Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Modell steiermark"

Zusammenfassung Da sich immer mehr Kunststoffe im Meer ansammeln, wurde diese Studie für das Land Steiermark erstellt, um mittels Materialflussanalyse die Emissionen im Land, als auch den Transfer über Flüsse bis ins Meer abzuschätzen. Die Parameter für das Modell entstammen der Literatur und basieren teilweise auch auf begründeten Annahmen. Littering ist mit 45 % der modellierten Kunststoff-Emissionen die größte Emissionsquelle, gefolgt vom Abrieb vom Verkehr (Reifen 36 %, Fahrbahnmarkierung 2 %), sowie von Schuhsohlen (4 %) und Kunstrasen und anderen Sportflächen (6 %), welche alle diffuse Quellen bilden. Der Abrieb synthetischer Fasern von Wäsche (3 %), Innenraumstäube (2 %) und Microbeads (<1 %), in Pflegeprodukten, stellen bedeutende punktuelle Einträge über die Abwässer der Haushalte in die Kanalisation und weiter in die Kläranlagen. Etwa 3 % des gesamten Mikroplastiks gelangen über Klärschlämme und Komposte in die Umwelt. Die modellierten Kunststoff-Emissionen der Steiermark werden nach den Szenarien dieser Studie insgesamt auf 1545–5353 Tonnen pro Jahr (t/a) geschätzt. Die Kunststoff-Emissionen gelangen hauptsächlich über die Oberflächengewässer (427–1179 t/a) und anschließend über die Donau bis ins Schwarze Meer (43–109 t/a). Im Vergleich zu den Konzentrationen in Flüssen und anderen Modellen sind die im Transfermodell quantifizierten Emissionen in Oberflächengewässer und das Meer relativ hoch. Die Steiermark emittiert als Binnenland in etwa 0,0001 % des globalen Kunststoffes, welcher pro Jahr vom Land ins Meer gelangt, und um einen Faktor von in etwa 16 (7–48) weniger Kunststoffe ins Meer als ein Mensch der Erde im Durchschnitt.

Abstract Background Precision oncology aims to provide individual treatment options for each patient. In this regard, ex vivo drug screening systems have the potential to improve clinical outcomes. Traditionally, cancer drugs are tested on long-term cultured cancer cell line models, but cell lines cannot represent an individual patient from a clinic and are biologically too distinct to be informative for drug screening purposes. Drug screening systems of tumor cells usually rely on viability assays and correlations to genomic alterations. Beside genomic alterations, the cellular metabolism is significantly altered during tumor growth, tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell resistance development. Here we aim to establish a drug screening platform using tumor cells derived directly from the individual patient glial tumor, create patient derived tumor cells (PDCs) and combine the outcomes from standardized viability- and genetic-assays with a new developed metabolomics platform. Material and Methods Fresh native tissue from both low- and high-grade glioma are collected. Tumor tissue is used for NMR-based metabolomic analyses and targeted sequencing based genomic analyses as well as PDC isolation using mechanical and enzymatic tissue dissociation. To preserve the original tumor similarity, tissue is short term cultured for two weeks, and PDCs are seeded and treated with a panel of clinical- and preclinical drugs followed by viability assessment, sequencing and metabolomic profiling. Results Culturing of PDCs is successful in ≥85% of patient cases, provided that at least 2 g of tumor are available. The automatized high throughput ex vivo drug response helps to identify potential drug candidates which might become relevant for therapeutic approaches in future. Further, it is possible to distinguish between IDH1-wild type and IDH1-mutant glial tumors based on the metabolomic profile, which is confirmed by immunohistochemical staining and molecular analysis of IDH1 R132H-mutation. Strong metabolomic variations have been identified, including GABA, lactate, and myo-inositol levels between tumor and healthy tissue. Data retrieved by the systematic evaluation is retrospectively associated with the clinical course of the patients. Conclusion Entangling drug screening and genetic assays with metabolomic profiling of glial tumors enriches the information about cellular drug response and paves the way for future clinical studies and better understanding of underlying drug resistance mechanisms in gliomas. Disclosure Funding: K1 COMET Competence Centre CBmed, funded by the Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology; the Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy, Land Steiermark (Dep. 12, Business and Innovation), the Styrian Business Promotion Agency (SFG), and the Vienna Business Agency. COMET is executed by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG).

Impartiality is a journalistic norm that requires journalists to not express their opinions within factual-based news stories and to report fairly and balanced on opinions and viewpoints from others (e.g., Bentele, 1988; Donsbach & Klett, 1993; Hackett, 2008). Based on the impartiality standard, journalists should only express their own opinions in news formats that are intended for this purpose and appropriately labelled (e.g., commentaries). Field of application/theoretical foundation: The journalistic norm of impartiality is often analysed in the context of studies on media performance (e.g., Fahr, 2001; Maurer, 2005; Seethaler, 2015). Here, elite media outlets are often compared with popular media outlets. An increasing convergence between these types of media may also be a sign of an increasing tabloidization of elite media. However, increasingly opinionated news stories can also be regarded as an indicator of a more interpretive journalism. References/combination with other methods of data collection: Content analyses can be combined with survey data on the editorial policy/ ideological orientation of the respective media outlets (e.g., see Kepplinger, 2011 with his research on instrumental actualization). Example study: Seethaler, 2015 Information on Seethaler, 2015 Authors: Josef Seethaler Research question: The study is a cross-media analysis of media performance in Austria. Furthermore, media performance indicators are evaluated from the standpoint of different models of democracy (representative liberal, deliberative, participatory). Object of analysis: 1) newspapers (paid press: Standard, Presse, Kleine Zeitung, Kronen Zeitung, Kurier, Oberösterreichische Nachrichten, Salzburger Nachrichten, Tiroler Tageszeitung, Vorarlberger Nachrichten); 2) newspapers (free dailies: Heute, Österreich); 3) public service/commercial and national/regional radio stations (Ö1, Ö3, FM4, KRONEHIT, ORF – Radio Niederösterreich, Radio Oberösterreich, Radio Steiermark, Radio Wien, 88.6 Wien, Antenne Steiermark, Life Radio Oberösterreich, Radio Arabella Wien, Radio Energy Wien); 4) national public service (ORF eins, ORF 2, ORF III) and commercial (ATV I, ATV II, PULS 4, ServusTV) TV stations; 5) online (derstandard.at, krone.at, oe24.at, orf.at, gmx.at) Time frame of analysis: four artificial weeks (without Sundays) in 2014 Info about the Variable The degree of the appearance of the journalist’s point of view (in factual news formats) is evaluated on a 5-point-scale ranging from “explicitly personal” (1) to “purely distanced-impartial” (5). Variable name: Unparteilichkeit "Impartiality" Level of analysis: article Values (in German): 11) explizit persönlich gefärbt; 2) eher persönlich gefärbt; 3) sowohl persönlich gefärbt als auch distanziert-unparteiisch; 4) eher distanziert-unparteiisch; 5) ausschließlich distanziert-unparteiisch Level of measurement: ordinal Reliability: six coders, Fleiss’ Kappa: 0.97 Codebook (in German) available under: https://www.rtr.at/de/inf/SchriftenreiheNr12015/Band1-2015.pdf see also DFG-Project “Media Performance and Democracy” (https://en.mediaperformance.uni-mainz.de/) References Bentele, G. (1988). Wie objektiv können Journalisten sein? [How objective can journalists be?]. In L. Erbring (Ed.), Medien ohne Moral. Variationen über Journalismus und Ethik (pp. 196–225). Berlin: Argon. Donsbach, W., & Klett, B. (1993). Subjective objectivity: How journalists in four countries define a key term of their profession. Gazette, 51(1), 53–83. Fahr, A. (2001). Katastrophale Nachrichten? Eine Analyse der Qualität von Fernsehnachrichten [Disastrous news? An analysis of the quality of television news]. München: R. Fischer. Hackett, R. A. (2008). Objectivity in reporting. In W. Donsbach (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Communication (pp. 3345–3350). Malden et al.: Blackwell. Kepplinger, H. M. (2011). Journalismus als Beruf. Wiesbaden: VS. Maurer, T. (2005). Fernsehnachrichten und Nachrichtenqualität: Eine Längsschnittstudie zur Nachrichtenentwicklung in Deutschland [Television news and news quality: A longitudinal study on the development of news in Germany]. München: R. Fischer. Seethaler, J. (2015). Qualität des tagesaktuellen Informationsangebots in den österreichischen Medien. Eine crossmediale Untersuchung [News media quality in Austria: A crossmedia analysis]. Rundfunk und Telekom Regulierungs-GmbH. Retrieved from https://www.rtr.at/de/inf/SchriftenreiheNr12015/Band1-2015.pdf

Formal reporting styles refer to news formats or journalistic genres within a media outlet, e.g., news stories as the standard formal reporting style but also interviews as an alternative form of journalistic coverage. Each formal reporting style or news format is associated with specific rules of how to write it. For example, the journalist has to answer the most important W-questions (Who, What, When, Where, Why) at the beginning of a news story whereas feature journalism builds up tension, that is, tells a story and the important questions are answered only in the course of the article. The interview as another example is characterized by the formal interplay between questions (interviewer) and answers (interviewee). Apart from general reporting styles (news story, interview etc.), some codebooks also measure media-specific reporting styles (e.g. Donsbach & Büttner, 2005 for television). Furthermore, reporting styles can be distinguished between “rather factual” or “rather opinionated” (Seethaler, 2015). Field of application/theoretical foundation: Formal reporting styles can be seen as a formal variable of quantitative content analyses and is therefore often part of the “standard repertoire” within codebooks that analyse journalistic (news) coverage. It can be used to identify different news formats (e.g., the share of comments in quality newspapers). It can also be used for research conducted on the norm of separating news and opinion. It may also be helpful in determining the units of analysis within analyses of news coverage. For example, if a news story is followed by an interview with a politician on the same issue, this change in the formal reporting style often means a new unit of analysis in content analyses. References/combination with other methods of data collection: Content analyses can also be combined with surveys or qualitative interviews. One example is a study by Schäfer-Hock (2018), in which he examined how journalistic reporting have changed within recent years. In order to gain more in-depth insights into this, he combined the findings of a quantitative content analysis (years 1992 and 2012) with guided interviews conducted with journalists from the analysed newspapers. Example studies: Donsbach & Büttner, 2005; Kösters, 2020; Seethaler, 2015 Information on Kösters, 2020 Authors: Raphael Kösters This study is part of the DFG-project “Media Performance and Democracy” (https://en.mediaperformance.uni-mainz.de/) Research question: The project investigates how media interpret political topics with regard to political value orientations (value framing) by means of a standardized content analysis. The study aims to answer the question whether the political heterogeneity of modern societies is reflected in media reporting. The analysis is conducted on news coverage about migration. Object of analysis: The study investigates news coverage on the issue “migration” in German news media: 1) newspapers/ news magazines (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Süddeutsche Zeitung, ZEIT, SPIEGEL, BILD, Rheinische Post, taz, Junge Freiheit, junge Welt); 2) TV (Tagesschau, RTL Aktuell), radio (WDR Aktuell - Der Tag); 4) online (t-online.de, bild.de, spiegel.de, faz.net, tagesschau.de, sueddeutsche.de) Time frame of analysis: four artificial weeks (without Sundays) in 2014 Info about variable Variable name: Stilform [reporting style] Level of analysis: article Values (in German): 1) Nachricht, Bericht; 2) Reportage, Feature, Portraits; 3) Kommentar, Kolumne, Glosse, Leitartikel; 4) Interview; 8) sonstiges Reliability: five student coders, Holsti: 0.93 Codebook: attached (in German) Information on Seethaler, 2015 Authors: Josef Seethaler Research question: The study is a cross-media analysis of media performance in Austria. Furthermore, media performance indicators are evaluated from the standpoint of different models of democracy (representative liberal, deliberative, participatory). Object of analysis: 1) newspapers (paid press: Standard, Presse, Kleine Zeitung, Kronen Zeitung, Kurier, Oberösterreichische Nachrichten, Salzburger Nachrichten, Tiroler Tageszeitung, Vorarlberger Nachrichten); 2) newspapers (free dailies: Heute, Österreich); 3) public service/commercial and national/regional radio stations (Ö1, Ö3, FM4, KRONEHIT, ORF – Radio Niederösterreich, Radio Oberösterreich, Radio Steiermark, Radio Wien, 88.6 Wien, Antenne Steiermark, Life Radio Oberösterreich, Radio Arabella Wien, Radio Energy Wien); 4) national public service (ORF eins, ORF 2, ORF III) and commercial (ATV I, ATV II, PULS 4, ServusTV) TV stations; 5) online (derstandard.at, krone.at, oe24.at, orf.at, gmx.at) Time frame of analysis: March 1, 2018 to July 6, 2018 Info about variable Variable name: Journalistische Stilform [journalistic reporting style] Level of analysis: article Values (in German): 1) tatsachenbetont: (Nachricht, Bericht, Reportage, Feature, Personenporträt, Dokumentation, in der Zeitung: auch Foto als Einzelbild); 2) meinungsbetont: Kommentar, [Print/Online:] Leitartikel, Glosse, Karikatur); 3 Interviews, Talks; 9) nicht entscheidbar Level of measurement: nominal Reliability: six coders, Fleiss’ Kappa: 0.90 Codebook (in German) available under: https://www.rtr.at/de/inf/SchriftenreiheNr12015/Band1-2015.pdf Information on Donsbach & Büttner, 2005 Authors: Wolfgang Donsbach, Katrin Büttner Research question: The study examines the presentation of political news coverage in the most important public service and commercial main German newscasts in 1983, 1990 and 1998 with the aim of revealing changes in the presentation of politics and the extent to which there are convergent trends (? tabloidization). Object of analysis: news on national politics within four German newscasts: 1) Tagesschau (ARD), ZDF heute, Sat.1 Blick/18.30, RTL Aktuell (in 1983: only Tagesschau and ZDF heute) Time frame of analysis: for each year, every second day within the last four weeks before election day were analysed: 1) February 7, 1983 to March 6, 1983 (March 6, 1983 = election day); November 5, 1990 to December 2, 1990 (December 2, 1990 = election day); August 31, 1998 to September 27, 1998 (September 27, 1998 = election day) Info about variable This variable measures TV-specific formats but also includes general journalistic formats. Variable name: Darstellungsformen [forms of presentation] Level of analysis: news report Values (in German): 1) Anmoderation; 2) Ab- bzw. Zwischenmoderation; 3) Meldung; 4) Nachrichtenfilm; 5) Bericht; 6) Interview; 7) Statement/Redeausschnitt; 8) Kommentar; 9) sonstige Präsentationsform Level of measurement: nominal Reliability: four coders, reliability: N.A. Codebook (in German) available under: http://donsbach.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Codebuch_TV-Nachrichten.pdf References Donsbach, W., & Büttner, K. (2005). Boulevardisierungstrend in deutschen Fernsehnachrichten [Tabloidization trend in German TV news]. Publizistik, 50(1), 21–38. Kösters, R. (2020). Medien als Mittler im Konflikt? Der Streit um die Migration im Spiegel der Berichterstattung [Media as intermediaries in conflicts? The debate on migration in media coverage]. (Doctoral dissertation, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf). Retrieved from https://d-nb.info/1203369883/34 Schäfer-Hock, C. (2018). Journalistische Darstellungsformen im Wandel. Eine Untersuchung deutscher Tageszeitungen von 1992 bis 2012 [Journalistic reporting styles in transition. A study of German daily newspapers from 1992 to 2012]. Wiesbaden: Springer Seethaler, J. (2015). Qualität des tagesaktuellen Informationsangebots in den österreichischen Medien. Eine crossmediale Untersuchung [News media quality in Austria: A crossmedia analysis]. Rundfunk und Telekom Regulierungs-GmbH. Retrieved from https://www.rtr.at/de/inf/SchriftenreiheNr12015/Band1-2015.pdf

ZusammenfassungDieser Beitrag widmet sich der Frage, wie sich die Einstellungen zum Klimawandel, die Umweltbesorgnis und die Bereitschaft zu umweltbewusstem Handeln im Laufe der Corona-Krise in der österreichischen Bevölkerung entwickelt haben. In Anbetracht der unmittelbaren Bedrohung durch die Covid-19-Pandemie und deren direkte Auswirkungen auf die österreichische Bevölkerung (Herunterfahren der Wirtschaft, Einschränkungen des sozialen Lebens usw.) liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass das Thema Umwelt in den Hintergrund rückte. Um dies zu untersuchen, wurden drei voneinander unabhängige Datensätze (OeNB,Values in Crisis und Polarization in Public Opinion) herangezogen. Die drei Datensätze sind in ihrer Erhebungszeit vor, während und nach der ersten Covid-19-Welle einzuordnen. Lineare Modelle zeigen, dass sowohl die Umweltbesorgnis als auch die Bereitschaft zu umweltbewusstem Verhalten in der Krise gesunken sind, wenngleich nur in den Ballungsräumen Wien, Niederösterreich und Steiermark. Andererseits stieg die Wahrnehmung der negativen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels an. Im Verlauf der Krise zeigt sich zudem, dass trotz der sinkenden Umweltbesorgnis diese dennoch der stärkste Prädiktor zu intentionsorientiertem Umweltverhalten bleibt und nach Ende der ersten Welle einen noch stärkeren Erklärungswert liefert als zuvor.