the health crisis. The impact of the pandemic on the insurance sector was explored by a comparative analysis of insurance premiums and profit before and after the pandemic. The analysis of the impact variation of the travel health insurance premium on the realized profit of insurance companies was performed by applying a panel data regression analysis. The obtained results show that the pandemic has not significantly affected the insurance sector in the Republic of Serbia, whereas the impact of changes in travel health insurance premiums on the profit of insurance companies in the Republic of Serbia is also not significant.

12

Fikri, Ahmad Jamiluddin, Ajeng Afifah Muhartini, Oman Sharoni, Tanti Febrianti, and Isnaini Mahuda. "PERBANDINGAN PERHITUNGAN PREMI ASURANSI JIWA BERJANGKA, SEUMUR HIDUP, DAN DWIGUNA PADA KASUS LAKI-LAKI DAN PEREMPUAN." Jurnal Bayesian : Jurnal Ilmiah Statistika dan Ekonometrika 2, no. 1 (April 8, 2022): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46306/bay.v2i1.26.

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Life insurance is insurance that handles the risks that occur in human life. Insurance company as a handler where the insurance company will pay a certain amount of money in case of death risk to the insurance policyholder. There are two types of premiums, namely net premiums and gross premiums. The premium to be calculated is a single premium. Premium payments on life insurance in the same time, lifetime and bi-use in this study are payments made at once or can be called a single premium. Based on the example of the case of prebandan term life insurance premiums, life insurance for life and bipurpose life insurance between men and women. The value of a single premium of life insurance as long as life has a lower pemi niai and the single lai pemi of bipurpose life insurance has a higher pemi value

13

N. Orofuke, Patricia, and Owen A. Maku. "Investigating the Causal Relationship between Insurance and Economic Growth in Nigeria." International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research 05, no. 05 (2023): 230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.56293/ijmsssr.2022.4720.

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The insurance sector's contribution to economic growth in an economy cannot be understated, as recent empirical studies have demonstrated that, in addition to serving the primary functions of managing losses and reducing risks, insurance also has the potential to mobilize domestic savings for investment, which in turn fosters economic growth. This hypothesis served as the foundation for this study, which examined the causal relationship between insurance and economic growth in Nigeria from 1998 to 2020. In order to analyze the data, this study used the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) estimation technique. Real gross domestic product (RGDP) was utilized as a proxy for economic growth, while gross insurance premiums (GIP), life insurance premiums (LIP), and non-life insurance premiums (NLIP) served as the predictive factors for the insurance sector. The findings of the causality test demonstrated that, in both the short- and long-run, there is a causal relationship between economic growth and gross insurance premiums, as well as between economic growth and non-life insurance, while a significant causal relationship exists between economic growth and life insurance premiums only in the long run.

14

Salim, M. Noor, and Sukarman Sukarman. "Factors Affecting Equity and Its Impact on Insurance Premium of General Insurance Companies in Indonesia." International Finance and Banking 5, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ifb.v5i2.14092.

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The phenomenon that was appointed to be the object of research was the decline in the percentage of premium income in general insurance companies in Indonesia while the equity value (capitalization) of the company increased. This study aims to determine the effect that occurs due to the influence of the variables of free working capital, investment, assets and equity on the acquisition of premiums. The research data is secondary data taken from the OJK website. Processing data using multiple linear regression methods, and using two sub-structure equation techniques because in this study using intervening variables. From the results of the study conclusions are as follows: Working capital does not have a significant positive effect on equity, investment has a significant positive effect on equity, assets do not have a significant effect on equity, working capital does not significantly influence the acquisition of premiums, investment does not significantly influence the acquisition of premiums, assets no significant effect on the acquisition of premiums, equity has a positive and significant effect on the acquisition of premiums. In this study, equity mediates the effect of working capital, investment, assets on the acquisition of premiums.

15

Arora, Nidhi, and Poonam Arora. "Insurance Premium Optimization: Perspective of Insurance Seeker and Insurance Provider." Journal of Management and Science 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2014.6.

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The paper proposes a utilitarian and newfangled design of life insurance premium payment. Insurance companies provide insurance to the policy holders and in turn the policy holders have to pay insurance premium periodically. In this paper, we study the important factors to be considered at the time of selecting the term of premium payment of insurance. The intention is to extend this study to a method which can machinate and assist users in deciding the term and amountof premium payment. Our aim here is twin-fold; one, to evoke a novel way to policy holder to decide the least premiums to be paid and second, to devise a manner for insurance provider to collect maximum premiums. With this twofold aim, we propose a hybrid soft computing optimization model using Neuro-Fuzzy approach and Particle Swarm Optimization.

16

Čejková, Viktória, and Eva Vávrová. "Evaluation of the harmonization process of the Czech insurance market with the single insurance market of the EU." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 52, no. 6 (2004): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200452060239.

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For the Czech insurance industry, it has been 13 years since the passage of the Insurance Act in 1991, which did away with the monopoly and allowed competition in this business sector. In our evaluation, we can state that the positives outweigh the negatives. A relatively high pace of growth in total premiums written was achieved and the ratio of premiums written to GDP increased, up to 4,0% in 2002. In comparison with EU countries, the Czech insurance market is behind in 2 global indicators: the ratio of premiums written to GDP and the share of life insurance in total premiums written. The Czech insurance market must count on greater competition from foreign insurance companies, as the Czech Republic was May 1, 2004, accepted as a member of the European Union.

17

Primajati, Gilang, M. Najib Rodhi, and Adrian Juniarta Hidayat. "Barrier Options Model for Agricultural Commodity Price Protection." Jurnal Varian 4, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30812/varian.v4i1.856.

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Application of barrier options for determining insurance premiums for agricultural commodity prices due to lower selling prices by applying certain barrier levels. In determining the price of insurance premiums for agricultural commodity prices such as rice, the price is assumed to follow the Brown Geometric Motion and for the determination of the barrier level line the researcher uses the Brown Bridge Motion so that there is a relationship between Bridge and Barrier. In conclusion, we obtain a model to determine the number of insurance premiums. The barrier option model approach is used to construct a fairer formula for insurance premiums on agricultural commodity prices.

18

Choi, Shinae, and Justin Blackburn. "Patterns and Factors Associated With Medical Expenses and Health Insurance Premium Payments." Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 29, no. 1 (June 2018): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1052-3073.29.1.6.

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This study sought to investigate household sociodemographic characteristics as predictors of patterns of health insurance premiums and medical expenses of consumers using the 2014 Consumer Expenditures Survey. This study found that age, being married, educational attainment, and log of family salary income were associated with higher family spending on both health insurance premiums and medical expenses. Government employment status was associated with lower spending on health insurance premiums and medical expenses. Findings from this research are informative for both households in determining health insurance premiums and medical expenses throughout the life course as well as financial advisors in personal financial planning and counseling focused on health care.

19

Cohen, Jesse N., Alexander Coppock, Arnab K. Ghosh, and Benjamin P. Geisler. "Do Insurers Compete on the Federal Health Insurance Exchange?" F1000Research 4 (January 27, 2015): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6039.1.

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Background: On the U.S. Federal Health Insurance Exchange established by the Affordable Care Act, states with fewer insurers have higher insurance premiums than states with more insurers. This expected feature of a competitive market has not been studied within states, however. We tested the hypothesis that insurance premiums decrease in more competitive geographic rating areas within states in the U.S.A.Methodology/principle findings: This cross-sectional study utilized publicly available premiums from the Federal Health Insurance Exchange website, www.healthcare.gov. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to model premiums based on the number of insurers in geographic rating areas. The relationship between premiums and the number of insurers competing in a geographic rating area was also calculated for each unique insurance plan offered on the exchange. The data set and statistical code used for this research is linked in the publication. We found that there was an unexpected, marginally positive relationship between average monthly premiums and the number of insurers in a geographic rating area (+$5.71 in monthly premiums per additional insurer, p<0.001). We also found that identical plans tend to be offered with marginally higher premiums in rating areas with more insurers (+$3.18 in monthly premiums per additional insurer, p=0.002), contrary to the relationship we expected from a competitive marketplace. The principle limitation of the study is that this unexpected relationship, which suggests a lack of competitiveness of this early market, could be due to unobserved confounding factors that influence pricing in more competitive rating areas.Conclusion: On the Federal Health Insurance Exchange, the price of insurance is higher in more competitive rating areas within states. This may be explained by lack of competition in this early stage market.

20

Borch, Karl. "A Theory of Insurance Premiums." Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 10, no. 3 (July 1985): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/gpp.1985.15.

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21

Barker, Abigail. "Insurance Premiums: The Author Replies." Health Affairs 39, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01763.

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22

Mualem, Elinor, and Abraham Zaks. "Risk premiums in life insurance." Insurance Markets and Companies 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ins.10(1).2019.01.

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23

Borch, Karl. "Risk Theory and Insurance Premiums." Blätter der DGVFM 17, no. 2 (October 1985): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02808531.

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24

Lewaherilla, Norisca, and G. Haumahu. "PERHITUNGAN PREMI DENGAN PENERAPAN DEDUCTIBLE PADA MODEL AKTUARIA UNTUK SICKNESS INSURANCE PERTANGGUNGAN SATU TAHUN." VARIANCE : Journal of Statistics and Its Applications 1, no. 1 (August 8, 2019): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/variancevol1iss1page39-45.

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Health insurance is an insurance product that provides benefits if the insured is exposed to the risk of an accident or illness and causes loss of income, thus requiring costs. The most important benefit in this study from sickness insurance is the reimbursement of medical expenses. The design of determining premiums by applying deductibles (flat deductibles) is seen as one of the insurance policy policies that meet the principles of determining premiums. The actuarial aspects considered in the health insurance model in this study for the calculation of premiums relating to the type of insurance benefits with expense reimbursement for a period of one year coverage, with due regard to the type of work. The purpose of this study is to see the applied of deductible to the premiums that must be paid to insurance companies that provide benefits for claims submitted. The policy of applying deductibles certainly makes the amount of reimbursement change.

25

Kunreuther, Howard, John Dorman, Scott Edelman, Chris Jones, Marilyn Montgomery, and John Sperger. "Structure Specific Flood Risk Based Insurance." Journal of Extreme Events 04, no. 03 (September 2017): 1750011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345737617500117.

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This paper highlights the importance of developing accurate flood hazard maps to price insurance effectively and to communicate flood risk to interested parties. Risk-based insurance premiums can encourage insurance purchase and investment in cost effective mitigation measures. We undertake a study using light imaging detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology and depth damage curves to determine risk-based rates for residential structures in three counties in the state of North Carolina. We then compare these prices with current premiums charged to homeowners by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) for 11,915 single-family residences. NFIP premiums are significantly higher than risk-based premiums for over 90 percent of the homes in each of the counties in our study. Risk-based prices are higher than NFIP premiums only in instances where buildings are predicted to suffer damage from more frequent, shallow floods that are currently not considered explicitly in NFIP premium calculations. Accurate flood maps are needed to determine cost-effective loss reduction measures and to address issues of affordability and fairness for homeowners currently living in flood-prone areas.

26

Boboshko, D. "Features of Calculating and Paying Compulsory Insurance Contributions to Extra-Budgetary Funds by Persons Engaged in Business Activities Without the Involvement of Hired Labor." Auditor 6, no. 9 (September 24, 2020): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1998-0701-2020-42-49.

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The article deals with the system of mandatory state insurance, types of insurance premiums to non-budgetary funds of the Russian Federation and features of their payment by entrepreneurs who carry out their activities without employing employees in the status of individual entrepreneurs and self-employed. The procedure for calculating and paying mandatory insurance premiums by individual entrepreneurs «for themselves» is analyzed. The expediency and procedure of registration of self-employed persons as insurers in the pension system of the Russian Federation for payment of insurance premiums on a voluntary basis in order to form a future insurance pension is considered.

27

Tapiero, Charles S., Yehuda Kahane, and Laurent Jacque. "Insurance premiums and default risk in mutual insurance." Scandinavian Actuarial Journal 1986, no. 2 (April 1986): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03461238.1986.10413796.

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28

Bukin, B. I., and E. V. Zakharova. "CONDITION OF LIFE INSURANCE MARKET IN RUSSIA." Juvenis Scientia, no. 5 (2019): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32415/jscientia.2019.05.02.

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The article emphasizes the problem of the qualitative development of the life insurance market and the ambiguity of the development trends of this segment of the insurance market. The authors noted a rapid increase in life insurance premiums over the past years. The article also presents the reasons for consumer interest in life insurance investment and some factors that can weaken this interest. One of these factors may be tightening measures by the Bank of Russia to the procedures for selling this instrument. The purpose of the article is to review the current state of the life insurance market in Russia and its assessment using indicators of insurance premiums and payments under life insurance contracts, the structure of life insurance premiums, the number of life insurance contracts entered into.

29

Haryanto, Dwi. "THE APPLICATION OF MARKOV CHAIN MODEL TO CALCULATE PREMIUM AND RESERVE OF ENDOWMENT INSURANCE." BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan 16, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 015–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol16iss1pp015-022.

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The calculation of premiums and reserves are two essential parts of insurance. The calculation of premiums and reserves in life insurance involves using mortality tables. This research constructed a mortality table for 20-year endowment insurance using the Markov chain model. Two reasons make the policy inactive, namely death or withdrawal. The initial age used in this research is 30 years. Meanwhile, the maximum age to join this life insurance is 40 years. The mortality table that has been obtained is used to calculate premiums and reserves. Furthermore, from the research done, it was found that the age of entry to become a member of endowment insurance affects the number of premiums that must be paid. Meanwhile, the number of reserves required will increase with the increase of customers and the period of calculation of reserves

30

Васильєва, Тетяна, Ірина Діденко, Наталія Сідельник, Аліна Єфіменко, and Вікторія Боженко. "ASSESSMENT OF SOCIETY'S READINESS FOR MODERN CHALLENGES OF THE INSURANCE MARKET." Mechanism of an economic regulation, no. 3-4(97-98) (October 25, 2022): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/mer.2022.97-98.09.

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The article summarizes the theoretical aspects of the insurance market. The authors systematize the main approaches to determining the specifics of the insurance sector based on a review of publications of foreign and domestic scientists. The aim of the study is to assess the readiness of society to the challenges of the insurance market as one of the leading elements of the financial system. The article identifies the main trends in the activities of insurance companies. The authors have analyzed the following indicators: the volume of insurance premiums to the total population, the share of life insurance, the ratio of total insurance premiums to GDP, the volume of total insurance premiums to the number of employees in the insurance sector, the ratio of reinsurance and the share of insurance premiums kept on the accounts of insurance companies. To achieve the purpose of the study, factor analysis, principal components method, built on the basis of statistically significant indicators, integral index of the degree of readiness of society to modern challenges of the insurance market for OECD countries were used. The methods of generalization, comparison, analysis, synthesis, tabular and graphical research tools were also used. The results of the factor analysis confirmed the statistical significance of the analyzed indicators of insurance activity. This leads to constant monitoring of the insurance sector in the context of various services and products offered.

31

Cicala, Steve, Ethan M. J. Lieber, and Victoria Marone. "Regulating Markups in US Health Insurance." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 71–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20180011.

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A health insurer's Medical Loss Ratio (MLR) is the share of premiums spent on medical claims, or the inverse markup over average claims cost. The Affordable Care Act introduced minimum MLR provisions for all health insurance sold in fully insured commercial markets, thereby capping insurer profit margins, but not levels. While intended to reduce premiums, we show this rule creates incentives to increase costs. Using variation created by the rule's introduction as a natural experiment, we find medical claims rose nearly one-for-one with distance below the regulatory threshold: 7 percent in the individual market and 2 percent in the group market. Premiums were unaffected. (JEL G22, H51, I13, I18)

32

Doganjić, Jelena, and Živorad Ristić. "Meeting liberalization of motor liability insurance premium in Serbia." Tokovi osiguranja 36, no. 4 (2020): 44–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tokosig2004044d.

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Free definition of motor third party liability insurance tariffs leads to individual statement of premiums in agreement with the degree of risk the insured are exposed to i.e. their behaviour in the previous period. Using the experience of neighbouring countries, which have introduced a system of liberalization of motor third party liability insurance premiums, with prior quality preparation, Serbia could establish the liberalization of motor third party liability insurance premiums which could significantly contribute to insurance market advancement. This can also affect the behaviour of drivers, whereby we would raise the level of traffic safety and reduce the consequences and damages caused by traffic accidents.

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Kalfin, Kalfin, Sukono Sukono, Trisha Magdalena Adelheid Januaviani, and Bakti Siregar. "Determination of Mount Eruption Insurance Premiums in Indonesia Based on Collective Risk and Level of Risk Spread." International Journal of Business, Economics, and Social Development 5, no. 1 (February 29, 2024): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijbesd.v5i1.576.

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Volcano eruption insurance is an insurance product that provides financial protection to policy holders who experience losses due to volcanic eruptions. This insurance product is still rarely developed in Indonesia, even though this country is very vulnerable to natural disasters. Therefore, this research aims to carry out a simulation of determining volcanic eruption disaster insurance premiums based on collective risk and the level of risk distribution. The data used in this research is the frequency of events and economic losses due to volcanic eruptions. Event frequency and loss data are analyzed using a collective risk model. Apart from that, determining insurance premiums also takes into account loading factors and the level of risk distribution from volcanic eruption disaster data. From the results of the analysis, it was found that natural disaster insurance premiums had increased, along with an increase in the loading factor provided. In addition, insurance premium expenses are influenced by the collective risks faced by customers. The greater the collective risk faced, the greater the insurance premium that customers must bear. Based on the results of the estimates carried out, it is hoped that this research can provide an overview to the Indonesian government in estimating the Mount Meletus insurance scheme. Meanwhile, insurance companies can get an idea of determining insurance premiums according to conditions in the field.

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Silalahi, Romaito Br. "PENENTUAN PREMI ASURANSI JIWA BERJANGKA SINGLE LIFE MENGGUNAKAN MODEL COX-INGERSOLL-ROSS (CIR)." STATMAT : JURNAL STATISTIKA DAN MATEMATIKA 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/sm.v4i1.8411.

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Premium is an amount of money that must be paid by the customer at a certain time based on an insurance policy. This study aims to determine the value of single life term life insurance premiums using the Cox-Ingresoll-Ross (CIR) interest rate model. There are differences in the value of men's and women's premiums from the calculation of single life term life insurance premiums using the CIR interest rate model. The value of the premium paid by men is more expensive than the value of the premium paid by women. The premium value for men is greater than 1.5 times the premium value for women.Key words: premium, life insurance, CIR model

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Oyakapeli, Oscar, Cynthia Ikamari, and Anthony Karanjah. "Premium Estimation of General Insurance Contracts Using Buhlmann Credibility Model." Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics 26, no. 5 (May 29, 2024): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajpas/2024/v26i5619.

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Insurance coverage is reliant on appropriate premium determination, a focus addressed in this study through the application credibility theory. The aim was to compute short-term insurance premiums by leveraging authentic data from general insurance contracts as published in the IRA annual reports spanning from 2013 to 2021. The study employed the Buhlmann credibility model to derive net credible premiums for 13 non-life insurance contracts, assuming constant changes in business volumes. The estimation of credibility premiums was conducted by initially calculating within and between-portfolio variance with an aim of determining these premiums through linear estimation approach with the help of the credibility premium formula. The results revealed consistent credibility factors across all contracts, although other influencing factors were neglected. Therefore, it was highly recommended that an appropriate credibility model alongside other factors that influence premium estimation be considered to enhance the accuracy of premium estimates. Moreover, embracing heterogeneity over homogeneity is advised to better reflect individual risk profiles. The research underscores the importance of effective premium determination in insurance firms, as premiums constitute their primary revenue. Stakeholders, including insurers and regulators, are encouraged to integrate this approach and other relevant factors to enhance pricing accuracy and overall sector practices.

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اللويم, علي, and محمد الشريف. "A Study of the Impact of Written Premiums and Paid Claims on the Financial Solvency of Insurance Companies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." International Journal for Scientific Research 2, no. 5 (2023): 126–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.59992/ijsr.2023.v2n5p5.

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The aim of this study is to discover the relationship between written premiums and paid claims as two independent variables and the required solvency as a dependent variable for a sample of insurance companies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve this, in this research, we calculated the solvency required to be achieved by the insurance company according to the method of written premiums, which are found in the insurance companies’ control list issued by the Saudi Central Bank, and relied on the financial reports issued and published for five companies, which represent a sample of the Saudi insurance market during the study period from 2012 to 2021, these companies were chosen due to the availability of the necessary data to complete this study within the required period of ten years. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to test the research hypothesis, and the results of hypothesis testing showed that the written premiums affect positively and significantly the required solvency for all the researched insurance companies. The results also showed that the paid claims affect positively and significantly the solvency required for these companies. According to the results obtained, the higher the written premiums, the higher the solvency demanded by the insurance companies, which will have a significant impact on maintaining the solvency of the company, fulfilling its obligations in the long term, and reducing the level of risks facing the company's assets, and the increase in the volume of claims leads to an increase in the prices of insurance products. This leads to an increase in the volume of written premiums and, thus, an increase in the required solvency margin. Therefore, this study recommends the necessity of commitment and striving to achieve the required solvency margin or higher by increasing the volume of subscriptions due to their significant contribution to the insurance company being financially full. The company's financial efficiency, and we also recommend the need to choose low-cost risks to reduce the volume of claims and reduce the price of insurance premiums to attract the largest possible number of subscribers and thus increase the volume of written premiums.

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Ruchiyat, Endang Heddy. "ANALYSIS OF COMPANIES’ CHARACTERISTICS, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, NET PREMIUMS, AND THEIR IMPACTS ON PROFITABILITY." JBFEM 3, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32770/jbfem.vol333-44.

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This research is aimed at empirically testing insurance companies’ profitability and net premiums from the variables of company size, solvability, gross domestic products, and inflation. The research was conducted on general insurance companies in Indonesia observed throughout 2013 – 2017 using the panel data regression. The research results showed: First, company size, solvability, gross domestic products, and inflation have a significant influence on net premiums through the common model effect; secondly, net premiums have a significant influence on profitability through the fixed effect model. This research is expected to be a recommendation and information to the insurance industry, associations, and policymakers.

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P.W., Andabai, and Owei P.O. "Impact of Insurance Sector Investment on the Capitalisation of Nigerian Exchange Group (1999-2021)." African Journal of Accounting and Financial Research 3, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajafr-yjjl2gue.

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This study investigates the impact of insurance sector investment on the capitalisation of the Nigeria exchange group; for the period 1999-2021. Secondary data are collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistics bulletin; 2021. The study uses the capitalisation of the Nigerian exchange group as the dependent variable. In contrast, total insurance investment, Total income of insurance companies, and total insurance premiums from the Nigerian exchange group are used as the explanatory variables to measure insurance sector investment. Hypotheses are formulated and tested using time series econometric techniques. The study indicates that total insurance investment has a significant positive impact on the capitalisation of the Nigerian stock market group. The total income of insurance companies has no significant impact on the Nigerian exchange group's capitalisation. The study reveals that total insurance premiums have a significant negative impact on the capitalisation of the Nigerian stock market group. The coefficient of determination indicates that changes in insurance sector investment variables can explain about 64% of the Nigerian exchange group's capitalisation variations. The study concludes that insurance sector investment has a significant impact on the capitalisation of the Nigerian exchange group. The study, therefore, recommends that there should be further consolidation in the Nigerian insurance market in conjunction with the National Insurance Commission (NAICOM) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Insurance businesses should increase stock market investments to get a better return on such assets. For the growing number of premiums traded on the Nigerian Stock Exchange, the premiums of insurance firms listed on the floor should be reasonable to the policyholders.

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O'Connor, Genevieve E. "The Relationships of Competition and Demographics to the Pricing of Health Insurance Premiums in Affordable Care Act–Era Health Insurance Markets." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 37, no. 1 (April 2018): 88–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.15.116.

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The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expands health insurance coverage to millions of Americans. Despite the act having been signed into law more than five years ago, health care affordability in the ACA era remains a topic of empirical inquiry, relevant to academicians and public policy makers. A primary concern, with implications for any future legislation, is whether all consumer groups have equitable access to health insurance options through ACA-mandated health insurance markets (HIMs). Utilizing pricing information and demographic data for states that adopted the Healthcare.gov platform, this study examines relationships between health insurance premiums, competition, and population characteristics. Results indicate that competition within HIMs is multifaceted. Although markets with a large number of insurance plans are associated with lower premiums, this effect is moderated by the concentration of insurers in the market and number of rating areas. Furthermore, population characteristics are related to premiums, where premiums vary by HIM demographics. Findings also suggest that access is less equitable in areas that have not adopted Medicaid expansion plans and areas that serve a large percentage of uninsured consumers.

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Bit-Shabo, Inessa V. "Issues of Establishment of the Insurance Premium Exemption Institution as a Social Policy Instrument in the Russian Federation." Financial law 12 (December 24, 2020): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1813-1220-2020-12-34-37.

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The Russian Federation’s fulfillment of its obligations as a social state provides for a fairly wide range of measures, including incentives for certain types of activities. Legislative looseness of the Institute of benefits for insurance premiums causes errors in the enforcement of certain norms of legislation on taxes and fees and requires scientific understanding. The article examines the scientific positions on the issues of tax benefits and benefits for insurance premiums, and identifies their main differences. Special author’s attention is paid to judicial practice on the implementation of article 56 and article 427 of the Tax Сode of the Russian Federation. The conclusion that it is necessary to include in the Tax Сode of the Russian Federation an article regulating benefits for insurance premiums is substantiated. A scientific assumption is made about the possibility of extending the rules and principles related to tax benefits to the Institute of reduced rates of insurance premiums.

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Hadley, Jack, James D. Reschovsky, Peter Cunningham, Genevieve Kenney, and Lisa Dubay. "Insurance Premiums and Insurance Coverage of Near-Poor Children." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 43, no. 4 (November 2006): 362–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5034/inquiryjrnl_43.4.362.

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Katkova, Galina, and Olga Oleynik. "The Social Insurance System in the Russian Federaion: Historical Stages of Development, Peculiarities of Collecting Insurance Premiums to Off-Budget Funds." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 4 (December 2022): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/ek.jvolsu.2022.4.12.

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The article analyzes functioning of state off-budget funds and justifies the need to further improve the social insurance system in the Russian Federation. In the modern economic literature, there are various approaches to the definition of this economic category, on the basis of which the author’s approach to determining the essence and content of the category “insurance premiums to off-budget funds” is formed. The well-established principles of the organization of off-budget funds in the country are considered. Based on the fact that these funds are a tool for the redistribution of significant financial flows of the commercial and non-profit sector of the economy, the authors additionally proposed two principles: legality and social justice. The article reveals the historical stages of the offbudget funds development in Russia (social insurance, pension system, medical insurance) and the processes of forming their budgets at the expense of insurance premiums. The contradiction existing in the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, which is associated with the accrual and payment of insurance premiums, is disclosed. The purpose of the study is to analyze the peculiarities of collecting insurance premiums to off-budget funds in Russia. The main problems of the activity of state off-budget funds in the Russian Federation are identified and substantiated.

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Puspita, Dian, I. Gusti Putu Purnaba, and Donny Citra Lesmana. "Determination of Term Life Insurance Premiums with Varying Interest Rates Following The CIR Model and Varying Benefits Value." CAUCHY: Jurnal Matematika Murni dan Aplikasi 7, no. 4 (May 24, 2023): 631–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ca.v7i4.20542.

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Term life insurance is an insurance that provides protection for a certain period that has been agreed upon in the policy. The policy is an agreement that contains the participant's obligation to pay premiums contributions to the insurance company and the insurance company's obligation to pay benefits in the event of a risk to the insurance participant as agreed in the policy. Interest rates will influence the calculation of premium value and benefits in the long term. So we need a model of interest rates that will change by time. One of the models that can be used is the CIR model. This research purposes to simulate the CIR model that will be carried out to determine interest rates for calculating term life insurance premiums for five years, with premiums paid at the beginning of the 1/m interval or monthly premium payments and benefits paid at the end of the 1/m interval when the participant dies. The case that will be discussed is when the benefit various. The results of this study are the CIR model can be applied to calculate the term life insurance premiums for five years and the premium calculation results show that the amount of the premium increase every year with varying benefits.

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Graves, John A., and Jonathan Gruber. "How Did Health Care Reform in Massachusetts Impact Insurance Premiums?" American Economic Review 102, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.508.

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It is widely recognized that the 2006 Massachusetts health reforms served as a blueprint for national reform under the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA). As such, there is interest in using the Massachusetts experience to understand how insurance premiums might change under the ACA. In this paper, we analyze changes in private insurance premiums in Massachusetts between 2002 and 2010. In contrast to earlier estimates from Massachusetts (Cogan, Hubbard and Kessler 2010), we find no statistical evidence of changes in group premiums. By contrast, we find large reductions in non-group premiums in Massachusetts relative to the rest of the U.S.

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Tirapat, Sunti. "Risk-Based Deposit Insurance: An Application to Thailand." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 05, no. 02 (June 2002): 149–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091502000742.

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This paper investigates the application of option pricing to calculate the premium of deposit insurance in Thailand during the 1992-1996 period. In addition to applying the traditional Black- Scholes model, the barrier model of Boyle and Lee (1994) is examined. The barrier model takes the management (owners) action into account: the management (owners) may have a strong incentive to increase the volatility of the bank's assets, since this action increases the value of their equity. As suggested by the stylized evidence, most financial institutions in Thailand were "family owned", and there was inadequate corporate governance to prevent the incentive problems. The barrier model seems to fit the description of financial institutions in Thailand. The overall results show that the deposit insurance premiums of failed financial institutions are higher than the premiums of non-failed institutions. The evidence suggests that the option framework seems to be appropriate for pricing the premium: higher risk institutions pay higher insurance premiums. The results also show that the risk-based insurance premiums vary across time and on average are less than the premiums charged by the Financial Institutions Development Fund (FIDF).

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Semenova, Galina N. "REFORMING INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS IN SOCIAL OFF-BUDGET FUNDS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 11/2, no. 131 (2022): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.11.02.014.

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A big problem in all European countries, as well as in Russia, is the increase every year in the number of individuals who have reached retirement age, who need to pay pensions, benefits and other payments from social funds, especially from the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. Over the entire period of existence of insurance premiums, their tariffs have changed repeatedly, both upwards and downwards. The article considers the evolution of insurance premiums, and how the reform of these premiums has affected payers – insurers.

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Shubenko, Inna A., Oleh Yа Stoiko, Dmutro V. Doronin, and Serhii V. Falimonov. "Determinants of the Low Level of Development of the Life Insurance Market in Ukraine." Business Inform 3, no. 554 (2024): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2024-3-305-315.

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The aim of the study is to find a correlation between indicators such as average wages and gross insurance premiums in the life insurance industry. The purposes of the research are: determination of the main determinants that affect the development of the life insurance market over a twenty-year period, search for the main reasons for the low level of life insurance in Ukraine. The methods of research in this publication are the methods of scientific abstraction, induction and deduction for a comprehensive consideration of the reasons for the low level of development of life insurance in Ukraine, individual provisions of the research are supplemented by methods of economic and correlational analysis. It is found that during the period of its formation, the insurance market of Ukraine in the field of life insurance went through several stages of its formation and continues to be formed and improved. It is determined that in 2022, the share of gross life insurance premiums in GDP equaled 0.09%, which is a very low indicator compared to developed foreign markets. This indicates the weak development of this type of insurance due to a number of reasons. A retrospective analysis of scientific publications and research over a twenty-year period showed that one of the reasons for the low level of development of life insurance is the low income of potential customers of the insurance company, which was indicated by a large number of publications. Since the salary is the main type of income of our compatriots, it is assumed that its level affects the volume of gross insurance premiums. To test this hypothesis, a correlation coefficient of 0.965 was defined. This indicates a direct relationship between wages and gross insurance premiums. The correlation coefficient is determined based on statistical information on average wages and gross life insurance premiums over a twenty-year period. Therefore, it can be predicted that the determinant of the growth of the life insurance market will be the increase in wages of potential consumers of insurance services in real terms. Further research in the field of the life insurance market will concern the forecasting of the salary level of potential consumers of insurance services, at which the volumes of life insurance will be growing.

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Ukpong, Mfon Sampson, and Ikechukwu A. Acha. "INSURANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: CO-INTEGRATION AND CAUSALITY ANALYSIS." Scholedge International Journal of Management & Development ISSN 2394-3378 4, no. 4 (June 4, 2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmd040401.

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We examine the cointegration and causal relationship between insurance and economic development in Nigeria using time series data from 1990 – 2013. Gross domestic product (GDP) is adopted as a proxy for the level of economic development, while total life insurance premiums (TPL), total non-life insurance premiums (TPNL) and total insurance investment (TII) are used in measuring growth in the insurance sector. Data is operationalized through the stationarity test, cointegration test, regression analysis and granger causality tests. The stationarity test reveals that all-time series data are stationary at the 1%, 5% and 10% levels of significance. The test for cointegration shows that all cointegrate when GDP is the endogenous variable. The granger causality test reveals that there is a bidirectional relationship existing between GDP and total non-life insurance premiums while a unidirectional relationship exists between GDP and total life insurance premiums with no causal relationship existing between GDP and total insurance investments. An R-squared value of 0.9776 indicates that the independent variables account for 97.8% of the variations in GDP while the remaining 2.2% is attributable to influence of other variables or fators not in the scope of this study. We conclude that insurance not only contributes to economic development but also has a long term equilibrium relationship. Therefore, we recommend that insurance activities in the country should be encouraged to promote effectiveness and efficiency in order to enhance the long term relationship with economic development.

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Gores, Timo, and Jannes Rauch. "Cost stickiness and the firm’s organizational form: evidence from the property-liability insurance sector." Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft 110, no. 2-3 (December 2021): 189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12297-021-00506-z.

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AbstractWe examine the existence of cost stickiness in the German property-liability insurance sector by analyzing if the percentage increase in administrative costs for a rise in premiums is larger than the percentage decrease in administrative costs for an equivalent drop in premiums. In addition, we analyze if sticky cost behavior depends on insurance firms’ organizational form. Using company-level data from German property-liability insurance firms for the years 2001–2017 and regression analyses, we find that administrative costs are sticky in the insurance sector, as administrative costs increase on average 0.82% per 1% increase in premiums but decrease only 0.6% per 1% decrease in premium income. Moreover, we find that stock insurers exhibit lower levels of cost stickiness, indicating better monitoring mechanisms.

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Vilisov, V. Ya, and S. Yu Butuzov. "Economic and mathematical evaluation of the concept of insurance to ensure the safety of emergency." Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki 39, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2078-4023-2019-39-2-149-157.

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The article discusses two options for insurance coverage of damages in emergency situations. Calculations are made for fires. Estimates of insurance premiums are given, which are necessary to compensate for all damage compensated by the state now. Taking into account the need to ensure social justice, an insurance model has been built, which allows for various premiums to be collected from poor and wealthy citizens.

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