Дисертації з теми "Mitochondries – Chez les animaux"
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Barquissau, Valentin. "Fonctions mitochondriales et étiologie de la résistance à l'insuline dans le muscle : approches chez l'homme et sur modèles animaux." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2010. http://theses.clermont-universite.fr/nondiff/2010CLF1MM14.pdf.
Mitochondrial functions in the aetiology of muscle insulin resistance : clinical and animal studies. Altered mitochondrial oxidative capacities may be involved in the aetiology of muscle insulin resistance, thus promoting onset and development of type 2 diabetes. This work aimed at determining how obesity, high fat diet and oxidative stress respectively influence skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function. In a human study, we found that mild obesity is characterized by normal insulin sensitivity and a raise in mitochondrial respiration, whereas severe obesity is linked to insulin resistance and decreased mitochondrial respiration and ATP production. In Wistar rats fed a high fat diet for 14 days, insulin sensitivity was not altered while mitochondrial function was stimulated. Extending high fat diet to 40 days is accompanied by a decline in insulin sensitivity concomitantly with decreased mitochondrial respiration. In twelve-month-old SAM mice, exhibiting spontaneous chronic oxidative stress, mitochondrial respiration and muscle insulin sensitivity are stimulated compared to control mice. In the three models described, mitochondrial function modifications occur without any change in muscle mitochondrial content. In conclusion, this work evidenced that mitochondrial function adapts intrinsically to environmental conditions associated with the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Following energy excess, mitochondrial function is first stimulated which may allow protecting from insulin resistance, potentially through a mild and beneficial oxidative stress. Thereafter, when obesity increases or high fat diet is extended, other regulatory pathways take place and lead to simultaneous alterations in insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function
Bandaru, Sirisha. "Découverte des mécanismes moléculaires de régulation de la morphologie mitochondriale chez les mammifères : le rôle contrôleur de la protéase rhomboide PARL." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/25048/25048.pdf.
Igoudjil, Anissa. "Effets métaboliques de la stavudine chez la souris : mise en évidence de mécanismes indépendants d'une altération de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077226.
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) such as stavudine (d4T) and zidovudine (AZT) are antiretroviral drugs frequently used in HIV-infected patients. In some patients these drugs can unfortunately induce different side effects as hepatic steatosis, myopathy and lipodystrophy. Although it is widely acknowledged that NRTI are toxic for the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the respiratory chain, other mechanisms seem to be involved. Recently, we reported that 100 mg/kg/d of d4T and AZT (two thymidine analogs) stimulated fatty acid oxidation (PAO) in mouse liver. The aim of the investigations was to complete the study on AZT and d4T, in order to study the consequences of this PAO stimulation. In a first study, hepatic PAO stimulation was associated with fat wasting in mice treated with d4T and AZT 100mg/kg/j. In a second study, higher d4T doses (500 mg/kg/j) reduced further adiposity, while hepatic PAO was inhibited. Our results indicate that metabolic effects of thymidine analogues are difficult to understand and can be independent of mtDNA depletion. Moreover, d4T effects are dependent of the dose, and fat wasting could have indirect liver toxic effects. We hope that our results will help to prevent some NRTI-induced side effects and will prove useful to gain an insight into the physiopathology of these drug-induced mitochondrial diseases
Kervella, Maïly. "Same mitochondria, different longevities : what do ants tell us about metabolic ageing ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023STRAJ141.
While social insect castes exhibit huge differences in longevity, i.e. months for workers vs. decades for queens, my thesis uncovers how mitochondrial bioenergetics underpins the queen's remarkable longevity in black garden ant, Lasius niger. Contrary to conventional theories, my results reveal that it's not merely about oxidative stress management (by measuring oxidative stress markers such as the aconitase/fumarase ratio and antioxidant enzyme activities like catalase and glutathione), but rather a sophisticated interplay of factors. My findings, based on several approaches, highlight the queen's ability to optimize energy production (AEC), metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry), and invest in mitochondrial maintenance (electron microscopy and proteomics), providing crucial insights into the enigmatic paradox of the queen's longevity and reproduction. By exploring these mechanisms, we pave the way for deeper exploration into the evolutionary underpinnings of insect longevity
Baratli, Yosra. "Etude de la toxicité des nanoparticules d'oxyde de fer (Fe3O4) chez le rat : analyses mitochondriales et du stress oxydant." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ023/document.
The objective of our work is to characterize iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) and study their acute toxicity in Wistar rats. Our results showed that acute oral administration of Fe3O4, results in a dose and time-dependent alteration of oxidative stress parameters as well as liver damage. Regarding the in vitro study on isolated mitochondria, our results showed that these nanoparticles do not adversely affect the various complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain or mitochondrial coupling in any of the organs studied (brain, heart, lung, liverand kidneys) and regardless of the concentration used (100, 200, 300 and 500 μg/ml) while the isolated liver mitochondria from aged rats (18 months), an alteration is observed at all the complexes of the liver mitochondrial respiratory chain as well as the mitochondrial coupling regardless of the concentration used (250, 300 and 350 μg/ml), whereas for the young rats (3 months) no change is observed
Dudognon, Tony. "Relations entre la structure des lipides membranaires de mitochondries et l'activité d'enzymes associées chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00969121.
Thambo, Jean-Benoît. "Cardioprotection vis-à-vis de l'ischémie : étude du rôle du transfert énergétique et du canal KATP mitochondrial chez le rat." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR23039.
Charton, Antoine. "Effets de l'eau enrichie en oxygène sur l'oxygènation tissulaire : études expérimentales chez l'animal et application chez l'homme." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ042.
The recent development of a new technique for enriching water in oxygen by electrolysis relaunch the research interest on the potential benefits of this modality of oxygenation. In this context, our objective was to characterize the effects of 02-water on mitochondrial respiration, peripheral tissue oxygenation during a state of hemodynamic stability, and on the performance and the production of oxidative stress in a sub-maximal exercise. The results show an effect of the administration of water enriched in oxygen by electrolysis at the cellular and tissue level. The mechanism explaining both a better affinity of mitochondria for oxygen and the effects on peripheral oxygenation could be due to aqualitative effect on the diffusion of oxygen at the tissue level
Lejay, Anne. "Ischémie critique chronique des membres inférieurs : implication mitochondriale chez l'Homme et mise au point d'un modèle murin permettant l'évaluation de conditionnements pharmacologiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ078/document.
Critical limb ischemia defines an advances stage of peripheral arterial disease and peripheral arterial insufficiency. The diagnosis of critical limb ischemia requires three elements: clinical signs, arterial perfusion measures demonstrating the level of ischemia, as well as a duration of symptoms for more than 15 days. We developed a critical limb ischemia model in mice, nearly mimicking human pathology, by right femoral artery ligatuon followed by right artery ligation 4 days later. We then studied from this model the mitochondrial impairment associted with critical limb ischemia, including impaired mitochondrial respiratory function, reduced calcium retention capacity, and increased production of free radicals. Once these changes highlighted, we wanted to test different pharmacological conditioning, in order to identify protective molecules in critical limb ischemia. We thus demonstrated a protective effetct of N acetyl cysteine, statins and L-arginine. The protection pathways RISK and SAFE may be involved in this protective effect
Després, Laurence. "Histoire évolutive des schistosomes : Phylogénies moléculaires : coévolution et capture d'hôtes : modèle de fixation de la gonochorie." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20275.
Barbier, Emeline. "Étude des mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués dans la toxicité des particules ultrafines chez un modèle murin : une approche multi-organes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS063.
Although there has been a significant reduction in air pollution since the 1990s, it remains a major public health problem, responsible for over 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide every year. At present, experts' attention is focused on ultrafine particles (PM0.1 or UFP) because of their ability to translocate into the systemic circulation and reach peripheral organs, where they are likely to have a harmful impact. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the toxicity of these particles is still very patchy, and most often remains focused on their main target, the lung. Thus, the main objectives of this thesis project were to provide innovative insights into the toxicokinetics (i.e., distribution/persistence) and toxicodynamics (i.e., pathophysiological mechanisms, associated cell signaling pathways) of UFP collected in urban environments, on the one hand, and the organospecific effects of UFP and the use of circulating miRNA as indicators of chronic and/or cumulative exposure to UFP in a mouse model, on the other hand. To answer these questions, Balb/cJRj mice were exposed for 3 months to various doses of UFP collected in the urban area of Lille, then analyzed in various target organs richly vascularized, and therefore directly exposed to UFP during their translocation and systemic distribution phase. The results showed that, in all target organs, the intrinsic oxidative potential of UFP undeniably induced the production of oxidative oxygen species and the activation of antioxidant defenses in sufficient quantities to restore a state of redox homeostasis, but were unable to prevent the onset of an inflammatory response in the lungs, heart and brain. Transcriptomic approaches carried out in the lungs, the target organ with the most marked deleterious effects, have suggested the deregulation of numerous signaling pathways in relation to oxidative and inflammatory responses, which constitute the central mechanisms of UFP toxicity, but also with more original toxicity mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tissue remodeling, whose modulation has also been validated from a functional point of view. These promising data could ultimately contribute to better decision-making on the reduction of UFP emissions, as well as to the updating of current regulatory standards
Belcour, Léon. "Sénescence et mitochondries chez Podospora anserina." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112045.
This work provides the rudiments of genetics and molecular biology of mitochondria of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina, demonstrates a tight correlation between mitochondrial functions and senescence, suggests that senescence results of particular modifications of the mitochondrial genome (amplification of certain sequences in the form of circular multimeric DNA molecules), rearrangements of the chromosome) and specifies some of the alterations of the mitochondrial genome which remain compatible with the life of a strict aerobe. Three aspects of these results are discussed: the relationship between structure and function of the mitochondrial genome in an obligate aerobe, the molecular and cellular mechanisms at play in the course of senescence and the evolution of senescence
Belcour, Léon. "Sénescence et mitochondries chez Podospora anserina." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37595825t.
Jamon, Marc. "L'orientation lointaine chez l'animal." Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX22026.
Bietenhader, Maïlis. "Relocalisation nucléaire du gène mitochondrial ATP9 chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21691/document.
The endosymbiotic a-protéobacteria ancestor of mitochondria had its own genome, specifying rebounding functions, sometimes useless inside the host cell. This piece of information have been lost during the evolution, while other essential genes have in part been transferred to the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell. Nowadays, more than 95% of the mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus. We ask the question of why there is still genes remaining in the mitochondrial genome. One way to answer experimentally that question is to artificially relocalize those mitochondrial genes to the nucleus. We have tested the nuclear relocation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A first step consisted in deleting the mitochondrial ATP9 gene. This deletion led to multiple deleterious effects on the stability of the mitochondrial genome, its expression, on the content of the respiratory complexes, but also on the mitochondrial morphology. Previous studies, described in the literature, have failed in the nuclear relocation of ATP9 of S. cerevisiae. I succeeded in the nuclear relocation of ATP9 using an already nuclear version of the gene, that of Podospora anserina. Despite a 30% divergence of the proteic sequences, the Atp9p of P. anserina expressed from the nucleus in S. cerevisiae can complement the ATP9 deletion. The modified yeast can form hybrid ATP synthases with a rather good in vitro activity. In parallel to that work on P. anserina, this has led to a collaboration which gave us more information on the expression of ATP9 in P. anserina. It is to notify that P. anserina has two ATP9 genes, natively nuclear, each of them being expressed at different times during the life cycle of the fungus. During evolution, the functional transfer of ATP9 to the nucleus, like it is the case in mammals too, has allowed the acquisition of regulatory mechanisms to control the amount of ATP synthases depending on physiological constraints of the cell
Malgorzata, Rak. "Modélisation chez la levure de déficiences en ATP synthase responsables de maladies chez l'homme : mécanismes moléculaires et suppresseurs génétiques." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21430.
Tentchev, Diana. "Le virus des ailes déformées chez l'abeille domestique Apis mellifera L. Et chez son ectoparasite Varroa destructor." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20199.
Ruprich-Robert, Gwenaël. "Peroxysomes et mitochondries : differenciation cellulaire et regulation retrograde chez podospora anserina." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112042.
Khidir, Zakaria Fadoul. "Lexique des animaux chez les Beri du Tchad." Universität Leipzig, 2001. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33599.
Masounave, Laure Bertagnoli Stéphane. "Les pestivirus chez les animaux sauvages étude bibliographique /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/2076/1/debouch_2076.pdf.
Darras, Sébastien. "Formation des structures axiales chez les chordés." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX22015.
Lefebvre, François. "Stratégies de reproduction chez les crustacés isopodes terrestres." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2271.
We investigated various aspects, essentially behavioural ones, of the reproduction of terrestrial isopods by using Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellionides pruinosus as model species. A chemical analysis was carried out on cuticular compounds involved in the recognition of sexual partners. The competitive strategy of males seems to primarily occur through a scramble search for receptive females. During sexual interactions, females resist male sexual attempts, which can be interpreted as a possible mechanism of choice. We highlighted some of the phenotypic peculiarities of females (existence of a spermathecae, plasticity in the onset of reproduction) that allow them to adjust their reproductive investment as a function of male availability. In natural populations, there exists frequent paucity in males, which is directly related to the presence of feminising Wolbachia bacteria
Vakanas, Guillaume. "Les mécanismes de la coopération chez les Arthropodes sociaux : étude de la prédation chez une araignée sociale "Anelosimus eximius" ("Araneae,Theridiidae)." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10025.
Predation in a social species of spider, Anelosimus eximius, is characterised by 3 steps: during the first spiders are recruited, thus it capture and finally transport the prey. The organisation observed during capture and transport is explained by a coordination of individual acts that results of an adjustment of their behaviours to the state of the prey and to its environment (stimergic process). This is confirmed by computer simulation. The regulation of the number of individuals participating in every stage of the predation is also explained by auto-organisation phenomena. It is the prey features (vibrations, weight and size) that regulate the individual involvement. The nutritional status of individuals is also involved in this regulation. Small spiders are more active than large one. Thus, cooperation during predation emerges from group living and doesn't require sophisticated communication mechanisms between individuals. It permits to understand better how the passage from solitary to social species has been realised without important modifications of individual behaviours
Livoreil, Barbara. "Etude comparée des modalités d'approvisionnement alimentaire chez trois espèces d'écureuils terrestres." Paris 13, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA131011.
Derepas, Anne. "Contrôle génétique de la transmission de plastes d'origine paternelle chez Petunia hybrida Hort." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOS015.
Macchi, Marc. "Contribution à l' étude de la morphogénèse des mitochondries chez la drosophile." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4051/document.
Mitochondria are organelles which are a few micrometers long and are originated from the incorporation of an alpha-proteobacteria in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis. In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria play a central role in ATP production as well as in programmed cell death and in the biosynthesis of many molecules. Mitochondria are highly polymorphic in size and form. Their organization also varies considerably according to the cell type or physiological or pathological state of the cell. In the last two decades, the study of the mechanisms controlling morphogenesis, dynamic of mitochondrial fission and fusion and their physiological roles has become a major research field of mitochondria. In addition, the progress in video-microscopy enable to record mitochondrial dynamics in the cytoplasm of living cells. I participated in the research on the characterization of gene function called Pantagruelian Mitochondria I (PMI), a novel determinant of the mitochondrial morphology that we discovered in Drosophila. PMI, a protein of the inner membrane, is involved in its membrane organization and essential to form tubular mitochondria. I also contributed to the development of experimental tools and protocols to visualize and study the mitochondrial dynamics in living Drosophila embryos. Interestingly, a stereotyped process of mitochondrial remodeling during Drosophila embryogenesis has been found and it raised a question about its role in developmental processes through my work
Macchi, Marc. "Contribution à l' étude de la morphogénèse des mitochondries chez la drosophile." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4051.
Mitochondria are organelles which are a few micrometers long and are originated from the incorporation of an alpha-proteobacteria in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis. In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria play a central role in ATP production as well as in programmed cell death and in the biosynthesis of many molecules. Mitochondria are highly polymorphic in size and form. Their organization also varies considerably according to the cell type or physiological or pathological state of the cell. In the last two decades, the study of the mechanisms controlling morphogenesis, dynamic of mitochondrial fission and fusion and their physiological roles has become a major research field of mitochondria. In addition, the progress in video-microscopy enable to record mitochondrial dynamics in the cytoplasm of living cells. I participated in the research on the characterization of gene function called Pantagruelian Mitochondria I (PMI), a novel determinant of the mitochondrial morphology that we discovered in Drosophila. PMI, a protein of the inner membrane, is involved in its membrane organization and essential to form tubular mitochondria. I also contributed to the development of experimental tools and protocols to visualize and study the mitochondrial dynamics in living Drosophila embryos. Interestingly, a stereotyped process of mitochondrial remodeling during Drosophila embryogenesis has been found and it raised a question about its role in developmental processes through my work
Blot, Joëlle. "Etude fonctionnelle de la protéine kinase pEg3 chez le xénope et chez l'humain." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10055.
Beaulieu, Michael. "Réponses aux contraintes de reproduction chez le manchot Adélie." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6205.
Life-history theory predicts that an increased allocation of resources into current breeding will be followed by a lower adult survival or fecundity. Consequently, long-lived animals have to accurately regulate their effort in current reproduction to maximise their survival probability and lifetime breeding success. In addition, in biparental species, a conflict of interest may arise between mates, both being expected to minimise their breeding effort in current reproduction. We examined the trade-off between reproduction and maintenance in a long-lived and biparental species, the Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae, subjected to two constraints (environmental and experimental) affecting food accessibility during the breeding season. Penguins responded to both constraints by adjusting their foraging behaviour: longer foraging trips, modified spatial distribution and diving parameters. These behavioural changes are likely to result from hormonal changes (prolactin). In addition, penguins facing a breeding constraint give priority to their maintenance by increasing their antioxidant capacity, expected to reduce the negative impacts of reproduction on the organism senescence (steady telomere size). However, when the constraint is too severe, these behavioural and physiological adjustments are insufficient and in that case, penguins exhibit decreased body condition, lower survival rate and fecundity the subsequent year. This may explain why, when only one mate is subjected to a breeding constraint, its partner does not increase its parental effort to compensate, presumably to avoid the potential long-term consequences of an additional investment. In Adélie penguins, parental flexibility appears limited and beyond a threshold of constraint, this flexibility remains insufficient to avoid the deleterious consequences of reproduction on their fitness
Legendre, Linnka. "Contribution à l'étude de la biogénèse de l'ATP synthase mitochondriale chez le levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112321.
Mitochondrial ATP synthase is an oligomeric complex whose assembly requires the action of specific factors. We have identified a yeast nuclear gene, FMC1 (for Formation of Mitochondrial Complexes 1). It is required for the for the formation/ stability of the F1 sector of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. In heat stress condition, the absence of the Fmc1p leads to the aggregation in the mitochondrial matrix, of catalytic subunits of the F1 sector (α and β). The data point to a post-transcriptional heat dependent regulation of ATP12 which is lost when Fmc1p is missing. We propose that this regulation prevents thermal dissociation of assembled F1 oligomer in heat stress condition. It was believed that the ATP hydrolytic of F1 becomes absolutely essential in the absence of mitochondrial DNA or in anaerobic conditions, because it would be needed for electrochemical polarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane by the sole activity of the ADP/ATP tranlocase. This would be the reason why yeast cells lacking the ATP hydrolytic activity of F1 fail to grow in the absence of a functional respiratory chain. Although it is generally accepted that F1 is needed for the biogenesis of non respiring mitochondria, this has never been shown. We provide here for the first time, direct evidence for a general defect in the biogenesis of mitochondria in F1 deficient cells when they cannot propagate the mtDNA or when they are forced to grow under oxygen-limited conditions
Begriche, Karima. "Désordres métaboliques induits par un déficit partiel en leptine : influence du régime alimentaire et prévention." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077197.
Leptin , an adipokine mainly expressed in adipose tissue, plays a central role in the control of food intake and energy expenditure. Total leptin deficiency due to missense leptin (ob) gene mutation leads to morbid obesity, type 2 diabetes and massive steatosis in ob/ob mice or in men. Although total leptin deficiency is extremely rare in humans, a larger number of individuels could have low levels of leptin as the consequence of a heterozygous mutation within the ob gene (partial leptin deficiency, PLD). PLD mice (ob/+ mice) could be an experimental model to study genetic predisposition to overweight and metabolic abnormalities. In the first part of my thesis, by feeding ob/+ mice with an hypercaloric diet (HC diet), we try to show how a calorie excess can dramatically increase body fat mass and promote associated metabolic disorders. Our results clearly demonstrated that a PLD under HC feeding promotes obesity, glucose intolerance (associated with a mild insulin résistance), post-absorptive hypertriglyceridemia and steatohepatitis. In the second part of my thesis, we try to determine if a leptin supplementation or whether a β- aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA, a catabolite of thymine) administration could prevent or not most of the disorders in ob/+ mice fed the HC diet. Our results showed that leptin supplementation and BAIBA administration were susceptible to prevent totally or partially most of the metabolic disorders in ob/+ mice fed the HC diet
Bouchard, Martel Joanie. "Caractérisation des cellules interstitielles des quatre différentes valves cardiaques chez le porc." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25315/25315.pdf.
Garcia, Mathilde. "Localisation d'ARNm et biogenèse mitochondriale chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077044.
Heterogeneous macromolecules distribution leads to specialized cellular domains. Messenger RNA localization and local protein production are important processes for complex cellular structure building and remodelling with physiology changes. In that respect, mitochonEria are a fascinating example of supramolecular organization. They come from the assembling in various complexes of 800 proteins most of them encoded by nuclear gènes and synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes. We previously showed that, in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a large fraction of thèse proteins are translated in the vicinity of mitochondria. During my PHD studies, I analysed the role and the mechanism underlying this site-specific translation phenomenon. In that goal, we developed two quantitative analyse of RNA localisation: a biochemical approach based on quantitative PCR or microarray analysis of mitochondrial fractions and an in vivo approach based on fluorescent in situ hybridization followed by quantitative cell distances analysis. My results emphasize how important are post-transcriptional process in mitochondrial biogenesis. For instance, PuDp mRNA binding protein control the mitochondrial localization of a sub-class of messenger RNA encoding proteins responsible for the early steps of mitochondrial biogenesis. For others, like ATP2 mRNA, site-specific translation seems to be the result of a coupling of their translation and mitochondrial protein import. Since messenger RNA implicated in distinct mitochondrial functions use different pathway to determine their translation site, we propose a model of coordinated biogenesis of mitochondria based on mRNA groups co-regulated at post-transcriptional level
Dubot, Audrey. "Étude des déficiences en cytochrome c oxydase et en ATPase-ATPsynthétase dans des pathologies mitochondriales humaines et chez le nématode C. Elegans." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10215.
Rouleau, Caroline. "Implications du pyruvate dans le métabolisme de lignées astrocytaires spinales spontanément transformées." Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON1T029.
Spahr, Annie. "Caractérisation des macrophages alvéolaires chez un modèle animal d'asthme allergique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24369/24369.pdf.
Thannoo, Danee R. "Lésions ultrastructurales précoces provoquées par le plutonium 239 injecté par voie intraveineuse chez le rat." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120050.
Loyau, Adeline. "Sélection sexuelle et honnêteté des signaux chez le Paon bleu (Pavo cristatus)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0064.
In many species males exhibit varous conspicous secondary sexual traits thought to have evolved under sexual selection. These multiple traits may honestly signal male genetic quality. Prefering males able to express the most important signals, females may benefit from the genetic quality of their mates to transmit this genetic quality to their offspring. In turn, females are expected to invest more into reproduction when they are paired with more attractive males. We studied the mechanisms of sexual selection in a lekkig species, the Common peafowl, Pavo cristatus. We found that males display multiple signals. Indeed, male-male competition favored males with longer tarsis and longer trains and females preferred to mate with more ornamented males and males showing a high display rate. These males settled their territory where the probability to encounter females was the highest. The signals used by the femelles to choose a mate were honest signals of male health status and male immune capacities. When experiementally paired with attractive males, females invested more into reproduction. Overall, these results demonstrate that male multiple traits can have evolved because they were linked to “good genes” gathered by the females for their offspring
Pasdois, Philippe. "Modulation de la fonction mitochondriale par les canaux potassiques sensibles à l'ATP : implication dans la protection du myocarde vis-àvis des lésions d'ischémie-reperfusion." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21288.
Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC), applied before ischaemia, is a strategy of cardioprotection. It increases cell survival after an ischemia-reperfusion protocol. It is hypothesized that the activation of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoK-ATP) triggers and accomplishes this cardioprotection. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which its activation induces the infarct size reduction is a matter of controversy. We have shown on perfused rat heart that an activation of the mitoK-ATP (by either IPC or diazoxide) modulates the structure and function of mitochondria and finally preserves this organelle against reperfusion-induced damages. Ischaemic postconditioning is another strategy which, when applied at the beginning of the reperfusion, desreases infarct size. We have demonstrated For the first time, that this protocol is effective in pig and requires mitoK-ATP activation
Montigny, Delphine. "Fonctions adaptatives immédiates et diofférées de la phéronone mammaire chez le lapereau." Paris 13, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA132031.
Newborn rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are dependent of maternal odour cues to localise the nipples and to suck. During a nursing episode, they display a typical behaviour under the mother’s abdomen constitutedby searching movements of the head usually followed by oral grasping movements. Such responses are in particular released by the mammary pheromone (MP) emitted by lactating females. They may also be induced bya novel odorant after it has been learned by association with the MP. In this context, three objectives have beenpursued in the present thesis: the assessment of the impact of the satiation and of the rabbit pup development on 1) the releasing activity of the MP, 2) the reinforcing impact of the MP on an initially neutral odorant; and 3) the evaluation of the long term impact of the releasing and reinforcing functions of the MP during the development of the young rabbit. 1) During the first postnatal days, the ability of the MP to trigger the orocephalic movements of the pups appears independent of the prandial state. Then, a progressive transition from an “automatic” response to the MP to a response regulated by post-ingestive or post-absorptive factors occurs. Indeed, the response to the MP remains very high along the 24-h cycle on d2, but on d5 the MP is highly active only right before the daily nursing. Moreover, an evolution in the morphology of the response to the MP appears between birth and weaning. 2) The potency of the MP to induce odour-learning is affected by the prandial state as soon as d0. Inaddition, this reinforcing function vanishes after d4, suggesting the presence of a sensitive period for the reinforcing activity of the MP. 3) The neonatal learning of a new odorant seems to impact the behaviour of young rabbits (around 30-day-old) tested for their social preferences, but not for their feeding ones. But this retention seems to require a stronger reinforcement (nursing) than that resulting from the exposure to the MP only. These results open perspectives for the study of the mechanisms engaged in the learning of the mammal newborn and of their consequences in the short as the long term, in particular through the action of pheromonal and of multi-sensory reinforcers dependent of the mother that contribute to the adaptation of the young
Farge, Géraldine. "Seuil critique d'hétéroplasmie d'une mutation mitochondriale chez Drosophila subobscura : contrôle nucléaire et mécanismes de compensation biochimiques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF21473.
Sánchez, Maria Gabriela. "Neuromodulation estrogénique chez le singe." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23256.
Legagneux, Pierre Bretagnolle Vincent Groscolas René. "Compromis entre alimentation et risque de prédation chez les canards hivernants Une approche multi-échelles /." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/841/01/LEGAGNEUX_Pierre_2007.pdf.
Thèse en français avec des extraits de publication en anglais. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 80-97.
Bousquié, Lara. "Etude des processus cognitifs impliqués dans la différenciation des émotions chez l'agneau (Ovis aries)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF21498.
Hofmann, Line. "Etude du rôle d'une sous-unité essentielle de la particule régulatrice du protéasome 26S dans la dynamique de deux organelles chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112072.
Mitochondria are essential organelles for life. They constantly move and membrane fusion and fission events govern the mitochondrial dynamics. The aim of my thesis was to elucidate the role of an essential subunit of the proteasome (Rpn11) on the mitochondrial dynamic. The proteasome, responsible of the polyubiquitinated proteins degradation, plays a major role in a wide variety of cellular functions, including mitochondrial fusion. However, because of its modular conformation, it is well established that its activity is not reduced to protein degradation. The proteasome plays also crucial roles in different mecanisms, independently of its proteolytic activity. My work allowed to propose a new non proteolytic function associated with the proteasome. The characterization of defects found in a RPN11 mutated strain (mitochondrial fragmentation, anormal increased number of peroxisomes) allowed us to demonstrate that Rpn11 regulate the common fission apparatus of mitochondria and peroxisomes (Fis1/Mdv1/Dnm1). The phenotypic analyses of various mutated alleles of RPN11 revealed a new function of the C-terminal domain independent of the N-terminal domain. This C-terminal domain is essential for the mitochondrial genome and mitochondrial morphology maintenance. Finally, by quantitative analyses of peroxisomes number in different genetic contexts, we have demonstrated that Rpn11 regulates the mitochondrial and peroxysomal fission in a Fis1-dependent manner, but independently from its deuqiquitination activity and from the proteasome degradation activity
Gurram, Venu. "Preuve de principe pour la thérapie de l'atrophie optique dominante de type1." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30215.
The impact of visual handicaps has dramatically risen with the contemporary means of visual communication. A major cause of visual impairment lies in optic nerve atrophies often due to defects in mitochondria. Mutations in the gene coding for the mitochondrial protein OPA1 lead to the main form of Dominant Optic Atrophy (DOA), due to degeneration of the Retinal Ganglionic Cells (RGCs), which axons form the optic nerve. OPA1 is involved in the fusion of mitochondria, which together with mitochondrial fission determines the morphology of mitochondria, allows their immediate adaptation to energetic needs and controls their quality by restoring or removing damaged organelles. In addition, OPA1 has other functions including mitochondrial DNA maintenance and protection from apoptosis. To date, there is no therapy available for DOA. My thesis aimed at developing both genetic and pharmacological therapeutic strategies for this disease. Genetic strategy involved the expression of a protein called X from the Borna Disease Virus, which was shown to have neuroprotective properties in in vitro and mouse model of Parkinson Disease by D. Dunia's team. Work in P. Belenguer 's team has shown that X rescued the defects in mitochondrial morphology, dendritic arborisation and synapses induced by downregulation of OPA1 in primarily cultured neurons. In continuation, I showed that X rescued the defects in mitochondrial morphology of fibroblasts of DOA patients harbouring OPA1 mutations by inducing mitochondrial elongation. On the other hand, as part of pharmacological therapy, P. Belenguer's team recently showed that two repurposed drugs, clomiphene and hexestrol, rescued mitochondrial defects in yeast mutated for the orthologue of OPA1. I extended the study to the mammalian system, by analysing the effect of the two drugs on mitochondrial morphology in DOA fibroblasts bearing OPA1 mutations. I showed that the two the drugs rescued defects in mitochondrial morphology by inhibiting the fission process. Although, this project aimed to extend the analysis of the effect of X protein as well as of hexestrol and clomiphene, in vivo, unfortunately, I was not able to evidence the previously described retina and optic nerve defects in a DOA mouse model, impairing its use to test the protective effect of X and the two drugs. In conclusion, although, these pre-clinical studies need to be extended in vivo, the results in vitro indicated that the two genetic and pharmacological strategies could be effective to treat DOA. To my knowledge, this work is first of its kind, where mitochondrial dynamics, i.e. the equilibrium between mitochondrial fusion and fission, was targeted to treat DOA disease. Furthermore, this work is also giving the hope to develop therapies for other RGCs associated mitochondrial diseases like Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and glaucoma
Saleh-Mghir, Essam. "La reconnaissance coloniale chez l'abeille : Apis mellifica L." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30273.
Pelé, Marie. "Etude comparative des facultés d’échange chez les primates non humains." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/PELE_Marie_2010.pdf.
As in humans, reciprocal interactions are reported in animals such as primates. Some authors proposed that these interactions are based on calculated reciprocity, a mechanism by which individuals keep track of what has been given and returned and consider it for future exchanges. This work aimed at studying the conditions necessary for calculated reciprocity to occur 1. By testing whether primates understand the temporal cost associated with an exchange, 2. By studying the capacity of primates to take a risk during an exchange and 3. By searching whether primates are capable to engage with a conspecific in a calculated exchange under controlled conditions. In the 1st study, for a reward equivalent to 8 times an initial item, capuchins could wait for 10-20 s, macaques for 40-80 s and chimpanzees for 1-2 min. In the 2nd study, primates are capable to estimate gain and loss probabilities and to consider it when deciding to engage or not in an exchange. In the last study, two orang-utans were able to engage in a system of exchanges that was both stable and calculated. Only few begging gestures and gifts were observed in chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas; and individuals were not capable to reciprocate. In capuchins and macaques, no begging gesture nor gifts has been observed. Although spontaneous exchange is difficult in non-human primates, this work shows that they possess some abilities to evaluate the value of goods, to accept a loss and to delay gratification, which are among the required capacities underlying economics transactions as observed in human beings
Boyer, Stéphane. "Séléction de l'habitat chez les blattes introduites/endémiques(insectes:dictyoptères). Exemple de Mayotte et la Réunion." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10106.
Bernard, Nathalie. "Effets de la ventilation mécanique prolongée sur l'ultrastructure et la respiration mitochondriale des muscles respiratoires chez le lapin." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON11112.