Дисертації з теми "Modélisation de scénario"
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DURAND, Alain. "Modélisation moléculaire : vers un nouvel outil d'aide à la conception multimédia." Phd thesis, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambresis, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007382.
Повний текст джерелаMarion, Nicolas. "Modélisation de scénarios pédagogiques pour les environnements de réalité virtuelle d’apprentissage humain." Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2009.
Повний текст джерелаThis work takes place in the context uf Virtual Reality Leaming Environments (VRLE) design. More particularly, we focus on the phase during which the tramer writes the learning scenario. The goal of this scenario is to describe how a free simulation is exploited in a particular pedagogical context. To be used in a VRLE context, classic learning scenario models (used in non-simulation learning environments) dont suit, because they don’t makte it possible to describe the control of learners’ activity. On the other hand, models proposed by simulation learning environments are too specific to be reused in a variety of contexts, These observations lead up to propose Poseidon, a learning scenario model for VRLE. Poseidon makes it possible to describe learning activities in an operationalisable way, and generic from three criterion: learning domain, task to realize and pedagogical strategy. This genericity level is reached using Mascaret, a virtual environment meta-model. Mascaret provides a representation of virtual environments, abstract enough ta allow Poseidon to be both generic and operatinnalisable. When he writes a learning scenario, the didactician constitutes a learning knowledge base about the learning of a particular knowledge. When the scenario is executed, this knowledge base can be exploited by the trainer in order to lead the session in an efficient way. The knowledga can also be exploited by a pedagogical agent, and thus enhance its generic pedagogical rules base
Lo, Feudo Fausto. "Un scénario TOD pour la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais : enseignements d'une modélisation intégrée transport-usage du sol." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10129/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis discuss the theme of integration and articulation between urban and transportation planning, with the aim of evaluate and studyi the sense and potentialities of the application of a Regional Plan for Transit Oriented Development (TOD) in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. In this regard we have chosen to use the tool of land use and transport integrated modeling (LUTI), and in particular the integrated simulation software Tranus, to implement a model which could answer to several research questions.We propose in this paper an integrated, inclusive and interactive perspective about problems and issues concerning land-use and transport policies at a regional level. A multidisciplinary and multi-scalar approach, following the principles of interdependence between all different elements of the territory, which is found in the concept of "networked city" of Dupuy. The aim is to address the themes of mobility and transport, according to a new paradigm, based on the concepts of accessibility, connectivity and multimodality and therefore according to the idea of an urbanism and a development oriented to transit and non-motorized transport, rather than car-oriented. The thesis is part of a phd research in urban and transportation planning, held at the University of Science and Technology of Lille 1, through a joint supervision between the Laboratoire Ville MObilité et Transport (LVMT - IFSTTAR) and the University of Calabria (Italy) and a scientific collaboration with Venezuelan engineering firm Modelistica
Mbatchou, Nkwetchoua Guy Merlin. "Vers un modèle d'accompagnement de l'apprentissage dans les Learning Management Systems : une approche basée sur la modélisation multi-scénarios d'un cours et la co-construction du scénario par les apprenants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS257.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis contributes to support learning in Technology Enhanced Learning environment in order to improve the learning process. In a context where we do not have profiles to adapt learning, we have opted for learner-directed learning under the constraints defined by the teacher.We developed to teachers a model to design multi-scenario course. The model inspired on the Competence-based Knowledge Space Theory to which 3 extensions are added to correct its weaknesses in a context of initial or lifelong training. The model is based on learning objectives and prerequisite relationships among them to produce multiple scenarios in a reasonable time. A survey of teachers shows a priori an acceptability of the model. We allow learner to co-construct his scenario during the learning. Co-construction results from the fact that the scenario must respect constraints defined by the teacher to avoid illogical choices that may lead to failure or even dropout. The learning process is based on the choice and change of objectives to achieve and activities to do. A survey of learners shows a priori acceptability of the model. The models are implemented as an integrable plugin in Moodle. An experiment with the teachers allowed them to detect inconsistencies and deficiencies in their courses. We observed a variety of scenarios built by the students
Vu, Thi My Hang. "Aider les enseignants pendant la phase d'élaboration du scénario pédagogique par une approche ontologique de la modélisation des connaissances tâches-techniques du domaine considéré." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALM060.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is in the field of the Learning Sciences with a focus on scripting, i.e., the elaboration of learning scenarios. The objective is to support teachers in reflecting on the different tasks (exercises) of a considered domain, the different techniques and their interrelationships. We propose (1) a process for the semi-automatic elaboration of a task-technique knowledge model as an ontology and (2) interfaces providing teachers with easy access to the knowledge represented in the ontology while preparing a learning scenario. The tests show that these interfaces are useful and usable
Quilcaille, Yann. "Retour sur les scénarios climatiques et d'émissions à l'aide d'un modèle compact du système Terre." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV041/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis puts into perspective different elements of socio-economic scenarios from a climate change modelling point of view. These elements contribute at improving the comprehension of the current state of climate sciences regarding the scenarios. In the meantime, these elements demonstrate the potential of the recent reduced-form Earth System Model OSCAR v2.2.The first element concerns the uncertainty of emissions. Although emission inventories are uncertain, we ignore what impact on climate change have these uncertainties. We quantify this impact for fossil-fuel emissions, the major contributor to climate change. We show that the uncertainties in emissions are expected to increase with the use of non-conventional fuels, but that they do not increase significantly the uncertainty from Earth system modelling in variables, such as the increase in global surface temperature.The second element is a climate assessment of the recent Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP) scenarios. We identify loopholes in the SSP database, and we complete it to calculate the climate projections under these scenarios. Our conclusions suggest inconsistencies in CO2 emissions from Land Use Change (LUC) calculated by the Integrated Assessment Models and in the associated land variables. We identify trade-offs between greenhouse gases in the mitigation of climate change. Using a robust assessment, new carbon budgets are proposed. The uncertainties in increases in global surface temperature are discussed.The third element concerns the negative emissions. Most climate scenarios limiting global warming well below 2°C above preindustrial levels, thus respecting the Paris Agreement, use negative emissions. Using a developed version of OSCAR v2.2, we evaluate the implications for the Earth system of different aspects of different Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies. We identify the reversibility in the different components of the Earth system and calculate the cooling potential of carbon dioxide removal technologies. We also show that the potential of afforestation/reforestation techniques may be impeded by the change in albedo, and that the potential of oceanic enhanced weathering may be lower than expected.Overall, this thesis identifies loopholes in the current development of scenarios. Some do not hinder current conclusions regarding climate change, such as the uncertainties in emission inventories. Others call for further analysis, such as the inconsistencies in the use of CO2 emissions from LUC or the eventual overestimation of the potential of some CDR technologies. It emphasizes the need for an urgent mitigation of climate change
Dang, Kim Dung. "Aide à la réalisation de systèmes de pilotage de narration interactive : validation d'un scénario basée sur un modèle en logique linéaire." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066720.
Повний текст джерелаLamago, Merlin Ferdinand. "Réingénierie des fonctions des plateformes LMS par l'analyse et la modélisation des activités d'apprentissage : application à des contextes éducatifs avec fracture numérique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0589/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe present research aims to model learning processes on Learning ManagementSystems (LMS) in a bid to maximize users’ efficiency. We came about this idea whilethinking over the possible ways of facilitating the use of LMS for teachers and learnersin countries affected by the digital divide. Drawing from that, the following question hasbeen stated: in a given learning context, how can we insert a Learning ManagementSystem that provides users with both easy handling and optimal using conditions? Thisissue raises the problem of LMS adaptability and suggests two levels of modeling: thelearning tool on one hand and the planned context of use on the other. To address thisissue of adaptability, we adopt a two-pronged approach including the functionalanalysis of LMS tools and the reengineering of user interfaces. The first step is todevelop an approach for the analysis of teaching and learning processes on LMS. Thisentails modeling common learning situations and cross-checking them with thefeatures available in LMS solutions. This preliminary work enabled to build a formalismfor LMS analysis which is referred to as the OCGPI approach (Organize-Collaborate-Guide-Produce-Inform). The second step proposes an adaptive reengineering of LMSbased on the context of use. This is namely an embedded configurator which adaptsthe working environment according to each use and each user. This tool aims at givingbeginners the possibility of acquainting themselves quickly with the virtual platform
Ferrant, Sylvain. "Modélisation agro-hydrologique des transferts de nitrates à l'échelle des bassins versants agricoles gascons." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/779/.
Повний текст джерелаThe present work aimed to assess nitrogen trasfer and transformation in stream of agricultural catchment of Gascogne region, in order to evaluate agricultural practices change to decrease nitrate river contamination. A continuous in situ sampling protocol was used at the outlet of the small agricultural catchment in Auradé (3. 3 km2 in Gers district, South-West of France) to measure the fine temporal variation of nitrate concentration. Infra-daily high variations of concentrations have been observed during flood events, the high concentrations explain a significative part of annual nitrogen loads during these hydrological events. The spatially, physically based modelling approach of the Auradé catchment has then been used to evaluate water and nitrogen balance at the small catchment scale. Two catchment models have been chosen : TNT2, whitch is fully distributed and developped for small catchment with shallow groundwater, and SWAT, semi-distributed and developped for larger catchment. The use of both models permits to : - show that both of them failed to simulate accurately the daily nitrogen losses intensity in river observed during flood events, even if modelling approach of SWAT is more adapted to simulate processes involved - simulate a same global water and nitrogen balance with opposing simulated processes - show the main influence of mineralisation and denitrification dynamic simulated to conclued on ability of models to represent reality. TNT2 has been evaluated to be more adapted to simulate agricultural changes designed or already implemented in Auradé catchment. Results of this virtual experimentation show that agricultural changes already implemented would have decresed for 16% the annual nitrogen losses, and that if catch crop had been implemented, nitrogen losses would have decrease of 18% more. SWAT has after been calibrated at the larger scale of the Save catchment of 1110km2 whitch include Auradé catchment. The global parametrisation has been modified for the agro-pedological context of Auradé catchment, context area whitch represent 25% of the total Save catchment area. Major hydrological parameters calibrated on Auradé catchment has been used for calibrating this area. The increase of discharge prediction quality is significative and show the contribution of these areas to daily discharge at the Save catchment outletduring some rainy events. Predictions of water and nitrogen concentration may be improved in taking land cover spatialisation into account
Guigon, Gaëlle. "Des scénarios asymétriques pour des serious games multijoueurs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS266.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаToday, opportunities for students to immerse themselves in concrete professional situations remain limited, often confined to group projects or internships. This thesis is situated in the field of Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) and explores the design of serious games for learning, known as learning games, whose use as educational tools can help fill this gap. We focus on the development of Role Learning Games (RLG), intended to simulate multi-actor professional environments. Unlike traditional serious games oriented toward single-player gameplay, RLGs aim to replicate the complexity of professional interactions by encouraging cooperation between different roles, each with distinct objectives and activities. Our research problem thus deals with modeling scenarios with player interaction for asymmetrical learning games. The state of the art reveals a lack of existing methods and tools for creating such games. In response, we propose a model for designing asymmetric RLGs allowing interactions between players. Subsequently, we reified this model through two tools, one tangible in the form of a puzzle, the other digital and available online. Finally, the results obtained from the experiments are presented, demonstrating the interest of the model and these tools in supporting the teacher during the scenario development phase. The conclusion highlights the contribution of this research, while opening the way for future perspectives. Our research domain is TEL (Technology Enhanced Learning). We operate within the epistemological paradigm of pragmatic constructivism. This research was guided by Design Based Research (DBR) and we followed the THEDRE method: Traceable Human Experiment Design Research by Nadine Mandran. To address our research question, we conducted several qualitative experiments. The end-users involved in the experiments were predominantly teachers (from middle schools, high schools, or engineering schools) and instructional designers. Following the experiments, we conducted focus groups or individual interviews. The recorded exchanges during the sessions were subjected to thematic analysis.A total of 11 experiments conducted with 54 participants, primarily teachers and instructional designers, allowed the development of an innovative model for creating RLG scenarios. This model promotes the implementation of cooperation between the participants of the future RLG, each playing distinct roles with specific educational objectives. To evaluate our model, we created two complementary tools: a tangible kit (RLG Kit) and a digital application (RLG Maker). With these tools, two RLGs were played in class with around a hundred students in total. Additionally, a scenario verification system (RLG Checker) was developed to assist designers in scenario development, ensuring that roles can cooperate effectively.In summary, this thesis advances TEL by proposing a scenario design model for Role Learning Games, complemented by versatile scenario design tools and a verification system. The first applications of these tools have proven their effectiveness in creating educational games, receiving positive feedback from teachers. It is currently possible to extend their use beyond educational contexts, and we are working on integrating scenarios into a Unity template to generate 3D games using the RLG Maker
Boutahar, Jaouad. "Méthodes de réduction et de propagation d'incertitudes : application à un modèle de chimie-transport pour la modélisation et la simulation des impacts." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007557.
Повний текст джерелаLa seconde est relative à la réduction du nombre de simulations demandé par la méthode Monte-Carlo classique de propagation d'incertitude. La technique utilisée ici est basée sur une représentation d'une sortie de modèle incertaine comme un développement de polynômes orthonormaux de variables d'entrées. Un autre point clé dans la modélisation intégrée d'impacts est de développer des stratégies de réduction des émissions en calculant des matrices de transfert sur plusieurs années de simulation. Une méthode efficace de calcul de ces matrices a été ainsi développée, notamment en définissant des scénarios "chimiquement" représentatifs.
L'ensemble de ces méthodes a été appliqué au modèle POLAIR3D, modèle de Chimie-Transport développé dans le cadre de cette thèse.
Villiot-Leclercq, Emmanuelle. "Modèle de soutien à l'élaboration et à la réutilisation de scénarios pédagogiques." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00156604.
Повний текст джерелаAvec le développement des TICE, les praticiens de la formation (enseignants et concepteurs pédagogiques) se trouvent confrontés dans leur travail quotidien à la conception de situations d'apprentissage instrumentées. Cette situation entraîne de nouvelles pratiques de conception pédagogique (partage, réutilisation) et un essor des approches pédagogiques « actives », tout en conduisant les praticiens à porter une attention particulière à la formalisation préalable des situations d'apprentissage via des scénarios pédagogiques. Ces derniers sont ainsi définis par Paquette (05) : « un ensemble ordonné d'activités, régies par des acteurs qui utilisent et produisent des ressources ».
Dans ce contexte, notre problème de recherche porte sur les modalités d'expression des scénarios pédagogiques qui permettraient à un scénario d'être facilement réutilisable par un enseignant et un concepteur pédagogique. Notre hypothèse générale est que si les scénarios étaient décrits de façon plus formelle, si les intentions pédagogiques y étaient mieux explicitées, et si les tâches de réutilisation étaient mieux définies et mieux soutenues, ils seraient plus facilement réutilisables. Notre objectif général de recherche porte ainsi, d'une part sur la façon d'exprimer, des scénarios formalisés et instrumentables par les TICE, et d'autre part, de soutenir l'apprentissage de leur réutilisation dans un contexte spécifique. Notre méthodologie de recherche est fondée sur une double approche : une approche par modélisation et une approche centrée usager. Elle vise l'élaboration de modèles théoriques en interaction avec les praticiens de la formation et intègre des évaluations aux diverses étapes de la modélisation.
Nous présentons dans ce document trois propositions qui permettent de répondre à notre hypothèse et objectif de recherche. La première proposition est une méthode basée sur une métaphore pour exprimer de façon formalisée et instrumentable les scénarios pédagogiques : la méthode des Pléiades. La seconde proposition est un modèle d'interprétation du processus de réutilisation des scénarios pédagogiques : le modèle CAA (Choix, Appropriation, Adaptation). La troisième proposition est un modèle de soutien à quatre niveaux au processus de réutilisation des scénarios pédagogiques formalisés : le modèle MOSCA. Ce modèle repose sur un ensemble d'artefacts mis à la disposition des usagers pour les soutenir lors de leur tâche de réutilisation. Le choix et la construction des artefacts s'appuient à la fois sur la méthode des Pléiades et sur le modèle CAA.
La méthode et les modèles ont été évalués avec des usagers-experts en scénarisation sur la réutilisation d'un scénario « Étude de Cas ». L'évaluation a montré que les formalismes proposés favorisaient une meilleure compréhension du processus de scénarisation ainsi que la réutilisation et l'adaptation des scénarios. Les conclusions de ce travail ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives de prolongement et de recherche à court et moyen terme.
Laurent, Gautier. "Prise en compte de l'histoire géologique des structures dans la création de modèles numériques 3D compatibles." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0057/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe main approaches to the modelling of geological structures are mainly geometrical, static and deterministic. In other terms, their geometry and connections are determined by applying criteria based on the compatibility with available data in their current state. The evolution of the geological structures is only integrated indirectly by the modeller and the kinematical and mechanical compatibility of the produced models remain difficult to assess. This thesis explores different methods which aim at better including the evolution of geological structures in the modelling process. Three complementary approaches are developed. First, a kinematical fault operator based on a 3D curvilinear fault frame is presented. It aims at progressively deforming the structures surrounding faults. The second approach is based on a pseudo-mechanical deformation tool inspired form computer graphics, based on rigid elements. It is used to interactively editing the structures and approximately simulate their deformation history. The last proposal is to compute the paleo-geographical coordinates from the restoration of geological structures. This way, the heterogeneities are characterised based on paleo-geographic distances which are compatible with the structural, kinematical and mechanical hypotheses specified when building the geological model. These different contributions open numerous perspectives to better take into account the evolution of the geological structures when modelling the subsurface and its heterogeneities. They help us to increase the compatibility of geomodels and simplify the parameterization of geological deformation to facilitate the characterisation of geological structures by inverse approaches
Quilcaille, Yann. "Retour sur les scénarios climatiques et d'émissions à l'aide d'un modèle compact du système Terre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV041.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis puts into perspective different elements of socio-economic scenarios from a climate change modelling point of view. These elements contribute at improving the comprehension of the current state of climate sciences regarding the scenarios. In the meantime, these elements demonstrate the potential of the recent reduced-form Earth System Model OSCAR v2.2.The first element concerns the uncertainty of emissions. Although emission inventories are uncertain, we ignore what impact on climate change have these uncertainties. We quantify this impact for fossil-fuel emissions, the major contributor to climate change. We show that the uncertainties in emissions are expected to increase with the use of non-conventional fuels, but that they do not increase significantly the uncertainty from Earth system modelling in variables, such as the increase in global surface temperature.The second element is a climate assessment of the recent Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP) scenarios. We identify loopholes in the SSP database, and we complete it to calculate the climate projections under these scenarios. Our conclusions suggest inconsistencies in CO2 emissions from Land Use Change (LUC) calculated by the Integrated Assessment Models and in the associated land variables. We identify trade-offs between greenhouse gases in the mitigation of climate change. Using a robust assessment, new carbon budgets are proposed. The uncertainties in increases in global surface temperature are discussed.The third element concerns the negative emissions. Most climate scenarios limiting global warming well below 2°C above preindustrial levels, thus respecting the Paris Agreement, use negative emissions. Using a developed version of OSCAR v2.2, we evaluate the implications for the Earth system of different aspects of different Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies. We identify the reversibility in the different components of the Earth system and calculate the cooling potential of carbon dioxide removal technologies. We also show that the potential of afforestation/reforestation techniques may be impeded by the change in albedo, and that the potential of oceanic enhanced weathering may be lower than expected.Overall, this thesis identifies loopholes in the current development of scenarios. Some do not hinder current conclusions regarding climate change, such as the uncertainties in emission inventories. Others call for further analysis, such as the inconsistencies in the use of CO2 emissions from LUC or the eventual overestimation of the potential of some CDR technologies. It emphasizes the need for an urgent mitigation of climate change
Mouillet, Laure. "Modélisation, reconnaissance et apprentissage de scénarios de conflits ethno-politiques." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066031.
Повний текст джерелаViavattene, Christophe. "Exploitation socio-économique de la modélisation souterraine du transfert des nitrates à l'échelle du bassin de la Seine." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001750.
Повний текст джерелаSomot, Samuel. "Modélisation climatique du bassin méditerranéen : variabilité et scénarios de changement climatique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165252.
Повний текст джерелаgrâce au développement d'un modèle régional couplé (AORCM). Il reproduit correctement
ces processus et permet de quantifier et d'étudier leur variabilité climatique. Le couplage
régional a un impact significatif sur le nombre de cyclogénèses intenses en hiver et sur
les flux et précipitations associés. Il simule une variabilité interannuelle plus faible qu'en
mode forcé pour les flux et la convection et permet de comprendre les rétroactions
qui la pilotent. L'impact régional d'un scénario climatique est analysé avec les modèles
non-couplés : le nombre de cyclogénèses diminue, les pluies associées augmentent au
printemps et en automne et diminuent en été. En outre, la Méditerranée se réchauffe,
se sale et sa circulation thermohaline s'affaiblit fortement. Cette thèse conclut de plus à
la nécessité des AORCMs pour étudier l'impact du changement climatique en Méditerranée.
Allam, Nadine. "Estimation des émissions surfaciques du biogaz dans une installation de stockage des déchets non dangereux." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMNA0187/document.
Повний текст джерелаLandfill sites produce biogas by degradation of biodegradable organic matter. Biogas mainly composed of CH4 and CO2 represents a major environmental challenge. This study propose a method to estimate biogas surface emissions in landfill sites using atmospheric dispersion modeling of a tracer gas, in this case, methane. The spatial and temporal dynamics of CH4 and VOC concentrations have been followed on the studied landfill site (Séché Environnement) for several weather conditions. Measurement results show low atmospheric VOC and CH4 concentrations on the studied landfill site which validates low emissions of these compounds. Detected VOC are emitted by different sources, excluding the landfill site. The contribution of these sources on VOC concentrations is more important than that of the landfill site and no VOC could be identified as tracer of biogas emitted by landfill site. However, CH4 is emitted by the landfill site, its principal source. Two methods are proposed to estimate methane surface emissions using a Gaussian atmospheric dispersion model ADMS. Gaussian model is validated by comparison of the temporal dynamics and atmospheric concentrations of methane measured on the site and those modeled. The first method is based on an inverse approach and the second one is a statistical regression approach. CH4 emissions are estimated for the exposure period of the laser diode to the site emissions and for 4 weather scenarios identified by a hierarchical classification. Results validate the influence of meteorological parameters, especially the stability of the atmosphere, on the atmospheric dispersion and methane surface emissions
Tresset, Guillaume. "Caractérisation, Modélisation et Contrôle des Scénarios Avancés dans le Tokamak Européen JET." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001803.
Повний текст джерелаHoang, Tung. "Tronçons autoroutiers : une méthodologie de modélisation environnementale et économique pour différents scénarios." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2115.
Повний текст джерелаCathala, Fabienne. "Modélisation de scénarios pour l'aide à la décision : Application au vieillissement des barrages." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22026.
Повний текст джерелаGallais, Cécilia. "Formalisation et analyse algébrique et combinatoire de scénarios d'attaques généralisées." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENAM0064/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe current definitions of a critical infrastructure are not adapted to the actual attacks which are observed these days. The problem is the same for the definition of an attack and therefore, the term « cyber attack » tends to reduce the conceptual and operational field of the person in charge of the security. Most of the approaches are reduced to identify the technical and IT domain only, and they forget the others domains specific to the intelligence. Then, the main methodologies to identify and to manage risk (EBIOS or some similar methodologies) take into account a definition of a critical infrastructure which is restrictive, static and local. The model of attacker and attack is also extremely narrowed as the technical approaches and the angles of attack of an attacker tend to be restricted to the IT domain only, even if the « cyber » angles may not exist or may only be a small part of an attack scenario.Therefore, it is necessary to have a new definition of a critical infrastructure, more complete and made according to the attacker point of view. Indeed, critical infrastructures can be protected by assessing the threats and vulnerability. This thesis aims to develop new models of infrastructure and attack accurately, models which will based on graph theory, with or without the cyber part. This graph-based representation is already used a lot to describe infrastructure, it will be enriched in order to have a more exhaustive view of an infrastructure environment. The dependencies with other entities (people, others critical infrastructures, etc.) have to be taken into account in order to obtain pertinent attack scenarios. This enriched representation must lead to new models of attackers, more realistic and implementing external components of the infrastructure which belong to its immediate environment. The main objective is the research of optimal paths or other mathematical structures which can be translated into attack scenarios. This global approach provides a finer (and therefore more realistic) definition of security as the lowest cost of the attack path.The research program is structured in five stages. The first two steps are aimed at defining the models and objects representing the security infrastructures as well as the attackers they are confronted with. The major difficulty encountered in developing a relevant infrastructure model is its ability to describe. Indeed, the more the model is rich, the more it can describe the infrastructure and the adversaries that attack it. The counterpart of developing a relevant model is its exponential characteristic. In these security models, we therefore expect that the problem of finding the vulnerabilities of a security infrastructure is equivalent to difficult problems, i.e. NP-hard or even NP-complete. The locks to be lifted will therefore consist in the design of heuristics to answer these problems in finite time with an ``acceptable" response. The third step is to define a generic methodology for assessing the safety of a security infrastructure. In order to validate the proposed models and methodology, the thesis program provides for the development of a research demonstrator in the form of an evaluation platform. Finally, the last step will be to evaluate an existing system from the platform by implementing the proposed methodology. The objective of this last step is to validate the models and the methodology and to propose an improvement if necessary
Dupont, Hélène. "Modélisation multi-agents d'un service ecosystémique : scénarios de systèmes d'equarrissage par des rapaces nécrophages." Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598563.
Повний текст джерелаCasal, Laurène. "Evaluation de scénarios de gestion paysagère de l’azote par modélisation en bassins versants agricoles." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARD085/document.
Повний текст джерелаEnvironmental issues related to the excess of reactive nitrogen of agricultural origin activity, are still a major concern in France despite restrictive regulations. To reconcile sustained agricultural production and reduced nitrogen emissions, we identified innovative mitigation strategies and simulated their effects were simulated using distributed agro-hydrological models. The approach consisted in farm surveys in two contrasted situations (NW and SW of France) a basis to simulate the following scenarios :i) optimisation of agricultural practices according to the 5th action programme of the Nitrate Directive ii) conversion of agricultural land into environmental zones (unmanaged grasslands), with varying extension and in different landscape positons. Results show the interest of locating them in an interception position (i.e. in humid zones around the stream network) rather than in headwater position, especially in the NW catchment were subsurface flow is the dominant pathway. This solution would reduce nitrate losses without increasing other nitrogen emissions
Puys, Maxime. "Sécurité des systèmes industriels : filtrage applicatif et recherche de scénarios d'attaques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAM009/document.
Повний текст джерелаIndustrial systems, also called SCADA (for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition),are targeted by cyberattacks since Stuxnet in 2010. Due to the criticality of theirinteraction with the real world, these systems can be really harmful for humans andenvironment. As industrial systems have historically been physically isolated from therest of the world, they focused on the protection against outages and human mistakes(also called safety). Cybersecurity differs from safety in the way that an adversary iswilling to harm the system and will learn from his mistakes. One of the difficulty interms of cybersecurity of industrial systems is to make coexist security properties withdomain specific constraints. We tackle this question with three main axes.First, we propose a filter dedicated to industrial communications, allowing to enforceapplicative properties. Then, we focus on formal verification of cryptographic protocolsapplied to industrial protocols such as MODBUS or OPC-UA. Using well-known toolsfrom the domain, we model the protocols in order to check if they provide securityproperties including confidentiality, authentication and integrity. Finally, we propose anapproach named ASPICS (for Applicative Attack Scenarios Production for IndustrialControl Systems) to study if safety properties (similar to those verified by our filter)can actually be jeopardized by attackers depending on their position and capacity. Weimplement this approach in the UPPAAL model-checker and study its results on aproof-of-concept example
Allibe, Benoit. "Modélisation des consommations d'énergie du secteur résidentiel français : amélioration du réalisme comportemental et scénarios volontaristes." Phd thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872403.
Повний текст джерелаLong term modelling of residential energy consumption is most often realised by two kinds of models : engineering and economic. The former have the ability to precisely depict the energy demand infrastructure in a technical way but generally lack a necessary level of realism concerning households' behaviours when facing changes of economical context. The research undertaken during this thesis explains how elements of behavioural realism have been implemented in an engineering model of housing space heating consumption in order to combine both technical explicitness and behavioural realism. Results highlight the elasticity of space heating consumption with respect to a number of variables including technical performance, allowing the estimation of the rebound effect phenomenon at a national scale. The second part of the research is dedicated to the techno-economic modelling of households' energy efficient equipment investments. The results obtained from the model enabled the quantification of energy efficiency barriers concerning the main types of housing refurbishment and heating systems. Other results depict how market heterogeneity can be introduced in techno-economic models. These elements were implemented into a prospective model (BEUS), wich was developed during the thesis. Simulation results show that the increase of behavioural realism of engineering models makes it even more difficult to reach mid- and long-term national energy and climate policies targets. Finally, a discussion is proposed on the topic of energy tier-pricing and its fiscal equivalent - a bonus-malus on energy consumption - based on BEUS results
Lacroix, Elie. "Les choix énergétiques dans les trajectoires de vie : modélisations et simulations selon différents scénarios." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED052/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe topic of fuel poverty has generated an increasing interest in the economic, political and social spheres. This economics thesis examines the measurement and analysis of the interactions between three fundamental indicators of forced household expenses in terms of health, housing, and energy to identify the relevant factors needed for the implementation of actions that address and prevent fuel poverty. This paper presents an original theoretical and analytical study that investigates this phenomenon first in terms of equity, highlighting the existence of disparities and justifying the implementation of additional potentially new measures that promote greater equity in the allocation of energy among individuals. Furthermore, the study characterizes the dynamics of this phenomenon, providing invaluable information on the types of measures (e.g., social tariffs for energy, innovative models of payment for energy, housing renovation assistance) that could be implemented to prevent fuel poverty and thus address the underlying objectives of equity. The thesis then presents an analysis of the consequences of energy vulnerability on dimensions other than those directly referring to energy (i.e., health), raising political decision-makers’ awareness of the multidimensional and broad effects of fuel poverty on other dimensions of social vulnerability. Fuel poverty is a factor that contributes to the worsening of other disparities (i.e., health disparities), compromising public decision-makers’ pursuit of the objective of equity. Finally, the analysis of new innovative methods of payment that provide energy (i.e., prepayment) with fewer costs indicated that prepayment is a tool that could contribute to the respective goals of horizontal and vertical equity
Martinez-Emin, Valérie. "Modélisation dirigée par les intentions pour la conception, le partage et la réutilisation de scénarios pédagogiques." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENM080.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis fits in the context of multidisciplinary research in Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) and more particularly in Technology Enhanced Learning Engineering. It concerns more particularly the teacher's activity of designing pedagogical scenarios. The thesis aims to provide secondary school teachers with, models, methods and tools for the design, adaptation, reusing and sharing among designers of scenarios. To this end, this research refers to works on information systems engineering and particularly on goal-oriented requirements engineering, on TEL engineering and on educational research. This research implements a user-centric approach based on various field studies and a co-design approach with practitioners. These approaches have led to propose the ISIS model for the description of pedagogical scenarios and the associated authoring tool ScenEdit. The ISIS goal-oriented model proposes a specific elicitation of the intentional, strategic, tactical and operational dimensions of a scenario. This model relies on the vocabulary and professional processes of a community of teachers, and is positioned upstream of Educational Modeling Languages, it completes their description of scenarios. The environment ScenEdit enables practitioners to graphically design their scenarios making explicit the different dimensions associated with the ISIS model and thereby make the produced scenarios more easily understandable, adaptable and reusable by other teachers. ScenEdit aims at favouring sharing and reuse of practices by providing, for each type of model component, patterns from the literature and / or co-designed with practitioners. The model and the environment have been tested with various groups of practitioners and evaluated from the point of view of utility and usability
Elessa, Etuman Dipita Arthur. "Analyse des impacts des politiques énergétiques et de déplacements urbains sur la pollution de l’air : modélisation intégrée pour un espace urbain soutenable." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1248/document.
Повний текст джерелаAir pollution is a major environmental and social problem and, at the same time, it is a complex problem that poses multiple challenges in terms of management and mitigation of air pollutants. Air pollutants are emitted by anthropogenic and natural sources. They can be either emitted directly (primary pollutants) or formed in the atmosphere (secondary pollutants). Their impacts on health, ecosystems, the urban texture and the climate are proven. Effective action to reduce the impacts of air pollution requires a good understanding of its causes, how pollutants are transported and transformed in the atmosphere and their impact on humans, ecosystems, climate, society, the economy and buildings. Today, policies and development plans aim to make cities sustainable which involves taking into account the internal interactions that make the city a complex system. It is necessary to consider the determinants of air quality. Modeling is one of the most important tools for decision support. There is currently little modeling work integrating several disciplinary fields in terms of air quality. This research aims to develop an innovative approach to the modeling of air quality by integrating social, economic and transportation logistics
St-Gelais, Karianne. "Modélisation de scénarios de déversements de pétrole et de la température de l'eau dans la rivière Chaudière." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35457.
Повний текст джерелаEl-Kechai, Hassina. "Conception Collective de scénarios pédagogiques dans un contexte de réingénierie : une approche par la métamodélisation située." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00343203.
Повний текст джерелаCe processus doit pouvoir aider des équipes de conception dont le but est de décrire des situations d'apprentissage qui peuvent être opérationnalisées dans un Environnement Informatique pour l'Apprentissage Humain (EIAH).
Nous considérons le processus de conception des scénarios pédagogiques qui décrivent ces situations d'apprentissage comme une construction impliquant des résolutions de problèmes.
Ces résolutions de problèmes sont plus ou moins bien définies et donnent lieu à des processus plus ou moins planifiés ou opportunistes.
Une des conséquences de ce constat nous a amené à considérer les scénarios et les métamodèles utilisés pour les décrire comme des objets qui parcourent l'activité de conception.
C'est sur cette base que le processus que nous avons défini et instrumenté permet de caractériser un ensemble d'artefacts, qui contribuent à l'élaboration de métamodèles et de scénarios en inscrivant leur conception dans une démarche centrée utilisateurs. Cette démarche se caractérise par le fait qu'elle implique les utilisateurs de ces métamodèles et de ces scénarios dans le processus de conception.
Moura, César. "Conceiving and Implementing a language-oriented approach for the design of automated learning scenarios." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00156874.
Повний текст джерелаCette flexibilité reste pourtant limitée et, après quelques années de recherche, les EMLs commencent à montrer ses faiblesses. En fait, le langage choisi pour devenir le standard du domaine, le IMS-LD, s'est montré générique, certes, mais peu expressive, ne permettant pas une représentation fidèle des divers scénarios existants. C'est à dire, c'est aux usagers de s'adapter à la syntaxe et sémantique de cet standard.
Cette thèse part d'un constat quant aux difficultés du processus de conception lui-même, et aux risques de coupure qu'il peut y avoir entre pédagogues et développeurs de logiciels. Pour améliorer la capacité des équipes pédagogiques à pouvoir spécifier, et même implémenter, des scénarios pédagogiques, nous proposons une approche où c'est l'EML qui doit s'adapter aux besoins de l'usager. L'usager a la possibilité de créer son propre langage (ou ses propres langages), s'il en a besoin. En plus, un même scénario peut être décrit en même temps par des différents EMLs (ou modèles) respectant des différents perspectives - et même paradigmes - de chaque stake holder.
Cette approche, appelée multi-EML, est possible grâce aux avancées récentes du génie logiciel, telle l'Architecture Dirigée par les Modèles – l'implémentation la plus connue d'un nouvel paradigme de programmation surnommé Languages Oriented Programming (LOP), qui inclut encore d'autres implémentations.
Notre proposition réside dans la conception d'un environnement informatique « auteur », qui repose sur les principes des Languages Oriented Programming, en utilisant la plateforme ouverte ECLIPSE et, plus particulièrement son implémentation du LOP, l'Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF). Ainsi, les concepteurs auront un outil qui leur permettra de créer des spécifications formelles décrivant les scénarios envisagés et d'en générer automatiquement des applications correspondantes, dans un processus qui démarre avec les descriptions informelles des experts du domaine.
Reconnaissant que les experts d'éducation - ceux qui mieux comprennent le domaine - ne sont pas nécessairement des informaticiens, l'environnement proposé, appelé MDEduc, fournit aussi un éditeur permettant de décrire un scénario dans une notation informelle, à savoir le pattern pédagogique, à partir de laquelle les modèles formels peuvent être dérivés. En plus, nous proposons de garder côte à côte et en coïncidence ces descriptions en langage informelles, et les descriptions plus formelles et normatives et d'offrir la possibilité d'effectuer des allers-retours à toutes les phases du cycle de vie du dispositif pédagogique.
Martel, Christian. "Modélisation des activités conjointes dans les collecticiels. : Rôles, places et positions des participants." Chambéry, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CHAMS020.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis fits in a current of research which aims at showing that the collective activites, increasingly present in the daily life of each one, need new models to be able to be supported and mediatised by the computer framework. The proposal made in this memory and called "model of participation", aims to represent the exchanges and the interactions between the individuals who collaborate through social protocols by taking account of the results obtained by the social sciences. From this model, it becomes possible to give a high level of description of the numerical environments making it possible to facilitate collaborations between the individuals. The model of participation, which is articulated around the concept of group and enclosure gets to describe the participation of each member in a collaborative activity and how this activity is organised. The establishment of the model of participation in a technical framework implies in particular that the users can themselves configure their activities. In particular, the users must be able to create an activity starting from a library of social protocols placed at their disposal to modify the protocol ,in progress or to create the new ones using the components of the model. The principal concepts on which this model of participation rests are the enclosure, the actors, the places, the roles, the positions and the scenarios interactive. By connecting these concepts the ones to the others through a specification of the joint activities, it makes it possible to approach the design of the effective environments of co-operative work. That they are human (for example, members of the group) or software agents, the actors represent the entities which have interactions in the divided enclosures. In the social context which characterizes the enclosure, an actor bas a statute which represents its social standing in the organization, a set of themes role related to his denomination but also of the casuals roles related to the actions which it bas the right to carry out at a given moment, compared to the other actors. The positions which it takes in the course of time on the various objects of the environment or the behaviour of its partners constitute the means of checking it and of observing the rules of collective work and of making progress
Kalaoun, Omar. "Modélisation de l'intrusion saline dans l'aquifère de Tripoli-Liban : impact des changements globaux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30382/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe ground water resources represent 95% of the fresh water available in the world. ``UNEP'' reports predict that, 75% of people will live in coastal cities in 2020. These two informations show that coastal aquifers are essential in the elaboration of a water management strategy. Nowadays, coastal aquifers are subject to an over-exploitation that is leading to the aggravation of seawater intrusion phenomenon. Thus seawater intrusion modelling is necessary to assess and forecast the salinization of coastal aquifers. This work concerns the seawater intrusion modelling in Tripoli aquifer, Lebanon. Tripoli city lies on the Mediterranean coast and is home to one eighth of the Lebanese population (600,000). In this study, a mathematical model of sea water intrusion in Tripoli aquifer has been developed, based on the implementation of the sharp interface approximation in ``Freefem++''. This model provides primarily the depth of the freshwater/saltwater interface. The limitations of the model are exposed and the model is validated against analytic solution, against the numerical code ``BFSWIM'' and against terrain measurements where the root mean square error varies between 0.1 and 2m. The study zone suffers from scarceness of data necessary to elaborate the model. To overcome this problem, we use the piezometric measurements performed by the ``UNDP'' in tens of private wells in the studied zone. At first, we use these measurements to calibrate the flux of freshwater entering in the domain, then to validate experimentally the model. In addition, volumetric meters that have installed in $38$ buildings showed that water consumption through well extraction exceeds the recommendation of the Lebanese ministry of Energy and Water, which is 120 liters per capita per day. Four scenarios of pump basing on demographic growth rate given by the ministry of social affairs have been studied. Seawater intrusion height associated to each scenario has been calculated, then compared with its actual height. The results show that with this pumping rate (250 liters per capita per day), the pumping zone will be salinized within 20 years, while the respect of limitation proposed by the ministry of water resources and Energy can protect the aquifer for short time. This study of demographic growth scenario is then combined with the context of climate change predicted by ``IPCC2014'' and research studies in the region. Assessment of seawater intrusion for the 25 next years has been done, based on the following three phenomena: sea water rise, variation of fresh water flux entering in the domain and variation of freshwater extraction rate from the wells in the aquifer. The variation of snow cover is used as an indirect estimator to calibrate the model. The isocline 100m of saltwater/freshwater interface, which represents the maximal depth of pumping well, has been chosen as a criterion of evolution. Our study shows that this line will move forward about 140 m in the next 25 years leading to the salinization of the aquifer at the position of the pumping wells. The contribution of each parameter is assessed. We estimate that the sea water rise will contribute to less than 1% of this advance while the rate of recharge decrease and the rate of freshwater extraction increase contribute to 45% and 54% respectively of the isocline advance
El-Kechaï, Hassina. "Conception collective de scénarios pédagogiques dans un contexte de réingénierie : une approche par la métamodélisation située." Le Mans, 2008. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2008/2008LEMA1019.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis document presents our work research in the Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) context. We focused on a specifie model of a TEL system : the pedagogical scenario. The main aim of the work done is to propose and to implement a pedagogical scenarios collective design process in a reengineering context. This process integrates better teachers end trainers in the design process of a TEL systems. We consider the pedagogical design as a problem-solving process with a more or less planified and opportunist situations
Hachem, Saeb El. "Programmation dynamique linéaire stochastique en vue des applications en modélisation de l'énergie." Dijon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995DIJOE012.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis contributes to the development of new algorithms for the computation of stochastic dynamic problems and their minimax variant. The proposed algorithms are scenarios aggregation type. For known probabilities, these algorithms constitute alternatives to Rockafellar and Wets algorithm. They don't require a quadratic term in the scenario sub-problems. For the case of imperfect knowledge on scenario probabilities, they resolve the stochastic minimax problem, i. E. The stochastic dynamic program corresponding to the most unfavorable probability distribution belonging to the class of probability distributions compatible with the imperfect knowledge. These algorithms simply generalize all the algorithms mentioned above for known probability distributions. These thesis also contributes to integrate all these algorithms in a decision support approach and to discuss the stochastic modeling of two energy problems: the refining and the portfolio gaz contracts
Jabri, Sana. "Génération de scénarios de tests pour la vérification de systèmes complexes et répartis : application au système européen de signalisation ferroviaire (ERTMS)." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584308.
Повний текст джерелаLopez-Ruiz, Hector G. "Environnement & Mobilité 2050 : des scénarios sous contrainte du facteur 4 (-75% de CO2 en 2050)." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523839.
Повний текст джерелаPhilippe, Christelle. "Analyse de la pollution atmosphérique aux échelles locale et régionale. Modélisation spatiale et temporelle à l'aide d'une méthode de scénarii épisodiques." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006789.
Повний текст джерелаAndrien, Karine. "Méthode, formalisme et outil pour le recueil, la modélisation et la simulation de scénarios de comportement. Application au domaine des CGF." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30027.
Повний текст джерелаThe general contribution of this thesis is related to the improvement of the simulation realism proposed by the Computer Generated Forces (CGF). CGF are defined as the computer environment for combats simulation. The problems encountered on the CGF current approaches come according to us for a significant part from the definition and the representation of the simulated scenarios. Firstly we have led to the study and the use of scenarios in the military simulation in order to identify precisely problems arising from the current solutions. Secondly this study leads us to propose a conceptual representation describing scenarios of terrestrial armed forces on a mission. This representation is sufficiently accurate in order to allow the users to describe there all the “trade” elements which are employed by the militaries. Moreover it is sufficiently formal to ensure the coherence and the operationnalisation in a simulation environment. Finally it is sufficiently general to be abstracted from any simulation tools or any kind of mission. The theoretical contribution of this work is based on this representation and its simulation. A solution of the implementation in DEVS is proposed and the operated choices are compared with an experimentation taken from a real case
Philippe, Christelle. "Analyse de la pollution atmosphérique aux échelles locale et régionale. Modélisation spatiale et temporelle à l'aide d'une méthode de scénarios épisodiques." Rouen, INSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ISAM0005.
Повний текст джерелаQotbi, Azddine. "Etude de la dynamique du phytoplancton et des nutriments dans une rivière aménagée, le Lot (France). Modélisation mathématique et simulations de scénarios." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30329.
Повний текст джерелаPreuss, Bastien. "Evaluation de scénarios de gestion des ressources du lagon Sud-ouest de la Nouvelle-Calédonie : intégration des connaissances et modélisation spatialement explicite." Nouvelle Calédonie, 2012. http://portail-documentaire.univ-nc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/TheseBastienPreuss2012.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаLopez-Ruiz, Hector G. "Environnement et mobilité 2050 : des scénarios sous contrainte du facteur 4 (-75% de CO2 en 2050)." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO22015.
Повний текст джерелаIn France an objective of dividing greenhouse gas emissions by four, from the 1990 level, by 2050 has been set. Are these ambitions out of our reach? What will the price to pay for this objective be?We have built a long-term backcasting transport demand model (TILT, Transport Issues in the Long Term). This model is centered on defined behavior types -in which the speed-GDP elasticity plays a key role- in order to determine demand estimations. This model lets us understand past tendencies -the coupling between growth and personal and freight mobility and adapt behavioral hypothesis -linked to the evolution of public policies- in order to show how a 75% reduction objective can be attained.The main results are an estimation of CO2 emissions for the transport sector taking into account technical progress and demand. These results are presented as three scenario families named: Pegasus, Chronos and Hestia. Each family corresponds to a growing degree of constraint on mobility.It is possible to divide greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector by four. Technical progress is able to lead to more than half of these reductions. The interest of these scenarios is to show that there exist different paths –through organizational change- to getting the other half of the reductions
Ben, Ahmed Walid. "SAFE-NEXT : UNE APPROCHE SYSTEMIQUE POUR L'EXTRACTION DE CONNAISSANCES DE DONNEES.Application A La Construction Et A L'interprétation De Scénarios D'accidents De La Route." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011540.
Повний текст джерелаDans ce travail de thèse, nous proposons une nouvelle approche, appelée SAFE-Next (Systemic Approach For Enhanced kNowledge EXTraction, approche systémique pour l'extraction des connaissances) qui intègre les quatre approches suivantes : La première est appelée ASMEC (Approche Systémique de ModElisation des Connaissances). Elle consiste en une méthode de modélisation des connaissances multi-vues et selon une architecture à plusieurs niveaux d'abstraction. La deuxième approche, AICEF (Approche d'Incorporation des Connaissances Expertes dans la Fouille de données), propose l'élaboration et l'utilisation de méta-données multi-vues comme un moyen pour l'incorporation des connaissances formalisées par ASMEC dans le processus d'ECD. La troisième approche, ASAIC (Approche Systémique d'Analyse d'Impact de Changement), utilise le modèle de connaissances d'ASMEC pour une analyse interactive et multi-vues de l'impact d'un changement sur un système. La quatrième approche, ASEM (Approche Systémique d'Evaluation de Modèles), fournit un modèle général d'évaluation de modèles de connaissances.
Les fondements épistémologiques et méthodologiques de nos travaux sont respectivement le constructivisme et la systémique (ou cybernétique). En se basant sur ces fondements, nos travaux de recherche ont conduit à des contributions réparties en quatre domaines : En accidentologie, SAFE-Next fournit un outil efficace pour l'élaboration des STA permettant une meilleure analyse et compréhension de l'accident. Elle fournit aussi un moyen de capitalisation des connaissances offrant une vision synthétique des différents types de connaissances du domaine de l'accidentologie. En Ingénierie des Connaissances (IC), SAFE-Next propose un modèle général multi-vues et multi-niveaux d'abstraction de modélisation des connaissances pour le développement des Systèmes à Base de Connaissances (SBC). Elle permet aussi de guider l'élicitation des connaissances selon un modèle multi-vues. En ECD, SAFE-Next propose l'utilisation des métadonnées multi-vues pour l'incorporation des connaissances expertes du domaine dans la première et la dernière phase du processus d'ECD (i.e. préparation des données et interprétation des résultats). En conception de nouveaux systèmes, SAFE-Next fournit à travers les STA un moyen de communication entre les accidentologistes et les concepteurs des systèmes de sécurité embarqués dans les véhicules. Cette interface entre les deux métiers (i.e. conception et accidentologie) permet la construction de l'espace de conception pour développer et évaluer les systèmes de sécurité. Elle offre aussi un moyen d'analyse de l'impact d'un changement (e.g. introduction d'un nouveau système de sécurité) sur le comportement du système Conducteur-Véhicule-Environnement.
Lafaysse, Matthieu. "Changement climatique et régime hydrologique d'un bassin alpin : génération de scénarios sur la Haute-Durance, méthodologie d'évaluation et incertitudes associées." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1679/.
Повний текст джерелаThe impact of global change on regional climates and in turn on water resources is expected to be especially pronounced in mountainous areas. Future hydrological scenarios required for impact studies are usually simulated by forcing an hydrological impact model (HM) with high-resolution meteorological scenarios, obtained from statistical downscaling models (SDMs) forced by climate models (GCMs or RCMs) outputs. These SDMs are expected to fill the gap between the poor resolution and the bias of climate models scenarios and the requirements of impact models. Although a number of projections are currently performed worldwide, the relevance of the simulation chain GCM/SDM/MH is rarely discussed. We present here an evaluation framework to illustrate the possibilities and/or the difficulties to transfer in time these algorithms. We next illustrate the uncertainties in future meteorological and hydrological projections that can result from this imperfect transferability. Simulations and evaluations are performed for the Upper Durance Basin (3580 km2). The hydrological model SIM from Météo-France is adapted for the alpine context. We consider several configurations of 3 SDMs from CERFACS, LTHE and EDF, based on different atmospheric predictors. 12 climatic runs from the ENSEMBLES european project provide the large scale fields for the 1860-2100 period. In this context, the SDMs and GCMs related uncertainties are of the same order of magnitude
Beaujouan, Véronique. "Modélisation des transferts d'eau et d'azote dans les sols et les nappes. Développement d'un modèle conceptuel distribué. Applications à de petits bassins versants agricoles." Rennes, ENSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NSARD035.
Повний текст джерелаBriens, François. "La Décroissance au prisme de la modélisation prospective : Exploration macroéconomique d'une alternative paradigmatique." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0052/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe development paths followed by industrial societies in the last decades have led them in front of complex socioeconomic, democratic and environmental crises, which question the relevance of economic growth, either as a goal in itself, or as a way to achieve “development”. With the emergence of the degrowth movement at the beginning of the 21st century, the call for transitions towards sustainable “post-growth societies” is now consolidating into a multifaceted political project. For the “wealthiest” countries, where the ecological footprint per capita is greater than the global sustainable level, this project may be envisioned as a voluntary, socially sustainable, equitable and smooth downscaling of production and consumption, and thus throughput, to an environmentally sustainable level. Such a project raises numerous questions, for instance: what concrete proposals could initiate such a transition? What could such paths induce in terms of employment, public debt, energy consumption, waste, or greenhouse gas emission mitigation? What structural or institutional obstacles must be overcome and how? Etc. In this research, we offer to discuss such questions with the help of prospective modeling. Our approach involves a series of interviews, conducted, among others, with actors within the Degrowth movement. These are aimed at collecting detailed and quantified visions or narratives about what Degrowth scenarios or – more broadly speaking– scenarios of transition towards sustainable and desirable societies could look like, for France, in the mind of participants, especially in terms of institutions, lifestyles and consumption patterns. In parallel, we have designed and developed a specific dynamic simulation model of the French monetary economy, featuring a high level of detail and disaggregation, based on input-output analysis, and built using public data. Using this macroeconomic tool, we investigate, over the long term (2060), the possible outcomes of different scenarios, including those inferred from the interviews, in terms of employment, public debt, energy consumption, waste and atmospheric emissions. We discuss the potential strengths and weaknesses of the different visions they reflect. Our results highlight in particular the importance of cultural, social, behavioral and “non-technical” factors, stress the potential of various degrowth proposals, and recall the critical need for the collective elaboration of a societal project. In this perspective, our modeling approach provides a simple, yet powerful tool for common understanding and collective deliberation
Leblanc, Anne-Marie. "Modélisation tridimensionnelle du régime thermique du pergélisol de la vallée de Salluit au Québec nordique en fonction de différents scénarios de réchauffement climatique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29687/29687.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаLasry, Fanny. "Analyse par modélisation tridimentionnelle des processus physico-chimiques déterminant la production d'ozone : évaluation de l'impact de scénarios d'émissions prospectifs : application au site ESCOMPTE." Paris 12, 2006. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002346940204611&vid=upec.
Повний текст джерелаThis work aimed to study the physical and chemical processes determining ozone production on the Berre-Marseille area, and to evaluate the impact of prospectives emissions scenarios. In this purpose, we used a chemistry-transport eulerian model to simulate 24 ozone episodes. In a first step, this model has been adapted in order to restitute the small scale dynamic and the complex chemistry of the site. The model outputs analysis allowed us to identify the different primary and secondary compounds present during a photochemical episode, and to localize the ozone production sites. A section of the manuscript is dedicated to the study of the chemical regimes and to the identification of the compounds ans category of emitters which are the most invoved in ozone formation. Last, we expose the elaboration of emissions scenarios for the year 2010. We have drawn up an air quality balance sheet and we discuss the effects of emissions regulations at regional versus continental scales