Дисертації з теми "Modélisation dynamique des écosystèmes"
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Moulin, Thibault. "Modélisation mathématique de la dynamique des communautés herbacées des écosystèmes prairiaux." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCD075/document.
Повний текст джерелаDynamic modelling of ecological systems is an essential method to understand, predict and control thedynamics of semi-natural ecosystems, which involves complex processes. The main objective of this PhDthesis is to develop a simulation model of the medium- and long-term dynamics of the herbaceous vegetationin permanent grasslands, taking into account both biodiversity and productivity. Grasslandecosystems are often hot spots of biodiversity, which contributes to the temporal stability of their services.On an agricultural perspective, this important biodiversity contributes to the forage quality, andbesides, it induces a higher ability of the vegetation cover to resist to different climatic scenarios (globalwarming, heat and drought waves).However, this key aspect of biodiversity is only poorly included in grassland models : often absent ofmodelling or included in a very simple form. Building on those considerations, this PhD work exposes thewriting of a process-based succession model, described by a system of Ordinary Differential Equationsthat simulates the aboveground vegetation dynamics of a temperate grassland. This model implementedthe main ecological factors involved in growth and competition processes of herbaceous species, and couldbe adjust to any level of diversity, by varying the number and the identity of species in the initial plantcommunity. This formalism of mechanistic models allows us to analyse relationships that link diversity,productivity and stability, in response to different climatic conditions and agricultural management.In mathematical grassland models, plant communities may be represented by a various number of statevariables, describing biomass compartments of some dominant species or plant functional types. The sizeof the initial species pool could have consequences on the outcome of the simulated ecosystem dynamicsin terms of grassland productivity, diversity, and stability. This choice could also influence the modelsensitivity to forcing parameters. To address these issues, we developed a method, based on sensitivityanalysis tools, to compare behaviour of alternative versions of the model that only differ by the identityand number of state variables describing the green biomass, here plant species. This method shows aninnovative aspect, by performing this model sensitivity analysis by using multivariate regression trees. Weassessed and compared the sensitivity of each instance of the model to key forcing parameters for climate,soil fertility, and defoliation disturbances. We established that the sensitivity to forcing parameters ofcommunity structure and species evenness differed markedly among alternative models, according tothe diversity level. We show a progressive shift from high importance of soil fertility (fertilisation level,mineralization rate) to high importance of defoliation (mowing frequency, grazing intensity) as the sizeof the species pool increased.These results highlight the need to take into account the role of species diversity to explain the behaviourof grassland models. Besides, to properly take into account those interactions in the grassland cover, theconsidered species pool size considered in the model needs to be high enough. Finally, we compare modelsimulations of the aboveground vegetation to measures from two experimental sites, the mowing grasslandof Oensingen, and the grazing grassland of Laqueuille. Results of these comparison are promising andhighlight the relevance of the choice and the representation of the different ecological processes includedin this mechanistic model.Thus, this PhD work offers a model, perfectly fitting with current needs on grassland modelling, whichcontribute to a better understanding of the herbaceous vegetation dynamics and interactions betweenproductivity, diversity and stability
Hajji, Miled El. "Modélisation et analyse mathématiques pour les écosystèmes microbiens : approche par les systèmes dynamiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20117/document.
Повний текст джерелаCette thèse s'adresse au problèmes relié au modélisation mathématique en culture continue et culture batch. Nous proposons et étudions, dans une première étape, des modèles mathématiques de quelques processus biologique en culture continue (Chemostat) permettant d'expliquer et de prévoir la coexistence et la coexistence pratique. Dans une deuxième étape, une série d'expériences de laboratoire sont munies en culture batch, et un modèle mathématique tenant compte du recyclage de substrat est proposé, analysé et validé sur des donnés expérimentales en culture pure et mixte prouvant la validité de la principe d'exclusion compétitive en culture batch
Gandois, Laure. "Dynamique et bilan des Elements Traces Métalliques (ETM) dans des écosystèmes forestiers français. Modélisation, spéciation et charges critiques." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00741901.
Повний текст джерелаGandois, Laure. "Dynamique et bilan des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans des écosystèmes forestiers français : modélisation, spéciation et charges critiques." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/810/.
Повний текст джерелаTrace Metals (TM: Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn) are dispersed in the atmosphere due to both natural and anthropogenic processes. Forest ecosystems can receive atmospheric inputs, even if they are located far from direct emission sources. In fact, forest ecosystems are particularly sensitive to atmospheric inputs since forest cover can interact with atmospheric pollution. Forest ecosystems are protected from TM atmospheric inputs through the definition of Critical Loads. TM impact on forest ecosystem is linked to their dynamic at the atmosphere/vegetation and soil/solution interfaces. Indeed, forest cover modifies atmospheric inputs. Moreover, it is through soil solution that TM are available to the biosphere and can reach ground and surface waters. During this work, TM content and speciation were determined in diverse compartments of the ecosystem (open field precipitation, throughfall, soil, soil solution and vegetation) on six forested catchments. TM partitioning between total and extractable content and soil solution, was studied in relation with soil parameters. PH was the most significant parameter for most TM extractability and solubility prediction. Cu and Pb solubility was also greatly influenced by complexation with organic colloids. Atmospheric inputs are moderate and regional differences reveal a stronger atmospheric influence on the North-East of France. Forest cover greatly modifies atmospheric inputs. Some fluxes (Cd, Ni, Cu and Zn) are reduced because of direct assimilation by forest canopy. Other fluxes (Pb, Cr and Sb) are increased following dry deposition accumulation on forest canopy. Elemental budget at the plot scale depend on soil type, TM solubility in soil solution and TM mobility in trees. Critical limits and loads have been evaluated and comparison with current soil solution concentration and atmospheric inputs revealed no exceedance
Haghebaert, Marie. "Outils et méthodes pour la modélisation de la dynamique des écosystèmes microbiens complexes à partir d'observations expérimentales temporelles : application à la dynamique du microbiote intestinal." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASM036.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis stems from the European project Homo.symbiosus, which investigates the equilibrium transitions of interactions between the host and its intestinal microbiota. To study these transitions, we pursue two directions: the mechanistic modeling of host-microbiota interactions and the analysis of temporal microbial count data.We enriched and simulated a deterministic model of the intestinal crypt using the EDK numerical scheme, particularly studying the impact of different parameters using the Morris Elementary Effects method. This model proved capable of simulating, on one hand, symbiotic and dysbiotic interaction states and, on the other hand, transition scenarios between states of dysbiosis and symbiosis.In parallel, a compartmental ODE model of the colon, inspired by existing studies, was developed and coupled with the crypt model. The thesis contributed to the enhancement of bacterial metabolism modeling and the modeling of innate immunity at the scale of the intestinal mucosa. A numerical exploration allowed us to assess the influence of diet on the steady state of the model and to study the effect of a pathological scenario by mimicking a breach in the epithelial barrier.Furthermore, we developed an approach to analyze microbial data aimed at assessing the deviation of microbial ecosystems undergoing significant environmental disturbances compared to a reference state. This method, based on DMM classification, enables the study of ecosystem equilibrium transitions in cases with few individuals and few time points. Moreover, a curve classification method using the SBM model was applied to investigate the effects of various disturbances on the microbial ecosystem; the results from this study were used to enrich the host-microbiota interaction model
Cosme, Maximilien. "Modélisation qualitative à événements discrets des dynamiques d'écosystèmes." Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG013.
Повний текст джерелаEcosystems unfold over time in response to successive events that modify their components. These events, whether random or not, are the phenomena by which ecosystems assemble and disassemble. Each sequence of states - or trajectory - is a possible history of the ecosystem. Yet, if these events, or their order, had been different, the future state could have been different. However, the order of events, due to the limits of our knowledge, is often uncertain. When this uncertainty is important, it is therefore reasonable to conceive the dynamics of the ecosystem as a set of possible trajectories. If the set of possible trajectories were known, it could be useful to know if a desirable state is attainable, and if so, by which path(s).In this thesis, we propose a modelling approach named EDEN (for Ecological Discrete-Event Networks) to answer this question. It is presented in the form of a formalism whose variables are qualitative and whose values are modified by "if-then" rules representing the events of the ecosystem. These rules are executed one by one, in a non-deterministic way and without any probability. This non-deterministic and non-probabilistic approach has therefore been called possibilistic. The dynamics are then presented in the form of a state-transition graph whose dynamic properties (such as the fact that a species can persist) can be verified.First, a brief history of dynamical modelling in ecosystem ecology is presented, with a particular focus on qualitative modelling approaches, to which EDEN belongs to. Based on the limitations of existing approaches to answer certain questions, we propose the EDEN approach and justify the relevance of its properties with simple examples.Then, the EDEN approach is illustrated on semi-arid ecosystems in East and West Africa in order to know if certain states of interest are reachable (such as the maintenance of vegetation in savanna, or soil fertility in an agroecosystem). To do this, we present and use tools that have not been used much in ecology until now, such as summary graphs and temporal logics. For a given scenario, these tools enable to define (1) the possible transitions between the states of interest, (2) the conditions under which they can occur and (3) the events responsible for these transitions. In East Africa, the EDEN approach was able to determine the long-term effects on vegetation and human activities of reduced/increased surface water availability, indicating a strong indirect influence of the latter on woody vegetation. In West Africa, using EDEN, it was possible to determine the conditions that allowed small-scale producers in southwestern Burkina Faso to develop persistent agropastoralism, as well as the events necessary to achieve such a state.Finally, we discuss the contributions of the EDEN set of models to various fields of ecology, as well as possible improvements and bridges to be built between ecology, systems biology and theoretical computer science
Cazelles, Bernard. "Modélisation d'un écosystème lotique : dynamique du carbone organique dissous et des microorganismes benthiques dans un cours d'eau cours." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10068.
Повний текст джерелаShin, Yunne. "Interactions trophiques et dynamiques des populations dans les écosystèmes marins exploités : approche par modélisation individus-centrée." Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA077217.
Повний текст джерелаWibawa, Teja Arief. "Modélisation globale et régionale de la dynamique de population du thon obèse de l'océan Indien avec le modèle SEAPODYM." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30149/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe Indonesian tuna fishery has suffered from a management problem due to incomplete and less reliability of tuna data leading to lack of understanding about tuna population dynamics in its region. The government of Indonesia initiated the Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography (INDESO) programme to support marine resource management and monitoring of the Country. One application concerns the tuna fisheries with a challenging objective of real-time and forecast modeling of three tuna species biomass distributions: bigeye, yellowfin and skipjack. The model used is SEAPODYM (Spatial Ecosystem and Population Dynamics Model). The present thesis is dealing with bigeye tuna only, and had three major objectives: the preparation of a geo-referenced fishing dataset, the production of initial conditions for the regional INDESO model configuration, and the simulation of regional population dynamics. The georeferenced fishing catch and effort dataset of the Indian Ocean bigeye tuna was standardized throughout five procedures: standardization of spatial resolution, conversion and standardization of catch and effort units, raising of geo-referenced catch to nominal catch level, screening and correction of outliers, and detection of major catchability changes over long time series of fishing data. . The standardized geo-referenced catch dataset covers two-third of total nominal catch due to lack of geographic references for several fishing fleets. The regional model was configured along three steps: the parameterization of coarse resolution model over a long historical period, the downscaling and parameterization of operational global configuration, and the downscaling to the operational regional model. The first step provided model parameterization over the Pacific and Indian Ocean for thirty-nine years period at 2° monthly resolution, allowing to establish initial conditions of the population for the second configuration starting in 1998 at resolution 1/4° weekly. This second model configuration required a downscaling method to revise the parameterization and achieve the same solution despite some differences in the physical forcing. This global operational model provided initial conditions of the population and open boundary conditions (OBCs) constraining the fluxes of fish through the regional borders of INDESO model (1/12° daily resolution). The standardized Indian Ocean fishing dataset was used for including fishing mortality and validate the optimization achieved in the Pacific Ocean. Model simulation outputs suggest that bigeye is distributed in higher concentration in the North Indian Ocean (north of 20°S), with an extension through the Mozambique Channel and along an eastward prolongation between 35° and 40°S.. The operational model configurations (global and regional) are using VGPM net primary production and euphotic depth derived from satellite data, and climatological dissolved oxygen monthly maps from the World Ocean Atlas (WOA) as biogeochemical forcings. A regional simulation using the INDESO biogeochemical PISCES model forcing as an alternative to the satellite derived products was tested. The preliminary results show that once the PISCES primary production is scaled to the VGPM mean value, both products provide similar results, suggesting that longer time scale forecast based on the coupled physical biogeochemical model can be proposed
Cauchi, Bernard. "Ecologie bactérienne d'un écosystème marin : Dynamique des communautés bactériennes hétérotrophes, analyse des données et essai de modélisation." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX2A001.
Повний текст джерелаHalouani, Ghassen. "Modélisations de la dynamique trophique d'un écosystème Méditerranéen exploité : le Golfe de Gabès (Tunisie)." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0076/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of trophic structure and functioning of the gulf of Gabes in Tunisia. In order to reconcile environmental concerns and exploitation of marine resources, different ecosystem models have been developed to study the ecosystem dynamics and contribute to the discussion on the implementation of management plans. A spatial and temporal dynamic model “Ecospace” was built to evaluate the ecosystem consequences of different management measures based on scenarios derived from the current regulation. The results of simulations allowed to investigate the interactions between coastal and benthic trawl fishing and to identify areas where management measures are effective. An end-to-end model has been applied to the gulf of Gabes ecosystem to represent the dynamics of 11 high trophic level species, from climate forcing to fishing.This modelling approach consists in forcing the individual-based model "OSMOSE" by a biogeochemical model "ECO3M-Med". This model allowed to establish a coherent representation of the food web and simulate theoretical management scenarios of spatial fishing closure. The end-to-end model has also been used to study the sensitivity of a set of ecological indicators to fishing pressure. The simulation of different levels of fishing mortality showed that size indicators were the most relevant to monitor the impact of fishing in the gulf of Gabes. Finally, a comparative approach between several Mediterranean ecosystems was applied using the EcoTroph model to compare their trophic structures and explore the effects of different levels of fishing pressure through the analysis of their trophic spectra
Bertelle, Cyrille. "Contribution à la modélisation informatique des milieux complexes naturels, implémentée dans des environnements parallèles et distribués." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université du Havre, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00429163.
Повний текст джерелаDruel, Arsène. "Modélisation de la végétation boréale et de sa dynamique dans le modèle de surface continentale ORCHIDEE." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU014/document.
Повний текст джерелаClimate evolution over the next ten to hundred years involves many questions, linked to the impact of man. Indeed, greenhouse gases emissions since the beginning of the industrial era lead to an increase in temperature. The latter can affect terrestrial ecosystems, particularly in boreal regions where observed and projected temperature increase is larger than in mid-latitudes. Evolution of these ecosystems can trigger climate feedbacks. For example, the currently observed « Arctic greening » phenomenon could enhance the warming via a decrease in albedo due to the increase in vegetation cover. In order to address these questions, climate models were developped, including continental surface models taking into account the fluxes of mass and energy. In this thesis, such a model was used, the continental surface scheme ORCHIDEE, which includes a succinct description of boreal vegetation. The aim of this work was thus the implementation and the modeling of boreal vegetation.In order to describe high-latitude vegetation, i.e. toundras and steppes, new plant functional types (PFTs) were integrated into the model based on existing PFTs. First, non-vascular plants (NVPs) were integrated to represent lichens and bryophytes found in desert toundras and peatlands, then shrubs to represent an intermediate stratum between trees and grasses in toundras, and finally boreal C3 grasses to distinguish vegetation found in boreal steppes and temperate grasslands. The description of this boreal vegetation was accompanied by the integration of new charachteristic processes, from the implementation of new interactions such as the protection of shrubs by snow in winter, to the simple choice of new PFT parameters such as the lower photosynthetic capacity of boreal C3 grasses compared to temperate C3 grasses, through the modification of existing processes such as the stomatal conductance of NVPs. Other processes linked to vegetation were also updated or corrected. Finally, to model the dynamics of boreal vegetation, new PFTs were integrated into the initial description in the model.Those changes enabled the modeling of boreal vegetation and its impact on other variables (mass or energy fluxes), either using a prescribed vegetation (simulations on the recent period), or using a dynamical vegetation (recent and future simulations using RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). Simulations using the prescribed vegetation indicated that vegetation behaviour is better represented with the new PFTs. With original PFTs, productivity and biomass were overestimated in boreal regions, and lead to an underestimation of albedo and an overestimation of transpiration. Simulations using a dynamical vegetation demonstrated the ability of the model, using the new boreal vegetation, to represent current-day biomes as well as « Arctic greening ». However, the shrubification observed in several studies was not reproduced. Similarly, the impact of new PFTs on other model outputs is important, with for example a decrease in productivity or albedo in winter compared to the original vegetation. Thus, the introduction of boreal PFTs generally resulted in a better description of Arctic ecosystems and of the exchanges of energy and mass with the atmosphere. On the other hand, the protection of permafrost by NVPs was not as substantial as expected and was compensated by an increase in soil humidity (due to shrubs and boreal grasses).The introduction of the new boreal vegetation in the ORCHIDEE model thus seems relevant, and highlights the importance of representing these ecosystems. This work opens up new perspectives to improve future and past climate simulations. The next step consists in modeling vegetation since the Holocene into the future in order to simulate the current amounts of carbone in the permafrost, and to project the outcome of these stocks in the context of climate change and permafrost melt
Miguet, Paul. "Influence de l’hétérogénéité du paysage sur la distribution et la dynamique des populations." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20152.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is to understand how landscape heterogeneity (i.e. composition, configuration and temporal dynamics) affects populations, especially in farmlands, highly structured by the crop mosaic and rotations. We answer this question theoretically (simulating population dynamics in landscapes with controlled spatial and temporal properties) and empirically (analysing habitat selection by the farmland bird community).We found that landscape composition, configuration and temporal dynamics were all important to explain population dynamics and that the response to landscape heterogeneity depended on species traits (growth rate, dispersal, scale of response to the landscape). The analyse of farmland birds data revealed that crop composition influenced habitat selection for some species, but did not reveal a significant effect of crop configuration on birds. A finer analyse on Skylark showed a positive effect of crop diversity at the territory scale explained by a functional complementation among crops. It suggested that small fields and crop well mixed in the landscape would be beneficial for this species. The effect of spatial and temporal crop heterogeneity should be studied in depth at the right scale on many taxa. A good understanding of the effect of the cultivated matrix on processes would allow us to predict the change in populations when modifying the landscape and would offer new opportunities to manage biodiversity
Rault, Jonathan. "Modélisation mathématique structurée en taille du zooplancton." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00850906.
Повний текст джерелаGuibourd, de Luzinais Vianney. "L'impact des vagues de chaleurs marines sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes de l'océan à l'échelle mondiale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NSARH121.
Повний текст джерелаIntensifying climate change is increasingly affecting marine life in the world's oceans. Extreme events like marine heatwaves (MHWs), associated with climate change, are projected to grow in duration, intensity, and frequency, further impacting marine ecosystems throughout the 21st century. In this dissertation, I investigated the effects of climate change and MHWs on biomass flows in marine food webs and their consequences on ecosystem structure and functioning. I developed a dynamic version of the EcoTroph model, named EcoTroph-Dyn, which represents the functioning of marine ecosystems as a single flow of biomass from primary producers to top predators. To study MHW effects using EcoTroph-Dyn, I estimated MHW-induced mortality from 1982 to 2021 based on the thermal preferences of various taxa. The results reveal that MHWs may have impacted biomass flow through the perturbation of the kinetics of biomassflow and transfer efficiency and caused biomass loss through instantaneous mortality. Secondly, using EcoTroph-Dyn, I hindcasted consumer biomass in marine food webs from 1998 to 2021. By integrating changes in temperature and primary production, marine animal biomass was estimated at each trophic level on a 1° x 1° grid of the global ocean. Findings show significant biomass loss due to MHWs, with more pronounced impacts at higher trophic levels. Finally, projections from 1950 to 2100 indicate that MHW-induced changes in biomass flows could drive a global consumer biomass decline, surpassing the impacts of background climate change. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates that climate change and MHWs jointly disrupt biomass flows in marine ecosystems, leading to reduced future ocean animal biomass with direct repercussions on fisheries
Hernández, Olga. "Modélisation eulérienne de l'habitat de ponte et de la dynamique des larves des anchois et sardines dans le système d'upwelling du Pérou." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1664/.
Повний текст джерелаThe Humboldt Current System is the most productive oceanic system in terms of fish biomass. Its main species, the Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens) and sardine (Sardinops sagax), have known important historical variations of their stocks, a particularity which has questioned oceanographers for many years. The goal of the present work is to implement an eulerian approach focusing on the early life stages of peruvian anchovy and sardine, in order to study the influence of environmental parameters and climate variability on population dynamics and stocks variability. The model is adapted from the "Spatial Eulerian Ecosystem and Population Dynamic Model" SEAPODYM, initially developed for large pelagic fishes at ocean basin scale. It uses the outputs of a regional ROMS-PISCES coupled physical-biogeochemical model as environmental forcing. In order to constrain model parameters, we developed a data assimilation framework using a unique dataset of eggs and larvae abundances, collected by the Instituto del Mar del Peru (IMARPE) in the HCS waters over the last 40 years. This framework allows to test different mechanisms proposed to control fish spawning habitat and larval recruitment: optimal temperature, prey abundance, trade-off between preys and predators, and influence of currents on retention and dispersion. We show that the combination of a few simple concepts can reasonably explain the overall spatial distribution of eggs and larvae and the interannual variability, but the current description is still not sufficient to explain the observed abundance seasonality in coastal areas
Perruche, Coralie. "Influence de la dynamique mésoéchelle et submésoéchelle sur la compétition au sein d'un écosystème planctonique." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00508647.
Повний текст джерелаBeaudouin, Rémy. "Modélisation individu-centrée pour aider à la détection et à l'interprétation des effets des polluants chimiques sur la dynamique de population d'un poisson, la gambusie, en écosystème expérimental." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S141.
Повний текст джерелаThe experimental assessment of the chemicals effects on fish at the population level is the context of this study. The use of outdoor experimental ecosystems (cosm) has been proposed as a tool to study the effects of chemicals at the population level. The mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) is a convenient fish species for such studies. Nevertheless, studies conducted in cosm are limited to a few numbers of replicates. This, together with the high variability characterizing the population level, are limiting factors for detecting significant responses other than strong effects. An alternative could be the modelling of the probabilistic distributions of the variables of the control populations, in order to virtually increase the number of replicates. Experiments were conducted to determine the life history traits of the mosquitofish required to establish the parameters of the model. Then, an individual-based model of the population dynamics of the mosquitofish was build, calibrate and validate. Finally, from two case studies, the model was shown to improve the statistical power of the comparisons between the control and the chemical-exposed populations
Beudin, Alexis. "Dynamique et échanges sédimentaires en rade de Brest impactés par l'invasion de crépidules." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0045/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is a contribution to the study of sediment dynamic in the ecosystem of the bay of Brest. It aims at describing, by numerical simulations and field observations, the movement of water and sediments in the bay under tidal forcing, and the impact of the present spatial distribution of slipper limpets on suspended sediment transport and bed evolution. A two-dimensional horizontal (2DH) model is implemented based on the TELEMAC numerical system. It integrates the spatial variability of bed sediments, accounts for the physical presence (macro-roughness, form drag - skin friction partitioning) and biological activity (filtration of water carrying suspended particles, production of biodeposit) of slipper limpets. Measurements of water level, mean flow velocity, and friction velocity satisfactorily validate the choice of parameters in the hydrodynamic model. Measurements of suspended matter concentration in the bay of Brest are sporadic, and their analysis complicated. The sediment model stands as a tool for better understanding sedimentary processes. It informs the temporal evolution of the contribution of different types of sediment, and their origin, to local suspended and deposited sediment concentrations. It allows to follow the paths of sediment transport predominantly in suspension, and to quantify the exchanges of sediments between the sub-basins of the bay and with the bed. The introduction of slipper limpet colonies on the bed, in the form of chains assimilated as cylinders, induces decreasing flow velocity above and in their wake, compensated by increasing flow velocity on the outskirts, which globally modify the patterns of sediment erosion and deposition in the bay. Locally, the macro-roughness elements have an antagonist effect depending on their distribution: medium densities increase skin friction and erosion flux, whereas high densities shelter bed sediments from which results accretion. By comparison to their hydrodynamic impact, the biological activity plays a secondary role on sediment dynamic
Baudrot, Virgile. "Modélisation des interactions trophiques impliquant des transferts de contaminants biologiques et chimiques : application à Echinococcus multilocularis et aux éléments traces métalliques." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2019/document.
Повний текст джерелаStructure and strength of trophic interactions shaping food webs regulate a large part of biomass andenergy transfer in ecosystems, but also the transfer of biological and chemical contaminants. The aim ofthe PhD thesis is to develop models describing the mechanisms of contaminant transmission and using them to study the dynamics of infectious diseases and chemical pollutions, and also the response of trophic networks subject to those contaminations.[...] Following those works, a fourth step of the thesis has been to integrate trophic interactions, parasite dynamics and pollutions effects in order to study the stability of meta community (i.e. spatially connectedcommunities) and the risk of disease outbreaks. To do so, we use the theory of random matrices andwe introduced new criteria of metacommunity stability and of disease outbreak in metacommunity, both under external pressures. The study showed that external perturbations increase the risk of epidemics,but that those risks could be reduced with the dispersal of individuals (susceptible and infectious) underspecific conditions such as, for TTP, a greater number of species than that of connected ecosystems, and a smaller virulence than the contagion rate.In this way, in a context of planetary increase of anthropogenic pressures on ecosystems, this PhD thesis in modeling provides a set of tools and conceptual developments suitable to analyze quantitatively and qualitatively the transfers and impacts of contaminants in ecosystems
Vaugeois, Maxime. "Modélisation du cycle de vie d'un appendiculaire : évalutation des conséquences écologiques de la singularité de son processus d'acquisition d'énergie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4054.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we studied the appendicularian, specifically the species Oikopleura dioica, which are members of the mesozooplankton group. Their particular features are due to their anatomical and physiological characteristics: they secrete an extra-corporal structure, called house, where they live and use as food reservoir. As such, they control its qualitative and quantitative content. We developed a model detailing the processes of filtration, ingestion and assimilation. We formulated an original mathematical representation of the physiology of this organism which integrates the current knowledge about the above-mentioned processes. The simulations results were used to investigate the mechanisms involved in the production of fecal pellets. The results suggest that the proportionality between fecal pellet size and organism size is not the same for low and high values of environmental food concentration. Moreover the house could delay of about one and half hours the organism perception of the beginning of an alimentary interruption.Using the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory, we developed a standard model which does not take into account the house production nor its impacts on energy acquisition processes. We then proposed a second version of the model which explicitly represents the houses and their effects on energy acquisition process. The results about sizes simulations are significantly different between the two model versions
Loeuille, Nicolas. "Coévolution et fonctionnement des écosystèmes." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066209.
Повний текст джерелаHusson, Bérengère. "Fonctionnement et dynamique des écosystèmes hydrothermaux : vers un premier modèle." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0008/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn nearly forty years of research, significant insights have been gained on vent field geology, on the chemistry of emitted fluid and on the ecology of the communities inhabiting hydrothermal ecosystems. The fauna forms dense assemblages, distributed along the hydrothermal fluid/sea water mixing gradient, and visually dominated only by a few species. The high spatio-temporal variability of the hydrothermal fluid has a strong influence on species distribution. However, the mechanisms determining the species response to this variability is still poorly understood. In order to investigate this issue, a modelling approach is presented. Data collected for more than 20 years on the Eiffel Tower edifice, on the Lucky Strike vent filed (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) were integrated in order to identify meaningful elements for our problem. An integrative study of the faunal biomasses on the edifice showed that these are dominated by the mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. This bivalve is likely to have a significant influence on the ecosystem functioning and is thus the object of a first model. The search for data to constrain it led to the measurement of in situ metabolic rates. Once parametrized, the model provided quantitative estimates of unknown fluxes. The simulation of hydrothermal flow interruption provided some insights on the mussel biomass response to its environment variability
Jolly, Dominique. "Evolution et dynamique des écosystèmes du Burundi : pollen et statistique." Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX22017.
Повний текст джерелаDelogu, Émilie. "Modélisation de la respiration du sol dans les agro-écosystèmes." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2301/.
Повний текст джерелаAround 1/3 of the Earth land surface is used for croplands. Their role in the carbon cycle is a crucial issue for scientists today. In the context of global warming, understanding the factors influencing carbon fluxes of agricultural soils and their components is essential for implementing efficient mitigation practices. The CO2 produced at the soil surface results from several respiratory processes making the evaluation of the existing methods complicated. Understanding the soil respiration sources and their dynamics are crucial issues to estimate the potential for carbon sequestration into soils via efficient cultural practices. Because of its major role in carbon loss over croplands, soil respiration modeling received much attention to quantify the fluxes (empirical modeling), to highlight the lack of knowledge and to guide researches (mechanistic modeling). In this study, empirical and semi-mechanistic models were carried out depending on how precise, generic or real the model should be. Using abiotic and biotic factors was essential to properly model respiration among five sites with different soil and climate. The Rh sensitivity to Ts and ?s was adequate to obtain satisfying predictions over bare soils but the dependency of Rs on an indicator of the vegetation growth (GPP) was necessary to improve the predictions during crop periods. The empirical approach could not allow a good and reliable estimation of the contributions of the different components of Rs. Semi-mechanistic model was tested on 3 sites with various climatic and soil conditions. This approach allowed a good assessment on the heterotrophic and autotrophic contributions since it described more carefully the soil respiration and its underlying processes. Rh accounted for 63 % to 66 % of Rs for winter wheat culture whereas it accounted for 52 % to 56 % for a spring wheat rotation. Rs represented 33 % to 43 % of the total ecosystem respiration balance during winter wheat season and about 50 % for spring wheat. The semi-mechanistic model was developed to simulate the effects under different cultural practices as fertilization (manure) and tillage systems. It was concluded that carbon sequestration and carbon dioxide fluxes were more affected by soil organic matter inputs than by the tillage system itself
Delogu, Elodie. "Modélisation de la respiration du sol dans les agro-écosystèmes." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00953712.
Повний текст джерелаLecomte, Maxime. "Approche hybride de modélisation explicable du métabolisme des écosystèmes microbiens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0094.
Повний текст джерелаMicrobial communities are complex systems composed of various species of microorganisms interacting with each other and with their environment. Systems biology offers a framework for their study, combining experimentation, high-throughput data generation and the integration of the latter into computer models. Understanding these ecosystems requires the analysis of their metabolism and of the exchange of molecules between members, which can have positive or negative impacts on each other. Metabolism is a set of biochemical reactions that can be represented as a genome-scale metabolic network through the association of genes and reactions in an organism. These networks can be used to build metabolic models, mathematical representations of organism behavior under given environmental conditions. Scaling up to the analysis of a community composed of a few species under controlled conditions, or several hundreds in natural environments, raises methodological difficulties in the construction of models. This thesis manuscript deals with the construction of computational models for the analysis of metabolism and metabolic interactions in microbial ecosystems, with a particular attention on explaining the cellular mechanisms underlying bacterial interactions. Numerical solutions are mainly used - ensuring the accuracy of results - but they face combinatorial issues generated by bacterial interactions in large-scale communities. Discrete approaches overcome this problem, but are limited to pairwise analysis. In order to identify a putative methodological tradeoff reconciling the advantages of both approaches, i.e. finding a hybrid approach, a first contribution focuses on the development of a dynamic and accurate numerical model of a cheese bacterial community composed of three strains. Our iterative strategy enables the integration of heterogeneous data through refinement and dynamic calibration steps. This back-and-forth between knowledge and model ensures the accurate prediction of metabolite concentrations and bacterial densities during cheese production. We propose as a second contribution a reasoning-based model for deciphering cooperative and competitive potentials in bacterial communities. This model relies on the inference of logical rules motivated by biology in order to evaluate and compare community interaction potentials. Ecosystem-specific interactions potentials are retrieved, and the fast execution of the reasoning-based approach facilitates the screening of collections of communities. Finally, the third contribution is a reflection on the enrichment of the logic model. We propose a prototype based on the inference of logical rules, enabling (i) the selection of the best community based on biological constraints and (ii) the inference of a temporal notion, which can impact interaction potentials. Through this thesis, we demonstrate that the construction of a hybrid model of metabolism is not required but that a hybrid approach, using numerical models for small communities and discrete models for rapid analysis of full-size communities, seems to be relevant
Mueller, Derek. "Structure et dynamique des cryo-écosystèmes : plates-formes de glace nordiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23041/23041.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis doctoral thesis is the first systematic study of a newly discovered class of extreme ecosystems in the arctic environment: microbial mat communities and their habitats on northern ice shelves. The overarching objective was to examine the structure and dynamics of these cryo-ecosystems at several scales and to examine the interaction between physical and biological aspects on the five major ice shelves found in the Canadian High Arctic. This study made use of a broad range of methods including: microscopic enumeration of algal taxa; quantification of pigments with high performance liquid chromatography; automated over-winter measurements of salinity, irradiance and temperature; helicopter-assisted surveys and sampling; and analysis of satellite imagery. The chemical and physical limnology of the cryo-habitats across this entire ecosystem was found to be heterogeneous and a diverse community of phototrophic microorganisms was found within the microbial mats. Habitat fragmentation was shown to have little effect on the biodiversity of the cryo-ecosystem, however environmental gradients were significantly associated with microbial mat community structure. The hypothesis that ice shelf microbial mat organisms subsist in sub-optimal conditions was tested by examining metabolic responses to changes in salinity, irradiance and temperature. Heterotrophic microbiota were found to be optimized for the extreme conditions prevalent on the ice shelf, whereas photosynthetic micro-organisms tolerated a broader range, suggesting they were extremotrophic (defined by this study as tolerance by microbiota to local conditions but with in situ growth well outside their physiological optima) rather than extremophilic (a more narrow specialization to local conditions, with in situ growth close to physiological maxima). An assemblage of sunscreening and accessory pigments was associated with the autotrophic community, which may account for the extended tolerance range of the extremotrophs. The relationship between microbial mat cover and the surface ablation of the ice shelf was examined and a high concentration of nutrients within the microbial mats indicated that this microenvironment differed greatly from the properties of the bulk ecosystem. These results underscore the importance of biotic-physical coupling on the ice shelf, and in the cryosphere in general. A break-up event on the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf and the drainage of an epishelf lake (ice-dammed freshwater overlying seawater) was discovered during the study period. Further analysis suggested that climate warming contributed to this event, which highlights the vulnerability of ice shelf dependent habitats and their value as indicators of climate change. These cryo-ecosystems also provide new insights into microbial life under extreme polar conditions, with implications for survival, growth and evolution during glacial periods in the past, including the Precambrian Era.
Djiongo, Boukeng Jose Elvire. "Dynamique et services des écosystèmes agroforestiers autour d'une aire protégée du Cameroun." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68067.
Повний текст джерелаAgroforestry is a dynamic system of ecological management of renewable natural resources for biodiversity conservation in both tropical and temperate regions. In addition to ensuring connectivity between protected areas and inhabited areas, it could provide ecosystem services and reduce pressure on forest resources. This study was conducted in and around the Bouba Ndjidda National Park (BNNP) in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Cameroon in Central Africa. The objectives of the study were: i) to analyse the spatio-temporal dynamics of land use in the BNNP as well as the determining factors of changes; ii) to determine the structural characteristics and uses of woody species in agroforestry systems (AFS); and iii) to evaluate the carbon stocks in the AFS around the BNNP. Using satellite images from 1990, 1999 and 2016, land cover maps were produced using the maximum likelihood supervised classification method. Field validation of the different land use classes coupled with socioeconomic data was carried out to corroborate the cartographic results. A total survey of woody trees in the AFS was then carried out and dendrometric and ethnobotanical data collected. Finally, carbon stock measurements were carried out at the level of above-ground biomass, underground biomass, and soil. For soil carbon, soil samples were taken from 37 plots of 50 x 50 m distributed across 17 dispersed trees on cropland, 10 fallows, 6 home gardens and 4 lives fences. Diversity indices and carbon stock measurements were analyzed using linear mixed models and Tukey or Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparison tests where necessary. The main results show that in 1990, the most important land use classes in and around the BNNP were woody savannah (42.9%), gallery forest (20.2%) and clear forest (16.3%). Between 1990 and 2016, there was an increase in fields from 2.2 to 6.3% at the expense of other types of land use. At the time of the study, these fields around the BNNP were made up of AFS, essentially dispersed trees on cropland (98%). The AFS contain an average floristic richness of 50 species belonging to 23 families, the dominant one being the Fabaceae (62.4%), mainly represented by Acacia polyacantha. Two species on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List were among the woody species listed. These are Vitellaria paradoxa and Khaya senegalensis. Farmers used AFS woody species mainly as fuel wood (66.5%) and as a source of food (63.5%). Total carbon stocks ranged from 26.9 ± 4.9 t C/ha for fallows land to 31.9 ± 7.7 t C/ha for life fences, but no significant difference was found between carbon stocks according to the types of AFS. Soil carbon averaged 31-59% of total carbon and decreased significantly with soil depth (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.009). In terms of payments for environmental services, AFS carbon stock prices were estimated at between 986 and 1170$ US/ha depending on the system. The results of this thesis show that the evolutionary dynamics in favour of agroforestry fields around Sudano-Sahelian protected areas contributes to the provision of ecosystem services. The study therefore suggests that such systems should be promoted and intensified to increase their capacity to provide these services for the socio-ecological systems around protected areas known to be highly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressure.
Brondeau, Florence. "La dynamique actuelle des écosystèmes dans le Sud-Mali : essai d'analyse cartographique." Bordeaux 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR30015.
Повний текст джерелаMali has experienced servere drought since the beginning of the 1970 th, together with a demographic explosion and an economic crisis. The dynamics of the ecosystems and the functioning of rural societies have completely disrupted. Cultivators and stock breeders have been unable to overcome such degradation of natural potential, given the condition of agricultural techniques used up to now. Population and livestock migration on an unprecedented scale has been the result, leading to a total redistribution of pressure over the various environments. Drought and anthropisation will become apparent on a greater or lesser scale, depending on the different regions. The capacity to adapt of the various environments is a major element in the regionalisation of the agro-ecological crisis, which seems to be becoming generalised
Ngomanda, Alfred. "Dynamique des écosystèmes forestiers du gabon au cours des cinq derniers millénaires." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20146.
Повний текст джерелаLepère, Cécile. "Diversité, dynamique et facteurs de régulation des picoeurocaryotes dans les écosystèmes lacustres." Chambéry, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CHAMS005.
Повний текст джерелаThe composition and structure of small eukaryotes (size less than 5 mm was considered) were studied in several lakes which are characterised by contrasted trophic status, size, morphology and geography. The results allowed to obtain a first assessment of diversity and a first characterisation of lacustrine clades. The dynamics of these micro-organisms was studied during a two years long survey in an oligomesotrophic lake, allowing to observe both the seasonal changes and the relationships between modifications in small eukaryotes structure and changes measured for environmental parameters (physical, chemical, biological). Moreover, the relative importance of regulatory factors which affect small eukaryotes structure were tested using a mesocosms experimental approach. Cloning sequencing and T-RFLP were two molecular methods which were used to describe the composition and dynamics of the small eukaryote community both in ecosystemic and experimental approaches. Moreover, the TSA-FISH method was used to identify and count some specific groups of small eukaryotes. The results revealed a large diversity (number of phylogenetic groups) within the picoeukaryotic assemblage. The highest richness and diversity were reported for the mesotrophic lake. In all studied lakes, the small eukaryotes community was dominated by a small number of taxa, and sequences were mainly affiliated to heterotrophic groups. Among these heterotrophs, we highlight the importance of parasitic groups, mainly fungi and Perkinsozoa. On the basis of our data, the comparisons with small eukaryote groups observed in marine systems showed that the new clades found in oceanic systems (Stramenopiles and Alveolata) were not observed in lakes. Moreoever, large seasonal variations could be observed in the structure of small eukaryotes but, no seasonal reproducibility of small eukaryote community was observed from one year to the next
Descloux, Elodie. "Dynamique moléculaire et épidémique du virus de la dengue dans différents écosystèmes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20719.
Повний текст джерелаThe determinant factors of Dengue epidemiology and severity remain unclear. Understanding the epidemic dynamics is crucial to manage vector control and vaccine strategies in the future. In a first work, the molecular characterization of 181 Dengue-1 strains allowed to determine the origin of Dengue outbreaks in French Polynesia (2001, 2006) and to identify a phenomenom of re-emergence. A mutation (E-S222T) has been fixed during the endemic period that may reflect viral adaptation to the mosquito. At the intra-host scale, the genetic variability was significantly lower in patients experiencing severe forms. This suggests a relationship between the diversity of viral populations within hosts and the clinical presentation of the disease.In a second work, this connection has been confirmed (Bolivia, 2009 Dengue-1 outbreak) and the importance of the composition of viral populations in the capillary blood has been underlined.In a third work, the influence of climate on Dengue epidemics has been studied (New Caledonia, 1971-2010) and a predictive model of epidemic risk usable by the health authorities has been developed
Dupont, Hélène. "Modélisation multi-agents d'un service ecosystémique : scénarios de systèmes d'equarrissage par des rapaces nécrophages." Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598563.
Повний текст джерелаDumont, Maxime. "Apports de la modélisation des interactions pour une compréhension fonctionnelle d'un écosystème : application à des bactéries nitrifiantes en chémostat." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20199.
Повний текст джерелаThe characteristics of microbial ecosystems make them appropriate models for studying certain important issues in general ecology using both theoretical and experimental approaches. However, their use remains marginal due to the difficulty in extracting key information. In this thesis, we have worked to such difficulties in the study of the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning by the use of molecular and automatic tools during the monitoring of nitrifying chemostats. First, we propose a generic method for allocating one of the studied functions performed by an ecosystem to each of the phylotypes (i. E. Molecular species) detected by molecular fingerprinting. This method constitutes an essential step in devising a structured mass-balance model taking account of inter- and intra-specific interactions which may occur between the different assembled species. Then, we accomplished such modeling by considering the dynamics of four phylotypes: two AOB (i. E. Oxidizing ammonium into nitrite) and two NOB (i. E. Oxidizing nitrites into nitrates). The comparison of the experimental data for these four phylotypes with the simulation given by the model shows that microbial interactions can lead to coexistence and play an important role in the functions expressed by the ecosystem. Finally, we have also studied the influence of different biotic disturbances on the resilience of the nitrifying systems and as a result, confirm studies which have been shown that the macroscopic functioning of an ecosystem can be stable despite significant variations at the populational scale
Perez, Alain François. "Modélisation de la dynamique du carpe." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344523.
Повний текст джерелаFrançois, Paul. "Réseaux génétiques : conception, modélisation et dynamique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010681.
Повний текст джерелаTort, Marine. "Dynamique et modélisation des atmosphères profondes." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2015. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01137840.
Повний текст джерелаLarge-scale atmospheric and oceanic motions are fairly well described under the so-called shallow-atmosphere approximation, which neglects the thickness of the atmosphere comparing to the planetary radius. Titan is the biggest moon of Saturn and has a thick atmosphere with an aspect ratio reaching almost 25%. It is then preferable not to make the shallow-atmosphere approximation to model its atmospheric general circulation. This thesis solves problems in modeling of such deep-atmospheres and addresses some issues for understanding their dynamics. The shallow-atmosphere and traditional approximation neglecting the part of the Coriolis force due to the horizontal component of the planetary rotation rate vector (also called as non-traditional part) seem to be inseparable to satisfy the conservation of absolute angular momentum. However, we show that it is possible to retain non-traditional terms under the shallow-atmosphere approximation while satisfying all conservation laws, in the compressible Euler equations as well as in the shallow-water equations on the rotating sphere. In most cases, given the small aspect ratio, this new non-traditional model is accurate. In this case, several idealized zonal jet stability and free evolving turbulence studies have been conducted using shallow-water and Boussinesq models taking into account the complete Coriolis force. We highlight the parameters for which the non-traditional effects are significant and discuss the dynamical effects in realistic cases. To model general circulation of Titan's atmosphere, we integrate the quasi-hydrostatic equations in the dynamical core of the LMD-Z (Titan) atmospheric general circulation model. After identifying the Hamiltonian structure of the equations, we imitate the formulation at discrete level to conserve total energy. Various test cases are performed in order to validate the stability and the accuracy of the new dynamical core. The latter is applied to Titan's atmosphere. Firstly, an idealized simulation is performed starting from an atmosphere at rest and using a Newtonian relaxation. Then more realistic simulations are implemented using parameterizations of LMD-Z (Titan)
Staub, Carole. "Modélisation dynamique de procédés de forgeage." Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/1998ISAL0038/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn many cases, forming processes are simulated with a quasi-static approximation by a fm1te element method. For high speed forging processes, it is necessary to take into account inertia effects in the balance equation. Two time integration methods of the updated Lagrangian formulation are used in the axisymmetric dynamic thermo-elasto-visco-plastic software developed during this work. With the first one, known as the central difference method, the balance equation is solved independently for each degree of freedom. Tools are discretised with straight lines and considered as rigid bodies. Unilateral contact including friction conditions is introduced by a dynamic projection method. The second time integration scheme is the implicit method proposed by Newmark. The stiffness matrix is kept constant in order to reduce computation time. The boundary conditions are imposed with a penalty method and the friction conditions introduced with a friction stiffness and a friction• force. In both cases, the behaviour of the material is assumed as elastoplastic with isotropic hardening. The plastic strains are assessed with a radial return algorithm, and ductile damage t coupled. The different examples presented in this work show that the software is an efficient tool for the development and the optimisation of forging processes
François, Paul Raymond Albert. "Réseaux génétiques : conception, modélisation et dynamique." Paris 7, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010681.
Повний текст джерелаParveen, Bushra. "Structure et dynamique de la communauté bactérienne libre et attachée dans les écosystèmes lacustres." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF22221.
Повний текст джерелаThe free-living bacteria point of view dominates in recent research of freshwater microbial ecology, only a few studies have focused on attached bacterial communities. In present study, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, diversity of attached and free-living bacterial community was investigated from two freshwater aquatic systems ; a mesotrophic lake Bourget and a hypereutrophic lake Villerest. The diversity of attached and free-living Actinobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia, in relation to environmental variables was investigated from lake Bourget during two contrasting periods of phytoplankton dominance. Comparison analyses showed a phylogenetic difference between attached and free-living bacterial communities of all three studied bacterial groups. The betaI, appeared as most dominant among all clades representing phylogenetic diversity of freshwater Betaproteobacteria, for both attached and free-living fractions, contributing to 57.8% of of the total retrieved opertational taxonomic units (OTUs). For Actinobacteria, the acIV cluster was detected as dominant, followed by acI accounting for 45% and 25% of the total retrieved OTUs respectively. Similarly, freshwater Verrucomicrobia cluster namely, CRE-PA29, FukuN18, CL120-10 appeared as dominant, comprising 22.3%, 16.15% and 14.61% of the total retrieved OTUs respectively. This study allowed defining 15 new putative clades representing the freshwater bacterial divesity of Betaproteobacteria (lbI-lbVIII), Actinobacteria (acLBI) and Verrucomicrobia (CRE-PA29, FukuS27, BourFI-BourFIV). In addition, 12 clusters representing the phylogenetic diversity of Betaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were exclusively comprised of OTUs from the attached fraction. The seasonal dynamics of environmental variables have been reflected as changes in distinct bacterial phylotypes for both attached and free-living communities. The attached bacterial communities of Actinobacteria showed affiliation with Chrysophyceae biomass and N-NO3, while attached Betaproteobacteria were affiliated with biomass of Chlorophyceae and phytoplankton richness. Similarly attached verrucomicrobial communities appeared to be mainly influenced by phytoplankton richness, rotifers abundances and inorganic nutrients (NNO3,SiO2). On the other hand, within free-living communities, few actinobacterial clades were found to be dependent on either nutrients or phytoplankton communities, whereas Betaproteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were mainly associated with biological parameters (i.e. phytoplankton and copepods communities). In another study during a cyanobacterial (Microcystis sp.) bloom from lake Villerest, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were detected as prevalent taxa among the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, however, Verrucomicrobia and Deinococcus-Thermus appeared as comparatively less abundant bacterial groups in both fractions. Whereas, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes and Op11 were appeared as minor phyla in clone libraries of attached and free-living bacterial communities. For attached bacterial communities Betaproteobacteria (n=118) appeared as most dominant group, followed by Gammaproteobacteria (n=74) and Bacteroidetes (n=52). The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences obtained for the clone library from free-living fraction showed that most of the OTUs belonged to Betaproteobacteria (n=192) followed in decreasing order by Bacteroidetes (n=132) and Actinobacteria (n=61) whereas Gammaproteobacteria (n=42) and Alphaproteobacteria (n=42) appeared in equal proportion in free-living 16S rRNA clone libraries. (...)
Barros, Ceres. "Etude de la stabilité des écosystèmes à plusieurs échelles spatiales et trophiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV013/document.
Повний текст джерелаAs global change threatens ecosystems worldwide with biodiversity loss, studying ecosystem stability has never been so important. Most ecosystem stability studies have heretofore focused on single ecosystems and disturbances, usually following the behaviour of particular ecosystem properties, such as productivity and diversity indices. However, ecosystems are subjected to multiple disturbances simultaneously and at large spatial scales different ecosystems co-occur, each responding specifically to any given disturbance. Hence, the study of ecosystem stability needs to move towards approaches that can be informative at broad scales that are relevant for ecosystem management. This thesis is a step forward in this direction. Here, I used several approaches to assess how multiple global change drivers, such as climate change, extreme whether events, and land-use changes, affect ecosystem stability at landscape and larger spatial scales, and from single to multi-trophic level perspectives.I begin by highlighting the importance of considering the interactions between gradual and extreme climate changes, in conjunction with land-use changes, for the management of highly diverse landscapes, such as the European Alps. Using a spatially explicit dynamic vegetation model, I show that increasing drought frequency and intensity will likely change the trends of treeline movement expected under future gradual climate warming scenarios. I then investigated whether drought and gradual climate warming caused plant communities to shift in different ways, using n-dimensional hypervolumes to describe community states in multidimensional space. Drought effects on forest and grassland structure did not greatly change the long-term trajectories caused by gradual climate warming alone, but showed that forest communities became more unstable than grasslands in the future. However, focusing on vegetation dynamics remains limited to a single trophic level. Because trophic networks represent energy flows in an ecosystem, studying their stability to disturbances should provide more accurate information on overall ecosystem stability. Hence, I also investigated trophic network stability in European protected areas to future scenarios of land-use and climate changes. My results show that these trophic networks may be highly sensitive to climate changes, even if no land-use changes occur. Importantly, I show that considering different dispersal limitations will greatly impact network robustness, and stress the importance of accounting for these processes in ecosystem management.In my thesis, I demonstrate that ecosystem stability concepts can and should be applied at scales that are relevant for management, while embracing the multidimensional nature of ecosystems
Cadamuro, Laurent. "Structure et Dynamique des écosystèmes inondables (forêt marécageuse, mangrove) du bassin du Sinnamary (Guyane Française)." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007798.
Повний текст джерелаGarneau, Marie-Eve. "Structure et dynamique du réseau microbien dans des écosystèmes côtiers arctiques sous l'influence d'apports riverains." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25371/25371.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDubois, Mélodie. "Effets combinés de la pêche et des perturbations naturelles sur la dynamique des écosystèmes coralliens." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEP021.
Повний текст джерелаCoral reef provides coastal communities with vital and valuable ecosystem services, such as food and coastal protection, sources of income, and contribute to their societal and cultural identity. However, coral reef ecosystems are subjected to a combination of increasing natural disturbance regimes and increasing multiple human stressors. This may cause irreversible shifts in community structure and, thus, in the delivery of ecosystem services. Understanding the dynamics of these state shifts is fundamental to sustainably manage coral reef social-ecological systems. The overarching goal of this PhD thesis is to better develop system modeling methods to better inform sustainability management. We used two main modeling approaches: Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) and Agent Based Modeling. We used the coral reef social-ecological system of Moorea, French Polynesia, as a case study. Firstly, we collected and integrated various ecological and social data to build three food web models of Moorea, before, during and after a natural disturbance-driven coral mortality. Then, we used an ecosystem network approach to assess recovery pathways of that coral reef ecosystem. We showed that, while benthic communities recovered in a decade after the disturbance, the ecosystem as a whole presented a recovery debt. To investigate how fisheries dynamics interact with this ecosystem dynamic, we developed a dynamic food web model that revisits a natural disturbance regime under different fishing scenarios. We showed that indirect effect of fisheries can maintain intermediate level of fished populations, thus buffering the impact of the disturbance regime on local society. Finally, to better predict local fisheries management initiatives, we developed an agent-based model that accounts for more realist fisheries dynamics. We showed that a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) could in the long-term benefit both marine resources and fisheries production, but under a scenario without disturbance regime. Some of our results give new insights on how both natural disturbances and fisheries activities interact to shape coral reef ecosystems
Garneau, Marie-Ève. "Structure et dynamique du réseau microbien dans des écosystèmes côtiers arctiques sous l'influence d'apports riverains." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19999.
Повний текст джерелаLe plateau côtier de la rivière Mackenzie dans la mer de Beaufort. un écosystème majeur du bassin arctique, reçoit une quantité considérable de sédiments et de matière organique terrigènes. Cette région de V Arctique canadien ouest est de plus en plus affectée par le réchauffement climatique qui augmentera vraisemblablement les apports riverains de carbone organique via l'avancée de la ligne des arbres, le dégel du pergélisol et l'augmentation des précipitations. Le réseau microbien occupe une place centrale dans le cycle du carbone et les transferts d'énergie dans les écosystèmes, mais à ce jour aucune étude n'aborde les variations spatiales et temporelles de la production bactérienne (PB) et des assemblages bactériens dans l'Arctique. La présente thèse avait pour objectif d'évaluer la structure et la dynamique des communautés microbiennes sur le plateau côtier arctique, avec une emphase sur le rôle des particules et des bactéries attachées à celles-ci. L'étude spatiale dans le panache de la rivière Mackenzie a montré que le gradient de salinité structure les communautés bactériennes qui sont dominées par le groupe Beîaproteobacteria en eau douce, et par les Alphaproteobacîeria dans la mer de Beaufort. Les secteurs influencés par la rivière présentaient des taux maximaux de PB, dont entre 75% et 96% pouvaient être attribués aux bactéries associées aux particules (AP). Cette première étude annuelle de la PB en milieu côtier arctique a montré que les communautés bactériennes de la baie de Franklin demeurent actives toute l'année puisqu'elles utilisent les substrats disponibles, soit les apports allochtones de carbone organique, pour survivre durant la noirceur hivernale. Même si en période estivale les bactéries utilisent les substrats organiques labiles de la production primaire in situ, la baie de Franklin semble être un écosystème hétérotrophe sur une base annuelle. Les bactéries AP étaient particulièrement actives au printemps et à l'été, très probablement en raison des apports allochtones saisonniers de matière organique particulaire (MOP). L'analyse de l'ADN par DGGE {denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) a montré des différences phylogénétiques entre les assemblages de bactéries libres et les assemblages de bactéries AP lorsque les concentrations en MOP sont plus élevées. A plusieurs autres sites, les assemblages libres et PA étaient similaires. La thèse souligne l'importance des particules allochtones pour les réseaux microbiens des milieux arctiques côtiers, et qu'il faut les considérer dans l'étude de la réponse des cycles biogéochimiques au réchauffement climatique dans l'océan Arctique
Vonnet, Matthieu. "Modélisation dynamique et commande d'un propulseur naval." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00460439.
Повний текст джерелаGallot, Guillaume. "Modélisation Dynamique et Commande d'un robot Anguille." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00306695.
Повний текст джерелаA travers cet objectif, la thèse se porte dans un premier temps sur la modélisation dynamique du robot sous la forme d'un mécanisme hybride (structures de robots parallèles montées en série) permettant ainsi d'être le plus proche possible du prototype construit. Pour cela nous avons utilisé les algorithmes récursifs de Newton-Euler pour les modèles dynamiques inverse et direct en les généralisant au cas des robots à base mobile. Nous avons également proposé un modèle de contact fluide-structure pour simuler le comportement du robot dans l'eau. Pour tester ces algorithmes, nous avons simulé le comportement du robot lors de différents types de nage et en avons tiré des conclusions qui nous ont guidées dans la conception du prototype.
Dans un deuxième temps, à partir d'un générateur de mouvements à base de CPGs (ou réseau de neurones), nous avons étudié des lois de commande pour réaliser des simulations de nage en boucle fermée. Ainsi, nous avons abordé les problèmes de la nage vers des points cible et l'évitement d'obstacles pour la nage en milieu confiné.
Velkova, Cvetelina Vladimirova. "Modélisation du comportement dynamique des rotors d’hélicoptères." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENAM0055/document.
Повний текст джерелаMODELING THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF HELICOPTER ROTORThe aim of the thesis is the investigation and modeling of dynamic and aerodynamic behavior of helicopter rotor considering both inertial and aerodynamic forces and taking into account the elastic deformation of the blades. The proposed coupling algorithm allows the transient calculations with data exchange between the fluid and structure solvers at each time step.The particularity of this research is the use of an actuator line aerodynamic model, which represents the blade forces applied to the fluid as source terms. These source terms are distributed in the grid cells where the blade is located. Thus the rotation, flapping and torsion of the blade can be represented without any grid deformation. An advantage of the actuator line is that the simulation uses a reduced number of nodes, because the “wall” boundary conditions do not need to be modeled.The case of small experimental helicopter rotor is studied in forward flight. The fluid and structure solvers are coupled to calculate aerodynamic and dynamic behavior of the rotor. For this purpose, a loosely coupling serial staggered algorithm is applied. The iterative calculations are controlled by specially developed code. At the beginning of each iteration, this code calculates and distributes the source terms in the fluid domain. At the end of the time step, the code runs the structural solver to execute a single time step. This solver calculates the blade displacement under aerodynamic, elastic and inertial forces, and the results are returned to the fluid solver. The calculated blade displacements serve as reference in the next fluid step to distribute the source terms. The calculation stops when the convergence criteria are met.In order to validate the simulated case, measurements are carried on in the wind tunnel. The power and aerodynamic thrust of the rotor are measured. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to obtain the velocity field around the rotor. Phase locked measurement in azimuth planes enabled to reconstruct 3D flow field. The comparison between numerical results and experiments shows good agreement and permits to validate the proposed coupling method