Книги: "Model adequacy"

1

Zapranis, Achilleas, and Apostolos-Paul N. Refenes. Principles of Neural Model Identification, Selection and Adequacy. London: Springer London, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0559-6.

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2

Honohan, Patrick. Capital adequacy and competition in a pure model of banking. Dublin: Department of PoliticalEconomy, UCD, 1987.

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3

Almimi, Ashraf. Split-Plot Designs: Follow-Up Experiments, Missing Observations, and Model Adequacy Checking. Saarbrucken, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2010.

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4

Zapranis, Achilleas. Principles of Neural Model Identification, Selection and Adequacy: With Applications to Financial Econometrics. London: Springer London, 1999.

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5

Keane, Mark T. Towards an adequate cognitive model of analogical mapping. Dublin: Trinity College, Department of Computer Science, 1991.

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6

Simpson, Alex. Computational adequacy for recursive types in models of intuitionistic set theory. Kyoto, Japan: Kyōto Daigaku Sūri Kaiseki Kenkyūjo, 2003.

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7

Grigor'ev, Anatoliy, and Evgeniy Isaev. Methods and algorithms of data processing. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1032305.

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The tutorial deals with selected methods and algorithms of data processing, the sequence of solving problems of processing and analysis of data to create models behavior of the object taking into account all the components of its mathematical model. Describes the types of technological methods for the use of software and hardware for solving problems in this area. The algorithms of distributions, regressions vremenny series, transform them with the aim of obtaining mathematical models and prediction of the behavior information and economic systems (objects). The second edition is supplemented by materials that are in demand by researchers in the part of the correct use of clustering algorithms. Are elements of the classification algorithms to identify their capabilities, strengths and weaknesses. Are the procedures of justification and verify the adequacy of the results of the cluster analysis, conducted a comparison and evaluation of different clustering techniques, given information about visualization of multidimensional data and examples of practical application of clustering algorithms. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. For students of economic specialties, specialists, and graduate students.

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8

Dermine, Jean. Deposit insurance, credit risk and capital adequacy: A note. Fontainebleau: INSEAD, 1992.

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9

Moore, James F. Projected retirement wealth and savings adequacy in the Health and Retirement Study. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.

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10

Armyros, Speros. On the behavior of Ethernet: Are existing analytic models adequate? Toronto: University of Toronto, Dept. of Computer Science, 1991.

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11

Armyros, Speros. On the behavior of Ethernet: Are existing analytic models adequate? Toronto: University of Toronto, Dept. of Computer Science, 1992.

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12

Croushore, Dean D. Money in the utility function: An adequate microfoundation of money? [Philadelphia, Pa.]: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, 1989.

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13

Sokol'skaya, Elena, and Boris Kochurov. Geoecology of the city: models of environmental quality. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1205961.

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The monograph examines the features of studying the geoecological state of urbanized territories, reveals the use of integrated assessment and mapping in urban diagnostics, and finds a solution to geoecological problems on the example of world cities that are leading in the rating for quality of life. The components of an information and analytical model of the urban environment for assessing the geoecological situation are described; an algorithm for a comprehensive study of the geoecological state aimed at an adequate assessment of the quality of the urban environment. Special attention is paid to the methodology of geoecological assessment of the quality of the urban environment based on multifactor modeling, which allows making recommendations for improving the comfort of living of the population. It is intended for a wide range of specialists in the field of geoecology of the city, and can also be used as a textbook for students of environmental, natural-geographical, engineering specialties.

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14

Zapranis, Achilleas, and Apostolos-Paul N. Refenes. Principles of Neural Model Identification, Selection and Adequacy: With Applications to Financial Econometrics (Perspectives in Neural Computing). Springer, 1999.

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15

McCleary, Richard, David McDowall, and Bradley J. Bartos. Forecasting. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661557.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 downplays forecasting’s role in the design and analysis of time series experiments and emphasizes its potential abuses. While the “best” ARIMA model will outperform other forecasting models in the short and medium-run, long-horizon ARIMA forecasts grow increasingly inaccurate with diminished utility to the forecaster. Although the principles of forecasting help provide deeper insight into the nature of ARIMA models and modeling, the forecasts themselves are ordinarily of limited practical value. Forecasting can provide useful guidance to analysts choosing between two competing univariate models. While forecasting accuracy is only one of many criteria that might be considered, other things being equal, it is fair to say that a statistically adequate model of a process should provide reasonable forecasts of the future. Forecast accuracy depends on a host of factors, many of which lie outside the grasp of model adequacy. More important, forecast accuracy has no universally accepted metric.

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16

Simon, Gleeson. Part III Investment Banking, 13 Trading Book—Standardized Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0013.

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This chapter discusses trading book models. Risk models come in a variety of types. However, for market risk purposes there have been a number of types which may be used within the framework. The simplest is the ‘CAD 1’ model — named after the first Capital Adequacy Directive, which permitted such models to be used in the calculation of regulatory capital. VaR models, permitted by Basel 2, were more complex, and this complexity was increased by Basel 2.5, which required the use of ‘stressed VAR’. In due course all of this will be replaced by the Basel 3 FRTB calculation, which rejects VAR and is based on the calculation of an expected shortfall (ES) market risk charge, a VaR based default risk charge (DRC) (for those exposures where the bank is exposed to the default of a third party), and a stressed ES-based capital add-on.

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17

Moreno, Palmira Granados. An alternative and more adequate model of software protection. 2005.

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18

Adequate Decision Rules For Portfolio Choice Problems. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

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19

When Is a Simple Model Adequate for Use in Scheduling in MSHN. Storming Media, 1999.

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20

On the behavior of Ethernet: Are existing analytic models adequate?. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1991.

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21

Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. The Model Solution Operators. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.003.0004.

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This chapter introduces the model problems and the solution operator for the associated heat equations. These operators give a good approximation for the behavior of the heat kernel in neighborhoods of different types of boundary points. The chapter states and proves the elementary features of these operators and shows that the model heat operators have an analytic continuation to the right half plane. It first considers the model problem in 1-dimension and in higher dimensions before discussing the solution to the homogeneous Cauchy problem. It then describes the first steps toward perturbation theory and constructs the solution operator for generalized Kimura diffusions on a suitable scale of Hölder spaces. It also defines the resolvent families and explains why the estimates obtained here are not adequate for the perturbation theoretic arguments needed to construct the solution operator for generalized Kimura diffusions.

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22

Weiskopf, Daniel A. The Explanatory Autonomy of Cognitive Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199685509.003.0003.

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Psychology and neuroscience offer distinctive ways of modeling the mind/brain. However, cognitive and neural models often have significantly different structures, raising challenging questions about how they should be integrated to provide a complete picture of how the mind/brain system is organized. According to a certain mechanistic perspective, cognitive models should be viewed as being sketchy, incomplete versions of the fuller and more adequate models produced by neuroscience. Psychology is essentially an approximation to the mechanistic explanations given in neuroscience. Cognitive models are inherently inadequate, pending their gaps being filled in by a completed neuroscientific model. I argue that cognitive models are autonomous: they are sufficient in themselves to give adequate explanations of psychological and behavioral phenomena. In particular, they are not mere sketches, or approximations to underlying neuroscientific explanations. I offer a criterion for how psychological entities and processes may be real despite not mapping onto entities in neural mechanisms.

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23

McCleary, Richard, David McDowall, and Bradley J. Bartos. Noise Modeling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661557.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 introduces the Box-Jenkins AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) noise modeling strategy. The strategy begins with a test of the Normality assumption using a Kolomogov-Smirnov (KS) statistic. Non-Normal time series are transformed with a Box-Cox procedure is applied. A tentative ARIMA noise model is then identified from a sample AutoCorrelation function (ACF). If the sample ACF identifies a nonstationary model, the time series is differenced. Integer orders p and q of the underlying autoregressive and moving average structures are then identified from the ACF and partial autocorrelation function (PACF). Parameters of the tentative ARIMA noise model are estimated with maximum likelihood methods. If the estimates lie within the stationary-invertible bounds and are statistically significant, the residuals of the tentative model are diagnosed to determine whether the model’s residuals are not different than white noise. If the tentative model’s residuals satisfy this assumption, the statistically adequate model is accepted. Otherwise, the identification-estimation-diagnosis ARIMA noise model-building strategy continues iteratively until it yields a statistically adequate model. The Box-Jenkins ARIMA noise modeling strategy is illustrated with detailed analyses of twelve time series. The example analyses include non-Normal time series, stationary white noise, autoregressive and moving average time series, nonstationary time series, and seasonal time series. The time series models built in Chapter 3 are re-introduced in later chapters. Chapter 3 concludes with a discussion and demonstration of auxiliary modeling procedures that are not part of the Box-Jenkins strategy. These auxiliary procedures include the use of information criteria to compare models, unit root tests of stationarity, and co-integration.

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24

Neves, Marcelo. Constitutionalism and the Paradox of Principles and Rules. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898746.001.0001.

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The present book offers a critical counterpoint to Ronald Dworkin’s principle-based theory, and in particular to Robert Alexy’s idea of optimizing balancing. Instead of ceding to the compulsion of an optimizing balancing, it suggests the possibility of a comparative or at least ‘satisficing’ balancing, considering the precariousness of legal rationality. The book also reverses Dworkin’s metaphor, associating rules with Hercules and principles with the Hydra. It takes constitutional principles seriously, criticizing the abuse of principles by the legal and constitutional doctrine and practice, but pointing out their relationship of complementarity and tension with rules. Finally, the author offers an alternative model to the recent legal and constitutional theory on the basis of certain assumptions of the systems theory. It deals especially with the paradox of the circular and reflexive relationship between constitutional principles and rules: the former are referred primarily to the openness and adequacy of legal system to society and thus to substantive argumentation; the second are referred primarily to the closure and consistency of legal system and thus to formal argumentation.

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25

Mukhtarov, Farhad, and Katherine A. Daniell. Transfer, Diffusion, Adaptation, and Translation of Water Policy Models. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.30.

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Intensive cross-border movement of policy models is ubiquitous in the water sector. Examples include Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), Water User Associations (WUAs), and River Basin Organizations (RBOs), which have traveled around the world. However, despite the spread of global water policy models and their potential importance for sustainable development, scholars have struggled to develop adequate accounts of this process. To bridge this gap, we examine the extant analytical and methodological tools to study the movement of water policy models. We focus on the fit between a policy model and the context, the micro-politics of knowledge translation, and the inherent contingencies involved in water policy. Having recognized these obstacles, we offer some ways of conceptualizing the movement of water policy models. We illustrate each approach with vignettes from around the world.

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26

Cheng, Russell. Embedded Distributions: Two Numerical Examples. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0007.

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This chapter illustrates use of (i) the score statistic and (ii) a goodness-of-fit statistic to test if an embedded model provides an adequate fit, in the latter case with critical values calculated by bootstrapping. Also illustrated is (iii) calculation of parameter confidence intervals and CDF confidence bands using both asymptotic theory and bootstrapping, and (iv) use of profile log-likelihood plots to display the form of the maximized log-likelihood and scatterplots for checking convergence to normality of estimated parameter distributions. Two different data sets are analysed. In the first, the generalized extreme value (GEVMin) distribution and its embedded model the simple extreme value (EVMin) are fitted to Kevlar-fibre breaking strength data. In the second sample, the four-parameter Burr XII distribution, its three-parameter embedded models, the GEVMin, Type II generalized logistic and Pareto and two-parameter embedded models, the EVMin and shifted exponential, are fitted to carbon-fibre strength data and compared.

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27

Nissenson, Allen R., John Moran, and Robert Provenzano. Overview of dialysis patient management and future directions. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0267_update_001.

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Nearly 2 million patients worldwide have end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and require dialysis or kidney transplantation. The advent of clinical dialysis in the 1950s has had a huge impact on the way ESRD and acute kidney injury are managed, but several decades later, the morbidity and mortality in patients with ESRD remain unacceptably high and patients often have a poor quality of life. Many believe that we have focused attention on a few key treatment-related outcomes, and have done well with these (i.e. anaemia, adequacy of dialysis, metabolic bone disease), but achieving great results in only these domains has clearly not been sufficient to drive improvements in survival or patient-reported outcomes. Recent experience with integrated care management, focusing on comorbidity management, offers promise. In addition, a number of investigators have been challenging the current thrice-weekly, diffusion-based treatment paradigm and have been developing approaches to emulate the function of natural kidneys. Thus an ideal care delivery model would focus on the holistic needs of the patient with kidney disease, while the ideal form of renal replacement therapy would mimic native kidneys, operating continuously, removing solutes with a molecular-weight spectrum similar to that of native kidneys, removing water and solutes on the basis of individual patient needs, and would be biocompatible, wearable, and ideally implantable. It would also be low cost, reliable, and safe. A few years ago, these technical requirements would have seemed impossible to achieve, but with advances in the sciences of nanotechnology and microfluidics, renal replacement of the future may come closer to this ideal.

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28

Bauman, Kristy A., and Robert C. Hyzy. Volume-controlled mechanical ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0095.

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The goal of mechanical ventilation is to achieve adequate gas exchange while minimizing haemodynamic compromise and ventilator-associated lung injury. Volume-controlled ventilation can be delivered via several modes, including controlled mechanical ventilation, assist control (AC) and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). .In volume-controlled modes, the clinician sets the flow pattern, flow rate, trigger sensitivity, tidal volume, respiratory rate, positive end-expiratory pressure, and fraction of inspired oxygen. Patient ventilator synchrony can be enhanced by setting appropriate trigger sensitivity and inspiratory flow rate. I:E ratio can be adjusted to improve oxygenation, avoid air trapping and enhance patient comfort. There is little data regarding the benefits of one volume-controlled mode over another. In acute respiratory distress syndrome, low tidal volume ventilation in conjunction with plateau pressure limitation should be employed as there is a reduction in mortality with this strategy. This chapter addresses respiratory mechanics, modes and settings, clinical applications, and limitations of volume-controlled ventilation.

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29

Siegel, Harvey. Rationality and Judgment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682675.003.0011.

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Philosophical/epistemic theories of rationality differ over the role of judgment in rational argumentation. According to the “classical model” of rationality, rational justification is a matter of conformity with explicit rules or principles. Critics of the classical model, such as Harold Brown and Trudy Govier, argue that the model is subject to insuperable difficulties. They propose, instead, that rationality be understood, ultimately, in terms of judgment rather than rules. In this paper I respond to Brown’s and Govier’s criticisms of the classical model, and to the “judgment model” they propose in its place. I argue that that model is unable both to distinguish between rational and irrational judgment and to avoid recourse to rules, and is therefore inadequate as an account of rationality, critical thinking, or argument appraisal. More positively, I argue that an adequate account of rationality must include a place for both rules and judgment.

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30

Sullivan, Mark D. Health as the Capacity for Action. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195386585.003.0006.

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Objective definitions of health and disease are favored because they promise a value-free measure of health problems and health care needs. But objective health does not simply cause the subjective experience of health. Self-rated health predicts mortality, disability, and hospitalizations for up to a decade after controlling for objective measures of health. Objective tissue abnormalities cannot be discovered to be pathological without reference to the experiences of patients acting in their natural environment. Patients adapt to chronic illness and its functional deficits over time with real improvements in their quality of life. Problems like pain and depression do not distort quality of life assessments, but are at their core. Since neither objective nor subjective models of health are valid, we must derive a different model: health as capacity for action. Any adequate approach to health must foster the patient’s sense of agency, her capacity to achieve her vital goals.

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31

Vanderschraaf, Peter. A Limited Leviathan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199832194.003.0006.

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The state social contract relationship between rulers and the ruled in civil society is fruitfully understood as a governing convention. This relationship is modeled with an indefinitely repeated Humean Sovereignty game, where subjects and their sovereign maintain a governing convention by respectively obeying and providing adequate government. The ruled and their rulers maintain an implicit contract that is self-enforcing rather than an explicit contract requiring third-party enforcement. This model is motivated by the Trust problem in game theory and dynamic programming models of employment search. The governing convention idea has roots in Hume’s discussions of government. The closely allied Leadership Selection problem has roots in Hobbes’ account of commonwealth by institution. Hobbes’ original analysis fails, but his general strategy of justifying government by identifying an isomorphism between an actual regime and the regime of hypothetical choice motivates justifying democratic government via the salience of a democratic leadership convention.

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32

Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Reliability and adequacy of air quality dispersion models : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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33

Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Reliability and adequacy of air quality dispersion models : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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34

Adequate Modeling of Systems: Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Model Realism Held in Bad Honnef, Federal Republic of Germany, April 20-23, 1982. Springer, 2011.

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35

Leftow, Brian. Anselm's Argument. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896926.001.0001.

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Anselm stated the first modal “ontological” argument for a perfect being’s existence. The argument’s key premise is that necessarily, if anything is a perfect being, it necessarily exists. The modalities here are what we now call metaphysical, broadly logical, or absolute. Anselm’s modal metaphysics is based on power and prevention. Despite this, it is adequate to these modal concepts. Anselm’s Argument defends all premises of Anselm’s argument but the claim that possibly there is a perfect being. In particular, it blocks all extant objections to the key premise. It also provides two arguments for it. One contends that existing necessarily is equivalent to lacking three “less-makers,” and so a perfect being would exist necessarily. The other contends that there is no viable way fully to explicate a perfect being’s contingency. In some possible worlds with no perfect being, a perfect being would possibly exist. But there is (the book argues) no adequate metaphysical account of what would make a perfect being possible in those worlds.

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36

Dietrich, Julia, and Katariina Salmela-Aro. Emerging Adults and Work. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.25.

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The transition from education to work is a key developmental task of emerging adulthood. In this chapter, the authors approach this transition from an engagement perspective, presenting a model of phase-adequate engagement that links career development, developmental regulation, and identity development theories in the context of the education-to-work transition. Taking a phase-adequate engagement perspective, they then review the literature on emerging adults’ transition from education to work and the role of interpersonal contexts. The authors conclude with suggestions for future research, emphasizing that a holistic view is needed in the study of emerging adults’ engagement, one taking more into account the structural, institutional, and cultural contexts that emerging adults are exposed to when transitioning from education to work.

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37

Buffon, Marciano, and Ivan Luiz Steffens. Tributação e constituição: Por um modo de tributar hermeneuticamente adequado à principiologia constitucional brasileira. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-066-3.

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The formal establishment of the Law and Democratic State by the 1988 Constitution introduces a paradigm shift with the commitment of a social nature to build a free, just and solidary society. In the tax field, this change suggests a targeted taxation to achieve these ends by the use of the redistributive function, with progressive taxation. However, despite the new institutional framework, the national taxation keeps regressive, and has promoted a redistribution of income in reverse. The study aims to address how taxation is being constructed and exercised, as well as its compliance with the paradigm of democratic rule of law. The analysis runs through the conceptual outlines of Law Democratic State, arising influence of the welfare state and Constitutionalism Contemporary post-war and the use of tax function in these state models. In the second phase, the study runs for the constitutional principles on tax matters, from the Hermeneutics of the Law Review, classified into two groups with a view to its relationship with the legal security and solidarity. Finally, it examines the composition of the tax burden and its discussion in the media, gathered with the possibility of greater transparency in taxation. It also analyzes the possibility of redistribution of the tax burden by applying the constitutional principles on taxes on income, wealth and consumption. The survey results indicate the need for structural modification of taxation in search of greater progressivity, given the current regressivity, which can be achieved by using the principle arsenal already provided by the Constitution.

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38

Minnesota. State Board of Education., ed. Financing State Board of Education minimum program requirements at an adequate and equitable level: A preliminary report applying a theoretical model on selected Minesota school districts. [St. Paul]: The Department, 1986.

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39

Whisenant, Meagan, and Kathi Mooney. Integrating Concurrent Palliative Care into Cancer Care Delivery Settings. Edited by David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton, and Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0018.

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This case study reviews the evidence for adoption of concurrent palliative care (CPC) during treatment for advanced cancer. Increasing research evidence and expert panel consensus has resulted in national guidelines and professional society endorsement of early integration of palliative care into oncology care. However, there is variable uptake of these guidelines and penetration of CPC into practice. Barriers to implementation include the need to increase awareness of existing evidence and guidelines, stigma, adequacy of a workforce for scale-up, lack of models for integration and delivery, and restrictive reimbursement mechanisms. Changing health care models that emphasize value-based care over fee-for-service can accelerate adoption. Use of technology can also overcome barriers related to scalability and resource use. The case study concludes with the recommendation that implementation science methodologies be used to guide successful integration of CPC in outpatient and home-based settings for patients with advanced cancer and their family caregivers.

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40

King, Matt, ed. Tracing the Epistemic Condition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779667.003.0015.

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Tracing is an explanatory strategy which proposes to explain responsibility for some present action (where a necessary condition on responsibility is missing) by tracing back to some past one (in which the conditions are met). Tracing is thought by many theorists of moral responsibility to be an indispensable element of an adequate theory of responsibility. Previously, the author has argued that we can dispense with tracing for cases in which control is absent, by appealing to either a recklessness model or a negligence model. This chapter considers the prospects for that general line of argument with respect to tracing applied to the epistemic condition on responsibility, notably cases of culpable ignorance. It draws out how the author understands tracing to apply to the epistemic dimension and argues that we need no special explanatory mechanism like tracing to explain responsibility and blameworthiness.

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41

Solstad, Torgrim, and Oliver Bott. Causality and Causal Reasoning in Natural Language. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.32.

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This chapter provides a combined overview of theoretical and psycholinguistic approaches to causality in language. The chapter’s main phenomenological focus is on causal relations as expressed intra-clausally by verbs (e.g., break, open) and between sentences by discourse markers (e.g., because, therefore). Special attention is given to implicit causality verbs that are argued to trigger expectations of explanations to occur in subsequent discourse. The chapter also discusses linguistic expressions that do not encode causation as such, but that seem to be dependent on a causal model for their adequate evaluation, such as counterfactual conditionals. The discussion of the phenomena is complemented by an overview of important aspects of their cognitive processing as revealed by psycholinguistic experimentation.

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42

Renz, Ursula. Interlude. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199350162.003.0013.

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This interlude compares the role that the physical digression plays in the Ethics with the function of physics or neuropsychology in contemporary philosophy of mind. It is argued that, unlike in many contemporary approaches, Spinoza does not pursue a reductionist strategy. Instead, the introduction of the physical digression has two very specific functions. On the one hand, it serves as a model that allows Spinoza to conceptualize differences between specific minds, albeit in a preliminary manner. On the other hand, in support of his introduction of the concept of common notions, the digression also justifies his later claim that, by means of coining scientific concepts, humans are able to form adequate ideas of the properties of natural entities.

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Jenset, Gard B., and Barbara McGillivray. A new methodology for quantitative historical linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718178.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 summarizes the book and discusses how the proposed framework provides researchers with the methodological guidance to answer new questions, as well as answering existing questions in new ways. A section summarizes the core steps of the quantitative research process based on the principles and best practices of Chapter 2. The importance of open data and open research processes for transparent research is highlighted. An extended case study on morphological change in early modern English is used to exemplify a research process that includes exploratory data analysis and different types of multivariate statistical techniques. The case study highlights that quantitative studies still require interpretation, and that judgements must be made about the adequacy of the statistical models, an important point that is not always sufficiently emphasized in existing methodological introductions. The chapter ends with a summary locating the framework of the book in the historical linguistics landscape.

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44

Rogers, Pat. Cross-Sections (4). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199580033.003.0006.

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This chapter sets out some of the proximate causes of the growth in visibility of the novel's new form. It seeks out adequate explanatory factors rather than a comprehensive model which can provide a sufficient cause for everything that happened inside literary texts. After all, one can never discount chance, contingency, and sheer luck, nor can the existence of individual genius be denied. Some generalizations are possible about the earlier practitioners — their gender, age, class background, and so on — but it was not social class or education which allowed Daniel Defoe, rather than John Dunton, to become a pioneer of the English novel. It was literary talent, a commodity that crops up mysteriously in the genes of men and women at all periods of history.

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Fiordelisi, Franco, Corrado Meglio, Carlo Palego, Annalissa Richetto, Artem Danko, Maurizio Vallino, Pasqualina Porretta, Lorenzo Bocchi, Carlo Toffano, and Andrea Favretti. Pricing and risk adjusted measures. AIFIRM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47473/2016ppa00027.

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The issue of risk-based pricing of credit loans has become crucial for banking companies, in a context characterized by severe restriction of profitability margins also in relation to a level of market interest rates which in the Euro area is at its lowest. historical, now firmly in the negative area. The same European Authorities urge the adoption of adequate and consistent adjusted pricing frameworks with respect to the business model, risk profile and overall risk governance of the bank. The methodological and organizational process for determining the risk-adjusted pricing is further complicated by the ongoing Covid19 pandemic which, through the highly asymmetrical impacts on customer segments and industrial sectors, makes the forward-looking and macroeconomic assessment of the sectors risk even more relevant.

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Williams, J., RA Hook, and HL Gascoigne, eds. Farming Action: Catchment Reaction. CSIRO Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104990.

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Dryland farming is a major export earner for many temperate-zone countries, yet it continues to degrade a country's natural resources. Effects are not restricted to the land - changes in water quality can reduce the potential uses of water and bring about catastrophic changes in both freshwater and coastal ecosystems. Farming Action: Catchment Reaction provides a comprehensive technical overview of the relationships between dryland farming systems and catchment land and water quality in Australia, and integrates it in a whole system framework. It deals with the issues in terms of people, pointers, processes and prediction as it discusses social aspects of developing and implementing research to improve dryland farming systems in catchment management programs, indicators of catchment health, and the processes which determine the impact of the farming action on the catchment response. It concludes by considering the adequacy of our ability to use this process knowledge in models to predict the effect of dryland farming on catchment condition.

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Weinberg, Jonathan M. Intuitions. Edited by Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabó Gendler, and John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.25.

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This article examines the philosophical methodology of intuitions beginning with an argument developed by Max Deutsch and Herman Cappelen over the descriptive adequacy of what Cappelen calls “methodological rationalism”, and their own preferred view, “intuition nihilism”. Based on inadequacies in both accounts, it offers a descriptive take on intuition-deploying philosophical practice today via what it calls “Protean Crypto-Rationalism”. It then describes the epistemic profile of the appeal to intuition, listing four key aspects of the basic shape of intuition-deploying philosophical practice: primacy of cases, flexibility of report format, freedom of stipulation, and interpretation-hungry. It also considers several sources of error for intuitions featured in at least the informal methodological lore of philosophy, namely: misconstruals, modal confusions, pragmatics/semantics confusion, and “tin ear”. Finally, it explores the problem of methodological ignorance and inferential demand, particularly the typical practices of philosophical inference that operate on the premises delivered by appeal to intuitions.

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Chiang, Connie Y. Maintaining the Camps. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842062.003.0004.

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This chapter focuses on the maintenance of the camps. It explores how wartime shortages and Japanese American labor protests intersected with harsh environmental conditions, complicating the WRA’s efforts to keep the camps running smoothly. One of the first challenges was finding adequate coal to heat the camps during the winter. The WRA then confronted the protests of detainees, who called attention to how seasonal changes added to their labor duties. Alkaline soil, moreover, ate away at water pipelines and required constant repairs. The natural world helped to shape modes of Japanese American resistance, as some individuals refused to work or went on strike.

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Lousley, Cheryl. Ecocriticism and the Politics of Representation. Edited by Greg Garrard. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199742929.013.012.

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This article examines the politics of representation in the context of ecocriticism. It addresses the question concerning the modes of critique and action that are adequate to describe and respond to the farcical cultural moment when environmental knowledge circulates so readily but is dissociated from any particular political project of social change. It suggests that Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring outlines the representational challenge that ecocriticism faces, which is the politicization of environment. This article also explains that environmentalism articulates problems at the level of the social and in doing so expand the horizons of political possibility.

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Jobani, Yuval, and Nahshon Perez. Privatization, Thick Sites, and the Women of the Wall. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190280444.003.0005.

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This chapter analyzes the model of privatization, which keeps the state unaffiliated with any given denomination via a strict “hands off” approach toward religions. It attempts to reduce governmental entanglement with religion both by strictly limiting the role religion can play in political institutions and by respecting the autonomy of religions. It examines the applicability of privatization to thick sites in general and the Western Wall in particular. The main argument is that the most adequate governmental response for the Women of the Wall case, as well as for similar religious conflicts, is context-sensitive privatization. This approach is a promising framework for managing struggles over thick sites, because among other considerations, it is egalitarian, protects religious believers from the state, and unburdens the government from an entanglement with diverse religious beliefs.

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