Дисертації з теми "Modèles de changement climatique"
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Gastineau, Guillaume. "Les changements de la circulation atmosphérique tropicale et conséquences lors du changement climatique." Paris 6, 2008. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01332290.
Magné, Bertrand. "Changement climatique et ordre optimal d'exploitation des ressources." Toulouse 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU10069.
We study the origin of carbon emissions which lead to climate change, owing to the theory of natural resource management. Our simulations of the energy market show that in the long run, alternative energy sources, such as solar and nuclear, progressively substitute to fossil sources under reasonable cost decrease assumptions. We analyze the order of exploitation of a fossil resource and its clean substitute when the pollution accumulation is capped. New simulations emphasize the benefits of the early adoption of a cheap substitute. The pollution abatement reduces appreciably the externality cost of climate change. We finally model the nuclear fuel cycle linking the flows and stocks of fissil materials that supply a nuclear fleet. We exhibit the need for fast breeder reactors if uranium ore and nuclear technology are to be used massively in order to mitigate climate change
Henriet, Fanny. "Essais sur l'économie du changement climatique." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0025.
This thesis focuses on several issues related to climate policies. The first chapter focuses on the optimal extraction of a polluting non-renewable resource when there is an environmental regulation and when a clean technology can be developed through research and development. The second chapter examines the introduction of a carbon capture and storage technology. When all emissions can not be captured, because of technical constraints, this technology should be used before any environmental damages occurs. The third chapter examines the optimal tax system changes when an externality is discovered in a model à la Mirlees with heterogeneous agents. If productivity and the cost of access to a clean substitute are negatively correlated, there should be no indirect taxes, in the absence of externalities. With externality, it is optimal to tax the dirty good, less than the Pigovian rate, and the clean good. In the fourth chapter, we build, calibrate and simulate a stylized model designed to assess the magnitude of the carbon tax that would allow the French economy to divide by four its CO2 emissions in forty years. The magnitude of the carbon tax required is quite unrealistic. The fifth chapter discusses the ecological discount rate that should be used to assess projects aiming at improving the environment. We study the properties of the standard discount rate and the ecological discount rate. We also discuss a version of the precautionary principle
Derouiche, Sabrine. "Impact du changement climatique dans les modèles numériques à l'échelle régionale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ025.
The Mediterranean region is considered one of the most vulnerable areas to climate change because of its socio-cultural wealth and its biodiversity. Several studies about the evolution of different parameters found a significant climate variability at the end of the 20th century. Moreover,according to climate projection models, an intensification of this climate change is expected, over the region, to the end of the 21th century.Consequently, their impacts become more dangerous and expensive. Rain is considered to be the most sensitive signature of climate for humans. Thus, its analysis and the characterization of rainfall regimes over the region allow to apprehend its future evolution. This study is mainly based on daily rainfall observations collected from 70 rain gauge stations over 50-year period (1960-2009) on a regional scale covering all of northern Tunisia. On the other hand, daily precipitations produced by ERA-Interim reanalysis model, equally at regional scale, are also considered in this study. These estimated data have the advantage of being complete over the time and the space. They can have an important role in understanding the climate variability, hence it is essential to assess their quality in relation to observations. The rainfall data processing is novel. Indeed, the analysis of spatial and temporal variability analysis was carried out on the rain event scale. Although rainfall in Tunisia has been analysed by several hydrologists and geographers at different scales ranging from a few minutes to years, the division into rainy episodes and dry episodes proposed in this analysis is original. This approach aims to take into account the intermittent nature of the rain which is one of the fundamental properties of the precipitations. The aggregation of rainy days led to consider six descriptors of rainy events for each measurement point over a period of 50 years. The multidimensional space, thus, created was analysed in the first part by a classic factorial method PCA (Principal Component Analysis), then by the non-linear classification method SOM (Self-Organizing Map) combined with Hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC). The two approaches allowed to understand the rainfall data structures and to define a typology. The principal component analysis summarized the six rainfall descriptors adopted into three main components: the first one is an indicator of the rainfall quantity, the second one represents the intermittent character of rain over the season and the third one is a structure indicator. The spatial interpretation divided the study area into three regions of NE-SW orientation, with an opposition between the North-West facade and its hinterland and the South-East facade and its hinterland with an intermediate zone located between these two regions. Moreover, the thesis investigated the correlations between the principal components of PCAs and climate patterns indices. Significant correlations were found for the North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation indices. In addition, relationships between sea surface pressure anomalies and principal components were shown by a composite analysis. The combined methods (SOM and HAC) were applied to rainfall descriptors produced by the rain gauge stations network and highlighted 4 classes with different typologies of wet spells structure. Their spatial and temporal variability was, then, analysed. These classes were used as a reference for the analysis of the reanalysis data.The univariate and multivariate analysis of the model data and the comparison with the observations showed that the number of rainy days and the duration of the events are significantly overestimated in the reanalyses. Moreover, the statistical distributions didn't have the same asymmetry. On the other hand, the model showed a good coherence of the temporal structures of the rainfall classes with the observations on a regional scale
Le, Roux Renan. "Modélisation climatique à l’échelle des terroirs viticoles dans un contexte de changement climatique." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN20057/document.
At vineyard scale, climate variability can be significant in magnitude and play a key role in vine and wine characteristics. Adaptation of viticulture to climate change requires knowledge about future fine-scale climate evolution. This study aims to integrate local scale in future climate projections, coupling dynamic and statistical modelling. A first step consisted in producing temperature maps at 1 km resolution using WRF in a vineyard area (Marlborough, New-Zealand) and evaluating model uncertainties. It revealed that dynamical models do not represent well local climate variations. Using a high density temperature data logger network, the second part is dedicated to developing a non-linear statistical model to map temperature at very fine scale in famous sub-appellations of the Bordeaux vineyard area (Saint-Émilion). Following, a method, coupling dynamical and statistical modelling, is proposed to integrate local scale in climate change projections. This thesis highlights that using simultaneously statistical and dynamical models can be an approach to reduce model uncertainties
Somot, Samuel. "Modélisation climatique du bassin méditerranéen : variabilité et scénarios de changement climatique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165252.
grâce au développement d'un modèle régional couplé (AORCM). Il reproduit correctement
ces processus et permet de quantifier et d'étudier leur variabilité climatique. Le couplage
régional a un impact significatif sur le nombre de cyclogénèses intenses en hiver et sur
les flux et précipitations associés. Il simule une variabilité interannuelle plus faible qu'en
mode forcé pour les flux et la convection et permet de comprendre les rétroactions
qui la pilotent. L'impact régional d'un scénario climatique est analysé avec les modèles
non-couplés : le nombre de cyclogénèses diminue, les pluies associées augmentent au
printemps et en automne et diminuent en été. En outre, la Méditerranée se réchauffe,
se sale et sa circulation thermohaline s'affaiblit fortement. Cette thèse conclut de plus à
la nécessité des AORCMs pour étudier l'impact du changement climatique en Méditerranée.
Hopuare, Marania. "Changement climatique en Polynésie française détection des changements observés, évaluation des projections." Thesis, Polynésie française, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POLF0007/document.
The effects of climate change on Pacific islands is a major concern for the local populations. The rainfall parameter, specifically, appears as one of the sensitive parameters, as it determines water resources. The goal of this thesis is to bring a first insight into the 21st century evolution of precipitation in Tahiti.The first step was to characterize rainfall in Tahiti using data records from the observation network of Meteo France. The “rainfall season”, lasting from November to April, is the season of interest, as rainfall amounts are the highest at this time of the year. Indeed, the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), host of deep convection, remains the principal source of rainfall in Tahiti in austral summer (December-January-February). On interannual and interdecadal timescales, the El niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) imply north/south and east/west migrations of the SPCZ, drawing it away, or closer to Tahiti. The positive phase of the IPO involves a north-eastward displacement of the SPCZ, which causes higher rainfall amounts in Tahiti. The SPCZ is displaced towards the south- west during negative IPO phase, leading to a decrease of rainfall in Tahiti. The study reveals that the IPO positive phase favor the occurrence of intense El niño events. In those cases, the SPCZ is critically displaced to the north-east and lies zonally just south of the equator. Accordingly, the SPCZ is drawn away from Tahiti and alters the south-east flow of trade winds. As a result, substantial orographic precipitation affect the south-east coasts of Tahiti.Following the assessment of observed precipitation for the period 1961-2011, an original method has been set up to obtain a model able to resolve the island and capture the orographic effects at best. Two successive downscaling steps have been necessary to get the limited area model ALADIN-Climat over Tahiti (at the resolution of 12 km), starting from the global coupled model CNRM-CM with a resolution of 150 km. The regional model outputs have been compared to the observed records over the historical period. A linkage between observed and modeled precipitation has been defined. This linkage has been built between meteorological stations and model grid cells exhibiting similar behaviour regarding the phases of ENSO. It has been assumed that this linkage is still relevant in the 21st century. In this way, future precipitation in Tahiti, as realistic as possible, are deduced from modeled precipitation (at 12 km of resolution), following two IPCC scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The El niño-like spatial structure of global warming further confirms the relevance of the linkage built previously. The results obtained concern the southern coasts of Tahiti. Rainfall would gradually increase along the 21st century, as a consequence of global warming. In Papara, the austral summer mean rainfall height is 695 mm over the period 1961-2011. The mean value, for the period 2070-2100, would be 825 mm for the scenario RCP4.5 and 814 mm for the scenario RCP8.5, let say an increase of a little less than 20%. Superimposed to this long-range raise, El niño events would induce an excess of rainfall. This effect would be reduced at the end of the 21st century in RCP8.5. Conversely, La niña events would always involve a decline of rainfall, but would not succeed in counteracting the long-range increase
Dulac, William. "Méthodes pour l'évaluation de l'activité cyclonique tropicale en changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30315.
Given their devastating impact on the populations and infrastructures of the countries concerned the future evolution of tropical cyclone activity in the context of global warming is an issue of great importance. Two methods exist for assessing tropical cyclone activity under climate change in climate models: the use of cyclone detection algorithms (trackers) or the use of cyclogenesis indices, which translate statistical relationships linking observed cyclone activity to large-scale atmospheric variables. These two methods tend to provide opposite projections in climate simulations. Motivated by this disagreement, this thesis proposes to explore these two approaches, with the aim of making improvements to each. Firstly, the CNRM tropical cyclone tracker is applied to the ERA5 reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, and evaluated using the IBTrACS database of cyclone observations. Its performance is evaluated in terms of detection probability and false alarm rate (POD and FAR), after optimizing detection parameters and applying an appropriate mid-latitude system filter. Several metrics for assessing the similarity of the tracks detected in ERA5 with those observed are then proposed and compared. These innovative metrics are complementary to POD and FAR, and show that optimizing detection parameters is accompanied by a slight improvement in track similarity. New cyclogenesis indices are then constructed on ERA5 by Poisson regression between large-scale thermal and dynamic predictors, and the IBTrACS database. The regressions are run at different spatial and temporal resolutions, as well as on a global scale and for different ocean basins. The increased temporal resolution enables the equatorial bias present in the most commonly used indices to be corrected. However, the interannual variability of the indices appears to be robust to changes in the weighting coefficients of the large-scale variables. Following this observation, the contribution of adding predictors to the regressions is evaluated on ERA5 as well as in the ARPEGE model; on the one hand by explicitly adding a diagnostic of the El Niño (ENSO) variability mode to the index, and on the other hand by replacing the relative humidity at 600 hPa by the integrated moisture saturation deficit on the column (VPD). The addition of ENSO diagnostics improves the interannual variability of the index in most ocean basins. Correlations with observed series are made statistically significant at the 95% threshold in all basins except the North Atlantic. The use of the VPD cancels out the upward trends in the historical period observed in indices based on relative humidity. The resulting index is therefore in better agreement with observations. When applied to very high-resolution ARPEGE climate simulations, under the RCP8.5 scenario, the VPD also amplifies the decrease in cyclonic activity
Talbot-Lanciault, Alicia. "Modélisation hydrologique CLASS-RAPID sous changement climatique sur le bassin versant du Haut-Montmorency." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66429.
Typical hydrological models do not impose energy conservation at the surface. Therefore, under higher temperatures they may overestimate evapotranspiration. Physical land surface model CLASS is paired to Muskingum based routing model RAPID in order to create a functional hydrological model under global warming context. CLASS-RAPID is set up on the Haut-Montmorency watershed (47.4°N, 71.1°W). The model is calibrated and validated with the ERA5 reanalysis and the flowrates observations from the Direction d’expertise hydrique du Québec. Climate projections from CanESM2, CNR-CM5, GFDL-ESM2M and MPI-ESM and climate scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 are given as entries to CLASS-RAPID in order to simulate flowrates for 2041 to 2070. Climate projections from the same models and for the benchmark period of 1981 to 2005 are used by CLASS-RAPID in order to obtain hydrological simulations that can be compared to the flowrates of 2041 to 2070. CLASS-RAPID has a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of NSE = 0, 66. The model tends to replicate hydrological events sequence correctly but underestimate flood peaks. CLASS-RAPID simulations under climate changes conditions foresee that spring floods will tend to happen sooner in the years for 2041 to 2070 when compared to the benchmark period. For the four climate models, climate changes simulations foresee reductions of summer flowrates of 40% for climate scenario RCP 4.5 and of 50% for climate scenario RCP 8.5. For the same climate scenarios, the Atlas hydroclimatique du Québec foresees a reduction of the flowrates of respectively 37% and 45%.
Lafaysse, Matthieu. "Changement climatique et régime hydrologique d'un bassin alpin : génération de scénarios sur la Haute-Durance, méthodologie d'évaluation et incertitudes associées." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1679/.
The impact of global change on regional climates and in turn on water resources is expected to be especially pronounced in mountainous areas. Future hydrological scenarios required for impact studies are usually simulated by forcing an hydrological impact model (HM) with high-resolution meteorological scenarios, obtained from statistical downscaling models (SDMs) forced by climate models (GCMs or RCMs) outputs. These SDMs are expected to fill the gap between the poor resolution and the bias of climate models scenarios and the requirements of impact models. Although a number of projections are currently performed worldwide, the relevance of the simulation chain GCM/SDM/MH is rarely discussed. We present here an evaluation framework to illustrate the possibilities and/or the difficulties to transfer in time these algorithms. We next illustrate the uncertainties in future meteorological and hydrological projections that can result from this imperfect transferability. Simulations and evaluations are performed for the Upper Durance Basin (3580 km2). The hydrological model SIM from Météo-France is adapted for the alpine context. We consider several configurations of 3 SDMs from CERFACS, LTHE and EDF, based on different atmospheric predictors. 12 climatic runs from the ENSEMBLES european project provide the large scale fields for the 1860-2100 period. In this context, the SDMs and GCMs related uncertainties are of the same order of magnitude
Bal, Guillaume. "Évolution des populations françaises de saumon atlantique (Salmo salar L. ) et changement climatique." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S066.
Cette thèse s’intéresse aux impacts du changement climatique sur la croissance dulçaquicole et marine du saumon atlantique (Salmo salar L. ), trait essentiel qui contrôle ses stratégies de vie et donc la structure et l’abondance des stocks. Ce travail valorise les données de suivi des populations françaises, situées en partie sud de l’aire de répartition de l’espèce et donc menacées, par i) le développement d’un nouveau modèle statistique Bayesien permettant d’estimer la température de l’eau à partir de la température de l’air et du débit ii) le développement d’un modèle de croissance de Von Bertalanffy dans un cadre Bayesien permettant d’estimer l’impact relatif du changement climatique sur la croissance des jeunes saumons par rapport à d’autres facteurs iii) l’analyse de l’évolution des caractéristiques migratoires des saumons adultes. Les résultats suggèrent que le réchauffement des cours d’eau devrait peu influencer la croissance et les choix d’histoire de vie juvéniles car i) le réchauffement des cours d’eau devrait être plus faible que celui de l’air ii) la croissance est peu sensible aux variations de température par comparaison aux variations de densité de compétiteurs (juvéniles de saumon et de truite Salmo Trutta L. ) en partie liées aux conditions de vie marines rencontrées par l’espèce. Dans le même temps, on observe depuis 1985 une baisse de taille et de poids des adultes accompagnées d’un retard dans les dates d’entrée en rivière. Additionnés à la disparition progressive des saumons de plusieurs hivers de mer, ces éléments suggèrent une réponse adaptative à une variation des conditions de croissance en mer, très probablement en lien avec le changement climatique
Quaas, Johannes. "L'effet indirect des aérosols : paramétrisation dans des modèles de grande échelle et évaluation des données satellitales." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EPXX0046.
Gaudin, François. "Effets du changement climatique sur la distribution de la macrofaune benthique en Manche." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066182/document.
In the North-East Atlantic, the English Channel constitutes a biogeographical transition zone between the Boreal and Lusitanian provinces. Thus, many species reach there their distribution range limits. The aim of this thesis is to assess the effects of recent climate change on the distribution of the subtidal benthic macrofauna, poorly studied to date, basing on the comparison of data collected during a cool period (i.e. 1960s-70s) and during a warm period (i.e. 2012 and 2014) in the circalittoral coarse sediments. Two large communities were highlighted in the study of the structure of the assemblages found in this habitat: the gravelly coarse sand community and the pebbles and gravels community. The analysis of the evolution of seabed temperature for the last 30 years showed the spatial heterogeneity of the warming, varying from 0.1 to 0.5°C per decade from West to East. This warming did not translate into large species distribution shifts but into a sharp decrease in the number of occurrences of cold-water species and a sharp increase in the number of occurrences of warm-water species. Development of species distribution models allowed to identify the relative importance of climatic and edaphic factors in the distribution of benthic invertebrates in the Channel and to assess the species’ ability to adjust their distribution to the rise in temperature. The whole results suggest that ongoing climate change could lead to a decrease in benthic biodiversity at range limits, especially where connection routes are lacking for new migrants
Dumas, Patrice. "L'évaluation des dommages du changement climatique en situation d'incertitude : l'apport de la modélisation des coûts de l'adaptation." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0072.
The purpose of this thesis is the improvement of climate change damage assessment by the mean of : the use of a threshold damage function and an evaluation of the costs of adapting to a changed climate. Simulation and optimization compact climate economy integrated assessment models are solved to assess the damages. A stochastic threshold damage function leads to a precautionary effect for climate policies. In a cost-benefit framework, the threshold acts as a soft ceiling. Turning to the representation of adaptation, adaptive capital is split in categories corresponding with temperature ranges in optimization models. In simulation, a Kalman filter is used to model climate change detection. The results show strong anticipations. Additional costs arise mainly from over-investment allowing to follow climate change. The costs are not very sensitive to the amount of uncertainly, but they rise sharply in the case of no anticipation
Soutif-Bellenger, Myriam. "Eau, agriculture, changement climatique : apports d'une modélisation intégrée agro-hydrologique pour l'adaptation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS469.
Agriculture requires water to meet the biological needs of crops. When the water supplied to the soil by precipitation is not sufficient, additional water can be taken out from bodies of water and supplied to crops : this is irrigation. With the intensification of the risk of drought, agricultural territories are particularly affected by climate change. It is therefore necessary today to develop and evaluate adaptation strategies. To do this, we must take into account the evolution of irrigation water demand in future hydrological projections. Given the multiplicity of challenges related to climate change adaptation and agriculture, it is also important to implement integrated approaches and taking into account uncertainties. Furthermore, it is necessary to formulate concrete strategies, which must be defined at a sufficiently local scale. Explicit modeling of agro-hydrosystems already exists. However, these models are often complex, and require a large amount of data and simulate numerous processes. In contrast, there are conceptual hydrological models that are parsimonious, efficient, and operational but usually do not explicitly account for uses. The objective of this thesis has therefore focused on developing a framework of intermediate complexity. Firstly, a model was developed, integrating i) the modeling of hydrology using the conceptual hydrological semi-distributed daily GR5J model, ii) the modeling of irrigation water withdrawals using the daily agronomic model CropWat, and iii) modeling of storage structures and their management, such as reservoirs and dams. This modeling was first implemented on the downstream Aveyron watershed. The irrigation simulations obtained were compared with simulations from the MAELIA platform, an explicit agro-hydrological integrated model that has been the subject of numerous developments and surveys in this area. The model was also implemented in the Seille catchment, a tributary of the Moselle, on which there is no irrigation but which is currently experiencing new difficulties related to droughts. In a second phase, the developed model was applied in a prospective exercise that examined different scenarios for local agricultural and water management evolution in the Seille watershed. Interviews with local water and agriculture stakeholders were carried out to produce three plausible evolution scenarios for the Seille watershed by 2050, implemented in the model. The work carried out in this thesis confirmed the interest and necessity of integrating irrigation water withdrawals into conceptual hydrological modeling to evaluate local agricultural scenarios in the context of climate change. Thus, our work highlightedthe impacts of human influences on watershed hydrology, and the sensitivity of the model to different agricultural and water management scenarios. Our research also emphasized the need to use various indicators, both hydrological and related to water demand satisfaction, to evaluate the impacts of climate change. Nevertheless, this study revealed that in the studied area (the Seille catchment), considering future scenarios, the predominance of uncertainty related to climate projections on future low-flow periods outweighed the uncertainty linked to changes in irrigation water demand. Some projections thus lead to significant difficulties for non-irrigated spring crops, in particular maize. Finally, a parsimonious and easily reusable modeling framework was developed, which can be applied in other regions
Morin, Xavier. "Biogéographie des espèces d'arbres européens et nord-américains : déterminisme et évolution sous l'effet du changement climatique." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20056.
Bone, Constantin. "Détection et attribution du changement climatique à l’aide de réseaux de neurones." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS510.
In this thesis, we focus on the development of new methods to address the issue of climate change detection and attribution. Climate is subject to two types of variability: variability arising from internal processes and variability arising from interactions between the different components of climate (land, oceans, atmosphere and cryosphere). This variability is called internal variability. A second source of variability is the so-called "forced" variability, due to the effect of forcings, which are elements outside the climate system that can affect it. The various forcings are greenhouse gases, natural or anthropogenic aerosols, land use, etc. Detecting and attributing climate change aims to distinguish the effects of internal climate variability from forced variability, and also to break down the latter by giving the relative influence of each forcing. This problem is fraught with difficulties, such as the relatively short temporal length of observations and the uncertainty of forced variability modelled in climate models. To this end, we are developing new methods based on the use of neural networks. Artificial intelligence is in fact a tool that has not yet been applied to this problem, making it possible to make effective use of data from simulations of a large number of climate models as well as observations. We have developed and applied two methods to the surface air temperature field, respectively separating internal and forced variability, and attributing the observed global surface temperature to different groups of forcings. The first of these methods for separating internal from forced variability is called "Noise to Noise" and is based on the literature of artificial intelligence image restoration. The three-dimensional field (time, latitude and longitude) of surface temperature simulations or observations is compared with a three-dimensional image. The internal variability is compared to a kind of noise similar to that found on images, in addition to the forced variability associated with the "real image". We have therefore used a neural network denoising methodology created for images, which we are adapting to our climate problem. The second of these methods aims to attribute the effect of three groups of forcings (greenhouse gases, anthropogenic aerosols and natural forcings). It's a method drawn from explainable artificial intelligence called inverse optimization. It consists in finding the input of a trained neural network that corresponds to a given output result. This is done using a gradient descent method, by minimizing a cost function measuring the difference between the desired output and the output obtained. We use a convolutional neural network trained using global surface temperature outputs from historical climate model simulations. The purpose of the CNN is to reproduce the global surface temperature changes due to the ensemble of forcings, using as input the temperature changes due to the individual effect of the forcings. Once the network has been trained and its weights and biases fixed, an inverse optimization method, modified to better match the problem, is used. These two methods are implemented for the surface temperature variable over the historical period and their results are compared with those obtained with reference methods
Dreveton-Le, Goff Christine. "Etude de l'équilibre climatique du modèle Arpège." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30101.
Tisseuil, Clément. "Modéliser l'impact du changement climatique sur les écosystèmes aquatiques par approche de downscaling." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/763/.
This thesis aimed at assessing the impact of global change on freshwater ecosystems during the 21st century in the Adour Garonne area (SW France). A downscaling approach was developed linking techniques from climate, hydro-chemical and ecological sciences. The main results suggest an increase of high flows in winter as well as more severe low flows in summer. Nitrogen concentrations and thermophile fish species distribution may also increase. Reducing green house gas emissions and modifying agricultural practices (e. G reducing nitrate fertilizers) could reduce the intensity of ecological disturbances. This study is an original contribution to the management of future hydrological and ecological resources
Beaumet, Julien. "Changement climatique en Antarctique : études à l'aide d'un modèle atmosphérique de circulation générale à haute résolution régionale." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU050/document.
The increase of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface mass balance due to rise in snowfall is the only expected negative contribution to sea-level rise in the course of the 21st century within the context of global warming induced by mankind. Dynamical downscaling of climate projections provided by coupled ocean-atmosphere models is the most commonly used method to assess the future evolution of the Antarctic climate. Nevertheless, large uncertainties remain in the application of this method, particularly because of large biases in coupled models for oceanic surface conditions and atmospheric large-scale circulation at Southern Hemisphere high latitudes.In the first part of this work, different bias-correction methods for oceanic surface conditions have been evaluated. The results have allowed to select a quantile-quantile method for sea surface temperature and an analog method for sea-ice concentration. Because of the strong sensitivity of Antarctic surface climate to the variations of sea-ice extents in the Southern Ocean, oceanic surface conditions provided by two coupled models, NorESM1-M and MIROC-ESM, showing clearly different trends (respectively -14 and -45%) on winter sea-ice extent have been selected. Oceanic surface conditions of the ``business as usual" scenario (RCP8.5) coming from these two models have been corrected in order to force the global atmospheric model ARPEGE.In the following, ARPEGE has been used in a stretched-grid configuration, allowing to reach an horizontal resolution around 40 kilometers on Antarctica. For historical climate (1981-2010), the model was driven by observed oceanic surface conditions as well as by those from MIROC-ESM and NorESM1-M historical simulation. For late 21st century (2071-2100), original and bias corrected oceanic conditions from the latter two model have been used. The evaluation for present climate has evidenced excellent ARPEGE skills for surface climate and surface mass balance as well as large remaining errors on large-scale atmospheric circulation even when using observed oceanic surface conditions. For future climate, the use of bias-corrected MIROC-ESM oceanic forcings has yielded an additionally significant increase in winter temperatures and in annual surface mass balance at the continent-scale.In the end, ARPEGE has been corrected at run-time using a climatology of tendency errors coming from an ARPEGE simulation driven by climate reanalyses. The application of this method for present climate has dramatically improved the modelling of the atmospheric circulation and antarctic surface climate. The application for the future suggests significant additional warming (~ 0.7 to +0.9 C) and increase in precipitation (~ +6 to +9 %) with respect to the scenarios realized without atmospheric bias correction. Driving regional climate models or ice dynamics model with corrected ARPEGE scenarios is to explored in regards of the potentially large-impacts on the Antarctic ice-sheet and its contribution to sea-level rise
Ha-Duong, Minh. "Comment tenir compte de l'irréversibilité dans l'évaluation intégrée du changement climatique ?" Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003505.
Après une présentation des conditions générales du problème du changement climatique au chapitre 2, puis une exposition plus historique des débats au chapitre 3, le chapitre 4 passe en revue un nombre substantiel de modèles intégrés ayant contribué à l'analyse de la question. Le chapitre 5 expose un modèle intégré sur la réduction optimale des émissions de CO2, DIAM, pour montrer dans quelle mesure les travaux précédents surestimaient les coûts de réduction à long terme et sous estimaient les coûts d'ajustement. Il apparaît qu'étant donné une date de stabilisation de la concentration atmosphérique de CO2, une inertie plus élevée implique une trajectoire optimale de concentration plus basse.
Formulant ensuite au chapitre 6 le problème en termes de décision séquentielle, on trouve que l'incertitude actuelle sur le plafond de concentration « sans danger pour le système climatique » justifie une action notable à court terme. Enfin, le chapitre 7 se replace dans le cadre de la théorie de l'effet d'irréversibilité, pour comparer empiriquement l'irréversibilité environnementale avec l'irréversibilité des investissements en calculant une valeur d'option associée un contrôle précoce des émissions de gaz à effet de serre.
Colin, Jeanne. "Étude des événements précipitants intenses en Méditerranée : approche par la modélisation climatique régionale." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1357/.
The climatic variability of intense rainfall events in the Mediterranean is studied using the limited area climate model ALADIN-Climate, whose ability to simulate these events in South-East France is explored. Several sensitivity studies are conducted to assess the impact of various configuration parameters on the model's skill to downscale such extreme events : coupling with a Mediterranean sea model, use of the spectral nudging technique, size of the domain of integration and horizontal resolution. These studies are either performed within the so-called Big-Brother Experiment framework or through hindcast simulations driven by the ERA-40 reanalysis. The increase of resolution (from 50 to 12. 5 km) is found to be the only parameter affecting the modeling of extreme precipitation. The added value of the higher resolution on the way ALADIN-Climate simulates High Precipitation Events (HPE) in South-East France is carefully studied. Comparisons of ALADIN-Climate's skills to those of two State-of-the-art statistical methods of downscaling and detection of these events -- DSCLIM (Boé et al. , 2006) and "CYPRIM" (Nuissier et al. , 2011) -- show that with a resolution of 12. 5 km, the model offers better results than the first method and appears to be at least as good as the second one, therefore it constitutes an appropriate numerical tool to explore the climatic variability of the HPE. A climate change scenario (A1B) is then performed with this tool for the end of the XXe century and we assess the simulated changes affecting HPE in future climate. Several methods are proposed to analyse and display the results, suggesting an increase of both the frequency and intensity of the HPE
Colmet-Daage, Antoine. "Les impacts du changement climatique sur les pluies et les inondations extrêmes de bassins versants méso-échelles méditerranéens." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG020/document.
Northern mediterranean meso-scale river catchments are submitted to extremes floods events linked to intense convective precipitation and local hydrologic features. The Mediterranean region is known to be one of the most affected areas by global warming, and it is likely that changes can be expected in the hydrological cycle. The aim of this CIFRE thesis is to assess the climate change impacts on extreme precipitation events using a so-called “futurization” method, in which a transfer function is built by comparing the quantiles of distribution for both present and future climate precipitation. The climate change impact on extreme precipitation events is assessed over high-resolution EMCORDEX simulations. The focus is on the Orbieu catchment located in southwestern France. The futurization method is applied to six major events of precipitation that trigger flash floods. The hydrological impacts of those future statistical counterpart precipitation events are therefore assessed through a conceptual event-based hydrological model. An assessment of soil moisture changes under climate change is performed and coupled to the hydrological impact quantification. The conceptual hydrological model chosen, have been motivated by its future operational applications. The consequences of that choice are assessed through a comparison to a physically based hydrological model. It has been implemented through the hydrological functioning caracterisation of the Orbieu catchment supported by several field campaigns
Bertelsmeier, Cleo. "Biologie des invasions de fourmis dans un contexte de changement climatique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112358/document.
Climate change and biological invasions are both among the greatest threats to biodiversity and their impacts might increase by the end of the century. Among invasive species, ants are a prominent group due to their negative impacts on native species, ecosystem processes, human and animal health, agro-ecosystems and the economy. The objective of this thesis was to forecast future ant invasions – especially in the light of on-going climate change, which is generally thought to favour invasive species by removing thermal barriers. I used three complementary approaches to study the potential of different ant species to invade in the future: species distribution modelling, behavioural experiments and the analysis of a database of ecological traits. I modelled suitable area for 15 of the worst invasive ant species, both currently and with predicted climate change, globally, regionally and within the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots. Surprisingly, the potential distribution of only five species was predicted to increase (up to 35.8%) with climate change, with most declining by up to 63.3%. The ant invasion hotspots are predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa, Asia and Oceanic islands, and particularly correspond with biodiversity hotspots. Contrary to general expectations, climate change and biological invasions will not systematically act synergistically for ants. In addition, I found that the impacts of climate change can change over time and even reverse the trend of the impact (i.e., an increase instead of a decrease or vice versa). However, ant invasions will likely remain as a major global problem, especially where invasion hotspots coincide with biodiversity hotspots. The species distribution models have identified large potentially overlapping distributions of several invasive ants. In the future, these species may arrive simultaneously in the same regions and compete with each other. In a series of experiments, I tested behavioural differences among 7 highly invasive ant species (Anoplolepis gracilipes, Paratrechina longicornis, Myrmica rubra, Linepithema humile, Lasius neglectus, Wasmannia auropunctata and Pheidole megacephala). I discovered two different behavioural strategies among invasive ants. Interactions at the colony level, exhibited more complex demographic processes and more variability. Further, I investigated resource competition and differences in resource exploitation. I found significant differences among species, with competitive abilities that were negatively correlated with behavioural dominance. This series of experiments suggests that the ‘mechanisms’ of invasiveness are more complex than previously thought and that different invasive ant species may use different behavioural strategies. Since there are more than 250 exotic species of ants, it would be interesting to identify potential future invaders. In order to identify traits associated with invasiveness in ants, I set up a database with 2193 ant species and 24 ecological characteristics. I performed a preliminary analysis of trait differences between native and invasive ants that shows clearly different clusters of invasive and native species, with exotic species in between. These results could be used as a basis to construct a predictive model of future ant invasions. The different methods used (models, experiments, database) are complementary in that they explore different aspects of the future ant invasions which are likely to be influenced by on-going climate change. The worst invaders of tomorrow may not be the same as today and similarly, areas most at risk are likely to change
Costantini, Maya. "Etude de l'évolution de la ressource mondiale en eau dans un contexte de changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30356.
The global water resource is constituted of all the exploitable freshwater on Earth, mainly stored in aquifers. In certain regions, climate change and human withdrawals, challenge this resource and its management. Preserving this resource is a major global concern. Thus, it is crucial to anticipate its future evolution to enable its water resource management. My thesis work tackles this issues with the help of global climate models. They allow to simulate projections of future climate scenarios, taking into account the impacts of climate change on water resources. However, human withdrawals such as irrigation are generally not represented in these models, while they significantly affect water resources. Therefore, this thesis aims to assess the global water resource's response to climate change, as simulated by climate models, and to estimate the impact of irrigation on this response. To address these questions, I analyze future projections of water resource changes, and more particularly groundwater resources. These projections were produced by climate models following greenhouse gas concentration scenarios from the sixth IPCC report. Three different methods are used to estimate the effects of irrigation: (1) relying on population density, (2) using water withdrawal data, and (3) implementing a simple representation of irrigation in the CNRM climate model. The results of the climate projections show an overall increase of water resources by 2100. However, this global perspective is misleading, as water resources are projected to decline in many regions of the world. Considering estimates of irrigation water withdrawals affects these results, particularly in heavily irrigated regions. A common conclusion obtained with the three methods I used to account for irrigation is a reversal of groundwater level changes (from an increase to a decrease) in some parts of the world and a worsening of the projected depletion of aquifers in other regions. These findings underscore the importance of including a representation of irrigation in climate models when considering the evolution of the global water resources with climate change
Briche, Élodie. "Changement climatique dans le vignoble de Champagne : modélisation thermique à plusieurs échelles spatio-temporelles." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070075.
Global climatic change has already consequences on viticulture Worldwide and these modifications imply some questions about future. Evaluation of possible modifications in Champagne vineyard is necessary in terms of thermal extremes for vineyard as spring frost during budbreak and heat-waves. Indeed temperature influences phenological cycle and earlier phenological stages have already been observed. This vineyard is particularly interesting to study because of its northern location and thanks to a large network of weather stations since 20 years. To establish a prospective of thermal possible conditions, data of French climate models LMD and ARPEGE-Climate model, respectively at 300 km and 50 km of resolution, are validated and analyzed on a control period (1950 to 2000). They are also used to give an overview of bioclimatic and thermal future conditions (2001 to 2100) with three scenarios, currently used (A1B, Bl and A2). The control period shows cold biases within statistical distributions of climate models data in spring and summer, in terms of extremes frequencies estimation and better results with ARPEGE climate model. Data of this model are used to assess thermal and bioclimatic futures conditions. Summer extremes could increase in the future while cold spring extremes could decrease during budbreak. Budbreak could be earlier and spring cold extremes in Mardi could cause more severe frost of buds. Regional analysis is completed by a local analysis with RAMS meso-scale model, which downscales simulations at a resolution of 200m, taking into account local factors. The validation modeling is proceeded during the 2003 extreme climatic events (late spring frost and summer heat wave), this year is considered as exceptional and representative of the "future climate" which caused buds frost and berries warming. Simulated temperatures (200 m) for the Champagne vineyard were compared to recorded temperatures by weather stations located within the vineyards. The model reproduced the diurnal cycle of temperatures correctly with biases more or less marked depending dates
Espagne, Etienne. "Trois essais d’économie sur les politiques climatiques dans un monde post-Kyoto." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0066.
This thesis deals with three complementary economic approaches of the climate challenge. First, a critical analysis of integrated assessment models is carried out using the RESPONSE model. It concludes to their relative usefulness as a transparency tool for reasonings and hypotheses of the negociating parties in the climate diplomacy. A methodology to compare modelization structures is then proposed and tested. Finally the economic conditions for not trespassing the 2°C threshold are put into light, inside a cost-benefit framework, as well as their implications for the diplomatic agenda. Second, we analyze some obstacles and driving forces of a real economy in its interaction with the climate constraint. Three levels of viscosity of an economy are highlighted, having sufficiently different properties to justify a different analytical treatment. On the institutional level, we lower the importance of the pure time preference in the Stern/Nordhau controversy. On the infrastructure level, we show that the introduction of climate uncertainty can justify precautionary investment in the long-term sector and also define some properties of an infrastructure relevant to the climate question. On the technical change side, we build a critic of the AABH model and present some elements of an alternative research program on the subject of its redirection. Third, we introduce money in this description of a real economy, or more precisely the financial sector. We describe and modelize an innovative tool for the energy transition respecting the constraints highlighted in the two preceding parts
Kaimuddin, Awaluddin Halirin. "Impact du changement climatique sur la distribution des populations de poissons. Approche par SIG, modèles et scénarios d'évolution du climat." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0039/document.
Understanding connectivities among species distributions, biodiversity, marine habitats and climate change is necessary for the design of an effective conservation management, such as in the implementation of marine protected area (MPA). In this study, we observed the richness of 89 "rare" or "exotic" fish species (observed outside their known distribution range) related to climate change. We modeled and predicted their seasonal distributions according to the species ecological niches (determined in this study) using the GIS model. Superposing the models of all species using GIS, we determined the preferential zones or zones of high biodiversity (hotspots) over time. The GIS approach offers an alternative to measure seasonal species richness in poor-data areas. This approach allowed also species track movement over time. This information could be then used to measure the effectiveness of MPA positioning related to the hotspot areas. Our study area covers a wide latitudinal range of the Eastern Atlantic waters, from the warm tropical/subtropical waters to the temperate waters. This area is located in three large marine ecosystems: the Canary current, the South European Atlantic Shelf and the Celtic Seas. The transitional zone in the central region has well known for its sensitivity to the detection of climate change. From 1982 to 2012, the SST in all of studied ecosystems has increased consistently over time, with magnitude and trend varied among ecosystems. The change of number of species in each decadal period differed among ecosystems. Increasing number of species in an ecosystem was generally followed by decreasing trend in adjacent ecosystems. Species ecological niches were obtained by extracting the environmental values in the location of species occurrence at the time of observation. The environmental data and the occurrence records used were at global scale, and the methods yields coherent results with the results obtained from observational studies. The flexibility of GIS Model used in this study allowed us to follow the evolution of species seasonal distribution over time. Generally, most of the studied species showed a northbound trend in their distribution. These northbound tendencies were more evident in the middle region, confirming the effect of global warming in shifting marine species distribution. This approach provides an alternative of measuring seasonal richness of poor-known species and/or modeling in poor-data areas. The results present a complete picture of predictive number of species in an area over time. MPAs superficial analysis by country (countries lying in the study area) showed that UK has the highest number of MPA and the largest protected areas, following by France and Mauritania. Frequencies of the MPAs touched by the hotspot were strongly influenced by seasonal variations. Thus, considering seasonal variations in a conservation effort could preserve species adaptive variation under environmental changes. Overall, our works provide several alternative methods for species distribution studies and for studies poor-known species in data-poor area. The results provide evidences of ocean warming effect in shifting marine fish distribution
François, Baptiste. "Gestion optimale d'un réservoir hydraulique multiusages et changement climatique. Modèles, projections et incertitudes : Application à la réserve de Serre-Ponçon." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00997012.
Briche, Elodie. "Changement climatique dans le vignoble de Champagne : Modélisation thermique à plusieurs échelles spatio-temporelles (1950-2100)." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653635.
Fumière, Quentin. "Impact du changement climatique sur les précipitations extrêmes dans le sud-est de la France : apport des modèles résolvant la convection profonde." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30239.
The Mediterranean region and more particularly the South-East of France are affected by intense rainfall episodes during the autumn. Determining the future evolution of these events is a major scientific and societal challenge. The objective of this PhD thesis is to study at very high resolution and at climate scales the past representation and future evolution of these intense rainfall events. The approach here is based on the analysis of simulations of a family of explicit deep convection regional climate models (cprcms, 2-3 km) and on the exploitation of a new database of kilometric and hourly precipitation observations : comephore. The evaluation of the cprcms revealed a high added-value of explicit convection models compared with parameterized convection models (12.5 km) for the representation of daily and especially sub-daily extreme precipitation. The robustness of this added value has been showed to changes in cnrm-arome configurations (version, domain and model driving).The added value was also verified in 4 other rcm/cprcm pairs from the cordex fps-convection program. The study of precipitation changes based on 10-year simulations of the four cprcms did not provide a significant response of change in extreme precipitation. It is very natural climate variability is likely to dominate the future response of extreme precipitation over periods of 10 years, which implies that even at the end of the 21st century and in a scenario with high green house-gases emissions, it is likely that some decades will be wetter and others less so than decades of the current climate. It is therefore necessary to extend the simulations to increase the robustness of multi-model results. In addition, the 10-year change results with cnrm-arome are not representative of the changes over 30 years. The 30-year scenario simulation with cnrm-arome according to the rcp8.5 projection for the end of the century suggests an increase in extreme daily and especially hourly precipitation in the Cévennes and more particularly in Roussillon (+15% per degree of warming). In scenario mode, it was possible to show that cprcms can significantly change the rain response to climate change simulated by standard resolution rcms. This work is the first intensive scientific exploitation of the arome model in climate mode. The results obtained open up many possibilities for its future use to study climate at very high resolution and in particular extreme events
Lemaitre-Basset, Thibault. "Importance de la demande en eau atmosphérique et anthropique en contexte de changement climatique sur la durabilité de la gestion de la ressource : cas d'étude du bassin versant de la Moselle en France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04155520.
The climate projections analysed in the IPCC reports indicate an increase in air temperature ranging from +2 to +6 °C on average by 2100. A warming of this magnitude and speed is unprecedented, and it is due to human activities. Despite this fact, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions does not seem to be in sight within a reasonable time frame. It is therefore necessary to think about adaptation strategies to mitigate the deleterious impacts of climate change. The water cycle is directly impacted by climate change, through an increase in atmospheric water demand that could lead to an increase in evapotranspiration, and through an increase in anthropogenic pressure on water resources, whose reserves may change. By relying on hydrological simulations under climate change scenarios, stakeholders can assess the magnitude of future changes. However, hydrological models often rely on stationarity assumptions that may not be valid under global change. The overall objective of this thesis is to introduce methodologies that implement hydrological modelling frameworks more suited to deal with the challenges faced by stakeholders in sustainable water resource management
Martin, Éric. "Modélisation de la climatologie nivale des Alpes françaises. Application des techniques de régionalisation à l'étude de l'impact d'un changement climatique sur l'enneigement." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30262.
Foissard, Xavier. "L’îlot de chaleur urbain et le changement climatique : application à l’agglomération rennaise." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN20027/document.
Urban development, characterized by the presence of buildings and impervious surfaces, modify the local climate and in particular, enhance the urban heat island (UHI). This phenomenon raises temperatures in cities at night, which could cause discomfort and over-mortality during heat waves. In the context of climate change and important population dynamics, this thesis is carried out in the Rennes Metropolitan area (in Brittany). Firstly, this thesis focuses on the spatial analysis of UHI variability according to land use and urban forms. To observe UHI in the Rennes Metropolitan area, a network of multiple measurement types were implemented at various scale. 1) a network of 22 permanents weather stations located in urban/rural sites; 2) a network of 20 temperature sensors placed in intra-urban area; and 3) a network of temperature measurements in two neighborhoods of Rennes and a small town, Vezin-le-Coquet. Secondly, spatial models of UHI were designed in this thesis at both the urban agglomeration and intra-urban scale. This multi-scale approach produced UHI map for these nesting-scales. Thirdly, this thesis determined the temporal variability of UHI by looking at the interaction between weather types and UHI. This analysis produced a statistical model of daily UHI magnitude according to meteorological observations. This model combined with data from downscaled climate change scenarios provided future projections of UHI. Lastly, this study deals with tools for town planning to prevent intensive UHI. UHI maps and downscaled climate change scenarios defined the risk assessment in the Rennes Metropolitan area
Pottier, Antonin. "L’économie dans l’impasse climatique : développement matériel, théorie immatérielle et utopie auto-stabilisatrice." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0052.
Greenhouse gas emissions still grow unabated. Instead of blaming policy-makers for the implementation gap, I question the toolbox of neo-classical economists and restate the conundrum as: how inadequate is economic theory as a mental map for climate change? I identify turning points in the history of resource economics and exhibit a constant trend of forgetting the material embeddedness of the economy. Economists' use of the production function is based on a misunderstanding, as the Cambridge controversy shows that it has no technical content. The cost-benefit analysis, allegedly the only way to be positive, is favored to assess climate change, even if it relies on unknown relationships. Damage function extrapolates shared prejudices; the incessant controversy on discounting highlights the inconsistency of the macroeconomic framework. An analysis of a recent article explains how economics can operate this distanciation from reality: loose connections between the mathematical structure of a model, the words used to describe it and its numerical results leave extraordinary space for interpretation. I then explore the relationship between the economy, economics and ideology through the study of two symbols: the homo economicus and the market. The peculier status of economics and the economy in Western societies is traced back to the 18th century. The current prominence of the market enhances the inadequacy of economic theory to address climate change. The sociological phenomenon of climate-skepticism and the failed construction of carbon markets can be seen as impediments to mitigation induced by the market mentality
Bonfils, Céline. "Le Moyen-Holocène : rôle de la surface continentale sur la sensibilité climatique simulée." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066536.
Cuccia, Cédric. "Impacts du changement climatique sur la phénologie du Pinot noir en Bourgogne." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS094/document.
The viticulture is an important economic and cultural sector in Burgundy. The current climate change raises a number of issues including its impact on crops. In this thesis, the idea is to develop a methodology to address the problem: what are the potential impacts of changes in temperature on the phenology of Pinot noir in Burgundy for years 2031-2048?The evolution of temperatures in Burgundy since 1961 is characterized by a positive temperature shift at the end of the 1980s followed by a period where the temperature increases of about 1.5 ° C.One of the interests of this thesis is to develop, following a strategy developed during the thesis, a spatial database conducted over the period 1989-2009 to estimate the ability of the WRF model to reproduce the climate Burgundy by disaggregating large scale data. The model reproduces satisfactorily the seasonal and spatial variability in global climate despite bias (cold on the Tx and hot on the Tn).To regionalize the climate change, WRF was used to disaggregate data from the scenario SRES/A2 on the periods 1970-1987 and 2031-2048. After being evaluated and inter-compared three phenological models, using average temperatures data to simulate the dates of occurrence of phenological stages of Pinot Noir, have been applied to these decompositions.The impact of warming temperatures on the horizon 2031-2048 (SRES/A2), estimated at 1.35 ° C on average, is characterized by an earlier flowering and veraison of about 7 and 15 days respectively. The interstadial duration is also reduced of about 5 days
Lecluse, Simon. "Modélisation de l'influence du changement climatique sur la nappe phréatique du Rhin Supérieur." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01037925.
Driouech, Fatima. "Distribution des précipitations hivernales sur le Maroc dans le cadre d'un changement climatique : descente d'échelle et incertitudes." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0065/document.
In the context of climate change, it is important to improve climate information concerning countries that may be negatively impacted by global warming such as Morocco. Indeed, various studies of future projections, including IPCC ones, are mainly based on the outputs of low resolution climate models that do not allow accessing the regional and local scales. The first part of this work focuses on the study and analysis of observed climate evolution and trends in Morocco through a set of climate indices. Moroccan rainfall is characterized by a high interannual variability and more frequent droughts have occurred since the early 1980s. Furthermore, a clear change is shown in the distribution of precipitation during the period 1961-2008. It consists in a shift towards warmer and drier conditions. The assessment of future climate changes is done, firstly, using a variable resolution version of the global GCM ARPEGE-Climat with high resolution over Morocco (50km). The examination of this version capability shows the ability of the model to well reproduce the large scale circulation as well as the interannual variability of Moroccan rainfall despite an underestimation of its amount. A reduction of winter rainfall over the whole country is projected by the model for 2021-2050. In the region located west of the Atlas Mountains, the reduction could concern the wettest part of the year (ONDJFM). The changes in rainfall characteristics may also occur through a decrease in the number of wet days and the number of heavy precipitation events and by more persistent droughts. Furthermore, an increase of mean temperature is projected at annual and seasonal scales. The outputs of ten RCMs of the FP6-ENSEMBLES (ENSEMBLES) project are used to assess the uncertainties associated to future climate change. The changes issued from ARPEGE-Climat are in the range covered by the ten RCMs. Most of the models agreed on a reduction of winter precipitation associated with a decrease in the number of heavy precipitation events and an increase in the number of maximum consecutive dry days. The evaluation of a statistical downscaling approach that uses large scale fields such as North Atlantic weather regimes to construct local scenarios of future climate change shows the deficiency of this approach in the case of Moroccan winter precipitation. This result is obtained by both ARPEGE-Climat and the ENSEMBLES RCMs. The quantile-quantile correction method extended to weather regimes and applied to the outputs of ARPEGE-Climat confirms the sign of the changes despite a slight reduction of their amplitudes. The assessment of potential impacts on hydrology done using the hydrological model GR2M and the climate scenarios issued from ARPEGE-Climat shows a future reduction of the Moulouya watershed discharges. This is due to the combination of a rainfall decrease and an enhanced potential evapotranspiration induced by increasing temperature. Finally, a dynamical downscaling achieved using the limited area model ALADINClimat with very high resolution (12km) on the northern half of the country allows a further assessment of future climate changes and related uncertainties. The projections issued from ARPEGE-Climat are generally confirmed both in terms of average and of extremes
Taccoen, Adrien. "Détermination de l'impact potentiel du changement climatique sur la mortalité des principales essences forestières européennes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0004.
Forest ecosystems are one of the main providers of terrestrial ecosystem services, whose functioning has already been altered by recent climate change. Increases in tree mortality rates have been highlighted in different biomes worldwide, as well as increases in the frequency of massive mortality events following droughts. However, tree mortality is a multi-causal process. It is difficult to quantify the importance of the different factors that can possibly lead to tree death, and particularly the importance of climate change in comparison with forest dynamics and competition-related effects, environmental or biotic factors. This thesis aims at assessing the drivers of background tree mortality, which is the mortality observed in a stand in the absence of extreme perturbation, for the main European tree species. We used data from the French forest inventory of the National Geographic Institute (IGN) and historic climate data from Météo-France spanning the years 1961 to 2015.First, we modelled background tree mortality for 43 tree species in order to identify the drivers of background tree mortality. We used 372.974 trees, including 7.312 dead trees surveyed between the years 2009 and 2015. We found that factors related with competition, tree development stage, stand structure and species composition and logging intensity explained 85% of the recent tree mortality. Environmental factors (soil and climate conditions) accounted for 9% of the total modelled mortality. Temperature increases and rainfall decreases since the period 1961 – 1987 had a significant effect on the mortality of 45% of the 43 species and explained in average 6% of the total modelled mortality.Secondly, we focused on the link between trees locations along temperature and rainfall gradients and their sensitivity to changes of temperature and rainfall. We found that, for 9 species out of 12, temperature increases and rainfall decreases effects were more important in areas with high mean temperature and low mean rainfall. These results show that climate change-related tree mortality could be exacerbated towards the species’ warm and dry edges.Finally, we sought to evaluate how climate change-related tree mortality varied along trees social statuses and sizes gradients. We found that suppressed trees were more sensitive to temperature increases than dominant trees. On the contrary, dominant trees, and particularly large dominant trees, appear to be more sensitive to rainfall decrease than suppressed trees. Overall, our results show that climate change-related tree mortality is globally more important for suppressed than dominant trees.We highlighted the existence of a link between recent temperature increases and rainfall decreased and observed tree mortality rates on around half of the species of the French forest. We also showed that these effects were exacerbated towards the warm and dry edges of the species ranges. Finally, we showed that these effects differed according to trees social statuses and development stages. These results allow us to better understand the impacts of climate change on French and European forest and to better anticipate their effects through the adaptation of silvicultural practices
Fabri-Ruiz, Salomé. "Modèles de distribution et changements environnementaux :Application aux faunes d’échinides de l’océan Austral et écorégionalisation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/280471/3/manuscrit.pdf.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Adallal, Rachid. "Variabilité environnementale des lacs du moyen Atlas marocain : fonctionnement hydrogéochimique, hydrologique et réponse au changement climatique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/190503_ADALLAL_832bmr769lk231jud210zypqc_TH.pdf.
The southern Mediterranean region, at the interface between arid and temperate climates, is highly vulnerable to climate change and water availability. The moroccan Middle-Atlas mountains contains several natural lakes regarded as sentinels of hydro-climatic changes, provided that their hydrological functioning is clearly understood. This thesis work was focused on the study of the hydrogeochemical and hydro-isotopic functioning of Azigza lake based on a monthly monitoring (October 2012–October 2016). The physicochemical and chemical parameters (major elements), allowed to propose the mechanisms associated with the mineralization of lake waters and the characterization of groundwater inflows from watershed into the lake. The waters of the Azigza lacustrine system fall under the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate category. The lake is hot monomictic type. The waters show a seasonal response to climatic variations.The isotopic data allow to specify the origin of waters, the recharge altitude, the residence time of waters. The daily data of water level highlights the fast response of the lake to precipitation. During the whole observation period, the lake level decreased by about 4 meters. This approach was used to simulate the variations of the lake level over the observation period and to quantify the contributions of the groundwater flows. This approach was used to simulate the variations of the lake level over the observation period and to quantify the contributions of the groundwater flows. The hydrological model was then tested to reconstruct historical lake level variations. Finally, the possible use of the model to predict future lake level is discussed
Travers, Trolet Morgane. "Couplage de modèles trophiques et effets combinés de la pêche et du climat." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066117.
Macron, Clémence. "Les Talwegs Tropicaux Tempérés en Afrique australe : mécanismes et évolution face au changement climatique (2010-2099)." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS057/document.
In the Southern Hemisphere, Southern Africa and the south-west Indian Ocean are one of the three preferred regions where interactions between the tropics and midlatitudes develop. This is the South Indian Convergence Zone (SICZ), where northwest-southeast oriented cloud bands form at the synoptic scale (between 3 and 5 days). These bands are mainly found during the austral summer and are commonly referred to as tropical temperate troughs (TTTs). This research aims at improving our knowledge related to TTTs, with a study on the dynamics associated with these systems, and an analysis of their possible evolution during the 21st century.The first part of this thesis aims at identifying favorable conditions for the formation and the development of TTTs. Weather regimes analysis is used to identify TTTs on the one hand and mid-latitude perturbations on the other hand, allowing us to better document the spatial and temporal variability of TTTs together with background climate conditions. The events identified account for 20% of seasonal rainfall on average. Their contribution increases according to a west to east gradient. The comparison between these two classifications, partitioned using a k-means clustering, first confirms that midlatitude perturbations are a necessary condition for TTT development, but they are not sufficient. An excess of moist static energy over the Mozambique Channel partly supplied by advections from remote regions (mostly the southern Atlantic basin and the south-west Indian Ocean) form additional conditions favoring deep atmospheric convection over and near the Southern Africa. The second part investigates possible changes in precipitation, TTTs and more generally climate over Southern Africa during the 21st century in response to radiative forcing associated with greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). A multi-model (height climate models taken on the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report) and multi-scenario (RCP 8.5 and 2.6) approach is chosen. All models are skillful to reproduce Southern Africa current climate characteristics and cloud bands associated with TTTs, both in terms of spatial variability and frequency of occurrences. During the 21th century, there is no consensus between the models on the future evolution of seasonal rainfall (NDJF). However, all simulate an increase in the amounts precipitated by rainy day over the south-east part of southern Africa. These changes are not related to an evolution of TTTs: their spatial patterns, frequency of occurrences and contribution to rainfall remain stationary throughout the 21st century, but they associated with extreme rainfall events that become more frequent and more intense
Voldoire, Aurore. "Prise en compte des changements de végétation dans un scénario climatique du XXIème siècle." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30024.
The main objective of this work has been to run a climate simulation of the 21st century that includes not only greenhouse gases and aerosols emitted by human activity but also land-use and land-cover changes. To achieve this goal, the integrated impact model IMAGE2. 2 (developed at RIVM, The Netherlands) was used, which simulates the evolution of greenhouse gases concentrations as well as land-cover changes. This model has been coupled to the general circulation model ARPEGE/OPA provided by the CNRM. Before coupling the models, sensitivity experiments with each model have been performed to test their respective sensitivity to the forcing of the other. Ultimately, a simulation with the two models coupled together has shown that interactions between climate and vegetation are not of primary importance for century scale studies
Bel, Madani Ali. "Impact du changement climatique dans le système de courant de Humboldt simulé par un modèle régional océanique." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/777/.
What do we need to study the influence of climate change simulated by global coupled models of the current generation upon the Peru-Chile upwelling system " is the main question addressed in this PhD thesis. Thanks to a dynamical downscaling approach performed with the ROMS model (Regional Oceanic Modelling System) at an eddy-resolving resolution (1/6°), we aim at understanding the processes that are likely to control possible future changes in the ocean circulation over this region influenced by ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation). A study of the physical mechanisms that control ENSO-like variability in PI (pre-industrial) simulations performed with CGCMs (Coupled General Circulation Models) of the WCRP-CMIP3 multi-model ensemble (the so-called " IPCC-AR4 models ") allows identifying the most reliable models in terms of equatorial variability. It makes use of an intermediate coupled model of the tropical Pacific with prescribed mean stratification and wind forcing in order to derive explicitly the tendency terms of the mixed layer heat budget. Such analysis allows classifying the models according to the dominant ENSO process: zonal advective feedback or thermocline feedback. Models with a hybrid feedback like in the observations best represent the coupled processes that control SST variability, which makes us assume that they provide the highest confidence levels in terms of prediction of ENSO evolution under global warming. Among them, two CGCMs (IPSL-CM4 and INGV-ECHAM4) best reproduce mean temperature and currents as well as their intraseasonal-to-interannual variabilities at the western boundary of the Peru-Chile domain (100°W) and are therefore retained for downscaling experiments over the HCS (Humboldt Current System) region. CGCM outputs from the PI and 4xCO2 (CO2 quadrupling) simulations for the oceanic part are used directly as open boundary conditions for ROMS, whereas a high-resolution (~50km) CGCM-derived wind product obtained from a statistical downscaling procedure is used together with raw CGCM air-sea fluxes for the atmospheric forcing. .
Ha-Duong, Minh. "Modèles de précaution en économie: introduction aux probabilités imprécises." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00007520.
Dutheil, Cyril. "Impacts du changement climatique dans le Pacifique Sud à différentes échelles : précipitations, cyclones, extrêmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS402.
In this thesis we are interested in the South Pacific climate changes, at the end of the 21st century under the RCP8.5 scenario (i.e. the most extreme scenario equivalent to a radiative forcing increase of 8.5W.m-2), at several spatial scales ((1) Pacific, (2) Southwest Pacific, (3) and New Caledonia) and in its impacts. The climate projections of the CMIP5 models include many biases (e.g. double ITCZ, strong intermodel variability of SST change patterns) in this region that we reduced by using a regional atmospheric model (Weather Research and Forecast). (1) At this scale we are interested in the future of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). Climate change simulations showed a possible drying (-30%) of SPCZ driven by circulation changes. (2) We are interested here in the future of the Southwest Pacific cyclogenesis. Climate change simulations have shown a decrease of cyclone intensity, an increase of cyclonic precipitation, and a possible collapse of the cyclones number (-50%) due to an increase of vertical wind shear. (3) And then we focused on the evolution of the New Caledonian climate. Climate change simulations showed a decrease of rainfall (-20%) in average, with very strong contrasts across regions (East coast vs West coast), as well as a doubling of the heat waves number. Finally, we showed the interest of these regional simulations for impact studies applied to ecosystems
Fargeon, Hélène. "Effet du changement climatique sur l'évolution de l'aléa incendie de forêt en France métropolitaine au 21ème siècle." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0025.
Wildfires impacting French forests are currently concentrated in the South, especially in the Mediterranean and Aquitaine regions. Climate projections for the 21st century in France question the impact of climate change on wildfire hazard. We focus on two particular issues: the evolution of the fire danger and fire regime in regions already facing frequent wildfires today, and the potential extension of the risk to new regions in the future.Climate change effect was first determined using projections of an empirical fire danger index (FWI) under future climate, computed for five contrasted climatic models under two greenhouse gases emission scenarios. These projections highlight a very strong increase in fire danger levels in the areas already facing wildfires, especially in the Mediterranean, with a very good agreement between climate models. The range of the increase in the North and the West, though existing, is more challenging to quantify, because of climate model uncertainties.This first approach was limited by the ability of FWI to represent fire activity. Therefore, we developed a probabilistic model for fire activity, aiming at projecting fire numbers and burnt areas under future climate. The approach considers that fires result from underlying random processes that determine the occurrence and the fire size based on the FWI and various spatiotemporal factors. The model was fitted following a Bayesian approach using the Promethee database, which records fire observations in the Mediterranean area. Model projections under historical and future conditions demonstrated that FWI projections underestimated projected fire activity increases, mainly due to the non-linearity of the fire-climate relation. Thus, fire danger increases projected in summer in the Mediterranean in 2080 (pessimistic scenario) are considerably lower (25 to 59%) than those for burnt areas (48 to 202%).This approach does not apply to regions where wildfires are currently sparse, and unreliably recorded, especially in Northern France. Yet we extrapolated the model, established over the Mediterranean area, to the rest of Southern France where data were sufficient. Among the difficulties encountered while extrapolating to the national scale, the variation of fuel structure is a critical issue. It was not included in the projections, but its implications are discussed
Préau, Clémentine. "Identification et modélisation des habitats d'espèces à enjeux et évolution de leur aire de répartition avec le changement climatique." Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT2316.
The current decline in biodiversity is the result of global changes, including climate change. It contributes to amplifying the effects of global changes on ecosystems. Although the assessment of the impacts of climate change on species distribution is widely studied at large scales, assessment at the national, regional or even departmental scale is less systematic although it is the most appropriate to be accounted in conservation strategies. In order to assess the vulnerability of emblematic wetland species to climate change, we have constructed distribution scenarios using approaches based on ecological niche modelling. We focused on amphibians, ectothermic organisms with both aquatic and terrestrial stages and low dispersal abilities, which are highly threatened by human activities and climate change. We assessed the potential impacts of climate change on the distribution of the yellow-bellied toad Bombina variegata, the great crested newt Triturus cristatus, the tree frog Hyla arborea, and the Mediterranean tree frog Hyla meridionalis, by estimating the interactions between species presence and environmental factors and by assessing the effects of climate and land use changes on the potential distribution of species at the regional scale. Then, we focused on the effects of climate change scenarios on the potential distribution and connectivity of suitable habitats of the marbled newt Triturus marmoratus and of T. cristatus across the administrative department of Vienne. Finally, we assessed the ability of T. marmoratus to follow a potential shift of suitable areas due to climate change, in a context of land use change at the national scale. We then studied another emblematic species of wetlands and rivers, the white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes. We modelled the impact of climate change on its distribution by explicitly accounting for the distribution of an invasive and competitive species, the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. Projections for future conditions were forecasted using global warming scenarios based on radiative forcing trajectories called RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways).Our studies have shown that climate change is likely to lead to a contraction of ranges and a potential shift in the suitable areas for most of the studied species, with a more or less significant impact depending on the considered species and the climate change scenario. In addition, we have shown the importance of land use in mitigating the effects of climate change on species distribution. Following consideration of uncertainties and limitations, the results of the presented work may be useful for the conservation, management and assessment of the studied species, and may be replicated for other wetland species