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1
Murdie, Amanda. "R2P, Human Rights, and the Perils of a Bad Human Rights Intervention." Global Responsibility to Protect 9, no. 3 (August 6, 2017): 267–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00903004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article evaluates the effects certain interventions, namely various types of third party peacekeeping missions, have had on the future human rights practices of countries experiencing civil conflict. I argue that peacekeeping with (a) an un mandate or (b) a strong civilian or humanitarian focus are the only types of missions that should cause gains in human rights performance; these missions are aligned with R2P goals. Using a cross-national sample of countries experiencing civil conflict from 1960 to 2013, I find much evidence that R2P-aligned peacekeeping missions can be a positive force for future human rights performance within countries that have experienced civil conflict, even after we account for the factors that led to the mission in the first place. Advocacy efforts in support of R2P must be careful to call for only interventions with un support and/or clear humanitarian objectives.
2
Malešič, Marjan. "Civilian Crisis Management in the EU – Structural and Functional Aspects." Journal of International Peacekeeping 15, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2011): 152–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187541110x540526.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article offers a general overview of civilian crisis management in the EU, its mechanisms and instruments, the nature of civil-military cooperation (coordination), and an overview of civilian crisis management missions. Particular attention will be paid to the EULEX Mission in Kosovo as a case-study of how participating civilian experts judge both the mission itself and the mission preparations (i.e. selection and training of personnel, mission strategy, mission related activities, the problems identified etc.). The article will argue that seemingly trivial operational details, such as personnel selection, the quality of pre-deployment training and advance preparation are important factors which, if not properly coordinated, could jeopardise EU goals in the field of crisis management. The author also presumes that unregulated civil-military cooperation and coordination can lead to the failure of crisis management operations.
3
Schueneman, Mary K. "A Leavening Force: African American Women and Christian Mission in the Civil Rights Era." Church History 81, no. 4 (December 2012): 873–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000964071200193x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After Josephine Beckwith and DeLaris Johnson broke the color barrier at two southern missionary training schools in the 1940s and 50s, their religious vocations led them and other African American women on a trajectory of missionary service resonate with what we recognize today as civil rights activism. While histories of African American women's mission organizing and those of their civil rights organizing typically are framed as separate endeavors, this article teases out the previously unexamined overlaps and connections between black women's missionary efforts and civil rights activism in the 1940s and 50s. In doing so, it bridges a disjuncture in African American women's religious history, illuminating the ways beliefs about Christian mission shaped the community work of black missionary women so that narratives of civil rights organizing and Christian missions are no longer discrete categories but are seen in historical continuity. In shedding light on the ways mission organizing and service served as a site for cultivating leadership and engaging segregation and racism, a new vision and practice of mission for the civil rights era is revealed and our understandings of the religious lives and activism of African American women are greatly enriched and expanded.
4
Oxha, Shpendim, and Dashmir Nasufi. "THE EU ESDP MISSIONS IN THE WESTERN BALKANS." Knowledge International Journal 30, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij30061503o.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
What today increasingly tends to be characterized as the growing unity and identity of the continent of Europe is a consequence of developments and events at the end of the twentieth century. Until then, for Europe (and for today’s EU member states) more distinctions, antagonisms and different interests were characteristic than the common objectives or the common spirit of a common security policy and co-operation. The ESDP is a unique EU project that belongs to the second pillar of the EU, and aims, based on military and civil capabilities, to manage the various crises in the region and beyond and to have a diplomatic role in managing the economic, political and military crises. In the Western Balkans, the ESDP was politically and militarily engaged. In this context, the ESDP mission would be seen as a positive mission. Until today, six missions of the European security and defense policy in Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo have been made, of which one military and two civilians. Operation Concordia in Macedonia was undoubtedly the first NATO military mission under the EU/ESDP leadership in the framework of the “Berlin Plus” Agreement. Mission “Proxima” as a continuation of the mission “Concordia” was a civilian mission within the Macedonian police to support this and focus on the fight against organized crime. Mission “Proxima” continued to focus on the gradual stabilization of the country. In Bosnia and Hercegovina, under the EU-ESDP umbrella were two missions, a military one under the name “EUDOR -Althea” and one police mission under the name EUPM. Both the police and military missions were succeeding NATO missions. This agreement and the story of ESDP were the results of the BERLIN plus agreement. Finally, the EU-ESDP is represented with a mission in Kosovo as an agreement between UNMIK-NATO-EU/ESDP. The EULEX mission (deployment) is a civilian mission whose main purpose is to assist and support Kosovo's authorities in rule of law, especially in the police, judiciary and customs field. This is a technical mission that will monitor, instruct and advise while retaining a limited number of executive powers. EULEX acts in a general framework of United Resolution 1244 and has a unified chain of command in Brussels.
5
Katsikogiannis, Dimitrios, Marily Thoma, Konstantinos Mathioudakis, Nikolaos Aretakis, and Alexios Alexiou. "Optimal civil aircraft missions exploiting free routing possibilities." MATEC Web of Conferences 304 (2019): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930405004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A method is presented for optimizing burnt fuel and flight time of civil aircraft missions, under the scope of a full-scale free route airspace implementation as well as usage of actual environmental data, focusing on ambient temperature and pressure. A computational analysis model, using online available aircraft data is considered, for flight envelopes defined by the user, is used as the base tool. The model is validated over real flight data, before it is used as the main tool for optimization of flight missions. Flight paths are analyzed by considering both their vertical and horizontal aspect. Optimal paths are derived, for each chosen mission, through an optimization process that takes advantage of the flexibilities that become available by implementation of Free Route Airspace. Vertical flight path is shown to play very important role in achieving optimal flights, while horizontal paths also offer optimality possibilities, with a strong dependence on weather conditions.
6
Kirschner, Shanna, and Adam Miller. "Does Peacekeeping Really Bring Peace? Peacekeepers and Combatant-perpetrated Sexual Violence in Civil Wars." Journal of Conflict Resolution 63, no. 9 (February 18, 2019): 2043–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002719831069.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Peacekeeping mitigates killing, but nonlethal violence also influences both positive peace and stability. We evaluate peacekeepers’ effect on one such type of abuse, sexual violence. We posit that peacekeepers raise the cost of abuses and foster institutional and cultural changes that curb violence. We find that missions both reduce the chance of any violence and limit its prevalence; larger deployments and multidimensional missions are more effective. Governments curtail violence more quickly than rebels do in response to military contingents; rebels are especially responsive when missions include large civilian components. These findings contribute to our understanding of peacekeeping in three primary ways: we expand the evaluation of peacekeeping to consider nonlethal violence; we draw attention to mission size, capacity to use force, and civilian-led programming as determinants of effectiveness; and we demonstrate how addressing nonlethal violence requires similar tools as lethal violence but is further enhanced by specific civilian-led initiatives.
7
ROMAN, Cosmina-Oana. "SWOT ANALYSIS OF “BALTICA 07” MISSION FROM CIVIL-MILITARY COOPERATION PERPECTIVE." SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE 21, no. 1 (October 8, 2019): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2019.21.6.
Повний текст джерела
8
Zheng, Hongxing, and Jinpeng Yuan. "An Integrated Mission Planning Framework for Sensor Allocation and Path Planning of Heterogeneous Multi-UAV Systems." Sensors 21, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 3557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103557.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mission planning is the guidance for a UAV team to perform missions, which plays the most critical role in military and civil applications. For complex tasks, it requires heterogeneous cooperative multi-UAVs to satisfy several mission requirements. Meanwhile, airborne sensor allocation and path planning are the critical components of heterogeneous multi-UAVs system mission planning problems, which affect the mission profit to a large extent. This paper establishes the mathematical model for the integrated sensor allocation and path planning problem to maximize the total task profit and minimize travel costs, simultaneously. We present an integrated mission planning framework based on a two-level adaptive variable neighborhood search algorithm to address the coupled problem. The first-level is devoted to planning a reasonable airborne sensor allocation plan, and the second-level aims to optimize the path of the heterogeneous multi-UAVs system. To improve the mission planning framework’s efficiency, an adaptive mechanism is presented to guide the search direction intelligently during the iterative process. Simulation results show that the effectiveness of the proposed framework. Compared to the conventional methods, the better performance of planning results is achieved.
9
Morin, David, and Étienne Tremblay-Champagne. "Consolider la dimension civile. Le maillon clé des opérations de paix." Études internationales 42, no. 3 (October 18, 2011): 289–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1006219ar.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Au cours des dernières décennies, la dimension civile est devenue un maillon essentiel des opérations de paix. En 2010, l’onu déployait 20 000 civils dans des missions de paix, tandis que l’ue et l’osce faisaient appel à 2 000 et 3 000 civils. Cette dimension se situe aussi au coeur de la Force africaine en attente de l’Union africaine. Cet article dresse un état des lieux préliminaire du renforcement des capacités civiles pour les opérations de paix ; un sujet assez peu étudié par la littérature, sinon à travers le prisme plus global de la consolidation de la paix. À cette fin, il revient sur le concept de « dimension civile » en considérant l’évolution du maintien de la paix, puis analyse son émergence lente et laborieuse. Enfin, il décrit certains des principaux défis opérationnels liés à son développement.
10
Radanovic, Marko, Marsel Omeri, and Miquel Angel Piera. "Test analysis of a scalable UAV conflict management framework." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 16 (September 11, 2019): 6076–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410019875241.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study elaborates the conflict management framework of unmanned aerial vehicles, focusing on the identification of the spatiotemporal interdependencies between them, with consideration of the future scalability problems in highly dense traffic scenarios. The paper first tries to justify the applied separation criteria among small cooperative unmanned aerial vehicles based on their performance characteristics and the planned missions’ type. The adopted criteria, obtained from the simulations of 160 missions, present a testing asset, referring to a current lack of the spatiotemporal requirements and a need for extending the research in this area to provide a more rapid integration of these vehicles into the civil controlled airspace. The paper then elaborates the computational framework for the conflict detection and resolution function and operational metrics for causal identification of the spatiotemporal interdependencies between two or more cooperative vehicles. The vehicles are considered as a conflict mission system that strives to achieve an efficient solution by applying certain maneuvering measures, before a loss of separation occurs. The operational trials of five local, short-range missions, supported by the simulation scenario, demonstrate the potential for a time-based complexity analysis in the conflict resolution processes with less demanding and more efficient coordinated maneuvers. The results show that those maneuvers would not induce any new conflicts and disrupt the cooperative mission system when the spatial capacity only might not be favorable in provision of the avoidance maneuvers within an available airspace.
11
Abdul-Samed, Baqir, and Ammar Aldair. "Outdoor & Indoor Quadrotor Mission." 3D SCEEER Conference sceeer, no. 3d (July 1, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.sceeer.3rd.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The last few years Quadrotor became an important topic, many researches have implemented and tested concerning that topic. Quadrotor also called an unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), it's highly used in many applications like security, civil applications, aid, rescue and a lot of other applications. It’s not a conventional helicopter because of small size, low cost and the ability of vertical and takeoff landing (VTOL). The models kept an eye on quadrotors were presented, the advancement of this new kind of air vehicle is hindered for a very long while because of different reasons, for example, mechanical multifaceted nature, enormous size and weight, and challenges in charge particularly. Just as of late a lot of interests and endeavors have been pulled in on it; a quadrotor has even become a progressively discretionary vehicle for useful application. Quadrotor can be used in variable, different , outdoor and indoor missions; these missions should be implemented with high value of accuracy and quality. In this work two scenarios suggested for different two missions. First mission the quadrotor will be used to reach different goals in the simulated city for different places during one flight using path following algorithm. The second mission will be an indoor arrival mission, during that mission quadrotor will avoid obstacles by using only Pure pursuit algorithm (PPA). To show the benefit of using the new strategy it will compare with a victor field histogram algorithm (VFH) which is used widely in robotics for avoiding obstacles, the comparison will be in terms of reaching time and distance of reaching the goal. The Gazebo Simulator (GS) is used to visualize the movement of the quadrotor. The gazebo has another preferred position it helps to show the motion development of the quadrotor without managing the mathematical model of the quadrotor. The Robotic Operating System (ROS) is used to transfer the data between the MATLAB Simulink program and the Gazebo Simulator. The diversion results show that, the proposed mission techniques win to drive the quarter on the perfect route similarly at the limit with regards to the quadrotor to go without hitting any obstacle in the perfect way.
12
ZAJC, SREČKO. "VLOGA CIVILNIH STROKOVNJAKOV V MEDNARODNIH OPERACIJAH IN NA MISIJAH SLOVENSKE IZKUŠNJE V PRT – ISAF AFGANISTAN." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2012/ ISSUE 14/4 (October 30, 2012): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.14.4.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Zapletenost, večplastnost in številni interesi v sodobnih konfliktih zahtevajo ustrezna orodja, ki morajo biti uporabljena pravočasno, sorazmerno in učinkovito. Področje civilno-vojaškega sodelovanja, pogosto poimenovano s kratico CIMIC1, je vse po- membnejši nabor razpoložljivih orodij. Poseben izziv predstavlja vključevanje civilnih oseb v vojaške enote, v slovenskem primeru civilnih funkcionalnih strokov- njakov, ki so po svojem statusu civilne osebe, vendar so v času delovanja v okolju mednarodne operacije in misije podrejeni vojaškemu poveljniku pristojne vojaške enote. Ali njihova civilna izvedenska poročila lahko pomagajo tudi pri izpolnjeva- nju misije vojaške komponente pri reševanju konflikta ali so morda tujek in ovira v pristopu, ki ga uporabljajo nacionalne vojske? Ali civiliziranje vojaške komponente nekega mednarodnega posega pospeši proces stabilizacije in vodi v hitrejšo obnovo institucij pravne države? Premislek je izziv vojaški in civilni strani, da stopita iz svojih okvirov. Članek ni študija fenomena PRT, saj bi to zahtevalo drugačen pristop. Complex and multifaceted nature, as well as numerous interests in modern conflicts require the use of appropriate tools in a timely, proportional and effective manner. The area of civil-military cooperation, often referred to as CIMIC2, represents an increasingly important range of available tools. A specific challenge lies in the inte- gration of civilians into military units. In the case of Slovenia, they are referred to as civil functional specialists, civilians by status, but during their deployment in an international operation or mission, subordinated to a military commander in charge of a competent military unit. Can their civilian expert reports help in a military component’s mission accomplishment and the resolution of the conflict or are they maybe a foreign object and an obstacle in the approach used by foreign nation’s armed forces? Does the introduction of civilians into a military component accele- rate the stabilisation process and lead to a quicker reconstruction of rule of law in- stitutions? This consideration challenges both, military and civilian parties to think outside the box. However, the article is not a study of the PRT phenomenon, since this would require a different approach.
13
Horn, Karen. "The Scottish Catholic Mission Stations in Bauchi Province, Nigeria: 1957-1970." Journal of Religion in Africa 40, no. 2 (2010): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006610x499877.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn 1963 the Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh, Gordon Joseph Gray, asked for volunteers to staff a mission station in the Bauchi province in the north of Nigeria. By the end of 1969 the Bauchi experiment was deemed a success; however, the process of establishing the mission was littered with complications. Not only had this station been abandoned by the Society of African Missions since 1957, it was also firmly located in an Islam-dominated area where Catholic priests had to compete not only with Muslims but also with American Protestant missionaries and indigenous religions. To make matters worse, the years between 1963 and 1970 included two coups and a civil war during which religion became the focus of much of the violence. This article looks at the correspondence between Archbishop Gray and the volunteers in Bauchi in order to provide insight into how the missionaries experienced their task of establishing a Scottish Catholic presence an area others considered too hostile.
14
Templalexis, Ioannis, Ioannis Lionis, and Nikolaos Christou. "Comparative Study of a Powerplant Life Consumption Rate When Installed in Two Different Aircraft Variants." Aerospace 8, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8110327.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Hellenic Air Force (HAF) operates both EMB-145 and EMB-135 LR versions of Embraer aircraft, used in surveillance and civil missions respectively. These aircraft are equipped with the same version of Rolls Royce, AE 3007 turbofan engine. This study aims to quantify and compare the life consumption rate of this engine when installed in each of the two aircraft variants. Two typical missions, one for each variant, were constructed based on mission profile data dictated by the aircraft commanders. For each mission profile segment, corresponding engine data were matched out of the engine recordings archives held by the Hellenic Air Force. The life consumption rate was based on the Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) and creep cumulative detrimental effect on the rotor blades of the 1st High-Pressure Turbine stage. For the LCF, the rainflow method was used to determine the respective loading cycles, whereas the Larson - Miller parameter method was used to determine the consumed life fractions due to creep. The main conclusion of the study was that the engine when installed in the EMB-145 military variant, is much more loaded. Despite the fact absolute life consumption values could hide a great level of uncertainty, the comparative outcomes wherein errors are, to a certain extent, cancelled out, could be used as a rule of thumb when monitoring engine life consumption rates.
15
Wojnicz, Luiza. "Indicators for measuring Europeanisation ad extra in the EU civilian mission in Bosnia and Hercegovina from 2003-2012." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 19, no. 4 (December 2021): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2021.4.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents a quantitative and qualitative measurement of the components of Europeanisation ad extra in the EU civilian mission in Bosnia and Hercegovina from 2003-2012. The study aims to show that Europeanisation ad extra affects third countries to a certain extent and it is thus a form of exporting the European organisational, normative, and axiological model. The exploration relates to a completed civil mission. For the needs of this study, the Author generated two basic indicators; one quantitative and one qualitative, and used them as tools for synthesising and categorising the studied area, based on the assumption that, in this way, it will be possible to measure the intensity of the Europeanisation process in the external trajectory (ad extra). The analysis of the quantitative and qualitative indices shows the number of activities in the area of security carried out in the framework of the civilian missions in question. As evidenced by these indicators, the export of European norms, values, solutions, and practices is more likely to succeed for the Balkans than for other continents where EU civilian missions are deployed. Measurement of the Europeanisation ad extra, taking the example of Bosnia and Hercegovina, proves that in its expeditionary policy, the European Union has a significant impact on third countries through transferring European standards in various areas of security such as social or axiological.
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Wroceński, Józef. "Gwarancje dostępu Kościoła katolickiego do środków społecznego przekazu." Prawo Kanoniczne 53, no. 3-4 (October 15, 2010): 289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/pk.2010.53.3-4.15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lo studio dell’autore presenta l’attuale problematica delle garanzie del diritto civile polacco riguardo l’accesso della Chiesa cattolica ai mezzi di comunicazione sociale. Nel mondo d’oggi i mass media sono lo strumento principale della raccolta e della trasmissione delle notizie. Ogni tanto si fanno vedere le voci nella pubblica discussione che assegnano solo allo stato e alla società laica il diritto d’accesso ai tali mezzi, in tal modo negandolo o limitandolo alla Chiesa. L’ultimi discorsi papali e le dichiarazioni della Santa Sede indicano il ruolo importante dei mezzi di comunicazione sociale nella nuova evangelizzazione. L’autore, attraverso analizzi delle norme della legislazione civile polacca, soprattutto delle norme della costituzione, del concordato e delle altre leggi civili, fa vedere che le garanzie d’accesso derivate dal sistema giuridico polacco sono uguali ai livelli mondiali e assicurano alla Chiesa il libero accesso ai mezzi di comunicazione sociale. La Chiesa cattolica in Polonia può liberalmente utilizzare non solo i propri mezzi, ma anche quelli pubblici nella realizzazione della propria missione ecclesiale.
17
Hazelkorn, Ellen. "Maximizing the Civil Mission of Universities." International Higher Education, no. 97 (March 13, 2019): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2019.97.10936.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The contribution and impact of universities on the cities and regions in which they are based is an increasing focus of government policy. This builds upon their public good role with respect to knowledge creation and dissemination, but it also responds to problems of deep social and economic inequality in our societies. Wales is no different. In the belief that universities can make a significant contribution, the Welsh government commissioned a report seeking to maximize Welsh universities civic mission.
18
Vouros, Stavros, Mavroudis Kavvalos, Smruti Sahoo, and Konstantinos Kyprianidis. "Enabling the potential of hybrid electric propulsion through lean-burn-combustion turbofans." Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society 5 (September 16, 2021): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33737/jgpps/140592.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hybrid-electric propulsion has emerged as a promising technology to mitigate the adverse environmental impact of civil aviation. Boosting conventional gas turbines with electric power improves mission performance and operability. In this work the impact of electrification on pollutant emissions and direct operating cost of geared turbofan configurations is evaluated for an 150-passenger aircraft. A baseline two-and-a-half-shaft geared turbofan, representative of year 2035 entry-into-service technology, is employed. Parallel hybridization is implemented through coupling a battery-powered electric motor to the engine low-speed shaft. A multi-disciplinary design space exploration framework is employed comprising modelling methods for multi-point engine design, aircraft sizing, performance and pollutant emissions, mission and economic analysis. A probabilistic approach is developed considering uncertainties in the evaluation of direct operating cost. Sensitivities to electrical power system technology levels, as well as fuel price and emissions taxation are quantified at different time-frames. The benefits of lean direct injection are explored along short-, medium-, and long-range missions, demonstrating 32% NO<italic><sub>x</sub></italic> savings compared to traditional rich-burn, quick-mix, lean-burn technologies in short-range operations. The impact of electrification on the enhancement of lean direct injection benefits is investigated. For hybrid-electric powerplants, the take-off-to-cruise turbine entry temperature ratio is 2.5% lower than the baseline, extending the corresponding NO<italic><sub>x</sub></italic> reductions to the level of 46% in short-range missions. This work sheds light on the environmental and economic potential and limitations of a hybrid-electric propulsion concept towards a greener and sustainable civil aviation.
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Doempke, Stephan. "Stephan Doempke, World Heritage Watch: Strategic Goals, Achievements and Challenges after Four Years." 2 8, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v8i2_6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The World Heritage Committee routinely receives information about the state of conservation of WH properties from State Parties or ICOMOS orIUCN mission reports. While State Party Reports are often incomplete, outdated or even incorrect, Advisory Missions suffer from being too short and understaffed in order to fully grasp the local situation. The author will show that the observations of civil society must be brought in as checks and balances to let the WH Committee have a full understanding of the dynamics that affect World Heritage Properties. For many years, UNESCO has been requiring the participation of local communities in all procedures of the World Heritage Convention - from tentative lists and nominations to management and monitoring.
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Tounsel, Christopher. "‘Render to Caesar’." Social Sciences and Missions 31, no. 3-4 (August 17, 2018): 341–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-03103005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This article examines the relationship between missions and the government during the late colonial and early independence era in Sudan. I approach the matter of religious liberty by looking at missionaries’ references to Scripture and their understandings of the roles of Church and State during a period of political change. Acknowledgments that Christians are called to ‘render to Caesar’ were coupled by defiance to the government’s aim to inculcate Islam in the South. Mission articulations of religious thought allow for a useful comparison to the liberationist religious rhetoric that Southern Sudanese Christians fashioned during the First Civil War. Missionaries were co-architects of political theology during an era of sociopolitical change.
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Tudose, Dragoș C., and Daniel Nică. "Air MEDEVAC in case of multiple casualties -The experience of civilian-military cooperation in RoAF." Romanian Journal of Military Medicine 119, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55453/rjmm.2016.119.2.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: Starting September 2010 in Romania was created the Military Emergency Medical Service (SMMU) by the Ministry of National Defense, which has as main mission to provide first aid and save the lives of military personnel during military operations using special equipped MEDEAVC aircraft. Nationwide exist the national emergency system which operates thru 112- SMURD acting in support of the civilian population. In case of accidents with multiple victims the experience has shown the need for collaboration between the two systems, in order to save lives. In the last 5 years there has been an increasing Airlift missions (MEDEVAC) with multiple victims executed by joint civil-military medical teams using military aircraft. Material and methods. This paper provides a review of the most important aspects of particularities, advantages and disadvantages of this type of medical transport using the MEDEVAC missions based study carried out by the Air Force in recent years. Results and conclusions. Performing these tasks presents challenges to mission planning, use of medical equipment and procedures, command-control system, exercise programs jointly joint medical teams and, of course, managing a large number of patients in flight. The large number of patients transported safely and in the shortest time, regardless of weather conditions recommends this type of medical intervention. Given the Romanian military presence in various theaters and that NATO strategic medical evacuation is a national responsibility, the capacity of air transport in case multiple casualties is a priority.
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Wen, Haolin, Peng Di, and Tong Chen. "Warship Mission Reliability Modeling and Simulation from the Perspective of Equipment Support Resource." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2023): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030504.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To address the complex role of equipment support resource allocation on mission reliability during warship missions, this study establishes a warship mission reliability simulation system by using agent-based modeling to simulate warship task flow, equipment reliability structures, fault rules, and equipment support resource allocation schemes. The simulation system has the characteristics of multielement, modular, flexible configuration and easy operation. The key metrics relevant to different task conditions, such as the mission reliability of multistage and multistate systems, and the number of recommended allocations of equipment support resources, can be calculated by the system. In addition, sensitivity analyses of task parameters, equipment reliability structure, and the number of spare parts is carried out, and the effects on task reliability are discussed. The influencing factors considered in the modeling and calculation of mission reliability are expanded in this study, which can provide technical support for the optimal allocation of shipboard equipment support resources during the use phase of a warship, and the supportability design of warship equipment during the development phase.
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Janssen, Kim, and Piet Wit. "The Ecosystem Approach in military operations: no security without ecological security, no stability without sustainability." Forestry Studies 54, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10132-011-0095-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This paper describes a recently developed training module on the “ecosystem approach”, with the military as target group. Initiated by NATO-affiliated Civil-Military Co-operation Centre of Excellence (CIMIC COE), the module fits into a multidisciplinary new training approach, in which the military learns to integrate specific concepts into their missions, such as environmental issues. In developing the training module, a combination of the Rapid Ecological Assessment (REA) and Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) techniques has been formed into a stepwise approach for military to enable them to quickly scan and analyse important environmental issues in their mission environments. The result of the training module is an instructive publication and an attached instruction card, the latter being a tool commonly used by military
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Henningsen, Anne Folke. "Contesting Promised Land: Moravian Mission Land Conflict in South Africa around 1900." Social Sciences and Missions 23, no. 2 (2010): 254–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187489410x511560.
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AbstractAt the Moravian mission station Goshen in South Africa's Eastern Cape, conflicts over land rights between missionaries and dissenting congregants around the turn of the twentieth century, led to court cases between the two parties. Through a case study of such a conflict with ensuing court cases, the strategies and practices of the parties involved are analysed and the impact of the civil disobedience of the dissenting congregants is shown. La station missionnaire morave de Goshen, à l'est du Cap en Afrique du Sud, vit émerger au tournant du vingtième siècle des conflits entre missionnaires et croyants dissidents autour des droits sur la terre, conflits qui entrainèrent les deux parties devant la justice. En étudiant ces conflits et les aff aires judiciaires qui s'ensuivirent, ce texte analyse les stratégies et les pratiques des parties impliquées ainsi que l'impact de la désobéissance civile des croyants dissidents.
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Gires, Ezanee, and . "Simulation framework for civil tiltrotor mission performance." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.13 (October 9, 2018): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.13.21352.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A simulation framework for the overall mission performance of a civil tiltrotor system is presented. In this work, a numerical model of a benchmark tiltrotor aircraft’s flight dynamics is paired with a high-fidelity simulation of the turboshaft powerplant. The gas turbine simulation of the baseline engine is shown to have high accuracy with its available performance data from flight and stationary tests. The simulation is further validated by the obtained maximum range and endurance performance based on the XV-15 tiltrotor. The power requirements during the different phases of tiltrotor flight are also modelled including the transition phases between rotary- to fixed-wing. A mission framework is designed to show the estimated fuel burn and emissions. The mission procedures are based on the flight envelope data available in the public domain as well as modern helicopter operations. This work can be used as the baseline for the modelling of conceptual configurations of civil tiltrotors, particularly for variations in powerplant technologies.
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Brandon, Dennis Leroy, Victor Frank Medina, and Agnes Belinda Morrow. "A Case History Study of the Recycling Efforts from the United States Army Corps of Engineers Hurricane Katrina Debris Removal Mission in Mississippi." Advances in Civil Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/526256.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In support of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) managed the removal of Hurricane Katrina storm debris in several states. This paper focuses on the debris removal practices in 16 southern Mississippi counties and the recycling efforts. Debris was removed from public and private property. The debris included vegetation, construction material, electronic waste, vehicles, and vessels. The scope of the USACE mission was expanded several times. The scope within the respective counties varied from vegetation only to the removal of every eligible form of debris. The recommendations proposed should enhance recycling efforts during future debris removal missions.
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Fokina, Ekaterina, Jens Feger, and Mirko Hornung. "A Mission Performance Evaluation Approach for Civil UAS Applications." MATEC Web of Conferences 221 (2018): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822105006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) mission fulfilment grade is determined by performance capabilities of the system elements, such as UAV flight performance, sensor parameters, energy consumption and communication abilities. The mission simulation and evaluation tool chain developed at the Institute of Aircraft Design allows to assess the system effectiveness in terms of civil and commercial UAS applications and by this to evaluate trade off studies regarding the compatibility between the air vehicle, the sensor payload and the mission. The presented approach for mission performance evaluation is based on the calculation of an overall mission performance index implemented in the UAS design and optimization processes.
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Weaver, Jillinda. "Civil Religion, George W. Bush's Divine Mission, and an Ethics of Mission." Political Theology 9, no. 1 (February 3, 2008): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/poth.v9i1.9.
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Muliarchuk, Yevhen Ivanovych. "Calling as a Motivating Factor of the Development of Education in Ukraine." Filosofiya osvity. Philosophy of Education 20, no. 1 (May 21, 2018): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2309-1606-2017-20-1-213-234.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article raises importance of the topic of mission in contemporary philosophy and educational sciences. Mission is a basic idea for building up of civil society as a community of responsible and committed people. Mission has a special significance for teaching professions. Ukraine as well as many other countries experiences a shortage of teachers. Many successful students of pedagogical professions prefer to get other jobs because of low salaries and prestige of teaching. The problem of motivation in educational sphere needs political, public and scientific awareness.
The skeptics and pragmatics are not sure that mission is a vital idea of our days. That is why it was important to find out whether the phenomenon of mission exists in the consciousness of contemporary Ukrainians and how it appears to them. In the focus of the article are opinions of secondary school graduates, students, whose area is educational sciences and professional teachers. The method and strategy of the presented research is hermeneutic phenomenology. The relevant experience of people was examined and interpreted by in-depth interviews. Before in-depth interviews there was conducted a quantitative survey which provided the statistical data about the choosing factors of future professions and the share of those who declare having the experience of mission.
The result of the survey is that at least half of Ukrainian youth think that the idea of mission is important for their choice of profession. Mission as a phenomenon shows the unity of structural elements: Desire – Talent – Realization – Social or Spiritual Benefit. The aim of transpersonal goodness is the core of the phenomenon of mission and the integrity of its structure. Teaching as a career definitely needs mission, even though it is not true for some teachers. That is undoubted thesis for Ukrainians. Teacher’s mission is to bring young people to their own missions. If the essence of education is a rising people to the level of spirit out of the level of matter, the task of a teacher is to bring up that ability of that rising in the youth. People of mission are those who have to be in the center of the development of education system reforms in Ukraine.
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Potapova, Natalya. "Mission of Foreign Protestants in Russia on the Eve and during the Great Russian Revolution and the Civil War." ISTORIYA 12, no. 8 (106) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016693-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the study of a wide range of sources (published and unpublished), the article explores the activities of foreign Protestant missions in Russia on the eve and during the years of the revolution, the Civil War and foreign intervention (1917—1922). The intensification of the bilateral process of interaction between Russian and foreign Protestantism during the years of the revolution, the Civil War and the intervention in Russia under the conditions of the proclaimed freedom of conscience and the absence of legislative restrictions on missionary activity, was associated, both with the global missionary designs of foreign, primarily American missionary and Christian humanitarian organizations, and with the internal trends in the development of the domestic Evangelical-Baptist community, which has set as its goal the large-scale evangelization of Russia. Using the example of the largest denominations — Evangelical Christianity and Baptism, the impact of foreign missionaries and missionary organizations on domestic Protestantism is studied, the main countries-“importers” of the mission, its goals, methods and forms of missionary work, the main directions of interaction with Russian believers are identified.
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Di Salvatore, Jessica. "Obstacle to Peace? Ethnic Geography and Effectiveness of Peacekeeping." British Journal of Political Science 50, no. 3 (October 8, 2018): 1089–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123418000200.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractUnder what conditions does peacekeeping reduce one-sided violence in civil wars? This article argues that local sources of violence, particularly ethnic geography, affect peacekeeping effectiveness. Existing studies focus on the features of individual missions, yet curbing one-sided violence also depends on peacekeepers’ capacity to reduce the opportunities and incentives for violence. Moving from the idea that territorial control is a function of ethnic polarization, the article posits that peacekeepers are less effective against one-sided violence where power asymmetries are large (low polarization) because they (1) create incentives for escalation against civilians and (2) are less effective at separating/monitoring combatants. The UN mission in Sierra Leone from 1997 to 2001 is examined to show that UN troops reduce one-sided violence, but their effectiveness decreases as power asymmetries grow.
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Krawczyk, Jacek, and Marek Tomaszycki. "NATO Command System and Air Policing in the Polish Airspace." Przegląd Nauk o Obronności, no. 11 (February 28, 2022): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/pno/146918.
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ObjectivesThe article presents the NATO command structure with particular emphasis on the units responsible for command and control in the Polish airspace. The structure was described at three levels of command: strategic, operational and the tactical level. Moreover, the article also presents the issues concerning sovereignty in the space of the Republic of Poland and the cooperation of civil and military services in relation to the aircraft, which in an unauthorised manner crossed the state air border.MethodsScientific methods used in the paper are: analysis and criticism of written sources, analysis and logical construction.ResultsThe article presents the structures of commands responsible for protection and defence of the airspace of NATO countries, their brief characteristics, command relationships and interdependencies between them and the main assumptions and objectives of the Air Policing mission, as well as the principles of implementation of this mission in the Polish airspaceConclusionsThe main purpose of NATO's activities is to protect its member states, as a basis for preserving peace and strengthening international security. The organisational structures of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, based on three levels of command, are able to ensure the security of all 30 countries belonging to the alliance. The Polish airspace command system is fully compatible and integrated with the NATO system and in constant readiness to carry out combat missions, including the Air Policing Mission.
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Irmawan, Erwhin, and Erwan Eko Prasetiyo. "Kendali Adaptif Neuro Fuzzy PID untuk Kestabilan Terbang Fixed Wing UAV (Adaptive Control of Neuro Fuzzy PID for Fixed Wing UAV Flight Stability)." Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi 9, no. 1 (February 5, 2020): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jnteti.v9i1.142.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), especially fixed wing, are widely used to carry out various missions, namely civil and military missions. To support the implementation of this mission, it is necessary to develop an intelligent automatic control system (autopilot). In this paper, an autopilot system with adaptive neuro fuzzy PID control is developed to control lateral (pitch) and longitudinal (roll) motion, by taking advantage of PID, fuzzy, and neural network control. Therefore, robust controls which can handle non-linear conditions can be formed. This paper aims to determine the performance of adaptive control of neuro fuzzy PID controllers for longitudinal and lateral motion on UAV. The result shows that adaptive control of neuro fuzzy PID are able to control the lateral and longitudinal motion of the aircraft and able to compensate for interferences from environmental disturbances in flying condition, such as changes in direction and wind speed that causes changes in aircraft attitude. The control characteristics of neuro fuzzy PID adaptive control in lateral and longitudinal motion are relatively similar. Adaptive control of neuro fuzzy PID has better performance than fuzzy PID control, i.e., faster settling time and lower percentage of maximum overshoot.
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Motsch, Pascaline. "Les droits de l’homme dans les missions de construction de la paix." Civitas Europa 41, no. 2 (2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/civit.041.0051.
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Ciobanu, D., G. Kemper, D. Ilie, D. Răducanu, and O. L. Balotă. "USING THE OPEN SKIES MULTI SENSOR SYSTEM FOR MILITARY OBSERVATION MISSIONS AND CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2022 (May 30, 2022): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2022-301-2022.
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Abstract. In this paper we aim to show the workflow and the technical systems used for Open Skies missions as well as the use of this Multi Sensor System for civil applications. While missions conducted and analyzed under the force of Open Skies Treaty is a technical and administrative one, the very complex sensor system enables various civil missions for a wide range of tasks. Especially the combination with LiDAR gives new opportunities. We describe typical Open Skies work steps besides civil tasks that need as calibration, accuracy estimations and adjusted workflows especially with the LiDAR data and different camera setups.
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Ang, A. W. X., A. Gangoli Rao, T. Kanakis, and W. Lammen. "Performance analysis of an electrically assisted propulsion system for a short-range civil aircraft." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 4 (February 1, 2018): 1490–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410017754146.
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With civil aviation growing at around 4.7% per annum, the environmental footprint of aviation is increasing. Moreover, the use of kerosene as a fuel accelerates the depletion of non-renewable fossil fuels and increases global warming. Hence, the aviation industry has to come up with new technologies to reduce its environmental impact and make aviation more sustainable. An electrically assisted propulsion system can combine the benefits of an electrical power source with a conventional turbofan engine. However, the additional electrical system increases the weight of the aircraft and complexity of the power management system. The objective of this research is to analyze the effect of an assistive electrical system on the performance of a turbofan engine for an A320 class aircraft on a short-range mission. The developed simulation model consists of an aircraft performance model combined with a propulsion model. The power management strategy is integrated within the simulation model. With the proposed propulsion system and power management strategy, the electrically assisted propulsion system would be able to reduce fuel burn, total energy consumption, and emissions for short-range missions of around 1000 km.
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Pechatnov, Vladimir. "“The Principal Russian Church in America”: from the History of Saint Nicholas Russian Orthodox Cathedral in the City of New York." ISTORIYA 12, no. 11 (109) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017595-3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on previously unearthed documents from the Russia’s State Historical Archive and the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire the article explores the history of the first Russian Orthodox parish in New York City and construction of Saint-Nickolas Russian Orthodox Cathedral in the city. It was a protracted and complicated interagency process that involved Russian Orthodox mission in the United States, Russia’s Foreign Ministry and its missions in the United States, the Holy Governing Synod, Russia’s Ministry of Finance and the State Council. The principal actors were the bishops Nicholas (Ziorov) and especially Tikhon (Bellavin), Ober-Prosecutor of the Holy Governing Synod Konstantine Pobedonostsev and Reverend Alexander Khotovitsky. This case study of the Cathedral history reveals an interaction of ecclesiastical and civil authorities in which private and civic initiative was combined with strict bureaucratic rules and procedures.
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Komline, David. "“If There Were One People”: Francis Weninger and the Segregation of American Catholicism." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 27, no. 2 (2017): 218–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2017.27.2.218.
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AbstractThis article uses the career of Francis Weninger—an Austrian Jesuit who traversed the United States preaching mostly to German audiences—to trace the development of Roman Catholic approaches to African American missions from the end of the Civil War to the rise of Jim Crow. The study proceeds in two parts, each of which addresses three themes. The first half treats Weninger's work among American Germans, examining the historical context, mission strategy, and revivalistic activity involved in Weninger’s work among his fellow immigrants. The second half details Weninger's evangelistic efforts among African Americans, reversing the order of these themes: first, it describes his activity, then, his strategy and motivation, and, finally, how Weninger's work fits into the broader context of Catholic race relations. The paper shows that the activism of Francis Weninger, the most significant Catholic advocate of missions to African Americans during the key time period in which the American Catholic church adopted an official policy of racial segregation, helped both to stimulate and to define later Roman Catholic initiatives to evangelize African Americans. Weninger modeled his approach to evangelizing African Americans directly on his work among German immigrants, encouraging both groups to establish their own ethnically and racially segregated parishes.
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Valíková, Barbora. "Lisa Hultman, Jacob D. Kathman and Megan Shannon: Peacekeeping in the Midst of War." Mezinárodní vztahy 56, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32422/mv-cjir.1754.
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Are United Nations peacekeeping missions effective at reducing violence in civil wars? Although UN peacekeeping is a notable intervention tool, the international community lacks systematic knowledge of how well it mitigates civil war violence. Given that UN peacekeeping is increasingly used in the midst of war, this is a significant research gap with direct policy relevance. This book systematically explores if and how the capacity and constitution of UN peacekeeping missions affect the amount of violence in civil conflicts. It argues that peacekeeping effectiveness needs to be assessed in relative terms, theorizing that more robust missions are increasingly capable of addressing combatant incentives for employing violence. The authors conduct large-n analyses of the number of combatants and civilians killed during each month for all civil wars globally from 1992 to 2014, measuring the capacity and constitution of UN missions with unique data on the number and type of peacekeeping personnel deployed. The analyses reveal that increasing UN military troop and police personnel deployed to a conflict significantly reduces violence against civilians, and increasing UN military troop personnel significantly mitigates battle-related violence. By contrast, smaller missions and missions composed of observers are not associated with reduced violence. The book complements the large-n analyses with qualitative explorations of peacekeeping mechanisms on violence in Côte d’Ivoire and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The authors conclude that while peacekeeping is not without detriments, it is an effective tool of violence reduction.
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Ruth, Malunga N’landu. "L’administration de la Preuve Face aux Exigences du Principe Dispositif en droit Civil Congolais." KAS African Law Study Library - Librairie Africaine d’Etudes Juridiques 6, no. 2 (2019): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2019-2-205.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dans une affaire civile, le principe dispositif circonscrit l’étendu et le contenu des faits conformément à la requête des parties dans le cadre de l’instance. Il a donc pour fonction de venir déterminer l’office des parties quant aux faits. Cette fonction est présentée en parallèle avec celle du juge dans sa mission de dire le droit. Les parties doivent amener les faits dans le cadre de l’instance suivant les limites de la requête et le juge à son tours ne peut pas statuer au-delà des faits qui sous-tendent la requête qui lui est soumise par les parties, ni dénaturer les faits de la cause dans le procès civil. Ainsi, la preuve qui peut être exigée ou retenue à l’instance n’est relative qu’aux faits de la cause que les parties ont apportée devant le juge. Ni le juge, moins encore une partie au litige, ne peut exiger d’autres preuves ultra causa par respect au principe dispositif d’application en procédure civile en RDC qui veut que se soit les parties qui amènent les faits à l’instance mais pas le juge et les preuves ne peuvent être exigé que dans la limite de ces faits. C’est dans ce contexte que cette étude s’intéresse aux défis auxquels est confrontée l’administration de la preuve face aux exigences du principe dispositif dans un procès civil en RDC.
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Galie, Peter. "Teaching Civil Liberties: The Missing Dimension." Perspectives on Political Science 22, no. 3 (July 1993): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10457097.1993.9944526.
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Lee, Kan. "The “China Lobby” in Tokyo: The Struggle of China’s Mission in Japan for General Douglas MacArthur’s Military Assistance in the Chinese Civil War, 1946-1949." Journal of Chinese Military History 8, no. 1 (May 17, 2019): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341338.
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Abstract The Chinese Mission in Japan, which existed from 1946 until Japan regained its sovereignty as a result of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1952, represented the Republic of China in working with the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) in reconstructing postwar Japan. The original objective of the Chinese Mission was to serve as the government’s agency to carry out the repatriation of Japanese troops and civilians from China in coordination with the Allies, secure war reparations from Japan, and try war criminals. However, as President Harry S. Truman terminated US aid to China in 1947 and Guomindang (GMD) military fortunes in the Chinese Civil War declined under the command of Chiang Kai-shek, the Chinese Mission was given an additional assignment: to lobby General Douglas MacArthur to secure military assistance from SCAP. This essay discusses the interaction between the Chinese Mission and General MacArthur during the Chinese Civil War from 1946 to 1949 and examines the way in which the Chinese Mission persuaded him to play a role in the Civil War. This study argues that although it was in opposition to Washington, MacArthur’s determination to assist Chiang Kai-shek was in great part due to the strenuous lobbying of the Chinese Mission in Tokyo. Although MacArthur’s intervention could not reverse the final outcome of the Chinese Civil War, his anti-Communist outlook was formed and played a significant role during the Korean War a year later.
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Willis, Justin, Gabrielle Lynch, and Nic Cheeseman. "“A valid electoral exercise”? Uganda's 1980 Elections and the Observers’ Dilemma." Comparative Studies in Society and History 59, no. 1 (January 2017): 211–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001041751600058x.
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AbstractThe presence at Uganda's 1980 general elections of a Commonwealth Observer Group might be seen as a seminal moment. This was the first formal international observation of polls in a sovereign African state and the precursor of multiple similar missions that later became routine. Yet the 1980 mission sits uneasily in the history of election observation. The observers endorsed the results despite evidence of malpractice, and Uganda plunged into civil war within months. Internationally, the mission is now either forgotten or treated as an embarrassment. Within Uganda, it has been denounced as part of an outsider conspiracy to foist an unwanted president on an unwilling people. This article argues that the 1980 mission was neither entirely seminal nor an aberration, and that both the elections and observation were driven partly by actors within Uganda rather than simply imposed by outsiders. The availability of UK government records allows us to see the events of 1980 as a particularly clear example of a recurring “observers’ dilemma.” Ideally, elections combine democracy and state-building. They offer people a choice as to who will lead or represent them, and at the same time they assert through performance a crucial distinction between a capable, ordering state and a law-abiding citizenry. Yet these two aspects of elections may be in tension; a poll that offers little or no real choice may still perform “stateness” through substantial, orderly public participation. When that happens in what would now be called a “fragile state,” should international observers denounce the results?
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Kenzin, Maksim, Igor Bychkov, and Nikolai Maksimkin. "A Hierarchical Approach to Intelligent Mission Planning for Heterogeneous Fleets of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111639.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The rapid development of marine robotic technology in recent decades has resulted in significant improvements in the self-sufficiency of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). However, simple scenario-based approaches are no longer sufficient when it comes to ensuring the efficient interaction of multiple autonomous vehicles in complex dynamic missions. The necessity to respond cooperatively to constant changes under severe operating constraints, such as energy or communication limitations, results in the challenge of developing intelligent adaptive approaches for planning and organizing group activities. The current study presents a novel hierarchical approach to the group control system designed for large heterogeneous fleets of AUVs. The high-level core of the approach is rendezvous-based mission planning and is aimed to effectively decompose the mission, ensure regular communication, and schedule AUVs recharging activities. The high-level planning problem is formulated as an original acyclic variation of the inverse shift scheduling problem, which is NP-hard. Since regular schedule adjustments are supposed to be made by the robots themselves right in the course of the mission, a meta-heuristic hybrid evolutionary algorithm is developed to construct feasible sub-optimal solutions in a short time. The high efficiency of the proposed approach is shown through a series of computational experiments.
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Licina, Derek. "Hospital Ships Adrift? Part 1: A Systematic Literature Review Characterizing US Navy Hospital Ship Humanitarian and Disaster Response, 2004-2012." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 28, no. 3 (February 15, 2013): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x13000149.
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AbstractBackgroundUnited States foreign policy is tied extensively to health initiatives, many related to the use of military assets. Despite substantial resource investment by the US Department of Defense (DoD) in hospital ship humanitarian assistance and disaster response missions, the impact of this investment is unclear.MethodsA systematic literature review of both peer-reviewed and grey literature using eight databases representing the international community and multiple sectors was conducted. Data on the characteristics of missions directly related to US Navy hospital ship humanitarian assistance and disaster response from 2004-2012 were extracted and documented.ResultsOf the 1445 sources reviewed, a total of 43 publications met criteria for review. Six (13.9%) met empirical documentation criteria and 37 (86.0%) were considered nonempirical expert opinions and anecdotal accounts that were primarily descriptive in nature. Overall, disaster response accounted for 67.4% (29/43) and humanitarian assistance 25.6% (11/43). Public and private sector participants produced 79.0% (34/43) and 20.9% (9/43) of the publications respectively. Of private sector publications, 88.9% (8/9) focused on disaster response compared to 61.8% (21/34) from the public sector. Of all publications meeting inclusion criteria, 81.4% (35/43) focused on medical care, 9.3% (4/43) discussed partnerships, 4.7% (2/43) training, and 4.7% (2/43) medical ethics and strategic utilization. No primary author publications from the diplomatic, development, or participating host nations were identified. One (2.3%) of the 43 publications was from a partner nation participant.DiscussionWithout rigorous research methods yielding valid and reliable data-based information pertaining to Navy hospital ship mission impact, policy makers are left with anecdotal reports to influence their decision-making processes. This is inadequate considering the frequency of hospital ship deployments used as a foreign policy tool and the considerable funding that is involved in each mission. Future research efforts should study empirically the short- and long-term impacts of hospital ship missions in building regional and civil-military partnerships while meeting the humanitarian and disaster response needs of host nation populations.LicinaD. Hospital ships adrift? Part 1: a systematic literature review characterizing US Navy hospital ship humanitarian and disaster response, 2004-2012. Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(3):1–10..
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Gashi, Dr Sc Bejtush, and Dr Sc Dario Molnar. "The role of NATO in the demilitarization of Kosovo Liberation Army and in establishment of Kosovo Protection Corps and Kosovo Security Force." ILIRIA International Review 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i2.143.
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Kosovo Liberation Army was demilitarized and demobilized pursuant to Rambouillet accord articles and 1244 Resolution, under the control of military component of the international administration in Kosovo – Kosovo Forces (NATO). Establishment of Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) followed this process, with the civil emergency organizational mission, which operated until the adoption of constitution of Republic of Kosovo, promulgated on June 15, 2008. The constitution foresaw KPC disbandment and creation of a new security formation in Kosovo – Kosovo Security Forces (KSF). The decree of USA president, Xhorxh W. Bush, dated 19.03.2008 indicates the political importance of KSF creation in promotion of Kosovo’s independence.The Security Sector reform will keep its special focus in periodical review programming of KSF positional development in adaptation to new situation in security environment, reflecting concrete examples through new events, missions, tasks and roles for KSF units, always compliant with the concrete needs of the country and with the Euro-Atlantic collective protection structure standards.
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Massarella, Derek. "Envoys and Illusions: the Japanese embassy to Europe, 1582–90, De Missione Legatorvm Iaponensium, and the Portuguese viceregal embassy to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 1591." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 15, no. 3 (November 2005): 329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186305005304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractOn 20 February 1582 when Alessandro Valignano, Visitor to the Jesuit missions in the East Indies (the geographical area from Goa eastwards, to Japan, and southwards, to the Indonesian archipelago) left Japan, the country had been in a state of civil war, (the sengoku jidai) for more than a century. That was about to change. Oda Nobunaga had succeeded in uniting the central and western parts of Honshu under his rule and was intent on imposing his rule over the rest of the country. The Jesuits considered him if not quite a patron, then certainly someone sympathetic to Christianity and their mission in Japan. Yet on 22 June Nobunaga died, the victim of an attack by an ambitious rival, and ironically, considering the previous esteem in which he had been held, unlamented by the Jesuits who believed that during the final months of his life he had transformed himself into a megalomanic tyrant, a Nebuchadnezzar.
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Guillemard, Sylvette. "L’affaire Chouette : l’arbitre et l’interprétation d’un contrat en matière de droit d’auteur selon la Cour suprême du Canada." Les Cahiers de droit 44, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043741ar.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La Cour suprême du Canada vient de rendre jugement dans un domaine qu’elle fréquente rarement : l’arbitrage civil et commercial. L’affaire Chouette est d’autant plus intéressante que la question du mode non judiciaire de règlement des litiges se situe dans un cadre particulier, celui de la propriété intellectuelle. Alors qu’elle avait établi le principe de la validité de la clause compromissoire il y a une vingtaine d’années, la Cour suprême, dans le présent litige, a dû se pencher sur la sentence arbitrale elle-même ainsi que sur la compétence et la mission de l’arbitre. Cette note expose les règles énoncées par le plus haut tribunal du pays en fait d’intervention des tribunaux dans le contexte d’une demande d’annulation de sentence arbitrale. Étant donné la précision et la clarté des prescriptions contenues dans les codes — Code civil du Québec et Code de procédure civile — en la matière de même que l’application que les tribunaux en font généralement, on peut d’ailleurs se demander s’il était réellement nécessaire que la Cour suprême se saisisse de ce dossier.
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Dorn, A. Walter, and Robin Collins. "Peacekeeping works: The UN can help end civil wars." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 75, no. 1 (March 2020): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702020917167.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite some harsh criticisms of United Nations (UN) peace operations, research demonstrates that many UN missions are successful, though evaluations depend on how success is defined. Even UN missions that fail in one or more aspects provide a net benefit to peace processes and help to save lives and alleviate human suffering. While an understanding of the flaws and limitations of peace operations can help improve the operations, some unfair criticism must be directly challenged. For instance, contrary to critiques in a recent paper by Séverine Autesserre, the UN has helped end civil wars, and it does not have a fixation on elections nor does it ignore the bottom-up approach. Most UN multidimensional missions pursue multiple levels of engagement, from local to national leaders. Elections are a key way to engage locals. With decades of experience, the UN has many positive lessons to offer in making, keeping, and building peace.
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Mukherjee, Anit. "“Every death matters?”: Combat casualties, role conception, and civilian control." European Journal of International Security 7, no. 1 (November 23, 2021): 124–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eis.2021.28.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractHow do combat missions, defined as an armed confrontation that causes casualties, shape civil-military relations and military’s role conception? This article argues that militaries that incur combat casualties gain a stronger hand in the civil-military equilibrium. This is because casualties affect domestic political opinion and give prominence to the views expressed by military officials. Civilians are then more deferential to professional military advice. In turn, the military obtains considerable operational freedom, and can pick and choose missions which they find desirable. Second, the military’s role conception – an important determinant of military missions, is shaped most prominently by its combat experience. Militaries sustaining casualties obtain leverage vis-à-vis civilians and based on their institutional preference, they either prioritise or avoid non-traditional missions. While making these arguments, this article examines combat casualties, role conception, and civilian control in India. These concepts as a whole and, the Indian case study especially are surprisingly understudied considering it is among the few non-Western democracies with firm civilian control, a record of overseas intervention operations and a military with varying roles and missions. Analysing India’s experience therefore adds to the literature and illuminates the mechanism through which casualties affect civil-military relations.