Дисертації з теми "Mitochondries humaines"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Mitochondries humaines".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
Jeandard, Damien. "Import d'ARN dans les mitochondries de cellules humaines : identification à grande échelle et applications thérapeutiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ005.
Повний текст джерелаMutations in the human mitochondrial genome are often associated with severe neuromuscular disorders. The first part of my thesis project consisted in the development of a therapeutic strategy based on the mitochondrial import of RNA molecules. I demonstrated that the stable expression of recombinant RNA molecules in human cells induced the decrease of the pathogenic mutation load in mitochondrial DNA. In the second part, I developed a nex method, CoLoC-seq, for the large-scale identification of RNA species localized in the mitochondria. By applying this method to human cells, I confirmed the mitochondrial targeting of some non-coding cytosolic RNAs and identified new potentially imported RNAs. These data will broaden the knowledge on the pathway of RNA targeting into the mitochondria, its mechanisms and regulation, and will allow optimization of the therapeutic strategies based on RNA import
Jugé, Romain. "Étude de la dynamique mitochondriale dans des cellules cutanées humaines : Mise en place de modèles pour des applications en cosmétologie." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEN007.
Повний текст джерелаThe skin is a specialized type of epithelium, both vital and fragile, which evolves with age and is continuously exposed to environmental stresses, such as solar radiations. While data is available about the response of the mitochondrial network and the fate of damaged mitochondria after chemical or environmental stresses in numerous experimental systems, little is known about these processes in skin cells. The aim of the present thesis was to study the impact (i) of UVB irradiation on mitochondrial dynamics (especially mitochondrial fragmentation) in normal human epidermal keratinocytes, which represent the first line of defence against environmental insults; (ii) of poisoning mitochondria of keratinocytes and normal human fibroblasts with chemical drugs. In a first axis, we developed an original method (called Mitoshape) based on confocal microscopy, to estimate qualitatively and quantitatively the morphology of the mitochondrial network within live cells following UVB irradiation. Using this technology, we demonstrated that UVB irradiation induces mitochondrial fragmentation in normal human keratinocytes, and studied the biochemical actors involved in this response. In a second axis, we showed that the use of mitochondrial poisons could damage mitochondria of keratinocytes and normal human fibroblasts and induce bulk autophagy, although it is not possible to formally rule out the involvement of a PINK1/PARKIN-dependent pathway of mitophagy. In addition to its fundamental interest, this work (performed in collaboration with the cosmetic company SILAB in the context of a CIFRE PhD fellowship from ANRT) paves the way for the screening of novel bioactive agents able to protect and restore mitochondria following stresses
Val, Romain. "Adressage d'ARN et manipulation génétique des mitochondries dans les cellules végétales et humaines." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13109.
Повний текст джерелаThe understanding of the molecular mechanisms which control the genetic system of mitochondria remains restricted. This is mainly due to the impossibility to manipulate their genome with conventional methods. We are developing an alternate approach based on the physiological mechanism of tRNA import. We use a tRNA mimic as a shuttle to import into mitochondria in plant cells passenger RNAs attached to its 5' end. Following nuclear transformation and transcription in the nucleus, the chimeric RNAs are targeted to mitochondria. So far, we obtained the import of passenger sequences up to 154 nucleotides in size into the mitochondria of transformed plant cells. The process follows the natural specificity of the tRNA import pathway. A trans-cleaving hammerhead ribozyme targeted to the mitochondrial atp9 mRNA was designed and imported into mitochondria as a passenger RNA attached to the tRNA mimic, yielding the first knockdown of a mitochondrial RNA in plant cells. The associated phenotype was a decrease in cell growth rate. The analysis of the level of about twenty mRNAs showed that the atp9 mRNA knockdown led to a 70% decrease of the nuclear-encoded alternative oxidase (aox-1) mRNA, with a strong drop in the amount of the corresponding protein in mitochondria and a decrease in the oxygen consumption. These results highlight the influence of a mitochondrial event on the expression of a nuclear gene, demonstrating the existence of a retrograde regulation. From a gene therapy point of view, we tried to transpose our shuttling system into human cells. All chimeric RNAs used were retained in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. Thus, other tRNA mimics need to be tested
Baleva, Mariia. "Etudes des mécanismes d'adressage d'ARN de transfert dans les mitochondries de levure et humaines." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ096/document.
Повний текст джерелаMutations in the mitochondrial genome give rise to neurodegenerative diseases or myopathies. To develop gene therapy for preventing the appearance of these syndromes, we need to better understand the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial RNA. For this purpose we try to recapitulate in vitro the import of RNA from cell extracts fractionated by different methods such as exclusion or affinity chromatography using tagged RNAs or proteins. Our results refine our knowledge of these mechanisms and allow to advance the idea that enolase, an enzyme of glycolysis, does not act alone during the first stage of import of tRNALys with anticodon CUU (tRK1). Indeed, we have shown that ultra-purified enolase no longer binds to tRK1 in vitro, while preparations of yeast mitochondria recapitulate the import when various fractions mixed with enolase were tested. The performed extracts fractionation make it possible to point to certain proteins which could work in concert with the enolase to convey tRK1 to mitochondria
Dovydenko, Ilya. "Mise au point d'aptamères aux capacités thérapeutiques basés sur les ARN importables dans les mitochondries humaines." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ046/document.
Повний текст джерелаDefects in mitochondrial genome cause neuromuscular diseases, for which no efficient therapy has been developed. Since most mitochondrial mutations are heteroplasmic, wild type and mutated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) coexist in the same cell, and the shift in proportion between two mtDNA types could restore mitochondrial functions. The aim of the project was development of carrier-free system for targeting the therapeutic mitochondrially importable RNA into living human cells. During my PhD study, I have synthesized a set of new anti-replicative RNAs containing various chemical modifications, aiming to increase their stability in the cell, and developed a new method for the chemical synthesis of RNA molecules containing cholesterol attached through a biodegradable bridge. Cholesterol containing antireplicative RNAs were characterised by efficient cellular uptake, partial colocalisation with mitochondria and ability to decrease the proportion of mutant mtDNA
Comte, Caroline. "Caractérisation d’ARN artificiels importables dans les mitochondries humaines à des fins thérapeutiques." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/COMTE_Caroline_2010.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMitochondrial DNA mutations, important cause of incurable human neuromuscular diseases, are mostly heteroplasmic: mutated mtDNA is present in cells simultaneously with wild-type genomes, the pathogenic threshold being generally > 70% of mutant mtDNA. We studied if heteroplasmy level could be decreased by RNAs complementary to mutant mtDNA regions. To target specifically designed oligoribonucleotides into the organelle, mitochondrial import of RNA was exploited, the pathway delivering nucleic acids into mitochondria in vivo. Using mitochondrially targeted RNAs as mitochondrial vectors we demonstrated, in cultured transmitochondrial cybrid cells, that RNAs complementary to the mutant mtDNA region can specifically reduce the proportion of mtDNA bearing a large deletion associated with the Kearns Sayre Syndrome. These findings may be relevant to developing of a new tool for therapy of mtDNA associated diseases
Buchet-Poyau, Karine. "Cellules humaines dépourvues d'ADN mitochondrial : métabolisme adaptatif et utilisation dans l'étude génétique des pathologies mitochondriales." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10192.
Повний текст джерелаHarmand, Pierre-Olivier. "Etude du processus apoptotique induit par l’acide ursolique sur deux lignées cellulaires humaines de la peau : les cellules HaCaT dérivées de kératinocytes humains, les cellules M4Beu issues d’un mélanome humain." Limoges, 2004. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/55710612-66dd-441f-8201-7946125a0b6a/blobholder:0/2004LIMO330C.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn our study, we demonstrated anti-proliférative and pro-apoptotic effect of ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpene acid, on skin cells : HaCaT derived keratinocyte cell line and on the M4Beu human melanoma cell line. Our results showed UA had a significant anti-proliferative effect on HaCaT and M4Beu cells, associated with the induction of an apoptotic process, characterized by caspase-3 activation. We demonstrated on M4Beu cells that UA-induced apoptosis was dependent upon the mitochondrial pathway, as shown by caspase-9 activation, by p53 and Bax increases, by transmembrane potential collapse, by cytochrome c leakage and by alteration of the Bax/Bcl-2 balance; with a concomitant increase in Bax expression and decrease in Bcl-2 expression. We demonstrated on HaCaT cells that UA decreased the viability of HaCat cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. UA induces apoptotic process and blocked cell cycle predominantly in G1 phase, by p21 increases. To define the apoptotic process, we demonstrated caspase-9 and -3 activation. Moreover, we also showed that UA induced cytochrome c leakage with a slight drop of ΔΨm. But we did not show neither an increasing of p53 and Bax nor an alteration of the Bax/Bcl-2 balance. The apoptotic pathway seems different of this demonstrated for M4Beu cell lines. The mitochondrial pathway does not seem predominant. The apoptotic signal transduction pathway could be extrinsic pathway or endoplasmic reticulum pathway. With our results and with the fact of his distribution in vegetal reign, the utilization of UA could be to consider in treatment and/or prevention against melanoma
Tonin, Yann. "Développement d'une stratégie thérapeutique anti-réplicative via l'exploitation de la voie d'import des ARN dans les mitochondries humaines." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ093/document.
Повний текст джерелаMitochondria are involved in many metabolic pathways, and mutations in their genome (mtDNA) can cause a wide range of human disorders. No efficient treatment against these pathologies is currently available. The objective of this work consisted in the development of a therapeutic approach, called anti-replicative, based on the use of the natural pathway of RNA import into mitochondria. Small artificial RNA molecules able to be imported into human mitochondria have been used as vectors to address oligoribonucleotides capable to hybridize specifically to mutant mtDNA and to stop its replication. The effect of various chemical modifications on the stability, import and efficiency of these recombinant RNA has been characterized. All the data obtained prove the validity of the anti-replicative strategy for mtDNA containing a large deletion or pathogenic point mutations and can be considered as an important step to further develop an efficient therapy of mitochondrial diseases
Sordet, Olivier. "Relations différenciation /apoptose dans les cellules leucémiques humaines." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOMU12.
Повний текст джерелаChicherin, Ivan. "Adressage de l'ARN ribosomique 5S dans les mitochondries humaines et la traduction mitochondriale." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ074/document.
Повний текст джерела5S rRNA is a small nuclear-encoded RNA molecule, which is partially imported into mitochondria from cytoplasm in human cells. Although the import mechanism was studied in details, the functional significance of this phenomenon is poorly understood. Published data suggest that imported 5S rRNA might participate in mitochondrial protein synthesis, possibly associating with mitoribosomes. However, structural studies do not support these observations. We have exploited several approaches to figure out the function of 5S rRNA in human mitochondria. Our studies showed that only a minor part of 5S rRNA pool could be associated with human mitoribosomes, insufficient to form stoichiometric 1:1 complex. We applied MS2 affinity chromatography approach to identify protein partners of 5S rRNA in human mitochondria. The results suggested that 5S rRNA could associate with mitochondrial ribosomal proteins and mitochondrial ribosome assembly factors. This allowed us to formulate a hypothesis about possible participation of 5S rRNA in mitoribosome biogenesis. The data were partially validated by co-immunoprecipitation experiments, although subsequent studies are required to validate 5S rRNA involvement in this pathway
Millet, Girard Anne. "Apoptose de cellules cancéreuses coliques humaines traitées par un générateur de monoxyde d'azote." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOMU10.
Повний текст джерелаIt was observed in our laboratory that the production of nitric oxide (NO) by tumour cells in rats is correlated with their apoptosis. The present study was designed to explore the influence of an endogenous NO donor, glyceryltrinitrate (GTN) on the cell death pathways in colon cancer cells. GTN induces a dose- and a time-dependent cell apoptosis in colon cancer cells. This cell death pathway involves the mitochondria and caspases, mainly caspase-1 and -10. In contrast, caspase-3 activation is a late and limited event. Death receptors are not involved in GTN-mediated cell death, while GTN induces a Fas ligand (FasL)-independent plasma membrane Fas aggregation and sensitises tumour cells to FasL-induced apoptosis. This permissive effect correlates with an increased expression of Fas receptor and a decreased expression of several endogenous inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs). Our results suggest that NO-donating drugs could have a beneficial effects in the treatment of colon cancer when used alone or in combination with chemotherapy
Deffieu, Maïka Shérone. "La dégradation sélective des mitochondries par autophagie : de la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae aux cellules humaines." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21489.
Повний текст джерелаAutophagy is a pathway that degrades cytoplasmic components and organelles. It is induced by nutrient starvation. We have recently evidenced the presence of a selective process of autophagic mitochondrial degradation in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae named the selective mitophagy. During this work, we aimed to determine the signals that induce selective mitophagy in the yeast Saccharaomyces cerevisiae. Thus, we have investigated morphological and functional signals that could regulate this process. First, we have abalysed mutants of mitochondrial fission during nitrogen starvation. Second we have observed the role of "reactive oxygen species" on the regulation of the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy. For this, we have tried to modulate the mitophagic process during nitrogen starvation. Moreover, we have tried to determine if a mitochondrial alteration could induce selective mitophagy. In the second part of this study, we have investigated the physiological role of selective mitophagy during cell growth. For this we have studied the (delta)uth1 mutant which is deficient in this process. In the third part, we evidenced the presence of a selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy in human cells (HeLa). We have observed these cells during nutrient starvation. Alternatively, we have observed the effects of a mitochondrial alteration on the sequestration of mitochondria
Dubot, Audrey. "Étude des déficiences en cytochrome c oxydase et en ATPase-ATPsynthétase dans des pathologies mitochondriales humaines et chez le nématode C. Elegans." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10215.
Повний текст джерелаRageul, Julie. "Rôles d'ERCC1, une protéine clé de la réparation de l'ADN, dans la progression du cycle cellulaire et la survie des cellules humaines, tumorales ou non." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1B081.
Повний текст джерелаERCC1-XPF (Excision Repair Cross Complementing gene 1/Xeroderma Pigmentosum group F) is a heterodimeric endonuclease involved in many DNA repair systems. Phenotypes of ERCC1 deficiency in diverse organisms suggest that this protein may have an additional role in the regulation of cell cycle progression. To evaluate this hypothesis in human tumoral and non-tumoral cell lines, we knocked-down ERCC1 by RNA interference (ERCC1KD). Our results have shown that ERCC1KD cells become multinucleated, not only in tumoral cells but also in non-tumoral cells and regardless of tissue type. These multinucleated cells accumulate nuclei through abnormal mitoses ending by a defective cytokinesis. In addition, when mitotic abnormalities are too drastic, ERCC1KD cells die in mitosis, and this is highly reminiscent of mitotic catastrophe. In an original way, cells knocked-down for XPF do not share this phenotype of multinucleation, suggesting for the first time that ERCC1 could bear a new role, independently of its known DNA repair activity. Furthermore, we have provided evidence suggesting that this new role of ERCC1 could potentially involve the oxidant/antioxidant balance and could be linked to a mitochondrial function. This ERCC1 new role may be crucial for development, growth, proliferation and cell survival. Finally, it may be conceivable that ERCC1 might become a new promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment
Leger, Thibault. "Influence de l'acide eicosapentaénoïque sur l'activité cardiaque et sa modulation par le stress oxydant - Perspectives pour l'obésité et l'endocardite aigüe humaines." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAS012.
Повний текст джерелаCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world. Many situations trigger heart failure which is usually associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Oxidative stress is a major contributor to these dysfunctions. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the 3 family, in particular EPA, have often been associated with cardioprotective effects, but in some cases their impact is deleterious. The hypothesis behind this thesis is that EPA becomes harmful in situations in which the oxidative stress is too high: an appropriate combination with an antioxidant would maintain the cardio-protective properties. Several models of pathological situations characterized by a low or severe and chronic oxidative stress were studied. EPA displays beneficial effects on the heart by modulating collagen, coronary reactivity, mitochondrial function, oxidative status, inflammation, energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis and lipid profile. However, in case of a high and chronic oxidative stress triggered by diabetes mellitus and an obesogenic diet, EPA results in a dramatic increase in animal mortality. This effect is countered by enriching the diet with green tea extract thanks to the antioxidant and lipid-lowering properties of this last. The combination of EPA with an antioxidant adapted to the situation and administered in adequate doses is essential when the oxidative stress is severe enough to induce lipid peroxidation. The beneficial impact of EPA is related to mitochondrial actors such as SOD2, UCP3 and Sirt3. The findings obtained in these animal studies need to be verified in humans to determine whether the cardioprotective effect of EPA combined with an antioxidant is maintained. This thesis also describes a reliable method allowing the extraction of human cardiac mitochondria from atrial rejection obtained during extracorporeal circulation. Omic studies on the plasma would also allow the discovery of new biomarkers of mitochondrial function permitting clinicians to highlight possible dysfunctions prior to onset of the heart failure and to adapt a precocious treatment to the particular patient situation
Conjard, Agnès. "Effets de l'insuffisance rénale et d'une myopathie mitochondriale sur les activités enzymatiques du métabolisme énergétique dans les fibres musculaires uniques humaines." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO1T126.
Повний текст джерелаSafiedeen, Zainab. "Rôle de l'interaction entre le réticulum endoplasmique et les mitochondries dans la dysfonction endothéliale induite par des microparticules humaines." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0063/document.
Повний текст джерелаMetabolic syndrome (MetS) consists of a constellation of metabolic abnormalities such as central obesity, impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol and hypertension. Cardiovascular diseases are the primary clinical outcome of MetS whereas endothelial dysfunction represents a primary disturbance in cardiovascular events. Recently, it has been shown that microparticles (MPs), small membrane vesicles released from the plasma membrane of activated and/or apoptotic cells, are involved in the pathogenesis of MetS by inducing endothelial dysfunction through the decrease of nitric oxide (NO) production. Also, MPs from apoptotic T cells induce endothelial dysfunction by decreasing NO production. However, the mechanism through which this endothelial dysfunction takes place is not completely elucidated. Thus, the objective of this study is to study the mechanisms through which human MPs induce endothelial dysfunction
Fischer, Barbara. "Etude de la signalisation cellulaire de l'apoptose induite par différents types de rayonnements ionisants dans des cellules lymphoblastoi͏̈des humaines différant par leur statut P53." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/FISCHER_Barbara_2004.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSourdeval, Matthieu. "Etude des mécanismes de l'apoptose (anoikis) induite par les moutardes sur les cellules respiratoires humaines en culture et recherche d'agents protecteurs." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077165.
Повний текст джерелаYperite and mechlorethamine induce cell death in airway cells by apoptosis related to cell detachment, or anoikis. Preliminary processes generating detachment included mitochondria alteration, activation of caspase-2, disruption of microfilaments network and reorganization of adhesion membrane proteins. After detachment, the apoptotic process involved the implication of caspases, mitochondria and p53. According to these signaling pathways, we identified protectors, inhibitors of mitochondrial alteration: ebselen, melatonin and cyclosporin A. They exerted a protective effect in decreasing both cell detachment and cell death and provided maintain of microfilaments and adhesion proteins, thus contributing to the cell survey. A protective effect of doxycyclin, an anti-protease, was also revealed, but limited since it interfered with its own toxicity. However, doxycyclin induces cell proliferation inhibition and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis, representing new insight in cancer therapy
Gouget, Karine. "Etude du complexe II de la chaîne respiratoire de la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae et du nematode Caenorhabditis elegans : étude des pathologies humaines affectant le complexe II." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112295.
Повний текст джерелаMutations causing respiratory chain complex II (CII) deficiency are still partly unknown. This work focuses on the identification of novel mutations or genes implicated in CII deficiency in the yeast S. Cerevisiae, the worm C. Elegans, or human patients. In S. Cerevisiae, absence of SDH genes leads to respiration incapacity. Functional complementation by the human gene SDHA in a deleted yeast strain does not save the respiratory phenotype. Enzymatic activity or CII inhibitors resistance assays are investigated among S. Cerevisiae CII mutants, in order to identify novel genes linked to CII function. In C. Elegans, RNAi of each SDH putative gene leads to embryonic lethality or delay in development. CII activity measurement on these worms shows that sdh-2, sdh-3 /mev-1 and sdh-4 are really CII genes. Three genes are supposed to encode subunit SDH-1 but we functionally demonstrated that only sdh-1 and sdh-5 code for this subunit. SDH-1::GFP construct seems to by toxic when overexpressed in wild type worms, but harbours a specific spatio-temporal expression pattern. A sdh-1 deletion strain has been investigated: the deletion, clearly identified, is homozygous lethal. Such a strain can now be transfected by sdh-1 or human SDHA in order to perform functional complementation in the nematode. In human, a cohort of 18 patients showing CII disorders has also been sequenced for the 4 SDH encoding genes, and no mutation has been found. Two sisters of this cohort have been further investigated: a region of 5 Mb in 12p13 contain the gene causing the CII deficiency. Some genes in this region have been sequenced and exhibit no mutation till now
Kolesnikova, Olga. "Importation mitochondriale d'ARN de transfert : Etude du mécanisme de transport chez la levure et application à la thérapie génique de maladies neuromusculaires humaines." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13074.
Повний текст джерелаIn the yeast S. Cerevisiae, a single nuclear-coded tRNA, tRNALysCUU (tRK1), is partially imported in the mitochondria, while the other lysine isoacceptor is restricted to the cytosolic (tRK2) compartment. To be imported, tRK1 must be aminoacylated by the cytoplasmic lysyl-tRNA synthetase and to interact with the precursor mitochondrial lysyl-tRNA synthetase. We constructed chimaeric tRNA transcripts containing in part sequences of tRK1 and in part sequences of tRK2, and tRK1 transcripts containing all possible one-base replacements in the anticodon. We found that the position C34 was a positive import determinant. Some mutant versions were imported in misacylated form. This was exploited to address the question of the functionality of the imported tRNA in mitochondrial translation. In vitro, we used the fact that the version tRK1CAU was imported in its methionylated form. After import of [35S]-methionine charged tRNA, we observed that the labeled amino acid was incorporated into mitochondrial translation products. In vivo, we developped a suppression assay in a strain bearing an Ala-to-amber mutation in the mitochondrial COX2 gene. The respiratory deficient phenotype could be suppressed by expression in the nucleus of an importable suppressor tRNA. We exploited these data to develop an artificial tRNA import system in human cells. Indeed, such a system could allow the use of gene therapy to cure mitochondrial diseases resulting from mutations in mitochondrial genes. We demonstrated that human mitochondria internalize tRK1 and several of its mutant versions in vitro and in vivo. We next used cybrid cell lines bearing mutation A8344G in the tRNALys gene (causing the MERRF syndrome). These cybrid lines are known to be respiratory deficient. Importable tRK versions were expressed in these cells and the clones expressing the transgenic tRNAs above a certain threshold level were shown to have partially recovered from their respiratory defect
Habersetzer, Johan. "Formes supramoléculaires de la F1FO ATP synthase et morphologie mitochondriale : de la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae aux cellules humaines." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21887/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe F1Fo ATP synthase is an enzymatic complex embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane which use the electrochemical proton gradient generated by the phosphorylation oxydative pathway to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. This enzyme is conserved from yeast to mammalian cells and displays supramolecular organization in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In yeast, it is actually well-known that the supramolecular assembly required two accessory subunits : e and g subunits.The present work was realized to understand the involvement of subunits e and g in dimerization and oligomerization of mitochondrial ATP synthases as well as their effect on mitochondrial inner membrane morphogenesis in yeast S. cerevisiae and human cultured cells.In yeast, this study led us to determine subunits e and g stoechiometry, which was cruelly missing to establish a model of the ATP synthases membranous subunits layout in the inner mitochondrial membrane.In human cells, we have demonstrated that subunits e and g are implicated in ATP synthase dimer stabilization. However, their involvement in this stabilization seems to be quietly different of what have been observed in yeast cells
Shebanov, Nikita. "Pathogenic mutations of the mitochondrial protein ND5 : the development of novel gene therapy strategies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ095.
Повний текст джерелаHuman cells contain multiple copies of mtDNA, which encodes 37 genes. mtDNA is prone to mutations that can lead to diseases severely affecting tissues with high energy demands. We focused on two pathogenic mutations in the MT-ND5 gene,13513G>A and 13514A>G, that alter Asp393, a residue critical for proton translocation during ATP synthesis. Our aim was to evaluate whether CRISPR/Cas12a technology can be applied to human mtDNA. We demonstrated that chemically modified crRNAs improve the specificity of the Cas12a system under physiological levels of Mg²⁺. The specific activity of AsCas12a-fused mitochondrial base editors targeting the ND4 and ND5 genes of mtDNA was shown both in vitro and, for the first time, in the mitochondria of cultured HEK293 cells. We also demonstrated that crosslinked Cas12a and crRNA were imported into isolated mitochondria, showing the potential of crosslink technology in enhancing crRNA mitochondrial delivery
Smirnov, Alexandre. "Investigation of the mechanism of 5S rRNA import into human mitochondria." Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6042.
Повний текст джерелаNdozangue-Touriguine, Olivia. "Mécanisme moléculaires de l'acquisition d'une résistance à l'apoptose induite par TRAIL et à l'anoïkis par des cellules humaines coliques métastatiques." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077083.
Повний текст джерелаApoptosis is an essential process involved in thé development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. Acquired résistance to apoptosis is a hallmark of almost ail cancers and this résistance increases during tumor progression and metastasis formation. Most anticancer agents act by inducing apoptosis of tumor cells. Therefore, their efficiency relies in part on intact cell death signaling pathways. Thus, an insensitivity to apoptosis can underly antitumor therapies failure. Using a pair of isogenic colon carcinoma cells, SW480 and SW620, issued respectively from the primary tumor and a lymph node metastasis, we aimed at identifying thé molecular mechanisms responsible for thé acquired résistance of metastatic cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and to anoïkis, a physiologically relevant form of apoptosis that occurs when normal cells loose contact with the extracellular matrix. Our results indicate that SW620 cells have developed a dual résistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis: a block at the level of the mitochondria and, after a conversion to a type I pathway, an increased expression of XIAP which inhibits this pathway. The mechanisms implicated in anoïkis résistance are different and seems to give a crucial role to tyrosine phosphorylation of the transmembrane protein CDCP1 by Src family kinase
Schwenzer, Hagen. "Aminoacyl-ARNt synthétases mitochondriales humaines : aspects fondamentaux et contribution à la compréhension de pathologies reliées." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ045/document.
Повний текст джерелаAminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are housekeeping enzymes involved in translation. In human cells, 2 different sets of nuclear genes code for aaRSs. One codes for cytosolic (cyt) aaRSs, and the second one codes for aaRSs of mitochondrial (mt) location. Mt-aaRSs are translated in the cytosol, targeted and imported into mitochondria.Mutations in 9 mt-aaRSs have been described. Some of the mutations do not display significant influence on the housekeeping aminoacylation activity. It has been proposed that those mutations affect alternative functions.Alternate functions have been described for cyt-aaRSs. While the organization of cyt-aaRSs is explored and their involvement into alternate functions established, the properties of the human mt-aaRSs remain unknown. On one site, this thesis integrate mt-AspRS into new functional networks (sub-mitochondrial localization and partnership). On the other site, it expand the view of the sub-mitochondrial organization to the full set of mt-aaRSs and should ultimately shed light into the molecular mechanisms underlying some of the pathologies. These results open the door for additional investigations to gain a complete view about the sub-mitochondrial organization of aaRSs. Those contributions will be of help for the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying some mitochondrial disorders
Roussi, Stamatiki. "Etude de la signalisation cellulaire de l'apoptose induite par le 7β-hydroxysitosterol et le 7β-hydroxycholesterol dans les cellules cancéreuses coliques humaines". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/ROUSSI_Stamatiki_2006.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаToday, it is well recognized that consumption of fruits and vegetables may contribute to the reduction of colon carcinogenesis. The phytosterols oxides are present in plants and they present structural similarities with cholesterol oxides. Cholesterol and phytosterols oxides have unknown physiopathologic properties. The 7-hydroxysitosterol (7-OHsito) and the 7-hydroxycholesterol (7-OHchol) are the most widespread oxides. Our study was aimed to compare the biological activity of both compounds on the mechanisms involved in the regulation of human colon cancer cell death. Our results have shown that the colon cancer Caco-2 cells did not exhibit the same sensibility towards hydroxysterols. In fact, we observed a 50% growth inhibition in the presence of 7-OHsito at 60µM and 7-OHchol at 30µM. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and lysosomal membrane integrity were observed in the presence of both compounds. The 7-OHsito induced a caspase-dependent apoptosis whereas, the 7-OHchol induced a caspase-independent apoptosis associated with oxidative stress production. All processes were independent of Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression. We also studied the impact of both compounds on polyamine metabolism which is highly activated during colon carcinogenesis. Our data showed that two key enzymes involved in polyamine biosynthesis are inhibited, whereas polyamine catabolism was enhanced by both hydroxysterols. These data indicate that polyamine metabolic perturbations triggered only by 7-OHchol are related to apoptotic cell death. In return, polyamine metabolism perturbations induced by 7-OHsito seem to be associated to apoptosis initiation of apoptosis without affecting it directly. In conclusion, both hydroxysterols inhibit the growth of human colon cancer cells (Caco-2) via different apoptotic pathways in spite of their structural similarities. The two hydroxysterols exhibit different lipophilic properties which may explain their different biological effects
Simon-Lombes, Anne. "Investigations moleculaires des maladies mitochondriales humaines." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05N003.
Повний текст джерелаBidère, Nicolas. "Inter-relations entre les facteurs issus des lysosomes et des mitochondries au cours de la mort caspase-indépendante des lymphocytes T humaines activés : rôles de la cathepsine D et du granzyme B." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA11T001.
Повний текст джерелаGuais, Adeline. "Caractérisation d'une nouvelle protéine humaine, Goliath." Paris 12, 2003. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990003949010204611&vid=upec.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis consists in the characterisation of Goliath, a new gene homologous to the Drosophila Goliath gene, implicated in development. In the introduction part, the work that allowed our lab to obtain the Goliath clone in the frame of the human genome project is described. Then, the strategies in use in the post-genome to characterize unknown clones are detailed. The first part of the results is dedicated to the study of Goliath expression in two systems : blood cells and testis. In this part, we established the cellular expression of the protein, its maturation and LH dependant regulation of its expression in rat testis. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to a functional analysis of Goliath. We looked for Goliath protein partner using the two-hyhrid method. We are doing the extinction of Goliath using the RNA interference technique. The conclusion summarizes all the data and functional hypotesis on the Goliath protein
Guais, Adeline Guellaën Georges. "Caractérisation d'une nouvelle protéine humaine, Goliath." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2007. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0394901.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаKerbrat, Stéphane. "L’exposition à la fumée de cigarette induit la sénescence des lymphocytes T CD4+ Th17 humains." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1017/document.
Повний текст джерелаSmoking worsens chronic inflammatory diseases (COPD, Crohn disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis) associated with inflammatory CD4+ IL-17 secreting lymphocytes (Th17). Smoking is associated with an absolute number and proportion increase, at both systemic and pulmonary levels, of Th17 cells. This increase of Th17 cells in smokers contrasts with their usual rarity in peripheral tissues and inflammatory sites. Most of the knowledge about the effects of cigarette smoke exposure comes from COPD studies, and, in COPD increased senescence of pulmonary cells has been associated to the pathogenesis of the disease. The mechanisms responsible for the increase of Th17 cells are still unknown, and the potential role of senescence in this increase and functional modifications of Th17 in smokers has never been explored.In this study, we hypothesized that Th17 present a higher susceptibility to cigarette smoke-induced senescence, as compared to other CD4+ T lymphocytes subsets, which could be responsible for the increased number and proportion of Th17 in smokers, and the higher inflammatory potential of these cells. We analyzed senescence susceptibility of Th17 exposed to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), and the potential role of ERK1/2 signaling pathway in this phenomenon. We also analyzed the potential role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) known to be implicated, on one hand in ERK1/2 activation, and on another hand in cellular senescence.Quiescent CCR6+ Th17 and CCR6- CD4+ T lymphocytes of healthy donors are exposed in vitro to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). ROS production is measured by H2DCF-DA oxidation (flow cytometry). Senescence is evaluated by p16INK4a expression (ImmunoFluorescence). Expression of relevant cytokines (Luminex/CBA) evaluated inflammatory potential.Our results show that quiescent CD4+ Th17 exposed to CSE present an increase of senescence markers: -galactosidase activity and expression of cell cycle inhibitors p16INK4a and ATF3. Moreover, CSE exposure modifies Th17 secretion pattern and increases IL-8 secretion. Our results also show that ERK1/2 MAPK pathway is implicated in Th17 senescent phenotype induction upon CSE exposure. The overexpression of p16INK4a is associated with a higher activation and a nuclear translocation of ERK1/2 in Th17 cells. Treatment with the anti-oxidant NAC reduces CSE-induced ROS and p16INK4a expression in all CD4+ T cell subsets, but the higher production of ROS and higher p16INK4a expression in Th17 as compared to other CD4+ T cells are maintained. Treatment with mitochondrial complex III inhibitor, antimycine, maintains the higher production of ROS in Th17 as compared to other CD4+ T lymphocytes, whereas p16INK4a expression is reduced to the same level in all subsets. Conversely, treatment with the mitochondrial decoupling agent, FCCP, reduces p16INK4a expression to the same level in Th17 as in other CD4+ T cell subsets, and abrogates the difference of ROS production between Th17 compared to CCR6- CD4+ T lymphocytes.We show that human Th17 lymphocytes present a higher senescence susceptibility to CSE exposure as compared to other CD4+ T lymphocytes sub-populations. Moreover, our results suggest that a higher mitochondrial activity in Th17 in steady state is responsible for the Th17 higher senescence susceptibility upon CSC exposure. Finally, we show for the first time, that mild mitochondrial respiratory chain uncoupling is an effective solution to prevent Th17 senescent phenotype and could represent an anti-inflammatory strategy in Th17-associated chronic inflammatory diseases
DEGOUL, FRANCOISE. "Mutations de l'adn mitochondrial dans differentes myopathies humaines." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CLF21276.
Повний текст джерелаDe, Taffin de Tilques Maxence. "Utilisation du modèle levure pour la recherche de voies thérapeutiques contre le syndrome de Barth." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0876/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) has many roles in mitochondrial structure and function, ranging from assembly/stability and functioning of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, fusion and fission of mitochondrial membranes, mitochondrial protein import, iron-sulfur (Fe-S) biogenesis, apoptosis, and protection of mitochondria against oxidative damage. The maintenance of a proper unsaturated acyl chain composition of CL involves the acyltransferase tafazzin in which mutations cause Barth syndrome (BTHS), resulting in cardiac and skeletal myopathy, cyclic neutropenia and respiratory chain defects. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, there are still no effective therapies to treat this disease. We are using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the tafazzin-based cardiolipin remodeling pathway is conserved, as a model system for the exploration of potential therapeutic pathways against BTHS, by way of genetic suppressors and chemical screening. We first constructed a yeast strain lacking the orthologous taffazin gene (Δtaz1). Consistent with previous studies, our Δtaz1 yeast failed to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources at elevated temperatures (36°C) and exhibited defects in several components of the mitochondrial respiratory system. Interestingly, we found that oxidative phosphorylation was fully restored in Δtaz1 yeast by overexpressing Odc1p [1]-a mitochondrial carrier that transports Krebs cycle intermediates- and by a number of chemical compounds. Some of the rescuing drugs, especially cycloheximide, act by partially inhibiting cytosolic protein synthesis leading to a full recovery of oxidative phosphorylations. Our findings identify potential cellular components and pathways for the pharmacological treatment of BTHS patients
Poyau, Alain. "Etude moléculaire et génétique de la cytochrome c oxydase humaine et de la déficience de son assemblage dans le syndrome de Leigh." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10110.
Повний текст джерелаBonnefond, Luc. "La tyrosyl-ARNt synthétase mitochondriale humaine : originalités fonctionnelles, structurales et place dans l'évolution." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00196315.
Повний текст джерелаFould, Benjamin. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle et structurale de la protéine trifonctionnelle (TFP) humaine, impliquée dans la beta-oxydation mitochondriale des acides gras à chaîne longue." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10294.
Повний текст джерелаF atty acid l3-oxidation is a cyclic process essential for the energy metabolism of the cell. The trifunctional protein (TFP) complex plays a central role in this process, by catalysing the last 3 steps of the l3-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. This complex is associated with the internaI mitochondrial membrane and comprises two subunits, a (harbouring the enoyl-CoA hydratase and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities) and 13 (bearing the 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activity). Very few data are currently available, and they are often contradictory, particularly with regard to the stoichiometry ofTFP and the putative inhibitory effect oftrimetazidine, a drug used to cure heart disorders. The precise nature of the association ofTFP with the membrane remains to be determined. Recombinant human TFP was expressed in E. Coli with a purity of over 95%. The complex was characterized enzymatically, revealing properties close to those of porcine heart TFP. Evidence for negative feedback mechanisms was obtained, and trimetazidine was shown to lack inhibitory effects. . The interaction of TFP with the membrane was analyzed by co-sedimentation and surface plasmon resonance, demonstrating strong affinity for phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin, the major components of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Structural analyses were also performed, revealing that the major form ofTFP is a hetero-octamer 04134. Analysis by electron microscopy allowed us to reconstruct the structure of the elementary assembly d2132 and thereby to validate the model derived ITom the X-ray structure of the bacterial homologue ofTFP (FOM)
Perrière, Clémentine. "Effets d’un mélange de polluants organiques persistants sur le métabolisme énergétique de cellules cancéreuses coliques humaines." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05P629.
Повний текст джерелаDuring tumorigenesis most of cancer cells exhibit an altered metabolism that is characterized by an elevated uptake of glucose and an increased glycolytic rate; this phenomenon is known as the Warburg effect. Compelling recent evidences suggest that alteration of cellular metabolism is critical during cancer development and constitutes a major feature of aggressive tumour. Considering the recent observations on the impact of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on cell metabolism, we hypothesize that POPs could exert their carcinogenic effects by promoting metabolic alterations that could converge to a metabolic shift supporting a tumoral phenotype. Proliferating colon cancer cells (Caco2) were treated with TCDD (25 nM) or/and α-endosulfan (10 µM), two environmental pollutants mainly produced by human activities and designated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as probably or well-established carcinogenic to humans. A significant decrease of glucose and glutamine oxidation (60%) was observed after a treatment for 48 hours with the two pollutants while each pollutant alone had no significant effect. These observations are correlated with an increased lactate production by two fold. These effects are maintained in the presence of antioxidative NAC (10 mM), suggesting that they are independent of the oxidative status of the cell. We also observed a decreased incorporation of glucose in total lipids (50%). The ATP production and the cell respiration level were significantly decreased by the mixture by about 50% and 80%, respectively. In the same conditions, the glycogen production and the NADPH/NADPH,H+ ratio were unchanged. Taken together, these results suggest that POPs could worsen the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells. The molecular mechanisms underlying the POPs-induced metabolic reprograming are under investigation and should provide a better understanding of the signalling pathways involved in POPs action on the regulation of the energetic metabolism balance and their consequence on cancer
Sternberg, Damien. "Contribution à trois aspects de la génétique mitochondriale humaine : étude de transmission de l'ADN mitochondrial lors de fécondations in vitro - caractérisation de mutations de l'ADN mitochondrial dans les maladies mitochondriales et le vieillissement musculaire." Paris 12, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA120010.
Повний текст джерелаMitochondrial genetics is important to consider when dealing with infertility, mitochondrial diseases or ageing. Our work contributes to the clarification of the role and behaviour of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in those three circumstances. First, we studied mtDNA inheritance in children born after a particular in vitro fertilisation technique, i. E. Intracytoplasmic injection of spermatozoon (ICSI). Although the risk of transmission of a paternal infertility-linked nuclear defect by this technique is well known, the possible transmission of the patemal mtDNA had never been addressed by means of highly sensitive detection assays. By using different sensitive techniques, we showed that there was no detectable paternally inherited mtDNA in the peripheral blood of the 27 children who were studied. Second, we aimed at determining the contribution of mtDNA tranfer RNA (tRNA) gene defects to the pathogenesis ofmitochondrial disorders. We set up an exhaustive scanning method to screen ah tRNA genes for mutations, and applied it to a large number of selected patients with mitochondrial disorders. We found numerous sequence variations of those genes, some of them already known to be pathogenic or polymorphie, others being questionable from a functional point of view. We performed an evaluation of each questionable sequence variation by all possible means, and were able to assign a precise significance to most of them. In retrospect, we tried to delineate the best indications for the screening ofmtDNA tRNA genes. Third, we wanted to determine the contribution of mtDNA mutations to the ageing process of human muscle, at a single fibre level. We looked for large-scale rearrangements and tRNA gene point mutations in a large number of fibres defective in cytochrome c oxidase (COX- fibres) activity and an equal number of normal fibres (COX+ fibres) from normal biopsy samples taken from ageing subjects. We detected large scale rearrangements in several fibres. Most interestingly, we detected, characterised and quantified tRNA gene point mutations in several COX- fibres, such mutations being absent from COX+ fibres. We showed that clonally expanded point mutations contribute toageing process in muscle, by a segmental alteration of the respiratory chain activity
Guittaut, Michaël. "Mise en évidence et caractérisation d'un gène cytotoxique emboîté dans le gène de la Galectine-3 humaine." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2030.
Повний текст джерелаMarmolino, Daniele. "Alterations of mitochondrial biogenesis and alterations of mitochondrial antioxidant defense in Friedreich's ataxia." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209972.
Повний текст джерелаFrataxin function is not yet completely elucidated. In frataxin deficiency conditions abnormalities of iron metabolism occur: decreased activities of iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) containing proteins, accumulation of iron in mitochondria and depletion in the cytosol, enhanced cellular iron uptake, and, in some models, reduced heme synthesis.
Evidence of oxidative stress has also been found in most though not all models of frataxin deficiency. Accordingly, yfh1-deficient yeast and cells from FRDA patients are highly sensitive to oxidants. Respiratory chain dysfunction further aggravate oxidative stress by increasing leakage of electrons and the formation of superoxide. Frataxin deficient cells not only generate more free radicals, but, they also show a reduced ability to mobilize antioxidant defenses, in particular to induce superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2).
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoform-gamma play a key role in numerous cellular functions and is a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and of the ROS metabolism. Recruitment of the PPAR coactivator-1a (PGC-1a) mediates many effects of the PPAR-γ activation.
In a first work we assessed the potential beneficial effects of a potent PPAR-gamma agonist on frataxin expression in primary fibroblasts from healthy controls and FRDA patients, and Neuroblastoma cells. We used the APAF molecule (1-0-hexadecyl-2-azelaoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocoline; C33H66NO9P). Our results show that this compound is able to increase frataxin amount both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. At a dose of 20µM frataxin mRNA significantly increases in both controls (p=0.03) and FRDA patients (p=0.002) fibroblasts (1). The finding was confirmed in Neuroblastoma cells (p=0.042). According to previous publications APAF, as others PPAR-gamma agonists is able to up-regulate PGC-1a transcription.
In a second part of the study we investigate the role of the PPAR-gamma/PGC-1a pathway in the pathogenesis of FRDA. We performed a microarray analysis of heart and skeletal muscle in a mouse model of frataxin deficiency and we found molecular evidence of increased lipogenesis in skeletal muscle and alteration of fiber-type composition in heart, consistent with insulin resistance and cardiomyopathy, respectively. Since the PPAR-gamma pathway is known to regulate both processes, we hypothesized that dysregulation of this pathway could play a key role in frataxin deficiency. We confirmed this by showing a coordinate dysregulation of Pgc1a and the transcription factor Srebp1 in cellular and animal models of frataxin deficiency, and in cells from FRDA patients, who have marked insulin resistance. Particularly, PGC-1a was found significantly reduced (2) in primary fibroblasts and lymphocytes from FRDA patients (p<0.05). Furthermore, PGC-1a mRNA levels strongly correlate with frataxin relative mRNA levels (r2=0.9, p<0.001). According to this observation, in C2C12 myoblasts, PGC-1a and a reporter gene under the control of the PGC-1a promoter are rapidly down-regulated (p<0.05) when frataxin expression is inhibited by an shRNA in vitro. To further investigate this relation, we then generate PGC-1a deficient fibroblasts cells using a specific siRNA; at 72 hours of transfection frataxin was found down-regulate (p<0.05) in control cells.
Taken together those data indicate that some mechanism directly links an early effect of frataxin deficiency with reduced PGC-1a transcription in this cell type, and presumably in other cells that also down-regulate PGC-1α when frataxin levels are low.
Finally, since PGC-1a has also emerged as a key factor in the induction of many antioxidant programs in response to oxidative stress, both in vivo and in vitro, in particular in neurons, we tested whether the PGC-1a down-regulation occurring in FRDA cells could be in part responsible for the blunted antioxidant response observed in frataxin deficiency.
Using primary fibroblasts from FRDA patients we found reduced SOD2 levels (p<0.05), according to PGC1&
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Duneau, Mélanie. "Galig : un nouveau gène humain inducteur de la mort cellulaire." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2008.
Повний текст джерелаPoidatz, Dorothée. "Caractérisation et rôles du récepteur apparenté aux récepteurs des oestrogènes-γ (ERRγ) dans le placenta humain normal et pathologique". Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS037V/document.
Повний текст джерелаHuman placenta is a vital organ for pregnancy support and fetal development. The chorionic villi is the structural and functional unit of the placenta and is mainly constituted by trophoblastic cells. The trophoblast differentiate in villous endocrine and extra-villous invasive trophoblast. Placental development and its numerous functions require the availability of high energy. Placental energetic metabolism control is partially mediated by the regulation of mitochondrial activity.Mitochondria are key organelles of the energetic metabolism. However, mitochondria are involved in numerous other cellular functions such as apoptosis and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Moreover, recent studies suggest that mitochondria are involved in cell differentiation.Estrogen related receptor-γ (ERRγ) is a transcriptional factor implicated in the control of energetic metabolism. Preliminary studies showed that ERRγ is highly expressed in human placenta.In this work, we decided to study ERRγ implication in human placental development.In a first part, we characterized ERRγ expression in trophoblast from first and third trimester human placentas. We showed that ERRγ expression i) increased during pregnancy and ii) was higher in villous than extra-villous trophoblasts.In a second part, we showed that villous trophoblast differentiation was associated with modifications of energetic metabolism and mitochondrial content. Moreover, we clearly demonstrated that ERRγ positively controled villous differentiation by the modulation of mitochondrial functions.In a last part, we showed that ERRγ was less expressed in placentas from intra-uterine growth restriction as compared to non-pathological placentas. Moreover, this down-regulation was associated with a decrease of mitochondrial content.This work thus showed, for the first time, that ERRγ and mitochondria played a key role in placental development
Brière, Jean-Jacques. "Le cycle de Krebs dans la pathologie humaine : succinate désydrogénase et tumorigenèse." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05P621.
Повний текст джерелаThe genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunits B, C and D, act as tumour suppressors in neuro-endocrine tissues. In these tumours the SDH activity is almost null and the Hypoxia Inductible Factor HIF1α is stabilized. We showed that the loss of SDH activity leads to an accumulation of succinate. HIF1α stabilization is due to the inhibition of the prolyl hydroxylase (PHD), a superoxides sensitive enzyme, with iron as a cofactor, α ketoglutarate as a subtract and succinate as a product. Neither the redox state or the quantity of iron, nor the superoxide overproduction in the SDH deficient cells are responsible for the PHD inhibition. On the other hand the succinate accumulation leads to a ratio of α ketoglutarate to succinate concentrations low enough to inhibit the PHD. In SDH deficient cells, organic acids thus appear instrumental in the HIF1α-dependent pseudo hypoxic pathway
Migdal, Camille. "Étude des évènements précoces impliqués dans l’activation des cellules dendritiques humaines induite par le thimerosal : rôle du stress oxydant : implication dans le développement de nouvelles méthodes alternatives à l’expérimentation animale." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10087/document.
Повний текст джерелаAllergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) resulting from skin sensitization is a frequent inflammatory skin disease linked to the use of chemicals, called haptens. At this time, the sensitizing potential of a new chemical is evaluated on animal models. However, new European legislation requires alternative methods for skin sensitization. In this context, a better knowledge of ACD and the capacity to reproduce in vitro its mechanisms lead to the development of new alternative methods. The aim of this study performed with human dendritic cells (DCs) and the human cell line U937 was to determine the early events involved in dendritic cell activation induced by contact sensitizers and especially by the mercury compound thimerosal. Data show that oxidative stress induced by sensitizers is an early signaling event leading to DC activation (expression of CD86 and IL-8 release) and to apoptosis. Using antioxidants, our data show that oxidative stress, characterized by ROS production in correlation with the depletion of the mitochondrial membrane potential and of intracellular glutathione, is a key player in signal transduction induced by sensitizers, especially in the response of DCs towards thimerosal and DNCB. More specifically, these studies demonstrate that thiol groups play a direct role in the initiating events leading to DC activation. In addition, calcium influx was detected in DCs exposed to sensitizers, in correlation with oxidative stress. These data highlight the great interest in the development of a hapten-protein binding assay based on thiol groups and the necessity to better understand the redox status of chemicals as well as cell metabolism for predicting skin sensitization
Gonzalez, Serrano Ligia Elena. "Caractérisation de l'ArgRS mitochondriale humaine et contribution à la compréhension des pathologies liées aux mutations des aminoacyl-ARNt synthétases mitochondriales." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ074/document.
Повний текст джерелаHuman mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (mt-aaRSs) are housekeeping enzymes involved in the mitochondrial translation. They catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Mutations in their nuclear genes are correlated with pathologies with a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes, but with so far no clear explanations about the underlying molecular mechanism(s). The aim of this PhD work follows the long-standing efforts of the host laboratory but expand the interest and knowledge to an unexplored system: the human mitochondrial arginyl-tRNA synthetase (mt-ArgRS). Mutations in the mt-ArgRS lead to Pontocebellar hypoplasia type 6, a severe neuro-developmental pathology. I thus contributed to i) comprehensively analyze the clinical data reported in pathologies related to mutations on mt-aaRSs, resulting in a categorization according to the affected anatomical system; ii) decipher some cellular properties of the mt-ArgRS; and iii) investigate to impact of disease-associated mutations on mt-aaRSs properties. Combined with previous works, the present results expand the knowledge of the mt-aaRSs, shedding new light on the link between mt-aaRSs-mutations and disease
Assoum, Mirna. "Identification de nouveaux gènes d’ataxies récessives : implication de la mitochondrie et de nouvelles voies physiopathologiques." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/ASSOUM_Mirna_2010.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPatients from 97 families were analyzed with GeneChip Mapping 10K 50K SNP Affymetrix microarrays. We identified 10 mutations in 4 known ataxia genes (sacsin. Aprataxin, senataxin, ATM). Our homozygosity mapping strategy allowed us also to identify 4 new genes responsible of new forms of reçessive ataxias. We have identified mutations in the ADCK3 gene coding for a mitochondrial atypical kinase involved in CoQ10 biosynthesis. ADCK3 mutations are responsible for an early onset cerebellar ataxia associated with coenzyme Ql0 deficiency. We have also identified mutations in the ABHD12 responsible for PHARC (Polyneuropathy, hearing loss, ataxia, retinitis pigmenltosa, and cataract). The ABfHD12 gene encodes an α/β hydrolase recently shown to hydrolyze 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), one of the 2 main endocannabinoid neurotransmitters. The collaboration \\ith S. Vermeer and colleagues (Nijmegen) permited to identify mutations in the gene ANO10 involved in a new form of cerebellar ataxia with severe cerebellar atrophy. ANO10 is a member of the human Ianoctamins (ANO) family. ANO10 encodes a calcium-activated chloride channel. Finally, with the same approach. We identified the causative gene in three children affected with childhood onset ataxia in a large consanguineous Saudi Arabian famiy. The mutation, a single nucleotide deletion, 2927delC in the KIAA0226 gene, results in a frame-sbift and in the usage of a novel 145 amino-acid reading frame which is longer than the normal C-terminal sequence. The K1AA0226 gene encodes a protein, we named rundataxin (Rubicon) which colocalizes with Rab7 on the late endosomes. The mutation leads to a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution of rundataxin
Lescuyer, Pierre. "Étude de l'expression des gènes nucléaires codant pour les sous-unités du complexe I mitochondrial humain." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00175098.
Повний текст джерелаCette étude a été initiée par l'étude des promoteurs de deux gènes du complexe I mitochondrial humain. Les résultats montrent que le gène NDUFS8 qui code pour la sous-unité 23 kDa (TYKY) est transcrit sous le contrôle des facteurs de transcription YY1 et Sp1 tandis que gène NDUFS7 codant pour la sous-unité 20 kDa (PSST) est régulé par NRF-1 et Sp1.
Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, une méthode d'analyse du protéome mitochondrial humain par électrophorèse bidimensionnelle a été développée. Le but est d'aborder de manière globale et sans a priori l'expression des protéines du complexe I : déterminer qui est régulé et comment en réponse à un stimulus déterminé?
Des cartes de référence ont été développées à partir de mitochondries extraites de placenta humain en utilisant deux types de gradient de pH : l'un est adapté aux protéines acides et neutres, l'autre aux protéines basiques. Sur ces cartes, 85 protéines mitochondriales ont été identifiées par spectrométrie de masse dont 17 sous-unités du complexe I. Cette technique d'analyse protéomique a ensuite été utilisée pour étudier la régulation de l'expression des protéines mitochondriales par le fer. Sur le plan technique, les premiers résultats sont encourageants : les gels d'électrophorèse bidimensionnelle préparés avec des mitochondries extraites de cellules en culture sont de bonne qualité et des variations reproductibles de l'expression de sous-unités du complexe I et d'autres protéines mitochondriales ont pu être détectées. Sur le plan fondamental, les données obtenues sont préliminaires. Il sera nécessaire de réaliser de nouvelles expériences pour confirmer les premières observations et analyser la cinétique des variations détectées.
Asfogo, Noemi. "Intéraction entre synucléinopathie et dysfonctionnement mitochondrial dans des modèles neuronaux de la maladie de Parkinson." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS732.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаParkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the presence of inclusions called Lewy bodies (LBs), containing the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (αSyn) as a major component. A number of arguments, supported by advances in genetics, point to a role for altered αSyn homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. The αSyn species formed during its pathological accumulation are indeed suspected to affect the function of the mitochondria. However, we lack a consensual and integrated view of the consequences of these forms of αSyn on mitochondrial physiology over time, as well as the mechanisms involved. This thesis project was part of a detailed study aimed at exploring the contribution of αSyn-to mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal and in vivo models, as part of the European IMI2/PD-MitoQUANT project. The thesis focused on the use of neuronal models of pathological αSyn aggregation, induced by exposure to Syn fibrils preformed in vitro (PFFs), to study the impact of this process on various aspects related to mitochondrial quality control. We first reproduced and validated in our laboratory a model of synucleinopathy based on exposure of primary mouse cortical neurons to PFFs. After two weeks of exposure, we observed the presence of deposits rich in phosphorylated αSyn (pS129) in these neurons, as well as a strong colocalization of pS129with mitochondria. We then assessed the impact of PFFs and synucleinopathy on mitophagy, using the fluorescent reporter MitoRosella. We demonstrated an increase in mitophagy following acute exposure of neurons to PFFs, which was not found in Parkin-deficient neurons (PRKN(-/-)). This suggests that PFFs damage mitochondria, activating a Parkin-dependent mitochondrial clearance program. A similar increase in mitophagy was found in neurons chronically exposed to PFFs in both wild type and PRKN(-/-) context, irrespective of the presence of pS129 deposits in the cells. In parallel, we monitored the impact of PFFs on mitochondrial biogenesis, studying de novo mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) synthesis using an approach based on incorporation of the nucleoside analogue EdU and its visualization by imaging. We observed an increase in mtDNA synthesis following acute exposure to PFFs, which again did not occur in PRKN(-/-) neurons. In a context of chronic exposure, on the contrary, we observed a progressive decrease in de novo mtDNA synthesis, which was similar in the presence and absence of Parkin. In the last part of my thesis, I sought to confirm some of these key observations in a human neuronal model, and began exploring the mechanisms responsible for mitophagy activation in the synucleinopathy model. Taken together, these results demonstrate that progression of PFFs-induced Syn pathology is associated with imbalanced mitochondrial turnover, with on one hand enhanced mitochondrial degradation via mitophagy, and on the other hand lack of compensation via mitochondrial biogenesis. Ultimately, these alterations could lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, as shown by complementary results obtained in vitro and in vivo in the broader context of the PD-MitoQUANT project. Further studies are required to identify the mechanisms responsible for the observed alterations and determine to what extent they contribute to the neuronal vulnerability underlying neurodegeneration in PD