Статті в журналах: "MIX CLAY"

1

Sun, Qing Zhou, Li Jin, Pu Qing Zhang, Zhong Kui Zhao, Jian Wang, and Jing Guang Yan. "The Process Adaptability Study under the Conditions of Reclaimed Clay Sand Variable System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 432 (September 2013): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.432.11.

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This paper studies the process adaptability of reclaimed clay sand with core sand, and discovers that the reclaimed clay sand with furan resin self-setting sand can be used to mix the water-glass sand and hot core box sand; but it can not be used to mix the cold core box sand and coated sand. The reclaimed clay sand with water-glass sand can not be used to mix the hot core box sand, cold core box sand and coated sand; the reclaimed clay sand with hot core box sand can be used to mix the water-glass sand, cold core box sand and coated sand; the reclaimed clay sand with cold core box sand can be used to mix the water-glass sand, coated sand and hot core box sand. The reclaimed clay sand with coated sand can be used to mix the water-glass sand, but when it is used to mix the hot core box sand and cold core box sand, it can meet general requirements of the casting production; the completely reclaimed clay sand can not be used to mix the resin self-setting sand.

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2

Townsend, Frank C., M. C. McVay, D. G. Bloomquist, and S. A. McClimans. "Clay Waste Pond Reclamation by Sand/Clay Mix or Capping." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 115, no. 11 (November 1989): 1647–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1989)115:11(1647).

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3

Akbar, Saba. "Efficacy of clay minerals for controlling aflatoxin B1 toxicity in commercial broilers." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 59, no. 02 (March 1, 2022): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.1060.

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Aflatoxin occurrence in poultry feed causes aflatoxicosis in birds and poses health hazards to the consumers. Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) is the most predominant and toxic metabolite that is controlled through addition of argillaceous clays as non-nutritive additives. Non-smectitic indigenous clay reserves need testing as AfB1 adsorbent. With detailed mineral and adsorption characteristics, three indigenous non-smectitic clays: (i) palygorskite, (ii) palygorskite-smectite mix, and (iii) interstratified smectite with hydroxy interlayered smectite were tested against 250 µg kg-1 AfB1 contamination in a poultry feeding trial with three replications at 1% and 2% (w/w) with positive and negative controls. A total of 330 Ross-308 male broiler chicks, initially reared on clean feed under controlled conditions of light and humidity, were distributed into eleven treatment combinations in a completely randomized design with 30 birds in each treatment on an equal weight basis with three replications at day 14 and fed on experimental feeds for three weeks. Three birds from each pen were randomly slaughtered at day 35 and for each replicated treatment, body weight gain, feed intake, and internal organs weight and morphology were recorded. AfB1 contamination reduced weight gain (p 0.0001), feed conversion ratio (p 0.0001) and feed intake (p 0.0001) while clays addition in the toxin feed effectively controlled AfB1 toxicity as suggested by improved body weight, weight gain rate and feed consumption compared to the toxin fed birds. The liver morphology was comparatively better in palygorskite-smectite mix treatment when applied at 1% and the darkish colour was also improved with addition of the clay in the toxin feed. AfB1 feeding caused a 75% reduction in weight gain compared to the clean feed. Palygorskite and palygorskite-smectite mix clays were better than interstratified clay in increasing weight gain and caused a 60% and 65% increase over toxin feed treatment when applied at 1% and 2%, respectively. In conclusion, the indigenous clay sources overall and palygorskite-smectite mix in particular has the potential for use as a mycotoxin binder for controlling AfB1 incidence in poultry

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4

Saadeldin, Ramy, and Sumi Siddiqua. "Geotechnical characterization of a clay–cement mix." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 72, no. 3-4 (November 16, 2013): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0531-2.

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5

Aniculaesi, Mircea, Anghel Stanciu, and Irina Lungu. "The Effect of the Portland and Eco-Cement Stabilization on the Physical and Mechanical Behaviour of the Bahlui Clay." Advanced Engineering Forum 8-9 (June 2013): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.8-9.361.

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The research program developed by the authors and presented in this paper designate the Bahlui clay Romania fitting the clays with specific behaviour such as the Addis Ababa clay, London clay, Dharwad clay, New Yorkshire clay, Ankara clay and Weald clay. Its behaviour is mainly characterized by high swells and shrinkages at moisture variations. The utilization of the Bahlui clay as good foundation soil or material for compacted soil cushion required the determination of the parameters characterizing its behaviour during moisture variation: swell-shrinkage, compressibility and respectively shear strength. The research experiments to define the physical and mechanical behaviour of the Bahlui clay were performed on both natural and remoulded samples with 2.5÷10% mix from the dry soil mass with Portland with/or eco-cement. The paper presents graphs and tables displaying the Portland/eco-cement stabilization influence on the main physical and mechanical indices characterizing the Bahlui clay behaviour during moisture variations as well as conclusions its usage.

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6

Radhakrishna, H. S., H. T. Chan, A. M. Crawford, and K. C. Lau. "Thermal and physical properties of candidate buffer–backfill materials for a nuclear fuel waste disposal vault." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 26, no. 4 (November 1, 1989): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t89-076.

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As part of the Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program, Ontario Hydro has, over several years, conducted research into the behaviour and performance of buffer–backfill for the proposed nuclear fuel waste disposal vault. In this paper, a review has been made of laboratory studies made at Ontario Hydro on the thermal properties, strength, hydraulic conductivity, and compactability of clay-based buffer materials. The results of this work have enabled the formulation of selection criteria for the buffer material mix for the prototype Canadian nuclear fuel waste disposal scheme. Key words: bentonites, buffer, backfill, nuclear waste disposal, thermal conductivity, clays, hydraulic conductivity, compaction, clay barriers, clay seals, shrinkage.

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7

Hartono, Edi, and Gilang Permana Santoso. "Analisis CBR Tanah Clayshale Akibat Distabilisasi Semen." Bulletin of Civil Engineering 1, no. 2 (September 29, 2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/bce.v1i2.12415.

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Clay shale merupakan batuan lunak yang memiliki potensi masalah pada kekuatan dan durabilitas bila tersingkap. Perbaikan tanah diperlukan bila digunakan sebagai lapis dasar jalan. Salah satu metodenya adalah stabilisasi menggunakan semen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan nilai CBR dan pengembangan clay shale sebelum dan sesudah penambahan semen. Semen yang ditambahkan sebesar 10% dari berat total tanah kering. Semen dicampur dengan metode dry mix dan spray mix. Pengujian CBR menggunakan 3 variasi pemadatan yaitu 10, 25, 56 kali pukulan. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa penambahan semen 10% pada 56 pukulan akan meningkatkan nilai CBR 38,40% dan menurunkan pengembangan 0,60%. Nilai CBR dengan metode dry mix lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan metode spray mix.Clay shale is a soft rock that has potential problems in strength and durability when exposed. Soil Improvement Required when used as the subgrade. One of the repair methods is stabilization using cement. This study aims to determine the value of CBR and clay shale swelling after the addition of cement. Cement added by 10% of dry soil weight. The cement is mixed by dry mix and spray mix methods. CBR testing uses three variations of compaction 10, 25, 56 blows. The results showed that adding 10% cement and 56 blows increased the CBR value by 38.40% and decreased the swelling by 0.60%. The CBR value with the dry mix method is higher than the spray mix method.

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8

Hasan, Zaid Ali, Shereen Qasim Abdulridha, and S. Z. Abeer. "Sustainable Mortar Made with Local Clay Bricks and Glass Waste Exposed to Elevated Temperatures." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091729.

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The present study involved assessing the replacement of fine aggregate in the mortar with sustainable local materials like clay bricks and glass included 168 specimens (cubes and prisms). Seven mixtures were cast for this work, one control mix (R1) with 100% natural sand whereas mixes from R2 to R5 have 10% and 20% replacing natural sand with waste clay bricks and waste glass separately and respectively. Mix R6 was included 20% replacing sand with combination waste materials (10% waste clay bricks with 10% waste glass). Mix R7 has involved the same percent of replacing the previous mix R6 but with adding Polypropylene fibers 1% by volume. The samples have put in an electrical oven for one hour at 200, 400, and 600 ᵒC then cooled to room temperature to be tested and compared with samples at normal temperature 24 ᵒC. Different mechanical tests were adopted involved flow tests, density, weight loss, compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption. The results at different temperatures were discussed where many findings were specified. The flexural strength at 400 ᵒC was showed improving by 56% for 20% waste clay brick and 69% with 10% waste glass, as well all combination mixes illustrated higher strength than the control. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091729 Full Text: PDF

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9

Zimmerman, Richard H. "190 Growing Highbush Blueberry in Coal Ash-Compost Mixtures." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 475A—475. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.475a.

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Highbush blueberry is adapted to well-drained sandy soils containing some organic matter, but these are often unavailable in many areas where blueberry production is desired. I tested the concept of using freely available by-products to produce an artificial medium for growing blueberries. In June 1997, 1-year-old tissue-cultured plants of `Bluecrop' and `Sierra' blueberry were planted into 15-L plastic pots filled with soil or soilless medium in a total of 10 treatments. Soils used were Berryland sand (alone) and Manor clay loam (alone or amended with 25% or 50% compost mix 1); soilless media were composed of coal ash amended with 25% municipal biosolid compost (B), 25% leaf compost (L), 25% or 50% compost mix 1 (1 B: 1 L),\ or 25% or 50% compost mix 2 (1 compost mix 1: 1 acid peatmoss). pH of all mixes containing compost was adjusted to ≈4.5 with sulfur. After the first year, plants of both cultivars in Berryland sand had significantly more shoot growth than in any other treatment except for Manor clay loam. The least growth was produced by plants growing in Manor clay loam amended with compost mix 1 and in coal ash amended with unblended compost (B or L). After the second year, plants in the best treatments were 90 to 100 cm tall. More shoot growth was produced by plants in Berryland sand and in coal ash amended with 25% or 50% of compost mix 1, followed by plants in coal ash amended with 50% compost mix 2 or 25% compost B; plants in Manor clay loam, whether or not amended with compost, had the least growth. In 1998, 95% of the plants flowered and most set fruit, but differences among treatments were not significant. `Sierra' plants produced more growth than those of `Bluecrop' in all treatments.

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10

Beavers, Casey, Edward A. Hanlon, Matt Wilson, James Cates, and George J. Hochmuth. "Sand-Clay Mix in Phosphate Mine Reclamation: Characteristics and Land Use." EDIS 2015, no. 8 (November 5, 2015): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ss636-2015.

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Phosphate rock is a key component in producing fertilizer and many other economically important products. Getting phosphate rock out of the ground produces a by-produce called phosphate clay, which mining operations must return to the landscape. However, phosphate clay retains large amounts of water, making them unsuitable for use as farmland or wildlife habitat. This 6-page fact sheet explains how using a sand-clay mix can more efficiently restore the landscape and put it to beneficial use. Written by Casey Beavers, Edward A. Hanlon, Matt Wilson, James “Bud” Cates, and George J. Hochmuth, and published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Sciences, July 2015.

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11

Mohd Satar, M. K. I., R. P. Jaya, M. H. Rafsanjani, N. Che` Mat, M. R. Hainin, Md M. A. Aziz, M. E. Abdullah, and D. S. Jayanti. "Performance of Kaolin Clay on Hot-mix Asphalt Properties." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1049 (July 2018): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1049/1/012002.

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12

Teerawattanasuk, Chairat, Panich Voottipruex, and Suksun Horpibulsuk. "Mix design charts for lightweight cellular cemented Bangkok clay." Applied Clay Science 104 (February 2015): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.12.012.

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13

Kashcheev, I. D., and O. V. Turlova. "Physical-chemical properties of ceramic mix using Nizhneuvel’skoe clay." Glass and Ceramics 67, no. 5-6 (October 28, 2010): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-010-9255-y.

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14

Il’ina, V. P., I. S. Inina, and P. V. Frolov. "Ceramic Mix Based on Pyroxenite and Low-Melting Clay." Glass and Ceramics 73, no. 9-10 (January 2017): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-017-9890-7.

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15

Sgarlata, Caterina, Alessandra Formia, Francesco Ferrari, and Cristina Leonelli. "Effect of the Introduction of Reactive Fillers and Metakaolin in Waste Clay-Based Materials for Geopolymerization Processes." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051325.

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In this study, the role of two reactive fillers, specifically a sand from a clay washing process as an alternative to waste glass powder and a commercial metakaolin (MK), into the geopolymerization process of waste clay-based materials was assessed. Three kinds of clayey wastes from mining operations—halloysitic, kaolinitic and smectitic clays—were tested as potential precursor of geopolymeric materials in view of a potential valorisation of these by-products. A mix-design based on the addition of low percentages (20%) of these fillers or MK to improve the mechanical and chemico-physical properties of geopolymeric formulations was evaluated. All the clays were thermally treated at a temperature of 650 °C, while the geopolymeric pastes were cured at room temperature. In particular, the chemical stability in water (pH and ionic conductivity of leachate water, weight loss), the variations in the microstructure (XRD, SEM), and in the mechanical performance (compressive strength) were analysed. The most reactive additive was MK, followed by sand and waste glass at very similar levels—1:1 or 2:1—depending upon the type of the clay but not strictly related to the clay type. The increase of geopolymeric gel densification due to the presence of MK and sand was replaced by a crack deflection mechanism in the case of the WG grains. The worst performance (chemical stability and mechanical properties) was found for the halloysitic clay, while kaolinitic and smectitic clays developed strengths slightly below 30 MPa.

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16

Meng, Fan Bo, Yi Zhang Hu, and Hong Ya Yue. "Mix Proportion and Mechanical Properties of Recycled PET-Brick Powder Mixture." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 1990–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.1990.

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This research determined the proper gradation of clay brick powder, PET to clay brick powder ratio, and curing temperature. Density, compressive, and tensile strength of the PET-Brick Powder Mixture were also studied. The research results indicate that the mixture had lower density and water absorption. The strength increased quickly and reached the 94% of 28-day strength at 6 hours. The proper initial curing temperature is 180°C.

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17

Chapuis, Robert P. "The 2000 R.M. Hardy Lecture: Full-scale hydraulic performance of soilbentonite and compacted clay liners." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 417–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t01-092.

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The results of laboratory and in situ permeability tests can be used to predict the total leakage rate of a soilbentonite or clay liner. This prediction, however, ignores the large influence that minor defects may have on the total leakage. In Quebec, hundreds of municipal wastewater ponds have been filled with water to measure their total leakage rate before approval. The design criteria and the equations to be used for the full-scale performance test are briefly reviewed with their capacities to detect hydraulic deficiencies. Several case histories are presented to illustrate various problems: excessive leakage of a stable soilbentonite mix, washing of bentonite in a soilbentonite mix, internal erosion of a natural clay liner through an inadequate sand filter, and effects of freezing on the total leakage of a clay liner.Key words: liner, clay, bentonite, permeability, performance, full-scale test

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18

Akinwande, Abayomi Adewale, Adeolu Adesoji Adediran, Oluwatosin Abiodun Balogun, Olanrewaju Seun Adesina, Adebayo Felix Owa, Akeem Oladele Ademati, Bayode Julius Olorunfemi, and Ajisegiri Emmanuel. "Recycling of Synthetic Waste Wig Fiber in the Production of Cement-Adobe for Building Envelope: Physio-Hydric Properties." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 59 (March 15, 2022): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-42y8vk.

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Waste wigs are often disposed of in their volume in landfills, thus constituting a nuisance to the environment. Recycling these wigs in masonry bricks is a way via which they can be recycled and reused. On such premises, waste wig fiber (WWF) was recycled by incorporating it into the cement-sand-clay composite mix for masonry brick production. The challenges masonry bricks face include shrinkage and water susceptibility, hence the contributory effect of WWF on physio-hydric properties was assessed in this study. Sample preparation entailed the blending of cement, sand, clay soil, and waste wig fiber. The control mix was prepared by commixing clay with 10 % cement (by clay volume) and 20 % sand (by clay volume). Other mix proportions were reinforced with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 % WWF by clay volume. Prepared composites brick samples were cured for 28 and 56 days and tested for physio-hydric properties. Results revealed that WWF contributed significantly to improving hydro-resisting properties by minimizing porosity, water and moisture absorption, capillary suction, and water permeability. Furthermore, WWF contributed to dimensional stability by reducing shrinkages and weight loss. Hydration time impacts significantly in reducing apparent porosity, water permeability coefficient, moisture and water absorption, capillary suction coefficient; increasing apparent density, weight loss, linear, and volumetric shrinkage. Prolonged time in water ensued higher water absorption. The general outcome depicts that WWF showed promising performance in bricks developed in enhancing water and moisture susceptibility resistance and promoting mass and dimensional stability; hence, it can be employed in reinforcing cement adobe bricks.

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19

THAPA, PHARAM SINGH, and GOVIND PRASAD LAMICHHANE. "ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON SANDY CLAY BRICKS WITH CEMENT MIX." Building and reconstruction 92, no. 6 (2020): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2020-92-6-99-112.

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In order to contribute to the sustainability of the brick construction sector, this work studied the formation of economic and environment friendly sandy clay brick. Therefore, the goal was set to be developed, a “sandy clay brick with cement mix”, which has more structural durability, less weight, low cost, together with high performance with respect to indoor air quality. In this research, variation on soil – cement brick with gradual increase in cement content replacing soil material and how the soil- cement brick may be studied using soil and cement as binder by fulfilling the requirement of National Building Code (NBC). The water cement ratio was kept controlled and all other material properties used were same. The effect was seen on compressive strength because the 28 days strength of brick is slightly more when soil is replaced by 15% cement content then no replacement of soil by cement strength. Taking about 11 samples starting from 0 % to 50 % cement content it was found that sandy clay soil – cement brick with compressive strength up to 23.44 MPa with traditional value may be achieved.

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20

Montella, G., A. P. Purdy, S. B. Qadri, N. Bhattarai, R. M. Stroud, and C. M. Roland. "DISPERSION OF NANOCLAY IN 1,4-POLYBUTADIENE." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 91, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.18.81567.

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ABSTRACT Two approaches to obtaining better dispersion of organo-modified nanoclay in high-molecular weight polybutadiene were assessed: (1) chemical modification of the polymer to increase its affinity for the silicate layers and (2) increasing the stretching component of the flow field used to mix the materials. As expected, the degree of dispersion, that is, the extent of intercalation of the polymer into the clay galleries and amount of exfoliation of the clay layers, increased with closer matching of the respective solubility parameters of the components. The efficiency of mechanical mixing was greater for flow fields dominated by stretching (extensional flow); less mix energy had to be expended to achieve a given level of reinforcement. However, without sufficient affinity of the polymer for the clay, complete exfoliation could not be obtained solely by mixing. Nevertheless, incomplete dispersion of the nanoclay still yields more than 40-fold increases in viscosity with 5% clay.

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21

Kalhori, Hamid, Raheb Bagherpour, Mohammad Amir Akhlaghi, Sayed Mohsen Mirdamadi, and Mehdi Nasiri Sarvi. "LABORATORY TESTS ON THE STRENGTHENING OF WET-MIX SHOTCRETE LINING WITH THE USE OF NANOMATERIALS." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 36, no. 1 (2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2021.1.5.

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Adding nanomaterials to concrete extends the size range of constituent particles well into nano-scale dimensions, which could help the compacting of particles in cement-based materials. Regarding the differences between shotcrete and cast concrete, in this study, the properties of shotcrete with nano and micro-silica and nano-clay were experimentally studied. The micro and nanomaterials have been added at different percentages (6%, 9%, and 12%) to a shotcrete paste. The comparison was based on the uniaxial compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and porosity tests of different specimens. The results indicated that the maximum increase in compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths of shotcrete was related to 12% nano-SiO2, while for 12% nano-clay, all of these strengths were decreased at 28 days. The optimum percentage for shotcrete substitution by nano-clay was established to be 6%. Also, the application of the nanomaterials led to a decrease in the water absorption and porosity of shotcrete. Eventually, the results revealed that the improvement of mechanical properties by the introduction of the nanomaterials in shotcrete could be satisfactory.

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22

Xu, Jun Chen, and Quan Zhong Liu. "Research on Solidified Mechanism of Compound Consolidated Soil." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 1231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.1231.

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By the scanning electron microscopy and experimental study, curing mechanism of the ZL-1 curing agent was studied in this paper, and the curing mechanism of the traditional curing materials in the soil clay was also analyzed. The study found that ZL-1 has a good curing effect on curing agent to the lime and clay mixture ，cement and clay mixture, and has greatly improved water stability, durability. And the best mix proportion was given.

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23

Chen, Li, Chaves Figueiredo, Çopuroğlu, Veer, and Schlangen. "Limestone and Calcined Clay-Based Sustainable Cementitious Materials for 3D Concrete Printing: A Fundamental Study of Extrudability and Early-Age Strength Development." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (April 30, 2019): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091809.

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The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of different grades of calcined clay on the extrudability and early-age strength development under ambient conditions. Four mix designs were proposed. Three of them contained high, medium, and low grades of calcined clay, respectively, and one was the reference without calcined clay. In terms of extrudability, an extrusion test method based on the ram extruder was introduced to observe the quality of extruded material filaments, and to determine the extrusion pressure of tested materials at different ages. For evaluating the very early-age strength development, the penetration resistance test, the green strength test, and the ultrasonic pulse velocity test were applied. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the developed mix designs were determined by the compressive strength test at 1, 7 and 28 days. Finally, the main finding of this study was that increasing the metakaolin content in calcined clay could significantly increase the extrusion pressures and green strength, shorten the initial setting time and enhance the compressive strength at 1, 7, and 28 days.

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Sui, Wang-hua, Jin-yuan Liu, and Yong Du. "Permeability and seepage stability of coal-reject and clay mix." Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 1, no. 1 (September 2009): 888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2009.09.138.

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25

Vashi, Jigisha M., Atul K. Desai, and Chandresh H. Solanki. "Behavior of geotextile reinforced flyash + clay-mix by laboratory evaluation." Geomechanics and Engineering 5, no. 4 (August 25, 2013): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2013.5.4.331.

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Al Allam, Allam Musbah, Ahmed Suliman B. Ali, Hassan M. Hassan Ali, and Isa Ali Almuhktar. "Effect of Soft Clay on the Volumetric and Mechanical Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt." مجلة الجامعة الأسمرية: العلوم التطبيقية 6, no. 5 (December 31, 2021): 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.59743/aujas.v6i5.1085.

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Abstract. To define the behaviour of asphalt mixture including various penetration grade bitumen has been a major subject of paving engineering. This search investigated the volumetric and mechanical properties of a hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture with the Superpave mix design. The mixture was added with powdered soft clay at five different percentages based on the bitumen weight (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%). Performance tests were then conducted to determine the resilient modulus and volumetric properties of the mixture. Results show that bulk specific gravity increased after adding soft clay to the asphalt mixture. The amount of air and mineral aggregate voids also decreased with increasing SC contents. Furthermore, the addition of 4% SC improved mixture stiffness, as determined through indirect resilient modulus test under aging conditions. Therefore, soft clay can be added to asphalt mixtures to improve their volumetric and mechanical properties, such as strength and durability.

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Zaiter, Haytham Z., Dermot P. Coyne, Ralph B. Clark, and James R. Steadman. "SOIL TYPE AND POTTING MEDIUM INFLUENCE ON RUST PUSTULE GRADE (SIZE) ON DRY BEAN LEAVES (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1131G—1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1131.

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Nine bean cultivars/lines were grown in a Tripp sandy-clay loam (high pH), a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (neutral pH), and a potting mix (equal volume of sand, soil [Sharpsburg silty clay loam], vermiculite and moss pest) (low pH) in greenhouse (one experiment), growth chamber (two experiments), and field (two experiments) in Lincoln, NE, in order to evaluate the leaf reaction of the plants to a Nebraska rust (Uromyces appendiculatus var. appendiculatus) isolate US85-NP-10-1. A factorial arrangement of soil media and cultivars/lines in a randomized complete block design was used in the greenhouse and growth chamber experiments, while a split-plot design (soil media as main plots and cultivars/lines as sub-plots) was used in the field experiments. Significant differences were observed for rust pustule size of cultivars/lines grown on the three different soil media. Plants grown on potting mix medium showed significant Increases in rust pustule size compared with Tripp (high pH) or Sharpsburg silty clay loam soils (neutral pH). A significant interaction occurred between soil media and cultivars/lines for the rust reaction. A positive correlation (R= +0.5) was observed between the increased concentration of C1 and Mn,, and a negative correlation for lower K (R+ -0.44) and soil pH in the potting mix and larger rust pustule size of leaves. These results have implications for plant breeders and pathologists involved in evaluating bean progenies and lines for rust resistance.

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Zaiter, Haytham Z., Dermot P. Coyne, Ralph B. Clark, and James R. Steadman. "SOIL TYPE AND POTTING MEDIUM INFLUENCE ON RUST PUSTULE GRADE (SIZE) ON DRY BEAN LEAVES (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1131g—1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1131g.

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Анотація:

Nine bean cultivars/lines were grown in a Tripp sandy-clay loam (high pH), a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (neutral pH), and a potting mix (equal volume of sand, soil [Sharpsburg silty clay loam], vermiculite and moss pest) (low pH) in greenhouse (one experiment), growth chamber (two experiments), and field (two experiments) in Lincoln, NE, in order to evaluate the leaf reaction of the plants to a Nebraska rust (Uromyces appendiculatus var. appendiculatus) isolate US85-NP-10-1. A factorial arrangement of soil media and cultivars/lines in a randomized complete block design was used in the greenhouse and growth chamber experiments, while a split-plot design (soil media as main plots and cultivars/lines as sub-plots) was used in the field experiments. Significant differences were observed for rust pustule size of cultivars/lines grown on the three different soil media. Plants grown on potting mix medium showed significant Increases in rust pustule size compared with Tripp (high pH) or Sharpsburg silty clay loam soils (neutral pH). A significant interaction occurred between soil media and cultivars/lines for the rust reaction. A positive correlation (R= +0.5) was observed between the increased concentration of C1 and Mn,, and a negative correlation for lower K (R+ -0.44) and soil pH in the potting mix and larger rust pustule size of leaves. These results have implications for plant breeders and pathologists involved in evaluating bean progenies and lines for rust resistance.

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Rao, S. Anka, N. Priyanka, D. Kavitha, G. Malleswara rao, and T. Raghu Vamsi. "Explorations into the Expanded Clay Aggregate Concrete Bricks Strength Properties." International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering & Management 9, no. 6 (December 15, 2022): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijirem.2022.9.6.9.

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This experiment aims to examine the strength characteristics of structural light weight concrete generated by substituting light weight aggregates like Cinder (class-F) and ECA for coarse aggregate in M30 grade concrete. Lightweight concrete is created from cinder and ECA, with cement and coarse aggregate substituted at 40%, 50%, 60%, and 100%. The mix design for the project is 1:1.24:0.63. Using the aforementioned mix percentage, we cast 15 brick specimens measuring 0.61x0.20x0.10m and cylindrical moulds measuring 0.15x0.3m. a whole of 7,14,28 days. Concrete that is lighter by 25% to 35% has the same strength as concrete that is heavier by weight.

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30

Nusyura Al Islami, Auliya, Wiwik Rahayu, and Budi Susilo Soepandji. "Effect of Propylene Glycol and Laterite on California Bearing Ratio of Clay Shale." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.23807.

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Clay shale in natural condition has a very high strength. But due to weathering caused by exposure with air and water, its strength decreased significantly. Propylene glycol is established as an effective shale inhibitor in water-based muds. The effect mixing propylene glycol with clay shale to its strength is needs to be discussed. Sample of Citereup clay shale has been mixed with propylene glycol with ratio 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 of its optimum water content. California Bearing Ratio test have been performed to determine clay shale bearing strength. Result from study indicate that clay shale stabilization using 30% propylene glycol can increase strength in unsoaked condition. Laterite soil mix were also give additional bearing strength to clay shale specimen.

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31

Szpak, Joseph P., Donald R. Woods, and Kyle Bouchard. "Critique of Jar Testing for the Design of Coagulation-Flocculation Systems." Water Quality Research Journal 31, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1996.004.

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Abstract The effects of clay type and concentration, jar shape, paddle shape, rapid mix time and flocculation velocity gradient on batch, bench-scale jar tests of turbidity were studied using a fractional factorial design. The two-parameter kinetic model for flocculation of Agraman, Kaufman and Bratby was used. This model provided a good fit of the data when they were log-transformed. The variables that had a statistically significant effect on the kinetics constants for floc agglomeration and breakup were the interaction of clay concentration and flocculation velocity gradient, plus clay type combined with rapid-mix time. The jar shape and the paddle shapes did not have significant effects. The kinetic constants measured in this analysis agreed with those reported previously by Agraman and Kaufman. The work assumes that turbidity is an acceptable measure of the number concentration. The results confirm the usefulness of the kinetic model and emphasize the importance of testing the goodness-of-fit of the model before analyzing the data.

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32

Sri Ram Karthik, P., and K. Shyam Chamberlain. "Strengthening of Subgrade Clayey Soil in Road Construction using Fly ash and Coir Geotextile." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1197, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1197/1/012042.

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Abstract The best handicap for a carried-out community of road structures in growing international locations like India is the restricted monetary assets accessible to construct roads the use of traditional methods. By the usage of nearby substances inclusive of neighbourhood grounds for the constructions of the lower layers of the pavements (in precise the subgrade), the development expenses can be extensively reduced. 20% of the land in India is clayey and is expansive in nature. These lands are observed to be steeply-priced to construct and to maintain roads. The use of coir fibre substances in the discipline of civil engineering has led to new methods for stabilisation of soils in particular. A coir fibre (CF) is an herbal cloth that is broadly handy in Coastal India. A certain find out about was carried out in this paper about enhancing the stability, energy and sturdiness of soil clay mixed up with fly ash and coir fibre mat. The sample of the soil used was from the excessive clay region in Andhra Pradesh. The stabilisation was performed with classification C fly ash and grade H2M9 coir mat. The plasticity of clay fly ash mixes is decreased as fly ash content material is increased. Adding fly ash consequently lessens increasing soils and will increase their working-ability via a colloidal response and adjustments in grain size. The supplementation of fly ash led to full-size increase in soil CBR. The consequences exhibit large enhancement in compaction and CBR of composite containing clay, fly ash and coir mat. The CBR value for virgin Andhra Pradesh clayey soil was 6% which improved to 12% for optimal fly ash (15%) –clayey mix. The CBR value was determined through placing coir mat at more than a few depths in ideal fly ash clay mix. The most CBR value acquired was 44% for coir mat positioned at mixture of h/4th and h/2th depth from pinnacle in standard fly ash - clay mix.

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33

Otcovská, Tereza, Barbora Mužíková, and Pavel Padevět. "DRYING CHARACTERISTIC OF RAMMED EARTH WITH ILLITIC-KAOLINITIC CLAY CONTENT." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 13 (November 13, 2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2017.13.0089.

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Clay is a traditional construction material which has got to background with introduction of modern materials to building practice. There is no proper material available for clay constructions design due to lack of proper examination of its mechanical properties. This paper focuses on drying rate of rammed earth. Drying is a primary way in which clay gets its strength. It is thus essential to know a duration needed to a construction to get dry. After pass of this time the maximum strength is attained and it is possible to load a construction. Properties of unburned clay are dependent on clay mix composition. In this contribution two sets of testing bodies with different composition are presented. As a bonding agent an illitic-kaolinite clay was used. It was presupposed that amount of used clay in clay mixture has major influence on the speed of drying and a final equilibrium moisture content. This presumption was disproved.

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Miryuk, Olga, Roman Fediuk, and Mugahed Amran. "Foam Glass Crystalline Granular Material from a Polymineral Raw Mix." Crystals 11, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11121447.

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The article is devoted to the development of resource-saving technology of porous granular materials for energy-efficient construction. The relevance of the work for international research is to emphasize expanding the raw material base of porous lightweight concrete aggregates at the expense of technogenic and substandard materials. The work aims to study the processes of porization of glass crystalline granules from polymineral raw materials mixtures. The novelty of the work lies in the establishment of regularities of thermal foaming of glass crystalline granules when using waste of magnetic separation of skarn-magnetite (WMS) ores and lignite clay. Studies of liquid glass mixtures with various mineral fillers revealed the possibility of the formation of a porous structure with the participation of opoka, WMS and lignite clay. This is due to the presence in the materials of substances that exhibit thermal activity with the release of a gas phase. The foaming efficiency of the investigated materials increases when combined with glass breakage. The addition of WMS and lignite clay to the glass mixture increases the pore size in comparison with foam glass. The influence of the composition of raw mixtures on the molding and stability of granules is determined. The addition of sodium carbonate helps to strengthen the raw granules and reduce the softening temperature of the mass. The composition of the molding mixture of glass breakage, liquid glass and a multicomponent additive is developed, which provides an improvement in the molding properties of the glass mass, foaming of granules at a temperature of 750 °C. Foam glass crystalline granules have polymodal porosity, characterized by a density of 330–350 kg/m3, a compressive strength of 3.2–3.7 MPa, and a thermal conductivity of 0.057–0.061 W/(m·°C). Accordingly, the developed granules have a high potential use in structural and heat-insulating concretes.

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35

HAMADA, Ayumi, Mitsuhiro MIYAMOTO, Takayuki OCHI, Naoki UTSUNOMIYA, Manabu MATSUSHIMA, and Yasuhiro OHNISHI. "EFFECT OF MIX PROPORTION ON STRENGTH AND WORKABILITY OF WALL CLAY." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 24, no. 58 (October 20, 2018): 929–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.24.929.

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36

Leandro dos Santos, Leonardo, José Elson Soares Filho, Liszandra Fernanda Araújo Campos, Heber Sivini Ferreira, and Ricardo Peixoto Suassuna Dutra. "The Incorporation of the Ceramic Industry Firewood Ash into Clayey Ceramic." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.240.

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Much industrial waste has mineralogical, chemical and physical characteristics similar to clays used in ceramic materials, enabling the reuse of these as raw materials in the ceramic industry. The ashes are a type of waste containing metals, which can cause air pollution, responsible for serious respiratory problems in the affected population. This study investigate the use of waste derived from the carbonization of a solid fuel (wood) in ceramic paste used for the manufacture of rustic floors, aiming its incorporation into the mix, partially replacing (lessening the environmental problem) the usage of raw material (saving clay), enabling the analysis of certain variables of sample preparation (characterization and formulation) and their influence on the final properties of the material. Results indicate that the partial replacement of clay by ash is feasible in the chemical and mineralogical aspects in the formulation of ceramic paste in the manufacturing of rustic floors.

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37

Guan, Qiao Yan, and Peng Zhang. "Effect of Clay Dosage on Mechanical Properties of Plastic Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.664.

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A designed experimental study has been conducted to investigate the effect of clay dosage on mechanical properties of plastic concrete. The mechanical properties include compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, shear strength and elastic modulus. On the basis of the experimental results of the specimens of eight sets of mix proportions, the mechanism of action of clay on these mechanical properties has been analyzed in details. The results indicate that there is a tendency of decrease in the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, shear strength and elastic modulus of plastic concrete with the increase of clay dosage. However, the internal friction angle of the shear specimens is increasing gradually with the increase of clay dosage. Further, the clay appears can improve the ductility of plastic concrete and this can help plastic concrete to bear larger deformation before failure.

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38

Heiza, Khaled, Fatma Eid, and Taha Masoud. "Lightweight self-compacting concrete with light expanded clay aggregate (LECA)." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 02031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816202031.

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Lightweight concretes have been successfully applied in building constructions for many years due to their favorable material properties, particularly their low specific weight in connection with a high strength, a high capability of thermal insulation and a high durability. The development leading to lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWSCC) represents an important advanced step within the recent years. This concrete combines the favorable properties of a lightweight concrete with those of a self-compacting concrete. Research work is aimed on development of (LWSCC) with the use of light aggregates “Light expanded clay aggregate (LECA)”. In this research, first by specific gravity factor method, twenty different mix designs of (LWSCC) were cast and tested to find out the values of slump flow, J-ring , V-funnel and 28 day compressive strength. Based on the results obtained, the best mix design was selected for further investigation. This paper also focuses on studying the effect of changing the reinforcement ratio on reinforced two way slabs when the dimensions were kept constant.

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39

Bruff, Stacey A., and David R. Shaw. "Tank-mix Combinations for Weed Control in Stale Seedbed Soybean (Glycine max)." Weed Technology 6, no. 1 (March 1992): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00034278.

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Field experiments were established in 1989 and 1990 on silty clay and sandy loam soils to evaluate selective herbicides in combination with non-selective weed control measures in conventional and stale seedbed soybean production. Metribuzin PRE followed by chlorimuron POST controlled sicklepod better with paraquat than with glyphosate. A POST application of imazaquin increased sicklepod and pitted morningglory control by imazaquin PRE alone in a stale seedbed or tillage program. Pitted morningglory control with imazaquin PRE was lower with tillage than with glyphosate or paraquat combinations in a stale seedbed program. All metribuzin plus chlorimuron PRE treatments, whether conventional tillage or stale seedbed, controlled pitted morningglory more than 75%. Hemp sesbania control was above 80% with all metribuzin followed by chlorimuron or metribuzin plus chlorimuron PRE combinations, and less than 70% with all treatments containing imazaquin. Selective herbicides increased yield in stale seedbed when glyphosate or paraquat was added. Imazaquin PRE, imazaquin PRE followed by imazaquin POST, and metribuzin PRE followed by chlorimuron POST tank mixed with glyphosate or paraquat in a stale seedbed program increased yield compared with the same treatments used with tillage.

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40

Ghosh, Syamal, T. K. Mukhopadhyay, S. Chakrabarti, and S. K. Das. "Influence of Kaolinitic Clay on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Common Clay-Fly Ash Mix for Building Bricks." Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society 65, no. 4 (October 2006): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0371750x.2006.11012301.

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41

Wang, B., M. L. Dale, J. K. Kochman, and N. R. Obst. "Effects of plant residue, soil characteristics, cotton cultivars and other crops on fusarium wilt of cotton in Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 2 (1999): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98083.

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The incidence and severity of fusarium wilt of cotton in glasshouse trials increased when levels of plant residue in the soil were increased by the incorporation of whole cotton plants (6-week-old seedlings dried out for a further 6 weeks) into the soil. In non-residue-supplemented potting mix, disease incidence was <50%, but ranged from 74 to >90% in residue-supplemented potting mix. The disease was significantly affected by soil microflora and soil type, but not affected by soil pH in the range 4.0–8.5. Although the same amount of inoculum was added to both autoclaved and untreated soils, the disease was less severe in autoclaved soils than in untreated soils regardless of soil type. Among the 4 clay soils investigated, the disease was less severe in a grey sandy clay and a brown heavy clay than in a dark grey heavy clay. Compared with the soils collected at the end of the 1995–96 growing season, the disease became more severe in the soil of plots planted to the most susceptible cotton cultivar Siokra 1-4, but less severe in the soil of plots planted to the less susceptible cotton cultivar DP90 at the end of the 1996–97 growing season. However, no significant differences were observed in the soil of plots planted to cotton cultivar Siokra L22, sorghum, maize or soybean.

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42

Akbarimehr, Davood, Esmail Aflaki, and Abolfazl Eslami. "Experimental Investigation of the Densification Properties of Clay Soil Mixes with Tire Waste." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 2 (February 26, 2019): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091251.

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The annual increase in production of industrial wastes, including scrap tire, has created several challenges for societies. Incorporating the wastes as raw materials has been proposed in different industries, using waste tire as physical additives and investigating the geotechnical properties of this mixture can reduce the environmental pollution, as well as offering economic and technical benefits. Clay soils are abundant in southern regions of Tehran where scrap tire is also produced in large quantities every year. Therefore, provided the chance, incorporating these wastes into the soil mix is significant as regards both geotechnical properties and environmental considerations. As a fundamental means of investigation in construction activities, in particular road construction, the compaction test is useful in determining the maximum density and the optimum moisture content of the soil. In this study, considering that this research has not yet been investigated for Tehran clay and has environmental benefits while having engineering application, the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of the clay mixed with two types of additives (waste tire powder and granules) at various mass fractions (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, and 30 wt%) using standard compaction tests were investigated. The results suggested that the variations of the optimum moisture content and the maximum dry density in both clay mixes demonstrate a certain and predictable trend as the waste content increases. In other words, by increasing the percentage of waste in the mixture, the optimum moisture content is increased, and this increase in the mixture of the tire powder and clay is more than granule and clay. In addition, by increasing the percentage of waste, the maximum dry weight of the mixture was reduced, and this reduction in the mixture of tire powder and clay is almost higher than that of tire granule and clay. Furthermore, relations were presented to estimate the maximum density and the optimum moisture content of the mix to be applied in practice.

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Refai Kassab, Alaa El-Hosani, Azza Hassan Moubark, Waleed Hamdy Elkamash, and Kamal Mohamed Hafez Ismail. "Shear Strength of Unsaturated Soils with Different Plasticity." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/11887.

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A series of shear box tests were conducted on four different types of soils in this study. The first set , (clay1) is the host clay, Middle Delta Nile clay “MDNC” which was obtained from Mid Delta Nile zone, Qalyubiyya Governorate, Egypt. The second set, (clay2) consists of the host clay MDNC but mixed with 40% sand. The third set of tests (clay3) was carried out on natural low plastic clay samples brought from El-Tal El-Kbeer area in Ismailia Governorate. The fourth set (clayey sand -SC) consists of 25% of the host clay MDNC mixed with 75% sand. The purpose is to predict the unsaturated shear strength for various soil types. The results illustrate that for clay1, clay2, and clay3, the relationships between the unsaturated shear strength and matric suction are approximated to two linear failure envelopes intersected at matric suction equals to plastic limit. Each segment has an angle of internal friction due to matric suction  b ranging from 1.80 o to 2.90o for the first zone and  b ranging from 0.28 o to 0.20o for the second zone. Meanwhile, for SC soil it appears to have one linear failure envelope for all saturation levels with angle of internal friction due to matric suction;  b=1.19 o.. Design- Expert® software applied the least square method (LSM) to fit a mathematical model for the experimental data. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) of the program is used to predict the required model. The paper proposed two general equations to calculate the shear strength of unsaturated clays and one equation for granular soils, which are presented at the end of the paper with their coefficients.

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Brouard, Yoann, Naima Belayachi, Dashnor Hoxha, Stéphane Méo, and Wajih Abdallah. "Hygrothermal Behavior of Clay - Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and Rape Straw (Brassica napus) Plaster Bio-Composites for Building Insulation." Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (March 2017): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.242.

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The aim of this experimental investigation is to study and compare hygrothermal properties of different materials based on vegetable aggregates and clay in order to prove the performance of the developed composite in the framework of BIOCOMP project. Crude earth is known to have very high capacities to regulate indoor humidity. Vegetable aggregate is characterized by high porosity leading also to very effective natural indoor climate regulators. Then, we expect the mix of these two material will to produce an insulation bio-composite with enhanced thermal and hygroscopic performance. Sunflower stem, rape straw and clay used in this investigation are considered as a very low carbon footprint because they are real local agricultural byproducts. Clay-sunflower and rape bio-composites seem to be appropriate and effective biobased insulating plasters, further investigations must be performed in order to characterize more accurately their interesting hygrothermal properties as long as the acoustical and mechanical aspects. Samples have been manufactured with four different vegetable aggregates (rape straw, sunflower bark, sunflower pith and a mix of sunflower pith and bark) at a same binder/aggregate ratio. The same clay soil is used as a binder for the four bio-composites. The thermal properties for the different bio-composites were obtained from the thermal conductivity measurements after various relative humidity, in order to evaluate the impact of the water content on the thermal parameters. For the hydraulic properties, the sorption-desorption isotherms for the four composites are obtained. The results show a significant effect of the different aggregates on the hygrothermal behavior of the bio-composite based on clay.

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45

Yu, Shengwu, Anika Singh, Huiying Zhang, and David D. Kitts. "An in vitro Method to Determine Intestinal Bioavailability of Glucosamine Salt Mixture." Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Science 9, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/jnhfs.2021.001180.

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Glucosamine is an amino sugar commonly used to improve joint health. It is often available for consumers as specialized supplements, the matrixes of which are formulated with components that facilitate enhancing functionality of the bioactive glucosamine. The primary objective of this study was to determine the in vitro bioaccessibility and bioavailability of a commercial glucosamine sulphate supplement, formulated with a mineral clay mixture. We used a modified a 3-step in vitro digestion procedure that included oral, gastric, and gastrointestinal digestions to assess bioaccessibility. Bioavailability followed using a Caco2 cell permeability test. Glucosamine bioaccessibility was not affected by gastric digestion and only marginally affected by gastrointestinal digestion (e.g., > 90% recovery). Bioavailability was dramatically lower, averaging approximately 15%, but similar for both the glucosamine reference standard and clay mineral mix glucosamine formulated product. Our in vitro bioavailability measurement of glucosamine, corrected for bioaccessibility, agree with values from in vitro rodent models. We conclude that the in vitro 3-step digestion of glucosamine, used to mimic gastrointestinal digestion, followed by the Caco2 permeability assay represents an alternative method to assess digestibility and bioavailability of formulated glucosamine products. Keywords: Glucosamine; Clay Mineral Mix; Bioaccessibility; Bioavailability

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46

Sivakumar, S., and B. Kameshwari. "Influence of Fly Ash, Bottom Ash, and Light Expanded Clay Aggregate on Concrete." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/849274.

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Invention of new methods in strengthening concrete is under work for decades. Developing countries like India use the extensive reinforced construction works materials such as fly ash and bottom ash and other ingredients in RCC construction. In the construction industry, major attention has been devoted to the use of fly ash and bottom ash as cement and fine aggregate replacements. In addition, light expanded clay aggregate has been introduced instead of coarse aggregate to make concrete have light weight. This paper presents the results of a real-time work carried out to form light weight concrete made with fly ash, bottom ash, and light expanded clay aggregate as mineral admixtures. Experimental investigation on concrete mix M20is done by replacement of cement with fly ash, fine aggregate with bottom ash, and coarse aggregate with light expanded clay aggregate at the rates of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% in each mix and their compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete were discussed for 7, 28, and 56 days and flexural strength has been discussed for 7, 28, and 56 days depending on the optimum dosage of replacement in compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete.

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47

Ogbebor, Ogbemudia, Ndubuisi Okwu, Ebhodaghe Okieimen, and Daniel Okuonghae. "Physico-mechanical properties of elastomers based on natural rubber filled with silica and clay." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 16, no. 4 (2010): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq100110038o.

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The elastomers based on natural rubber (NR) and silica and clay fillers have been investigated for its physico-mechanical properties. The various mixes were compounded in a Banbury-Pullen laboratory mill and vulcanized using the efficient vulcanization system. The Oscillating Disc Rheometer (ODR) was used for determination of cure characteristics. It was estimated that replacement of silica with clay up to 30 phr (50% replacement) increased the compound cure rate with a reduction in absolute torque level (Tmax) of the natural rubber mix. Scorch time (Ts2) was observed to be highest at 30/30 filler ratio. Hardness and tensile properties of obtained elastomeric materials were studied. Results show a decrease in parameters as the replacement of silica with natural clay progresses. There was an improvement in elongation at break with increasing the clay content. The replacing of silica filler with clay reduced the abrasion properties (mg. loss/1000 rev.).

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48

Zhao, Wen Ju, Li Rong Wang, Hong Ji, and Yan Wei Fan. "The Effect of Mix-Plants Type and Proportion on Water Retention Characteristic for Seedling Bricks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.330.

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Wheat straws, wheat shells, corn leaves and corn cobs (0%, 5%, 8% and 10%) were added to red clay to obtain seedling bricks, pure red clay as control (CK), did evaporation test. The results showed that the larger of the proportion of mix-plant was, the smaller the cumulative evaporation of seedling bricks was. The cumulative evaporation of seedling bricks mixed with 10% corn cob was the minimum. In all seedling bricks, the order of 1st day evaporation suppression efficiency and cumulative evaporation suppression efficiency IE: mixed with corn cobs > mixed with wheat shells > mixed with wheat straws > mixed with corn leaves > mixed with nothing, and evaporation suppression efficiency of seedling bricks mixed with 10% corn cobs was the maximum. With the proportion of mix-plant increases, evaporation stability, evaporation suppression efficiency and water retention characteristic of seedling bricks were improved significantly.

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Wang, Xingwei, Jian-dong Li, Xu Wang, Yanjie Zhang, Daijun Jiang, and Guanhua Zhao. "Study on Strength and Microstructure of Red Clay Reinforced by F1 Ionic Soil Stabilizer." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 9831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199831.

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High-liquid limit red clay has poor engineering characteristics, namely poor water stability, low strength, and large expansion and contraction deformation. The clay may be reinforced with an F1 ionic soil stabilizer. The engineering characteristics of this reinforced clay were studied, specifically concerning its basic physical parameters, shear strength parameters, and micropore structure. The F1 ionic soil stabilizer significantly improved the water sensitivity, compaction characteristics, and shear strength of red clay. We determined that the optimal F1 ionic soil stabilizer mix was 0.5 L/m3, resulting in a reinforced clay with plastic limit increased by 45.74%, optimal moisture content increased by 12.12%, maximum dry density increased by 5.8%, liquid limit reduced by 8.4%, plasticity index reduced by 43.8%, infiltration coefficient reduced by 41.8%, cohesion increased 1.64-fold, and internal friction angle increased 1.30-fold. Freeze-thaw cycles reduced the shear strength parameters of the reinforced red clay, although even after 15 cycles, it still had 18.4% higher cohesion and 57.1% higher internal friction angle than undisturbed red clay. The F1 ionic soil stabilizer significantly reduced the pore size and area of red clay, the complex connected pore structure is adjusted to a more regular structure. The reinforced clay had 56.64% lower pore area ratio, 32.27% lower average Feret diameter, and 2.43% lower fractal dimension.

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Tay, J. H., K. Y. Show, and S. Y. Hong. "Reuse of industrial sludge as construction aggregates." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 10 (November 1, 2001): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0638.

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Industrial wastewater sludge and dredged marine clay are high volume wastes that needed enormous space at landfill disposal sites. Due to the limitation of land space, there is an urgent need for alternative disposal methods for these two wastes. This study investigates the possibility of using the industrial sludge in combination with marine clay as construction aggregates. Different proportions of sludge and clay were made into round and angular aggregates. It was found that certain mix proportions could provide aggregates of adequate strength, comparable to that of conventional aggregates. Concrete samples cast from the sludge-clay aggregates yield compressive strengths in the range of 31.0 to 39.0 N/mm2. The results showed that the round aggregates of 100% sludge and the crush aggregates of sludge with up to 20% clay produced concrete of compressive strengths which are superior to that of 38.0 N/mm2 for conventional aggregate. The study indicates that the conversion of high volume wastes into construction materials is a potential option for waste management.

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