Статті в журналах: "Mixed organic layers"

1

Rasoga, Oana, Anne Lutgarde Djoumessi Yonkeu, Carmen Breazu, Marcela Socol, Nicoleta Preda, Florin Stanculescu, Anca Stanculescu, and Emmanuel Iwuoha. "Organic Heterostructures with Dendrimer Based Mixed Layer for Electronic Applications." Molecules 29, no. 17 (September 1, 2024): 4155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174155.

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Recently, much research has focused on the search for new mixed donor–acceptor layers for applications in organic electronics. Organic heterostructures with layers based on the generation 1 poly(propylene thiophenoimine) (G1PPT) dendrimer, N,N′-diisopropylnaphthalene diimide (MNDI), and a combination of the two were prepared and their electrical properties were investigated. Single layers of G1PPT and MNDI and a mixed layer (G1PPT:MNDI) were obtained via spin coating on quartz glass, silicon, and glass/ITO substrates, using chloroform as a solvent. The absorption mechanism was investigated, the degree of disorder was estimated, and the emission properties of the layers were highlighted using spectroscopic methods (UV–Vis transmission and photoluminescence). The effects of the concentration and surface topographical particularities on the properties of the layers were analyzed via atomic force microscopy. All of the heterostructures realized with ITO and Au electrodes showed good conduction, with currents of the order of mA. Additionally, the heterostructure with a mixed layer exhibited asymmetry in the current–voltage curve between forward and reverse polarization in the lower range of the applied voltages, which was more significant at increased concentrations and could be correlated with rectifier diode behavior. Consequently, the mixed-layer generation 1 poly(propylene thiophenoimine) dendrimer with N,N′-diisopropylnaphthalene diimide can be considered promising for electronic applications.

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2

Ghotsa Mekontchou, Claudele, Daniel Houle, Yves Bergeron, and Igor Drobyshev. "Contrasting Root System Structure and Belowground Interactions between Black Spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P) and Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx) in Boreal Mixedwoods of Eastern Canada." Forests 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020127.

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This study explored the underground interactions between black spruce and trembling aspen in pure and mixed stands to understand how their soil resource use help these species coexist in the boreal mixedwoods of Western Quebec. We analyzed species-specific fine root foraging strategies (root biomass and root tissue density) along three soil layers (organic, top 0–15 cm, and bottom 15–30 cm mineral soil), using 180 soil cores. We collected cores in three sites, each containing three 20 × 50 m2 plots of pure spruce, pure aspen, and mixed spruce and aspen stands. Spruce had a shallow rooting, whereas aspen had a deep rooting in both types of stands. Compared to pure spruce stands, spruce had a lower fine root biomass (FRB) and a higher root tissue density (RTD) in the organic layer of mixed stands. Both patterns were indicative of spruce’s more intensive resource use strategy and competitive advantage over aspen in that layer. Aspen FRB in the organic soil did not differ significantly between pure and mixed stands, but increased in the mineral soil of mixed stands. Since we did not observe a significant difference in the nutrient content of the mineral soil layer between pure aspen and mixed stands, we concluded that aspen may experience competitive exclusion in the organic layer by spruce. Aspen exhibited an extensive nutrient uptake strategy in the organic layer of mixed stands: higher FRB and lower RTD than spruce. In mixed stands, the differences in aspen rooting patterns between the organic and mineral layers suggested the use of contrasting nutrient uptake strategies along the soil profile. We speculate that the stronger spatial separation of the roots of spruce and aspen in mixed stands likely contribute to a higher partitioning of their nutrient uptake along the soil profile. These results indicate the competitive exclusion of aspen by spruce in boreal mixedwoods, which likely occurs in the soil organic layer.

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3

Shin, Paik-Kyun, Palanisamy Kumar, Abhirami Kumar, Santhakumar Kannappan, and Shizuyasu Ochiai. "Effects of Organic Solvents for Composite Active Layer of PCDTBT/PC71BM on Characteristics of Organic Solar Cell Devices." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/786468.

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Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) structure based active layers of PCDTBT/PC71BM were prepared by using different organic solvents for fabrication of organic solar cell (OSC) devices. Mixture of precursor solutions of PCDTBT/PC71BM in three different organic solvents was prepared to fabricate composite active layers by spin-coating process: chloroform; chlorobenzene; o-dichlorobenzene. Four different blend ratios (1 : 3–1 : 6) of PCDTBT: PC71BM were adopted for each organic solvent to clarify the effect on the resulting OSC device characteristics. Surface morphology of the active layers was distinctively affected by the blend ratio of PCDTBT/PC71BM in organic solvents. Influence of the blend ratio of PCDTBT/PC71BM on the OSC device parameters was discussed. Performance parameters of the resulting OSC devices with different composite active layers were comparatively investigated. Appropriate blend ratio and organic solvent to achieve better OSC device performance were proposed. Furthermore, from the UV-Vis spectrum of each active layer prepared using the PCDTBT/PC71BM mixed solution dissolved with different organic solvents, a possibility that the nanophase separation structure inside their active layer could appear was suggested.

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4

Heutz, Sandrine, Paul Sullivan, Brett M. Sanderson, Stephan M. Schultes, and Tim S. Jones. "Molecular Thin Films for Optoelectronic Applications." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.373.

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Organic molecular beam deposition (OMBD) is used for co-evaporation of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and C60 to form mixed films. Although pure single layers are crystalline, mixing leads to amorphous films in most cases, although phase segregation occurs for high concentrations of C60. An underlying CuPc single layer suppresses the segregation and leads to a homogeneous CuPc/C60 mixed film for all layer compositions. These effects are exploited in photovoltaic (PV) devices, where new architectures to improve device performance are investigated. Mixing the CuPc and C60 improves device performance, with the maximum efficiency (ηp = 1.17%) reached for devices containing 75% CuPc in the mixed layer, surrounded by pure layers at the electrode interfaces.

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5

Guan, Xi, Yufei Wang, Shang Feng, Jidong Zhang, Qingqing Yang, Binyuan Liu, and Dashan Qin. "Improving the stabilities of organic solar cells via employing a mixed cathode buffer layer." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 95, no. 3 (September 2021): 30201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2021210151.

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Organic solar cells (OSCs) have been fabricated using cathode buffer layers based on bathocuproine (BCP) and 4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP). It is found that despite nearly same power conversion efficiencies, the bilayer of BCP/CBP shows increased thermal stability of device than the monolayer of BCP, mostly because upper CBP thin film stabilizes under BCP thin film. The mixed layer of BCP:CBP gives slightly decreased efficiency than BCP and BCP/CBP, mostly because the electron mobility of the OSC using BCP:CBP is decreased than those using BCP and BCP/CBP. However, the BCP:CBP increases thermal stability of device than BCP and BCP/CBP, ascribed to that the BCP and CBP effectively inhibit reciprocal tendencies of crystallizations in the mixed layer. Moreover, the BCP:CBP improves the light stability of device than the BCP and BCP/CBP, because the energy transfer from BCP to CBP in in the mixed layer effectively decelerates the photodegradation of BCP. We provide a facial method to improve the stabilities of cathode buffer layers against heat and light, beneficial to the commercial development of OSCs.

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6

Hansen, Poul Lenvig, and Holger Lindgreen. "Structural investigations of mixed-layer smectite-illite clay minerals from North Sea oil source rocks." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 374–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100126664.

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The purpose of the present investigation is to identify mixed-layering between illite and smectite in oil source rocks with HREM and electron diffraction. Smectite and mica are both groups within the 2:1 type of layer silicates. Illite is a commonly used term for micas in the fraction less than 2 microns. Illite has a fixed d(001) spacing of 10A. Smectite is able to swell from 10A to more than 18A under uptake of water or organic polar molecules. Mixed-layer illite-smectite is built of alternating layers of illite and smectite. Smectite and illite layers are recognized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) from their swelling characteristics, but cannot be distinguished in this way in HREM, because smectite layers tend to contract to 10A by evaporation of water in the vacuum of the microscope. Illites are identified by HREM as small packets showing very regular lattice fringes and smectites as highly imperfect, anastomosing layers showing very irregular lattice fringes (1).

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7

Li, Zuchuan, and Nicolas Cassar. "A mechanistic model of an upper bound on oceanic carbon export as a function of mixed layer depth and temperature." Biogeosciences 14, no. 22 (November 14, 2017): 5015–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5015-2017.

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Abstract. Export production reflects the amount of organic matter transferred from the ocean surface to depth through biological processes. This export is in large part controlled by nutrient and light availability, which are conditioned by mixed layer depth (MLD). In this study, building on Sverdrup's critical depth hypothesis, we derive a mechanistic model of an upper bound on carbon export based on the metabolic balance between photosynthesis and respiration as a function of MLD and temperature. We find that the upper bound is a positively skewed bell-shaped function of MLD. Specifically, the upper bound increases with deepening mixed layers down to a critical depth, beyond which a long tail of decreasing carbon export is associated with increasing heterotrophic activity and decreasing light availability. We also show that in cold regions the upper bound on carbon export decreases with increasing temperature when mixed layers are deep, but increases with temperature when mixed layers are shallow. A meta-analysis shows that our model envelopes field estimates of carbon export from the mixed layer. When compared to satellite export production estimates, our model indicates that export production in some regions of the Southern Ocean, particularly the subantarctic zone, is likely limited by light for a significant portion of the growing season.

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8

Kobayashi, Kazuko. "Organic Components of Moxa." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 16, no. 03n04 (January 1988): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x88000261.

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Moxa was soaked in a mixed solvent of chloroform, menthanol and water (5:5:1) at room temperature for 7 days, and the supernatant solution was seperated into two layers by the addition of water. Heptatriacontane (C37H76), confirmed by measurements of 1H and 13C-NMR spectra and melting point, was obtained from the chloroform layer, while condensed tannins having catechol derivatives were found in the methanol-water layer. Each ratio of C37H76 in several kinds of moxas to the total weight of the moxa was similiar in both high-class and low-class moxas, but that of the tannins was much less in the former than the latter. Comparing the burning-temperature from 25°C to the highest temperature was longer in the treated moxa. Removal of C37H76 from the original moxa seems to decelerate the burning of moxa.

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9

Akkina, Subhash, та Marcus R. Bond. "Bis(1,2,3-trimethylpyridinium) Octa(μ2-bromido)Tetrabromidopentacuprate(II): Linear, Quasi-Planar Pentacopper(II) Oligomers Stacked to Form Egg-Tray Layers". Crystals 12, № 9 (7 вересня 2022): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091270.

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The crystal structure of (1,2,3-trimethylpyridnium)2Cu5Br12 provides the second reported example of a fully halogenated, linear, quasi-planar, bibridged pentacopper(II) oligomer. The oligomers are aggregated into crosshatched layers that defy traditional notions and notations for quasi-planar oligomer stacking. The regularly arranged voids in the layers are occupied by inversion-related organic cation pairs similar to eggs in an egg-tray. The cross-hatched layer structure arises from a particular stacking of mixed organic cation/pentacopper oligomer sheets. The sheets consist of oligomers placed in a herringbone arrangement separated by zipper-like ribbons of organic cations in a structural motif similar to that found in other 1,2,3- or 1,2,6-trimethylpyridinium halidocuprate(II) structures. Alternative stacking of the sheets leads, on the other hand, to a conventional stacking pattern that conforms to traditional stacking descriptions. Interpretation of these structures in terms of the stacking of mixed cation/anion sheets, as is often performed for ABX3 systems, provides a complementary method for understanding these structures as well as providing a means to describe systems that are not easily described by traditional stacking notation.

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10

Seo, Ji Hoon, Jung Sun Park, Suk Jae Lee, Bo Min Seo, Kum Hee Lee, Jung Keun Park, Seung Soo Yoon, and Young Kwan Kim. "Efficient white organic light-emitting diodes with mixed electron transporting layers." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (January 2011): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-010-1007-y.

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11

Hajibabania, S., A. Verliefde, J. E. Drewes, L. D. Nghiem, J. McDonald, S. Khan, and P. Le-Clech. "Effect of fouling on removal of trace organic compounds by nanofiltration." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 4, no. 1 (December 21, 2011): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-4-71-2011.

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Abstract. The fate of chemical of concern is not yet fully understood during treatment of impaired waters. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of different organic-based fouling layers on the removal of a large range of trace organics. Both model and real water samples (mixed with trace organic contaminants at environmental concentration of 2 μg l−1) were used to simulate fouling in nanofiltration under controlled environment. The new and fouled membranes were systematically characterised for surface charge, hydrophobicity and roughness. It was observed that fouling generally reduced the membrane surface charge; however, the alterations of the membrane hydrophobicity and surface roughness were dependent on the foulants composition. The rejection of charged trace organics was observed to be improved due to the increased electrostatic repulsion by fouled membranes and the adsorption of the trace organic chemicals onto organic matters. On the other hand, the removal of nonionic compounds decreased when fouling occurred, due to the presence of cake enhanced concentration polarization. The fouling layer structure was found to play an important role in the rejection of the trace organic compounds.

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12

Hajibabania, S., A. Verliefde, J. E. Drewes, L. D. Nghiem, J. McDonald, S. Khan, and P. Le-Clech. "Effect of fouling on removal of trace organic compounds by nanofiltration." Drinking Water Engineering and Science Discussions 4, no. 1 (September 9, 2011): 117–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwesd-4-117-2011.

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Abstract. The fate of chemical of concern is not yet fully understood during treatment of impaired waters. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of different organic-based fouling layers on the removal of a large range of trace organics. Both model and real water samples (mixed with trace organic contaminants at environmental concentration of 2 μg l−1) were used to simulate fouling in NF under controlled environment. The new and fouled membranes were systematically characterised for surface charge, hydrophobicity and roughness. It was observed that fouling generally reduced the membrane surface charge; however, the alterations of the membrane hydrophobicity and surface roughness were dependent on the foulants composition. The rejection of charged trace organics was observed to be improved due to the increased electrostatic repulsion by fouled membranes and the adsorption of the trace organic chemicals onto organic matters. On the other hand, the removal of nonionic compounds decreased when fouling occurred, due to the presence of cake enhanced concentration polarization. The fouling layer structure was found to play an important role in the rejection of the trace organic compounds.

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13

Li, Wanbin, Guoliang Zhang, Congyang Zhang, Qin Meng, Zheng Fan, and Congjie Gao. "Synthesis of trinity metal–organic framework membranes for CO2 capture." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 24 (2014): 3214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc49815h.

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14

Drechsel, J., B. Männig, D. Gebeyehu, M. Pfeiffer, K. Leo, and H. Hoppe. "MIP-type organic solar cells incorporating phthalocyanine/fullerene mixed layers and doped wide-gap transport layers." Organic Electronics 5, no. 4 (June 2004): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2003.11.005.

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Gaye, B., B. Nagel, K. Dähnke, T. Rixen, N. Lahajnar та K. C. Emeis. "Amino acid composition and δ15N of suspended matter in the Arabian Sea: implications for organic matter sources and degradation". Biogeosciences 10, № 11 (27 листопада 2013): 7689–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7689-2013.

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Abstract. Sedimentation in the ocean is fed by large aggregates produced in the surface mixed layer that sink rapidly through the water column. These particles sampled by sediment traps have often been proposed to interact by disaggregation and scavenging with a pool of fine suspended matter with very slow sinking velocities and thus a long residence time. We investigated the amino acid (AA) composition and stable nitrogen isotopic ratios of suspended matter (SPM) sampled during the late SW monsoon season in the Arabian Sea and compared them to those of sinking particles to understand organic matter degradation/modification during passage through the water column. We found that AA composition of mixed layer suspended matter corresponds more to fresh plankton and their aggregates, whereas AA composition of SPM in the sub-thermocline water column deviated progressively from mixed layer composition. We conclude that suspended matter in deep waters and in the mixed layers of oligotrophic stations is dominated by fine material that has a long residence time and organic matter that is resistant to degradation. SPM in areas of high primary productivity is essentially derived from fresh plankton and thus has a strong imprint of the subsurface nitrate source, whereas SPM at oligotrophic stations and at subthermocline depths appears to exchange amino acids and nitrogen isotopes with the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool influencing also the δ15N values.

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Opitz, Andreas, Markus Bronner, and Wolfgang Brütting. "Ambipolar charge carrier transport in mixed organic layers of phthalocyanine and fullerene." Journal of Applied Physics 101, no. 6 (March 15, 2007): 063709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2436836.

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17

Lee, Young Gu, In Seo Kee, Hong Shik Shim, Ick Hwan Ko, Soonil Lee, and Ken Ha Koh. "White organic light-emitting devices with mixed interfaces between light emitting layers." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 24 (June 11, 2007): 243508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2745225.

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18

Santos, Luis, Jalal Ghilane, and Jean Christophe Lacroix. "Formation of Mixed Organic Layers by Stepwise Electrochemical Reduction of Diazonium Compounds." Journal of the American Chemical Society 134, no. 12 (March 13, 2012): 5476–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja300224c.

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19

Diane, Saint-Laurent, Berthelot Jean-Sébastien, and Arsenault-Boucher Lisane. "Organic carbon sequestration in mineral soil layers of cold-temperate mixed forests." Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management 11, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jssem2020.0845.

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20

Jiang, Cheng, Saimon Moraes Silva, Sanjun Fan, Yanfang Wu, Muhammad Tanzirul Alam, Guozhen Liu, and J. Justin Gooding. "Aryldiazonium salt derived mixed organic layers: From surface chemistry to their applications." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 785 (January 2017): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.043.

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21

Levichkova, M., J. Assa, H. Fröb, and K. Leo. "Photoluminescence properties of vacuum-deposited organic molecule-oxide (MePTCDI–SiO2) mixed layers." Journal of Luminescence 128, no. 9 (September 2008): 1384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2008.01.008.

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22

Kyoung, Jaisun, Younggil Park, and Nari Ahn. "P‐260: Late‐News Poster: Doping Ratio Control of Organic Composite Layer in OELDs by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 55, no. 1 (June 2024): 2248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.18060.

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The OLEDs industry needs a reliable nondestructive process control method for measuring the correct thickness of layers and estimation of doping or mixing ratio. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry, we applied for thickness and doping ratio monitoring for emission layer (EML) and mixed electron transport layer (mETL) grown on glass by evaporator. Optical properties of EML host and dopant, mETL host and mixing material have been investigated. We present the effect of doping on optical constants dispersions of EML and mETL layers in the photon energy range 1.2 to 5.0 eV. We adopted the Effective Medium Theory (EMT) to monitoring mixing ratio and dispersion equation to monitoring doping ratio. In result developed monitoring tool can measure imperceptible difference doping ratio.

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23

Hong, Minpyo, Kyungmin Kim, and Yongnam Song. "Improvement of Mechanical Characteristics on Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Surface through Zinc Oxide Atomic Layer Deposition Film." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (December 13, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8993791.

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Wear failures in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) compartments are known to limit the life of a joint implant. In this study, we applied atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique to produce wear-resistant zinc oxide (ZnO) films to improve mechanical and wear characteristics on the surface of UHMWPE. Organic material layers in molecular units were mixed with ALD ZnO films to minimize surface cracks through a molecular layer deposition (MLD) technique. We aimed to examine (1) the effect of organic layers on minimizing surface cracks and (2) the mechanical properties of ZnO and inorganic/organic hybrid films. We prepared UHMWPE samples with pure ZnO and five different hybrid films with ZnO to organic layer ratios of 1 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 1, 4 : 1, and 5 : 1. Surface cracks were observed by using a field-emission scanning electron microscope. Hardness and elastic modulus of an ALD-coated UHMWPE were measured by nano-indentation examinations. Severe cracks were found in the samples with pure ZnO films. However, no cracks were found in the samples with all hybrid films except the samples with a ZnO to organic layer ratio of 5 : 1. The hardness and elastic modulus of the samples with pure ZnO and hybrid films significantly increased compared to those of the native UHMWPE. The hardness to elastic modulus ratios, indicating the wear resistance, increased over 50% for all films compared to the values of native UHMWPE. These results suggested that ALD ceramic coatings with organic layers may become a potential solution for realizing a wear-resistant protection coating for the polymer compartment of joint prostheses.

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WANG, Yongming, Chunhua JI, Zhaoyong SHI, Xubin YIN, and Chenzhou LIU. "Spatial Distribution of Glomalin-related Soil Proteins in Coniferous and Broadleaf mixed Temperate Forest." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 47, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 1087–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha47411621.

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Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), as an important component of soil organic carbon (SOC) pool, is a glycoprotein produced by the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which play a vital role in carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystem. Here we investigated the spatial distribution of GRSP in plant community of the dominated species not associated with AMF based on a typical coniferous and broad-leaved temperate forest in Mt. Changbai, Northeastern China. Spatial distribution of GRSP including easily extractable GRSP (EEG) and total GRSP (TG) is represented by Moran’s I on different soil depth among seven soil layers of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, 30-50 cm, 50-70 cm and 70-100 cm. The concentrations of EEG and TG decreased with the increase of soil depth according to a logarithmic function. The Moran’s I coefficient of GRSP was negative in all soil layers except TG in 20-30 cm and 50-70 cm soil layers. When EEG and TG were considered, the Moran’s I coefficient was positive in majority of soil layers within the separation distance of less than 4 m but in soil layers of 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm for EEG and in 30-50 cm for TG. The largest Moran’s I coefficient including EEG and TG was observed in the soil layer of 5-10 cm. The spatial distribution of GRSP was discrete in typical coniferous and broad-leaved temperate forest, and was affected by mycorrhizal colonization rate, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

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Won, Jongkyu, Hailiang Liu, and Jungwon Kang. "Improvement of Indirect X-ray Detector Performance by Applying Additive Solvent to the Organic Active-Layer." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 2998–3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19131.

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In this paper, we studied how the sensitivity of an indirect X-ray detector was changed by adding the additive solvent DIO to the organic active-layers, such as P3HT:PCBM and PBDB-T:PCBM. The crystallinity and absorbance of the active-layer films were compared with different additive DIO contents. In both active-layers, the highest crystallinity and absorbance were obtained when 3 v% of the DIO was mixed with the active-layer solution. At the same mixing condition of the DIO, the highest sensitivity, of 1.17 mA/Gy · cm2, was obtained for the P3HT:PCBM detector, and the highest sensitivity, 1.87 mA/Gy · cm2, was obtained for the PBDB-T:PCBM detector. Compared to the detector without the DIO, the sensitivities of the detectors with the P3HT:PCBM and PBDB-T:PCBM increased by 18.12% and 20.27%, respectively.

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Tang, Yixuan, Zhengwei Cai, Xiaoxia Sun, Chuanmei Chong, Xinfei Yan, Mingdi Li, and Jia Xu. "Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Membranes for Water Treatment." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 13, 2022): 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102004.

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Water purification and water desalination via membrane technology are generally deemed as reliable supplementaries for abundant potable water. Electrospun nanofiber-based membranes (ENMs), benefitting from characteristics such as a higher specific surface area, higher porosity, lower thickness, and possession of attracted broad attention, has allowed it to evolve into a promising candidate rapidly. Here, great attention is placed on the current status of ENMs with two categories according to the roles of electrospun nanofiber layers: (i) nanofiber layer serving as a selective layer, (ii) nanofiber layer serving as supporting substrate. For the nanofiber layer’s role as a selective layer, this work presents the structures and properties of conventional ENMs and mixed matrix ENMs. Fabricating parameters and adjusting approaches such as polymer and cosolvent, inorganic and organic incorporation and surface modification are demonstrated in detail. It is crucial to have a matched selective layer for nanofiber layers acting as a supporting layer. The various selective layers fabricated on the nanofiber layer are put forward in this paper. The fabrication approaches include inorganic deposition, polymer coating, and interfacial polymerization. Lastly, future perspectives and the main challenges in the field concerning the use of ENMs for water treatment are discussed. It is expected that the progress of ENMs will promote the prosperity and utilization of various industries such as water treatment, environmental protection, healthcare, and energy storage.

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Cha, H. M., D. C. Choo, M. Jung, J. H. Leem, J. T. Woo, S. H. Lee, T. W. Kim, J. H. Seo, J. H. Park, and Y. K. Kim. "Enhancement of Luminance Efficiency in Organic Light-Emitting Devices Utilizing Mixed Layers Embedded in Electron Transport Layers." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 498, no. 1 (February 25, 2009): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400802619115.

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28

Rasoga, Oana, Carmen Breazu, Marcela Socol, Ana-Maria Solonaru, Loredana Vacareanu, Gabriela Petre, Nicoleta Preda, et al. "Effect of Aluminum Nanostructured Electrode on the Properties of Bulk Heterojunction Based Heterostructures for Electronics." Nanomaterials 12, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 4230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12234230.

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The properties of organic heterostructures with mixed layers made of arylenevinylene-based polymer donor and non-fullerene perylene diimide acceptor, deposited using Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation on flat Al and nano-patterned Al electrodes, were investigated. The Al layer electrode deposited on the 2D array of cylindrical nanostructures with a periodicity of 1.1 µm, developed in a polymeric layer using UV-Nanoimprint Lithography, is characterized by an inflorescence-like morphology. The effect of the nanostructuring on the optical and electrical properties was studied by comparison with those of the heterostructures based on a mixed layer with fullerene derivative acceptor. The low roughness of the mixed layer deposited on flat Al was associated with high reflectance. The nano-patterning, which was preserved in the mixed layer, determining the light trapping by multiple scattering, correlated with the high roughness and led to lower reflectance. A decrease was also revealed in photoluminescence emission both at UV and Vis excitation of the mixed layer, with the non-fullerene acceptor deposited on nano-patterned Al. An injector contact behavior was highlighted for all Al/mixed layer/ITO heterostructures by I-V characteristics in dark. The current increased, independently of acceptor (fullerene or non-fullerene), in the heterostructures with nano-patterned Al electrodes for shorter conjugation length polymer donors.

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29

Gaye, B., B. Nagel, K. Dähnke, T. Rixen, N. Lahajnar та K. C. Emeis. "Amino acid composition and δ15N of suspended matter in the Arabian Sea". Biogeosciences Discussions 10, № 8 (12 серпня 2013): 13317–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-13317-2013.

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Abstract. Sedimentation in the ocean is fed by large aggregates produced in the surface mixed layer that sink rapidly through the water column. These particles sampled by sediment traps have often been proposed to interact by disaggregation and scavenging with a pool of fine suspended matter with very slow sinking velocities and thus a long residence time. We investigated the amino acid composition and stable nitrogen isotopic ratios of suspended matter sampled during the late SW monsoon season in the Arabian Sea and compared them to those of sinking particles to investigate organic matter degradation/modification during passage through the water column. We found that amino acid (AA) composition of mixed layer suspended matter corresponds more to fresh plankton and their aggregates, whereas AA composition of suspended matter in the sub-thermocline water column deviated progressively from mixed layer composition. We conclude that suspended matter in deep waters and in the mixed layers of oligotrophic stations is dominated by fine material that has a long residence time and organic matter that is resistant to degradation. Whereas SPM in areas of high primary productivity is essentially derived from fresh plankton and thus has a strong imprint of the subsurface nitrate source, SPM at oligotrophic stations and at subthermocline depths appears to exchange amino acids with the DOC pool influencing also the δ15N values.

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30

El Droubi, Yara, Quentin Gaimard, Jeanne Solard, Mahmoud Chakaroun, and Azzedine Boudrioua. "Design and investigation of a low-threshold organic laser diode using mixed-order DFB cavities." EPJ Web of Conferences 266 (2022): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226606005.

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In this work, we experimentally and theoretically investigate the optical and electrical optimization of an OLED associated to a mixed-order DFB cavity. We, firstly focus on the design and the fabrication of a mixed-order DFB cavity with a high quality factor. We particularly study the impact of the deposition of the organic layers on the topology and the quality factor of the cavity.

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31

Yu, Chen-hui, Qing-zhou Luo, Xiang-dong Luo, and Pei-sheng Liu. "Mixed Phases at the Bottom Interface of Si-Doped AlGaN Epilayers of Optoelectronic Devices." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/729041.

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This paper presents an analysis of crystalline structures of Si-doped Al0.4Ga0.6N layers grown on not-intentionally doped AlGaN buffer layer with an AlN nucleation layer by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Weak cubic Al0.4Ga0.6N (002) and (103) reflection peaks are observed in high-resolution XRDθ/2θscans and cubic Al0.4Ga0.6N (LO) mode in Raman scattering spectroscopy. These cubic subgrains are localized at the bottom interface of Si-doped layer due to the pulsed lower growth temperature and rich hydrogen atmosphere at the start of silane injection. Their appearance has no direct relationship with the buffer and nucleation layer. This study is helpful not only to understand fundamental properties of high aluminum content Si-doped AlGaN alloys but also to provide specific guidance on the fabrication of multilayer optoelectronic devices where weak cubic subgrains potentially occur and exert complicated influences on the device performance.

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32

Foo, Di Kai, Yanan Fang, Jaiswal Ankit, Jing Jun Lee, Baisong Cheng, Rong Ji, Qiang Zhu, Cheng Cheh Tan, Fengxia Wei, and Timothy J. White. "Post treatment for precise size and shape control of monodisperse CsPbBr₃ nanocrystals under ambient condition using ZnBr₂." APL Materials 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 041104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0145711.

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A mixed passivation strategy is deployed to produce monodisperse and pure CsPbBr3 nanocrystals under ambient condition via post treatment using ZnBr2 in mixed organic solvents. This room temperature synthesis route provides precise size and shape control, and colloidal nanocubes or nanospheres can be obtained depending on the choice of organic solvents. Any secondary phases’ nucleation was inhibited. The ZnBr2 can reduce the Br− vacancies at the surface termination layers, thus enhancing their properties. This approach can potentially offer a cheap and viable route for perovskite nanocrystals in optical and electrical devices.

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33

Daux, Valérie, Alain Foucault, Frédéric Melieres, and Mélanie Turpin. "Sapropel-like Pliocene sediments of Sicily deposited under oxygenated bottom water." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 177, no. 2 (March 1, 2006): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.177.2.79.

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Abstract The Pliocene Punta Piccola series, deposited on the Sicily sill at 100–400 m depths, consists of alternating whitish hemipelagic marl and carbonate-poor, organic-carbon-richer, brownish dark marl. The rhythmic bedding is interpreted to result from the precession driven alternation of more or less humid periods. In the present study, we compare the mineralogical and geochemical composition (isotope ratios of oxygen and carbon; Ca, Mn, Mg, Sr, and Fe concentrations) of the carbonate fractions of the whitish marl to those of the dark layers to evaluate the environmental changes that likely produced these alternations. High Mn concentrations in the dark layers, and the occurrence of pseudo-kutnahorite (Mn-Ca mixed carbonate), bioturbation, ostracodes, and benthic foraminifera favour the hypothesis of the dark-layer deposition taking place under oxygen-bearing bottom waters. The original value of the concentration of the organic carbon in the dark layers of Punta Piccola, estimated from the δ13C measured in the carbonate fraction, was higher than the post-diagenetic one. It may have reached 7% in the dark layer 107, which was therefore a true sapropel at the time of deposition. This result indicates that anoxic conditions are not a prerequisite for sapropelic sediment formation. However, the pristine concentration of the organic carbon in the dark layers at Punta Piccola is lower than those of coeval sapropels cored in the nearby deep settings, which were deposited under an anoxic water column. This difference may result from the effect of water column anoxia on the organic carbon content. Diagenetic reactions took place in the dark layers through the oxidation of large amounts of organic matter. The dissolution of primary calcium carbonates (biogenic in origin) and the reduction of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides led the interstitial solutions to be supersaturated towards Mn-rich calcite and/or pseudo-kutnahorite. The secondary carbonates are Mg-enriched and Sr and Fe-depleted. The negative shifts of the δ18O signal in the carbonates of the dark layers of Punta Piccola are consistent with an increased river discharge in the Mediterranean at the time of deposition.

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34

Gao, Chun-Hong, Xiao-Bo Shi, Dong-Ying Zhou, Lei Zhang, Zhao-Kui Wang, and Liang-Sheng Liao. "Highly Efficient White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Controllable Excitons Behavior by a Mixed Interlayer between Fluorescence Blue and Phosphorescence Yellow-Emitting Layers." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/831765.

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A highly efficient hybrid white organic light-emitting diode (HWOLED) has been demonstrated with a mixed interlayer between fluorescent blue and phosphorescent yellow-emitting layers. The device structure is simplified by using a controllable fluorescence-mixed interlayer-phosphorescence emission layer structure. The electroluminance (EL) performance can be modulated easily by adjusting the ratio of the hole-predominated material to the electron-predominated material in the interlayer. It is found that the HWOLED with a ratio of 3 : 2 exhibits a current efficiency of 34 cd/A and a power efficiency of 29 lm/W at 1000 cd/m2with warm white Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE1931) coordinates of (0.4273, 0.4439). The improved efficiency and adaptive CIE coordinates are attributed to the controllable mixed interlayer with enhanced charge carrier transport, optimized excitons distribution, and improved harvestings of singlet and triplet excitons.

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35

Damayanti, Astrilia, Alda Gemellina Munadhiroh, Ahmad Azis Mirza Maulana, Ayu Nur Janah, and Ifa Khoirun Nisak. "Fermentasi Sampah Organik Rumah Tangga sebagai Inovasi Pakan Ternak." Jurnal Bina Desa 4, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbd.v4i1.32332.

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AbstrakKegiatan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses pengolahan sampah organik rumah tangga menjadi pakan ternak, serta memberi edukasi kepada masyarakat terkait pemanfaatan sampah organik. Proses pembuatan secara umum dibagi ke dalam dua tahap, pertama proses pencampuran bahan, kedua proses fermentasi bahan. Pada proses pencampuran, sampah organik sebagai bahan pokok dicampur secara berlapis dengan bahan tambahan (sampah kebun, katul atau dedak) kemudian disemprotkan dengan cairan organik EM4 yang telah dilarutkan dalam air. Untuk proses fermentasi dilakukan dengan memadatkan bahan yang telah dicampur, dan ditutup rapat tanpa oksigen selama minimal 21 hari. Hasil fermentasi berupa pakan ternak siap konsumsi yang tidak lagi mengeluarkan aroma busuk sampah dan bebas dari belatung. Manfaat dari kegiatan ini adalah meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat Desa Kuwaron, Kecamatan Gubug, Kabupaten Grobogan terkait pemanfaatan sampah organik menjadi pakan ternak.AbstractThis activity aims to determine the process of processing household organic waste into animal feed, as well as to provide education to the public regarding the use of organic waste. The manufacturing process is generally divided into two stages, the first is the mixing process, the second is the fermentation process. In the mixing process, organic waste as the main ingredient is mixed in layers with additional ingredients (garden waste, and bran) and then sprayed with organic liquid EM4 which has been dissolved in water. The fermentation process is carried out by compacting the mixed material, and tightly closed without oxygen for at least 21 days. The fermented product is ready-to-eat animal feed that no longer emits the smell of rotting garbage and is free of maggots. The benefit of this activity is to increase public awareness of Kuwaron Village, Gubug District, Grobogan Regency regarding the use of organic waste into animal feed.Keywords: animal feed; fermentation; organic; trash

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36

Calero, Julio, Roberto García-Ruiz, Milagros Torrús-Castillo, José L. Vicente-Vicente, and Juan M. Martín-García. "Role of Clay Mineralogy in the Stabilization of Soil Organic Carbon in Olive Groves under Contrasted Soil Management." Minerals 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010060.

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Cropland soils are key systems in global carbon budgets due to their high carbon-sequestration potential. It is widely accepted that clays are one of the soil components that have a significant effect on the stabilisation of soil organic carbon (SOC), owing to its surface interactions with organic molecules. However, the identification of the direct effects of clays on SOC stabilization is complicated, mainly due to the difficulty of accurately characterizing the mineralogy of clays, especially phyllosilicates. In this study, the relationships between soil phyllosilicates and functional SOC pools in woodlands and comparable olive groves, under two contrasting management systems (bare soils versus soil under cover crops) and parent materials (calcareous and siliceous), were explored. The total mineralogy of soil and clay fractions and the soil-clay assemblages were analysed through the decomposition of X-ray diffraction patterns, and were then related to four SOC pools. Total and unprotected SOC was higher in olive groves under cover crops, and this was true independent of the parent material, proving the importance of herbaceous covers in SOC sequestration in woody crops. Some significant correlations between clay minerals and SOC fractions were found. Interestingly, mixed-layer content was correlated with the biochemically protected SOC fraction (r = 0.810, p < 0.05), and this was so even when the partial correlation coefficient was calculated (r = 0.761, p < 0.05). According to the partial correlation networks (PCN), four separated clusters of variables were obtained, which joined into only one at fdr < 0.25. The PCNs supported the direct correlation between mixed-layer content, especially those rich in smectite, and the biochemically protected SOC fraction, suggesting that smectite layers may stabilize organic molecules. Since potassium enrichment is higher in the rooted layers of woodland and soils under cover crops, and this increase is related to the collapse of swelling layers, these soils were poorer in smectite phases than the bare soils. This also would explain why the biochemically protected SOC was more abundant in the latter.

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37

Huang, H., L. S. Penn, R. P. Quirk, and T. H. Cheong. "Kinetics of Sequential Tethering in Formation of Mixed Layers." Macromolecules 37, no. 15 (July 2004): 5807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma030591o.

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38

Yang, Woon Seok, Byung-Wook Park, Eui Hyuk Jung, Nam Joong Jeon, Young Chan Kim, Dong Uk Lee, Seong Sik Shin, et al. "Iodide management in formamidinium-lead-halide–based perovskite layers for efficient solar cells." Science 356, no. 6345 (June 29, 2017): 1376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aan2301.

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The formation of a dense and uniform thin layer on the substrates is crucial for the fabrication of high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) containing formamidinium with multiple cations and mixed halide anions. The concentration of defect states, which reduce a cell’s performance by decreasing the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current density, needs to be as low as possible. We show that the introduction of additional iodide ions into the organic cation solution, which are used to form the perovskite layers through an intramolecular exchanging process, decreases the concentration of deep-level defects. The defect-engineered thin perovskite layers enable the fabrication of PSCs with a certified power conversion efficiency of 22.1% in small cells and 19.7% in 1-square-centimeter cells.

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39

Wang, Zhiping, David P. McMeekin, Nobuya Sakai, Stephan van Reenen, Konrad Wojciechowski, Jay B. Patel, Michael B. Johnston, and Henry J. Snaith. "Efficient and Air-Stable Mixed-Cation Lead Mixed-Halide Perovskite Solar Cells with n-Doped Organic Electron Extraction Layers." Advanced Materials 29, no. 5 (December 1, 2016): 1604186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201604186.

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40

Rudziński, W., J. Michałek, B. Brun, and S. Partyka. "Further comments on the preparation of mixed organic layers chemically bonded on silicon dioxide." Journal of Chromatography A 406 (October 1987): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94037-8.

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41

Takahashi, Kazuma, Satoka Aoyagi, and Tomoko Kawashima. "TOF-SIMS matrix effects in mixed organic layers in Ar cluster ion depth profiles." Surface and Interface Analysis 49, no. 8 (January 27, 2017): 721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.6214.

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42

Daoudi, L., F. Rocha, B. Ouajhain, J. L. Dinis, D. Chafiki, and P. Callapez. "Palaeoenvironmental significance of clay minerals in Upper Cenomanian–Turonian sediments of the Western High Atlas Basin (Morocco)." Clay Minerals 43, no. 4 (December 2008): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2008.043.4.07.

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AbstractUpper Cenomanian–Turonian clay mineral assemblages of sediments cropping out in the Western High Atlas basin are studied in four sections. Smectite and mixed-layer illite-smectite (I-S) have been identified as major constituents of the deposits. The composition of clay associations in black shales and associated sediments varies considerably according to age, but usually depends either on the general lithology, the abundance of organic matter, or the depth of burial. A distinct correlation is evident between clay mineral distribution and sea-level. Smectite and mixed-layer I-S with greater percentages of smectite layers increase in sediments deposited during transgressive periods, whereas they decrease progressively in the shallower facies deposited during regression in favour of illite and mixed-layer I-S with a greater percentage of illite. The vertical evolution and lateral distribution of clay assemblages and their relationships with sea-level as well as the palaeogeographic conditions prevailing during the Late Cenomanian–Turonian period (flattened topography and arid climate), indicate a detrital origin of the smectite minerals and a distribution pattern controlled by differential settling processes.

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Kadim, Akeel M., Karrar A. Hammoodi, and Ghufran S. Salih. "Fabrication of Hybrid QDOLEDs from Core/Shell/Shell QDs and Conductive Organic Polymers." Nano Hybrids and Composites 22 (September 2018): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.22.11.

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Core/shell/shell of CdSe/CdTe/CdS QDs were prepared by chemical reaction and used to fabricate hybrid quantum organic light emitting devices (QDOLEDs). QDOLEDs were made-up using layers of ITO/PEDOT: PMMA/QDs/Alq3and ITO/PEDOT: PMMA/QDs/Alq3/TPBi devices which prepared by phase segregation method. The hybrid white light emitting devices consists, of four-layers deposited successively on the ITO glass substrate; the first layer was of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymer mixed with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymers. The second layer was QDs and the third layer was tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq3) while the fourth layer was 1,3,5-tri(phenyl-2-benzimi-dazolyl)-benzene (TPBi) electron extraction layer (EEL)The results of the optical properties show that the prepared QDs were nanocrystalline with defects formation. The produced white light has suitable efficiency by confinement effect which creates the energy gap larger, so that the aim of the light sites are toward the center of white light color.The quantum dots organic light emitting devices (QDOLEDs) were characterized by electroluminescence (EL) at room temperature. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics indicate that the output current is good compared to the few voltages ( 4-6 V) used which gives acceptable results to get a generation of white light. The emissions affecting this white luminescence were detected depending on the chromaticity coordinates (CIE 1931). The correlated color temperature (CCT) was found to be about 6300 and 5290 K. Fabrication of QDLEDs from semiconductors material (CdSe/CdTe/CdS core/shell/shell QDs) with hole injection organic polymer (PEDOT) and electron injection from organic polymer molecules (TPBi) was successful in white light production.

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44

Wang, Chiming, Dongdong Qi, Guang Lu, Hailong Wang, Yanli Chen, and Jianzhuang Jiang. "High mobility at the interface of the cocrystallized sandwich-type tetrapyrrole metal compound and fullerene layers." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 6, no. 11 (2019): 3345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9qi01130g.

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Organic field effect transistor (OFET) devices fabricated based on mixed-(phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) yttrium(iii) and fullerene cocrystals represent one of the most excellent cocrystal ambipolar OFET devices reported thus far.

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45

Kuznetsova, Anastasiia I., Anna P. Geraskina, Natalia V. Lukina, Vadim E. Smirnov, Elena V. Tikhonova, Nikolay E. Shevchenko, Aleksey V. Gornov, Elena V. Ruchinskaya, and Daria N. Tebenkova. "Linking Vegetation, Soil Carbon Stocks, and Earthworms in Upland Coniferous–Broadleaf Forests." Forests 12, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091179.

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Linking vegetation, soil biota, and soil carbon stocks in forests has a high predictive value. The specific aim of this study was to identify the relationships between vegetation, earthworms, and soil carbon stocks in nine types of forests dominating autonomous landscape positions in a coniferous–broadleaf forest zone of the European part of Russia. Mountain forests were selected in the Northwest Caucasus, while plain forests were selected in Bryansk Polesie and on the Moskva-Oka plain. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and v-tests were used to assess the impact of different factors on soil C stocks. To assess the contribution of vegetation, litter quality, and earthworms to variation of carbon stocks in organic (FH-layer) and mineral layer (0–50 cm), the method of hierarchical partitioning was performed. The highest C stocks in the organic horizons were associated with the low-quality litter, i.e., with a low base saturation, high acidity, and wide C/N ratio. The highest soil C stocks in the mineral layers were found in mixed forests with the highest richness of plant species, producing litterfall of different quality. The C stock in the organic horizon was negatively related to the biomass of worms that process the litter, while the carbon stock in the mineral layers was positively related to the biomass of worms whose life activity is related to the mineral layers. These findings demonstrated the substantial influence of plants producing a litter of different quality, and of earthworms, belonging to different functional groups, on soil C stocks in coniferous–broadleaf forests.

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Kadim, Akeel M. "Fabrication of Quantum Dots Light Emitting Device by Using CdTe Quantum Dots and Organic Polymer." Journal of Nano Research 50 (November 2017): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.50.48.

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Cadmium telluride CdTe QDs was prepared by chemical reaction and used to fabricate electroluminescence quantum dot hybrid junction device. QD-LED was fabricated using TPD: PMMA/CdTe/Alq3 device which synthesized by phase segregation method. The hybrid white light emitting devices consists, of three-layers deposited successively on the ITO glass substrate; the first layer was of Tetra-Phenyl Diaminobiphenyl (TPD) polymer mixed with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymers, while the second layer was 0.5wt% of the (CdTe) QDs for hybrid device, whereas the third layer was Tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq3). The optical properties of CdTe QDs were considered by UV-Vis. and photoluminescence (PL) spectrometer. The results show that the prepared QDs were nanocrystalline with defects formation. The Eg calculated from PL were 2.25 eV for Cadmium telluride CdTe QDs was prepared by chemical reaction and used to fabricate electroluminescence quantum dot hybrid junction device. QD-LED was fabricated using TPD: PMMA/CdTe/Alq3device which synthesized by phase segregation method. The hybrid white light emitting devices consists, of three-layers deposited successively on the ITO glass substrate; the first layer was of Tetra-Phenyl Diaminobiphenyl (TPD) polymer mixed with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymers, while the second layer was 0.5wt% of the (CdTe) QDs for hybrid device, whereas the third layer was Tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq3). The optical properties of CdTe QDs were measuredby UV-Vis. and photoluminescence (PL) spectrometer. The results show that the prepared QDs were nanocrystalline with defects formation. The Eg calculated from PL were 2.25 eV for CdTe QDs. The generated white light properties with acceptable efficiency using confinement effect that makes the energy gap larger, thus the direction of the light sites are toward the center of white light color. The organic light emitting device (OLED) wasconsidered by room temperature PL and electroluminescence (EL). Current-voltage (I–V) characteristics indicate that the output current is good compared to the few voltage (6 V) used which gives good results to get a generation of white light. The electroluminescence (EL) spectrum of hybrid deviceshows a wide emission band covering the range from 350 - 700 nm. The emissions causing this white luminescence were identified depending on the chromaticity coordinates (CIE 1931) was found (x=0.32, y=0.33). The correlated color temperature (CCT) was found to be about 5886 K. Fabrication of EL-devices from semiconductors material (CdTe QDs) between two layers organic polymer (TPD) and organic molecules (Alq3) were effective in white light generation. The recombination processes and I-V characteristics gives rises to the output current is good compared to the few voltages used which gives good results to become a generation of light.

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47

Bittner, Achim, and Ulrich Schmid. "Modified Organic low-k Dielectric Layers on Fired LTCC Substrates." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, CICMT (September 1, 2012): 000394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2012-wa49.

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In this study, the reduction of permittivity of LTCC substrates by coating with a polyimide compound containing hollow glass microspheres as filler material is described. By incorporating the filler material, the dielectric constant of the substrate material is locally lowered to improve the high-frequency performance of antennas operated in the GHz range. Furthermore, by adding the filler material to the liquid polyimide precursor the layer thickness is heightened from maximum 10 μm to above 80 μm which is enough to fill cavities in LTCC substrates. Two compound materials with filler to polymer ratios 1:7.5 and 1:10 are mixed. Afterwards they are deposited by spin coating onto LTCC substrates. The film thickness depends on the rotating speed and the filler content. With the higher filler concentration and low rotating speed of 500 rpm 82 μm thick polymer films can be achieved. The high surface roughness can be reduced afterwards by adding additional pure polyimide layers on top to Ra= 3 μm. The dielectric constant of the entire substrate consisting of the LTCC and the resulting compound material is measured using a ring resonator in microstrip configuration. From the resonances occurring in the transmission S-parameter |S21| spectrum between 1 to 10 GHz, the relative dielectric constant can be determined. Using 820 μm thick LTCC substrates a relatively low reduction from εr = 7.8 to 6.6 is achieved. However, due to permittivity can be reduced with higher microsphere amounts, the dielectric constant of pure polyimide of εr= 3.3 can also be reduced. Furthermore due to the sufficiently high film thickness of the modified substrates, the compound layer can be used as single dielectric layer.

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48

Liu, Yan, Pifeng Lei, Wenhua Xiang, Wende Yan, and Xiaoyong Chen. "Accumulation of soil organic C and N in planted forests fostered by tree species mixture." Biogeosciences 14, no. 17 (September 11, 2017): 3937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3937-2017.

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Abstract. With the increasing trend of converting monocultures into mixed forests, more and more studies have been carried out to investigate the admixing effects on tree growth and aboveground carbon storage. However, few studies have considered the impact of mixed forests on belowground carbon sequestration, particularly changes in soil carbon and nitrogen stocks as a forest grows. In this study, paired pure Pinus massoniana plantations, Cinnamomum camphora plantations and mixed Pinus massoniana–Cinnamomum camphora plantations at ages of 10, 24 and 45 years were selected to test whether the mixed plantations sequestrate more organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) in soils and whether this admixing effect becomes more pronounced with stand ages. The results showed that tree species identification, composition and stand age significantly affected soil OC and N stocks. The soil OC and N stocks were the highest in mixed Pinus–Cinnamomum stands compared to those in counterpart monocultures with the same age in the whole soil profile or specific soil depth layers (0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) for most cases, followed by Cinnamomum stands and Pinus stands with the lowest. These positive admixing effects were mostly nonadditive. Along the chronosequence, the soil OC stock peaked in the 24-year-old stand and was maintained as relatively stable thereafter. The admixing effects were also the highest at this stage. However, in the topsoil layer, the admixing effects increased with stand ages in terms of soil OC stocks. When comparing mixed Pinus–Cinnamomum plantations with corresponding monocultures within the same age, the soil N stock in mixed stands was 8.30, 11.17 and 31.45 % higher than the predicted mean value estimated from counterpart pure species plantations in 10-, 24- and 45-year-old stands, respectively. This suggests that these admixing effects were more pronounced along the chronosequence.

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Fitriana Maod, Fitrawati Dukalang, and Ni Luh Arwati. "IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS CARBOHYDRATES AND CHEMICALS CONTAINED IN THEM." Journal of Health, Technology and Science (JHTS) 3, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47918/jhts.v3i1.267.

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This study aims to observe the structure of some carbohydrates through their reaction properties with multiple test reagents and know and understand various carbohydrate tests. Research methods used Research methods used are analytics with experimental design (pre experimental), Object of research is milk, honey, sago, flour and amylum. Then to five samples each added with NaOH, HCL, Aquades to find out if the five samples contain carbohirat or not. The results showed that Carbohydrates are nutrients in the form of organic compounds consisting of carbon atoms, hydrogen, and oxygen used as energy-forming materials. In this carbohydrate study, an iodine test was conducted to prove the presence of carbohydrate content in 5 samples of foodstuffs, namely iodine test on sago, honey, amylum, flour and milk. In the first experiment milk added NaOH, HCL, aquades the result did not change the layer and color, then the second experiment on honey in the pond NaOH, HCL, Aquades the result is two layers and the change of color to blackish yellow, then the third experiment on flour added NaOH, HCL, Aquades the result there are two layers and discoloration in each organic compound mixed in the sample, next experiment to the fourth on sago added NaOH, HCL,

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KAMATA, SHIGENOBU, and TOSHIHIKO NAGAMURA. "Studies on layer structure of mixed langmuir-blodgett films deposited from supermonomolecular layers using energy transfer." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (1994): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.7.133.

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