Дисертації з теми "Minorités – Statut juridique – Lettonie"
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Lamane, Eleonora. "Paradoxes et controverses autour de la question de l’intégration de la minorité russophone en Lettonie après le recouvrement de l’indépendance." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA070113.
Повний текст джерелаThe republic of Latvia established in 1918, lost its independence to the Soviet occupation in 1940 in very particular conditions where the annexation of this State in Soviet Union had the effect of crossing off Latvia and her Baltic neighbours from the map of Europe, without removing their legal entitlement as countries from the point of view of the international law. More than sixty countries of the world including France and the United States have never legimitized the annexation of the Baltic States by the USSR (for some, neither de jure nor de facto), this allowed to protect the recognition de jure for these States, regarding the international law until the effective restoration of the independence in 1991. During this period, the social, demographic and economic balance of the country was profoundly transformed. The politics of colonization led by Moscow had for consequence that a multitude of Soviet immigrants were settled on a territory other than their national. The Republic of Latvia is now populated by more than 30 % of Russian-speaking people, all Slavs, contrary to the titular nation. The collapse of the USSR in 1991, as well as the procedures of restoration of the citizenship in Latvia, transformed 700 000 Soviet immigrants to stateless persons. These people, stayed without citizenship, are living in a sovereign count and had to wait several years before seein their legal status evolve in a temporary and unique legal category called " non-citizens of Latvia"to be able to be naturalized or to choose the citizenship of their county of origin
Autin, Claire. "Les minorités russophones dans les Etats baltes : construction identitaire et intégration en Estonie, Lettonie et Lituanie : une approche géographique." Paris 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA040212.
Повний текст джерелаZemirli, Zohra Aziadé. "Le statut juridique des minorités religieuses en Algérie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D033.
Повний текст джерелаA mostly Sunni Muslim country -of Malaki rite -Algeria nonetheless presents a religious plurality. This plurality exists within Islam, with the presence of Ibadis and Shias. Ahmadis only appeared in the Algerian legal landscape in 2016, after a series of arrests. As for non-Muslims, if the presence of Jews and Catholics is part of Algeria's history, that of evangelical Protestants only acquired a real visibility after a press campaign reporting mass conversion in 2004. An ordinance setting conditions for public worship of other cults than Islam was then adopted in 2006, before being approved by a law. Through the study of the legal status of religions minorities, a broader interrogation about the place of freedom of religion in Algeria can be raised. How is this freedom guaranteed ? Is it de jure, in view of the Algerian Constitution and Algeria's international commitments, or is it also de facto? To what extent are the 2006 ordinance and the provisions of the Penal Code implemented regarding offences against Islam ? Are arrests and convictions of citizens for proselytism or offence against Islam an indication of the willingness of the authorities and of the Algerian judiciary to fight against the presence of religious minorities and to maintain Islam's status as the state's religion ? This thesis seeks to show that despite the state's refusal to qualify legally non-Muslims as religious minorities, these groups do meet the definition of minorities given by international law. It also analyzes their status in contemporary Algerian law, both in the public sphere -religious references in the Constitution and collective public worship -and in private law -persona! status, including inheritance rights and the penalization of certain behaviors. As a conclusion, some leads towards reforms are suggested in order to improve the legal status of religious minorities in Algeria
Sentenac, Catherine. "Recherches sur la notion de minorité en droit public français." Toulouse 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU10069.
Повний текст джерелаSaoudi, Messaoud. "La police et les minorités : étude comparative France-Angleterre." Lyon 2, 1998. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/1998/msaoudi.
Повний текст джерелаNanchi, Alexandre. "Vers un statut des minorités en droit constitutionnel français." Lyon 3, 2003. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2003_out_nanchi_a.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis provides a study of the possibility of conciliation between French constitutionnal law and the recognition of a status for minorities. A right balance between dealing with citizens' differences, and respecting the fundamentals of french law, can be reached through a new interpretation of the principles of unity and equality. Starting with a definition of the minority, and a study of the notions of territory, normative power, race and the right to differ, the thesis demonstrates how minorities' rights have been integrated into the national legal order. Nationals, members of a minority, can see themselves having a specific territorial link, along with cultural, linguistic and religious caracteristics which distinguish them from the majority group. An official statute could determine the limits of this integration, whilst insuring respect for the structure of the Republic
Nguinza, Fidèle. "La spécificité de la question des minorités et le pouvoir politique en Afrique noire : lecture centrée d’un cas particulier : le Sud-Soudan." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR30007.
Повний текст джерелаPetit-Roudil, Gae͏̈l. "Le thème des minorités et le clivage périphérique et linguistique dans les quatre résolutions que les membres du Parlement européen ont adoptées le 16 octobre 1981, le 11 février 1983, le 30 octobre 1987 et le 9 février 1994." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX32023.
Повний текст джерелаThe peripheral and linguistic alignment theorised by stein rokkan covers the theme of the minorities that the european members of parliament have annouced in the resolutions of 16 october 1981, 11 february 1983, 30 october 1987 and 9 february 1994. It has been necessary to move the question of the minorities from the legal to the public area because of the validation of the hypotheses. This field of enquiry has been borrowed from jurgen habermas. The european parliament has been recognised as the institutionalized political public sphere of the european communities. Two perspectives have appeared : one is the discursive process of public communication, the other public mobilization. The first one lead to an analysis of the content of the resolutions taken as the product of a discursive process of public communication. The vocabulary used for the designation of the idea of "minority" has been recorded. A semantic slide has been observed : the initial documents dealt with "ethnic, regional, cultural and linguistic minorities" and the last one dealt with "lesser used language groups". The expression "lesser used language groups" has appeared as the most accuate subject of the documents. This expression has become associated with the concept of "peripheral language", as defined by stein rokkan and derek urwin, which covers the same realities. The observation has been confirmed by the fact that the dispositions of the resolutions correcting the inequalities of the languages in minority express peripheral demands. As a result, it was possible to study the involvement of the representatives of the defence of peripheral movements as public mobilization. A statistical analysis based on the criteria of nationality, political parties and political groups confirmed the presence of linguistic and peripheral aligment
Albert, Sophie. "La condition des minorités en droit international public." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010264.
Повний текст джерелаDonfack, Sokeng Léopold. "Le Droit des minorités et des peuples autochtones au Cameroun." Nantes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NANT4006.
Повний текст джерелаGeorges, Nael. "Le droit des minorités : le cas des chrétiens en Orient arabe." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GREND001.
Повний текст джерелаPapapolychroniou, Sophia. "Le traitement constitutionnel des minorités : contribution à l'étude des expériences américaine, française et grecque." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX32047.
Повний текст джерелаTaking a comparative view, this thesis puts forward an explanation pattern of States' attitudes towards minorities. The three national experiences here considered illustrate the foundations and mecanisms of minorities' denial or integration. The first part analyses the principles and theories invoked in order to force minority claims back. Based on a formal and abstract reasoning, these principles and theories isolate constitutional norms from pro-minority constructions. The second part focuses on the ways through which minority values would be integrated in constitutional law. Taking the facts into consideration and adopting a pragmatic stance is proving to be decisive
Boev, Ivan. "Le règlement européen des problèmes minoritaires en Europe de l'Est : formation d'un "corpus juris" relatif aux minorités et institutionnalisation de ses mécanismes d'application." Nancy 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN20005.
Повний текст джерелаSPIRY, EMMANUEL. "Pratique francaise du droit international des droits de l'homme - le cas des minorites." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA111007.
Повний текст джерелаThis work explores the ambiguous relationship found within the french republic towards minorities, particularly but not exclusively in the domain of international law. More precisely, the analysis focuses on the french international legal practice within intergovernmental organizations (united nations, osce, council of europe) since 1945 towards (ethnic) minorities. After defining the (general) terms of the debate, the paper attempts to illustrate how the human rights problematique (excluding minorities) that emerged in france in 1789 has been internationalized after the second world war. It then sets out to analyze --more specifically-- the french practice itself as a practice of double negation. The republic has always refused to recognize the existence of (ethnic) groups within its national territory, thereby avoiding international legally-binding obligations in this area ; moreover, french delegates and representatives have traditionally pushed for the creation of international human rights instruments that provide limited protection to minorities
Pataki, Gabor Zsolt. "Le devenir géopolitique des minorités hongroises dans le bassin des Carpates." Paris 8, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA081541.
Повний текст джерелаAnalysis of political dynamics of the hungarian national minorities in central europe and of their system of relations with hungary. As well their impact on the european integra, tion process. Out of 13. 4 millions of hungarians in the carpathian basin, 3. 1 millions are living in hungary's neighbouring states. Hungarians became minority as a consequence of the treaty of trianon (1920). After living that shock, the hungarians built up a system of mental representations for not forgetting their lost territories and co-nationals. The geopolitical representations are still in the focus of relations between hungary and her neighbour nations. Hungarian minorities maintained a strong national identity, their status differs a lot according to the state in which they live. By taking into account the geopolitical representations that have the ones and the others, one may understand the rivalries of power in controlling these territories: where the hungarian minorities represent majority they desire to self-administrate themselves, and the state does not want to give up the control and leave it for a minority they mistrust. One may distinguish hungarian minorities according to the importance of geopolitical problem they induce: - those having a strong and collective national identity, where they are the most nu, merous: in transylvania (rumania), in upper-hungary (slovakia) and in voivodina (serbia). Their existence causes a major national problem for the state in which they live: this is the militant triangle of hungarian minorities - those having a strong hungarian identity and living in a country where the hungarian problem is not a major geopolitical problem (austria, croatia and slovenia). Limit case: hungarians of ukraine, 0. 31% of the population. After 1989 hungary officially declares that she feels responsible for the fate of hun, garians abroad. Hungarian minorities resisted to all types of assimilation and reaffirm their linguistic and educational revendications. Presentation of different scenarios, more or less probable for the hungarian communi, ties (devolution, cultural and/or territorial autonomy), in the light of the european integration process
Chalabi, Abdoul Hamid. "Le statut des minorités musulmanes et de leurs membres dans les Etats de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Lille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL20003/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe permanent presence of Muslim minorities in the countries of the European Union has become a reality.This massive and lasting presence has changed the religious European scene in the 20th century.But the development of the Muslim presence in the countries of the European Union has been a heterogeneous process which is not over yet because of certain difficulties which prevent this community from being integrated completely. The Muslim minorities are trying to overcome those obstacles to manage to get the best protection and achieve their main goal that is to say getting the same treatment as other religious minorities who settled inthe European Union long before them.This study attempts to compare the different legal statuses granted to the Muslim minorities in the different countries of the European Union so as to assess the Muslim presence in those countries legally. The distinction between the Muslim minorities as minority groups and their different members must be made so as to know ifthe collective rights of these groups have been acknowledged and given more importance than the individual rights of the people belonging to these minorities
Lavorel, Sabine. "Des manifestations du pluralisme juridique en France : l'émergence d'un droit français des minorités nationales." Phd thesis, Grenoble 2, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067065.
Повний текст джерелаBai, Fan. "L'autonomie régionale ethnique en République populaire de Chine : de la communauté ethnique à la construction de la minorité." Perpignan, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PERP1183.
Повний текст джерелаIndividual rights are of utmost importance in the quest for the rule of law in the context of the nation-state. The ideas of freedom, struggle against authoritarianism, respect for human rights and citizen rights shape public law. However, they also affect the rights of minorities in the political and legal field. This thesis adopts the perspective of the "community and a society dominated by the state" to analyze the notion of minority. On the one hand, the minority community constitutes a real challenge for the abstract conception of the individual under liberal individualism theory, and more generally for the model of society of the modern state. Using Chinese minorities as an example study, the thesis highlights how minority identity is a creation in and through the modern state. On the other hand, the community is influenced by the modern market economy: people belonging to minorities adopt a different behavior that challenges their cultural identity and community rights. Therefore, the community system of ethical and moral values has to adapt to the requirements of individualism. In the framework of the Chinese Constitution, the thesis first analyzes the principle of minority rights, and then discusses the legitimacy, the limits and the construction of regional ethnic autonomy in China
现代民族国家框架内的法治国研究赋予个人权利以根本的重要性。与专制作斗争和尊重公民个人权利的自由的理念影响了整个公法领域,也同样影响了政治学和法学领域内的少数民族的权利概念。论文创新性地采取了“共同体到社会”的视角和方法来深入研究少数民族这一概念。一方面,少数民族共同体对现代自由观的抽象个人主义,尤其是对更广义的现代社会和国家提出和构成了严重的挑战。以中国的少数民族为基础,本文强调了少数民族意识如何被现代社会和国家所制造。另一方面,论文分析了共同体如何受到现代市场经济的影响:少数民族的个人在社会中担任不同的的角色,这种多维的角色对其文化认同和集体权利构成了质疑。因此,蕴含人类道德伦理价值的共同体必须屈从于现代社会背景下的个人主义的要求。在中国宪法的基础上,本文首先分析少数民族权利的性质,然后探讨中国的民族区域自治制度的合理性,尺度及其构建。
Savarimuthu, Antony Samy. "Le statut canonique et civil d'une minorité religieuse en Inde : L'Eglise catholique et l'affirmation de l'identité nationale de l'Inde." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA111002.
Повний текст джерелаAdonon, Viveros Akuavi. "Voies tzotzil de prise en charge des différends : Une anthropologie du droit au Mexique." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010299.
Повний текст джерелаAl-Mosa, Mohammed. "La personnification des minorites : vers une solution du probleme des minorites en droit international public." Nantes, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NANT4014.
Повний текст джерелаThe concept of legal international personality to minorities groups is not a new one in public international law. The states have known this kind of personality to minorities in the past, like in the present. The recognition of "groups rights" to minorities groups can be considered like an implicite recognition of a legal international personality to minorities groups. While the states recognize implicitly to minorities the international personality, they declare explicitly that they don't consider the minorities groups like a subject of public international law. This contradictional position can be understood in the fact that the states give attention to the necessity to accord a international personality to minorities, but they fear to reconize explicitly the minorities like a subject of international law. The recognition of minorities like a legal entities aims to assure the protection of the minority's identity and to perserve its cultural or ethnical particularity. The minorities claims to the right of self-determination does not a separatiste one. The right of self-determination can be exerced by minorities groups without any violation to the sovereignty, to the territorial integrity and to the national unity of the state. The personification of minorities aims to reinforce the pluralisme in the same state ; it is not aim to consider the minorities like "states in the state". It allows to the minorities groups to participate in the humanitarian cultural patrimony
Simon, Sophie. "Étude comparative de la protection internationale des minorités en Europe et en Amérique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010269.
Повний текст джерелаMinorities are the product of history, conquests, defeats and border changes. No two national histories are alike, however, minorities, in their diversity, find themselves in situations that appear similar the one another. In this overall context, the objective of this research is to better understand to what extent national and international minority rights effectively meet the needs of individuals belonging to those minorities. To do so, two issues that reoccure in the grievances of members of minorities have been selected for study. These are firstly the consideration shown towards housing specificities (in their diversity) and secondly, the possibility of communicating in one’s own language. Following the presentation of international law related to these issues, is studied the way this law, or better said these laws, are transposed and implemented in the national systems (in fact, there are major variants between the protection offered by universal organs and the one offered by European and American regional organs). In order to take into consideration the diversity of national situations, six countries were selected for this study. These were Spain, France and Lithuania in the European context, and Canada, Costa Rica and Paraguay in the American context. Our findings show that those who govern pretend to be unaware of the benefits related to adequate protection of minorities for the stability of national societies, as well as for democracy at large. As such, they are not always ready to implement the provisions that aim to protect persons belonging to minorities and claim the interest of the public good or arguments based on the unity of their people, territory or nation as reasons for doing so. In addition, it should be mentioned that some practical difficulties exist in the implementation of adopted norms. These include difficulties caused by financial reasons, for example, the cost of positive measures aiming at effective equality in the field of education, media, private and family life or the obligation to share with indigenous people the benefits generated by mining. Other reasons may be linked to underlying intolerance present in the majority population, for example, attacks on Roma settlements or prohibition on speaking a minority language in some spheres or places. However, the international rights of minorities are constantly evolving, drawing on the diversity of regional contexts and based on human rights and the right not to be discriminated against, as well as on the application, to all minorities, of elements of the rights recognized to indigenous peoples as the first inhabitants of a given territory. Moreover, in an effort to promote genuine democracy of a participatory nature, human rights bodies push national authorities to involve ever more members of minorities in decisions that affect them, thereby taking their needs into consideration. The comparative study of the protection of minorities in Europe and in America enables reporting the practical difficulties preventing minorities from being effectively protected and assists in understanding to what extent international law can help countries overcome these difficulties
Crepin, Isabelle. "Les mouvements régionalistes en France." Lille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL20010.
Повний текст джерелаBy tradition of unity, France doesn't recognize any minority or subnational group on its territory. But the reminiscence of regionalist claims during the last thirty years shows the limits of this negation by the french rigth. The renewal of interpretation of the republican principles induces by the institutional changes related to decentralization marks a decline of the principle of unity and the obsolescence of the constitutional pattern of nation-state. The principles of unity and indivisibility that created the Republic have always been able to contain the ambitions for autonomy or even secession of regional claims. This logical appears now, however relative. The status of New Caledonia and to a lesser extent, the corsian one are some samples of the evolution of the french State. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the impasse of the constitutional model of nation-state in the context of european constitutionalism, that makes of minority issue a constitutional criteria of democracy. This analysis will establish the strating point for studying the establishement of a legal compromise that should offer to regional claims a political and legal issue that the french Republic refuses by tradition of unity
Galland, Yannick. "La protection par le droit international des droits politiques." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR30028.
Повний текст джерелаPolitical rights may be defined as rights which determine, in a specific political community, the nature of the relations between the rulers and the ruled. The nature and scope of these rights depend on the political regime adopted hy the community. General international law, is based on the principle of constitutional autonomy and does not bind the States to adopt a particular political regime. A coherent body of norms protecting political rights cannot be deduced from the right of peoples to self-determination or the General Assembly resolutions regarding the principle of periodic and genuine elections, neither by taking as a whole the entire body of conventional norms. Moreover, the emergence of such norms is not the result of the "diplomacy of democracy". At the opposite, the main conventions in international human rights include rules on elections which are compatible with the requirements of liberal democracy, they additionally recognise rights which permit the participation of individuals to public affairs and set up mechanism to limit these rights. The interpretation of the conventions by its own organs, gives to the freedom of expression, freedom of association and freedom of meeting a political dimension and confers to political activities covered by these freedoms a stronger protection. On one band, by recognising specific political rights, the international instruments on minorities aim to safeguard an effective participation for minorities in the public sphere and also, in some cases, during the decision process related to minorities issues. On the other band, by recognising political rights, the international instruments on indigenous peoples aim essentially to recognise to indigenous peoples a collective right to autonomy
Barakat, Rabih. "La participation politique des minorités nationales musulmanes en Europe." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAA017.
Повний текст джерелаThe political participation of a minority protects her cultural identity and reinforces peace and integration in the state. In order to be able to enjoy full rights to political participation, the new European Muslim minorities have to be legally recognized as minorities and this must be done without requiring citizenship and long term residence. International institutions tend to consider that minorities no longer need these two criteria to qualify for minority rights. However, this trend is not followed by states. Political participation is a broad concept that includes all political institutionalized or informal activities. The effective participation of minorities requires their enjoyment of fundamental rights to freedom of expression, assembly and association and the right to vote, to be elected and access to the public service ( for citizens ). Real equality and effective participation of minorities require the adoption of affirmative action measures, which may concern the right to vote (representation) or the right to participate in decision-making (participation) through mechanisms such as territorial, cultural and functional autonomy. A wide range of international legal provisions (mostly declaratory or soft law) and state legislations promoting participation offer useful means to solve the problem. States can use them to generate the most appropriate system of minority participation in any state or minority context
Courcelle, Thibault. "Le Conseil de l'Europe : enjeux et représentations." Paris 8, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA083636.
Повний текст джерелаThe Council of Europe, created in 1949, is the oldest European political organization yet it is the most misunderstood. However, it plays an active role in shaping human rights policies, democratic regimes and the rule of law in Europe. Although all the decision-making power is in the hands of the member States, the Council of Europe progressively gains political leverage by generating a whole corpus of treaties and a set of implementation policies, putting serious constraints on the States which ratify them. The most famous is the European Court of Human Rights. This treaty not only deals with human rights policies but also relates to the organization of the territory, minority rights and languages as well as newer social issues such as bioethics, cybercrime and terrorism. The Council of Europe was the best suited European organization to integrate Central and Eastern Europe States (CEES) after the fall of the Berlin Wall, and to help them make the transition to democratic institutions, respectful of the fundamental European values in order to be able to join the European Union. These widenings continued to the Russian Federation and Caucasus. Since the integration of 10 CEES between 2004 and 2007 within the European Union, the Council of Europe has been confronted with a deep identity crisis which force the institution into redefining its position and its role in the construction of Europe, in a context of increasingly sharp ideological confrontation between Russia and European Union State members
Chrestia, Philippe. "Le principe d'intégrité territoriale." Caen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CAEN0053.
Повний текст джерелаSalas, Cardona Juan Camilo. "Démocratie pluraliste et droits des minorités." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00772744.
Повний текст джерелаTurhalli, Zeynep. "La protection du patrimoine culturel des minorités en droit international." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100188.
Повний текст джерелаThe cultural heritage of minorities comprises the works of its artists, its intellectuals, as well as all the creations arisen from its memory and the collective knowledge, such as the languages, the shared rituals, beliefs, and ways of life, those mark the cultural identity of the group and give the sense to the lives of its members. How to protect the cultural heritage of these groups and ensure their contribution to the common heritage of mankind? The first difficulty in this regard is the presumption that the cultural heritage of these groups is linked to their collective identity. Thus, the protection of the identity depends to the recognition of the group as the subject of international law. From this point of view, international law is a system made by and for the legal entities such as States and the international organizations. The individual finds its place in this order as subject of human rights. Nevertheless, collective entities like peoples, minorities and indigenous peoples need a legal recognition. On the other hand, the generality of the concept of cultural heritage it self is a second obstacle before its legal recognition. In the absence of explicit conventions defining it, the cultural heritage of these groups covers a vast and complex reality hard to recognize in legal terms. In this thesis we analyze how does international law protects the cultural heritage of minorities. We consider, although there is not still any clear and unified legal definition of cultural heritage, recent developments demonstrate the emergence of a customary international law protecting the cultural heritage of these groups
Collot, Pierre-Alain. "Le principe de non-discrimination au regard de l'appartenance nationale dans le droit constitutionnel des États tchèque, slovène et hongrois." Nancy 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN20004.
Повний текст джерелаThe non-discrimination principle is one of the most important symbol of the process of constitutional transition as well as of the transormation of the concept of Constitution after the collapse of the socialist conception of rights. Resulting from the rule of law and the democracy principles, the right to non-discrimination is constitutionnaly expressed through a constitutional rule of equality and can be developed as legislative or constitutional form of positive discrimiation (special constitutional rights). Furthemore, if the constitutional formulation of the right to non-discrimination has been realised under the influnce of international and european conventions, its content has to be interpreted in the light of international law as well. Inside the domestic law, the right to non-discrimination is a public subjective right and a status negativus while a special constitutional right is status a positivus. At the same time, the non-discrimination is inseparable from the constitutional case law : a negative discrimination is always an arbitrary distinction and undermine equal dignity. In any case, the criteria of arbitrary or equal dignity require to control the comparability, the rationality and/or the proportionality of the legal distinction. In spite of this universality, the criteria of nationality imposes a form of relativity to the non discrimination principle since each State is able to develop freely its national question, to organise the protection of kin and national minorities. In the same way, the national question has substantially influenced the domestic rules of citizenship. Finally, if the social rights are simply linked to non discrimination and equal opportunity principles, the right to education, as well as the linguistic, cutlural and political rights are protected by the right to non discrimination and special constitutional rights
Doytcheva, Milena. "Existe-t-il un multiculturalisme à la française ? : une étude sur la politique de la ville, 1981-2003." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0041.
Повний текст джерелаFarget, Doris. "Le droit au respect des modes de vie minoritaires et autochtones dans les contentieux internationaux des droits de l'homme." Thèse, Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4518.
Повний текст джерелаThis research aims to explain and evaluate the emergence of a right of minorities and indigenous peoples to the respect of their ways of life, appearing before the European court of human rights, the Inter-American court of human rights and the United Nations Human rights Committee. The decisions and communications stemming from these tribunals will be analyzed and compared. This topic raises several questions regarding the legality of this norm, its meaning, effectiveness and limits, but also its implementation. In order to offer an interpretation of the content of that right, we need to evaluate the references made to it by the claimants, the judges and experts, which implicates an interdisciplinary approach focused on anthropological studies of law. This leads us to examine the discourses of judges, experts and claimants, to compare them and to observe their confluences and discrepancies. The results of this study show us that the emergence of this new norm is dependent upon the intervention of several agents – the claimants, the judges, the experts of the Committee and the States. This observation therefore confirms the polycentric process of construction of international legal rules. As to the legality and the effectiveness of the right of minorities and indigenous peoples to their ways of life, they vary according to the legal system, even if this right always corresponds to a legal rule. This rule consecrates a specific right belonging to indigenous and tribal people or to the members of indigenous people and minorities. It protects a relationship to the territory, i.e. a way to comprehend and to exploit it, to circulate on it and to inhabitate it. It also protects some activities. The indigenous, tribal and romas applicants unofficially take part in the legal definition of their ways of life, as the requests they submit to the international tribunals are cornerstones of judicial interpretations. In spite of a process of co-determination of the norm, gaps are observed between the positions of the different actors participating to the determination of the norm. They are either related to the impossibility for some judges to apply the right to a way of life to the case, to the distance between the positions of the claimants and the states, or to the protection of third parties. Consequently, a process of double distortion of the content of the norm appears, due to the judges’ or experts’ conceptions, but also to those of the claimants. It leads to the emergence of several problems, such as essentialism and the idealization of minorities and indigenous ways of life, paternalism, victimization or discrimination towards the claimants or their communities. These problems can alter the meaning and the impact of the norm. Nonetheless, the right to the respect of those ways of life has some theoretical effects related first to the coexistence, on a same piece of land, of different groups possessing diverse identities. They are also related to the improvement of the applicants’ quality of life and to the recognition process. However, the State’s willingness still occupies a large space in international law, as does the importance, for judges, to protect their own legitimacy. Moreover, some decisions seem too ideal or dogmatic. Those factors limit the effect of the norm. Thus, the articulation of judicial discourses and the efficiency of the norm are first contingent to the enunciation and to the clarity of the claimants’ requests. They are dependant of the receptivity of the agents whose role it is to receive them (judges and experts) and to the political, social and cultural context within which they take place. This last factor brings to light the importance for each agent participating to the elaboration of the norm to use, as much as he can, the margins he possesses.
Thèse de doctorat réalisée en cotutelle avec la Faculté de droit de l'Université Aix-Marseille 3.
Eminoğlu, Nihal. "Évolution de la prise en compte et du traitement des anciennes et nouvelles minorités dans le cadre des systèmes de l'OSCE et du Conseil de l'Europe : "nouvelles minorités" : nouveaux concepts, nouveaux enjeux de la nouvelle Europe." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA029.
Повний текст джерелаThis work focuses on the concept of « new minority » which surfaced in the 2000s and wasinitially analysed by the OSCE. It is a new concept hinging on two notions, minorities and immigrant, which are the factors driving the emergence of this new category: the « new minority from immigrant backgrounds », which includes immigrants, their descendants and refugees in Europe. Our study concentrates more specifically on the first two of these groups, immigrants and their descendants, and on these groups' relationship with the host society as well as the State in which they live. After clarifying the notion of minority and drawing comparisons between new minorities and national minorities, then tracing out a historical overview showing how the notion of minority has evolved, we will arrive at the questions of the protection of the « new minorities » and their integration
Çitak, Gökmen. "Approche historique de la fatwa et perspectives de son adaptabilité en Europe, la contribution du Conseil Européen de la Fatwa et des Recherches." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3081/document.
Повний текст джерелаIslam is a universal religion. It may not be hemmed in any limited boundaries, neither in a specific era. It has ability to extend to all the places. In the past this religion has proven its adaptability and compatibility to all the cultures and civilizations. Consequently, we can assure with certainty that Islam is completely flexible and adaptable to a given environment. The migratory flow to Europe from Muslim countries has established its roots gradually in a non-Muslim and secular environment. In this unprecedented context an innovative reflection has emerged englobing all the societal aspects. It consists in thinking out new viewpoints on creating models that are coherent for Muslims in Europe and are in accordance with the western society. This renewal depends essentially on the double capacity of combining reason and respect of the patrimony of the basis of Islamic jurisprudence. Yet, it also has to incorporate the analytical interpretations of this patrimony through the new tools of comprehension, meeting with the aims of Islamic laws.The aim of this research is about the concept of a Fatwa that allows adaptation bringing suitable solutions for the Muslims living in Europe. This research includes structuring of CEFR, its methodology of assessment as well as the categories of laws that are subjected to flexibility. The Fatwas issued by the Council consequently determine the mechanisms used to solve cases specific to European context where the Muslim communities are a minority. This allows us to evaluate the pertinence and the admissibility of embellishing of Fiqh which is meant to open new horizons, all the same without being totally detached from the existing legal patrimony
Blanco, Santiago Valme. "Les Mayas du Guatemala et la reconnaissance de leurs droits : un difficile parcours." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10437/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis study explores the legal context concerning the situation of the indigenous peoples of Guatemala since the arrival of the Spanish in the New World and the segregation of these peoples into separate legal categories created for them by indiano law. In particular, we have paid close attention to the movement from the status of slave to that of free vassal of the Spanish crown beginning with the promulgation of the New Laws of the Indies in 1542. After the Latin-American War of Independence, the legislation of the new Nation-States starts to become adjusted to the needs of farm owners who, just as during the colonial period, require indigenous labourers. Our study argues that in a difficult political context, the indigenous peoples of Guatemala, and especially the Mayas, managed to re-appropriate internal law and international law in defence of their interests. This was made possible by the fact that, despite violent assimilation and slavery policies, they were able to preserve the use of customary law. We wish to show that it was by preserving this law that they were able to organise themselves as a legal people subject to rights and obligations. Thus, our study proves that when the political opportunities were presented, the indigenous peoples were already organised and ready to exploit these opportunities as a basis upon which they were able to demand their rights as indigenous peoples in accordance with international law
Lloret, Benjamin. "La Protection internationale des minorités : le regard de la doctrine française de l'entre-deux-guerres." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565573.
Повний текст джерелаLa protección de las minorías en Europa es el resultado de una construcción empírica que tiene sus orígenes en la Reforma protestante, antes que las garantías religiosas se desplazasen en el siglo XIX a un marco nacional. Esta genealogía fue, por tanto, invocada por las Grandes potencias en 1919/1920 para hacer que los Estados deudores aceptasen las obligaciones que aparecen inmediatamente después como una realpolitik, justificada por intereses geo-estratégicos. Ante la imposibilidad de aplicar estrictamente el principio de « nacionalidades », dichas medidas de protección intervienen como una compensación destinada a atenuar las decepciones. Así, el periodo de entre guerras, tanto el de experimentación como el de reconstrucción, también es un periodo de emulación intelectual: el derecho internacional se vuelve mas complejo y se « judicializa ». El derecho de las minorías responde entonces a dos objetivos (CPJI 1935) : asegurar la igualdad de trato entre los individuos y también, salvaguardar la identidad propia. Asimismo, otra innovación reside en el traspaso de la garantía de estas medidas de las Potencias a la SDN. La idea es que esta organización, tal como es pensada por el presidente Wilson, sea el eje deun nuevo orden internacional. Ahora bien, la importancia acordada a los Estados, celosos de preservar su soberanía, reduce considerablemente la eficacia de los mecanismos de control puestos en marcha. El comienzo de la década de 1930 pone en evidencia estas disfunciones que terminarán por paralizar la institución ginebrina. Sin embargo, la protección de las minorías es para Francesco Capotorti « uno de los legados mas importantes » de la SDN. A través de una perspectiva doctrinal y de la mirada crítica del jurista contemporáneo sobre estas evoluciones, nuestro estudio trata de poner en duda este legado.
Abdulla, Yassin. "L'individu et l’Irak dans la société internationale. Contribution à l'étude des droits de l'individu en Irak." Rouen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ROUEL040.
Повний текст джерелаIndividuals found on the territory of a state are divided into heterogenous groups. This division in based on sereral criteria, one of which is nationality we can thus distinguish nationals from foreigners. These nationals may thenselves be subdivided into different groups according to religious, language or ethnic differences. This stade of affairs can lead a variety of legal statutes adapted to each group category. The situation in Irak confirms this rule. This study endeavours to determine the rules of Iraki law which govern the judicial statuts of each group of individuals found on the Iraki territory. Reference is made to pertinent texts in international public and privade law, to define the content and the extent of today's legislation in relation to human rights and minority groups as well as the position of foreigners in the country
Oliveira, Antônio Leal de. "O direito à memória como um dos fundamentos da dignidade humana : memória política e a justiça para as vítimas do progresso." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100074/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe central idea underlying this thesis is that the way a people constructs, absorbs and works their memory, understood in its socio-political dimension, is fundamental for the characterization, recognition and definition of the space of political, social and Consequently, legal in this community. Every memory, every forgetfulness, every history narrated in public by a people has the power to condition the political space experienced by these people and ends up by linking their promises for the future. In view of the Brazilian scenario (markedly unequal, unjust, oppressive), the present thesis was constructed based on a reflection based on the following questions: the effects and consequences of collective memory work on the present political reality and its projection for the future; The recognition of the past, in order to restore the social rehabilitation and justice of the victims, allowing their visibility and social protagonism; The role of the narrative (especially from a perspective of the victim) in its political and ethical dimension; The recognition of the tradition that was received and the liberation for the future
A ideia central, que subjaz essa tese, é de que a forma como um povo constrói, absorve e trabalha sua memória, entendida em sua dimensão sócio-política, é fundamental para a caracterização, reconhecimento e definição do espaço das relações políticas, sociais e, consequentemente, jurídicas desta comunidade. Toda lembrança, todo esquecimento, toda história narrada em público por um povo tem o poder de condicionar o espaço político vivenciado por esse povo e acaba por vincular suas promessas para o futuro. Diante do cenário brasileiro (marcadamente desigual, injusto, opressor), a presente tese foi construída a partir de uma reflexão pautada nas seguintes questões: os efeitos e consequências de um trabalho de memória coletiva na realidade política presente e na sua projeção para o futuro; o reconhecimento do passado, de forma a restituir a reabilitação social e a justiça das vítimas, possibilitando sua visibilidade e protagonismo social; o papel da narrativa (especialmente desde um olhar da vítima) em sua dimensão política e ética; o reconhecimento da tradição que foi recebida e a libertação para o futuro
Zabaleta, Eneritz. "Le droit de la langue basque – étude comparée France, Espagne." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU2061/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe study of the legal dispositions ruling the use and learning of the basque language in France and Spain, and the policies intending the revitalization and normalization of the basque language in both territories reveals a political and legal contradiction. Even if the French and Spanish regulations contain opposite principles regarding the recognition of multilingualism in the public sphere and the recognition of the rights of language communities, the public authorities in both countries have applied similar policies with the objective to ensure the use of the basque language in Administration and public service, and to allow that a large part of the population has the possibility to learn the basque language. This contradiction can be resolved with a reflexion concerning the French linguistic model. The thesis offers a proposal to establish a new legal and constitutional conciliation in France permitting a better expression of multilingualism in the public sphere, and securing legally the public policies applied in this country in the benefit of the basque language
Kulali, Yeliz. "Le noyau dur des crimes internationaux (core international crimes) commis envers les individus, particulièrement contre les membres des minorités : l'une des variables de l'essor du nouveau système international." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA019.
Повний текст джерелаCrimes against humanity, crimes against peace, war crimes and genocide constitute the hard core of most threatful acts to human and international security. They have been codified through the statutes of international criminal tribunals. Transnational crimes or treaty crimes are not codified in these statutes or they are narrowly codified. Examples of such crimes include the apartheid, torture, slavery, maritime piracy, and terrorism. According to the rules of international system transformation as defined by Morton Kaplan, one variable of the international system entails transformations and plays a role in the emergence of international systems. In this study, the hard core of international crimes is considered as one of the variables of the system. Thus, the bipolar system (1945-1991), the new world order (1991- 2001) and the new system after September 11 attacks are analysed. International Tribunals such as Nuremberg, Tokyo, for the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and the International Penal Court constitute case studies
Bruschi, Elsa. "Les cultes non-catholiques reconnus à Marseille au XIXe siècle." Lyon 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO3A001.
Повний текст джерелаMendes, Franco Carolina. "Proteção e acesso a direitos das minorias em pesquisas em saúde : comparação Brasil-França." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100062.
Повний текст джерелаIn the middle of the last century, treaties of human rights and set ethical principles regarding human experimentation were not enough to prevent, in practice, violations of the dignity of the human person in medical experiments practiced in social minorities. Nowadays, there is a complex set of rules that aim not only to protect volunteers but also to ensure equitable access to research results. Contradictions and misinterpretations of these norms, however, limit the full realization of these guarantees, essential in relation to social minorities, in face of their lack of political representation in society. In this sense, an exploratory-descriptive study was carried out by reviewing the literature and applying a questionnaire designed to compare the responses presented by independent ethics committees from Brazil and France. It was concluded that it is imperative that the benefit-sharing be broadly applied in all research, including those that use personal data and body samples, especially with regard to social minorities in order to make progress increasingly accessible to all
Em meados do século passado, tratados de direitos humanos e normas éticas de regulação da pesquisa não foram suficientes para impedir, na prática, violações à dignidade da pessoa humana em experiências médicas praticadas em minorias sociais. Hodiernamente, há um complexo de normas que objetivam não só proteger voluntários como lhes garantir equitativo acesso aos resultados das pesquisas. Contradições e interpretações equivocadas dessas normas, entretanto, limitam a plena efetivação dessas garantias, essenciais em relação às minorias sociais, diante da sua falta de representação política na sociedade. Neste sentido, um estudo exploratório-descritivo foi realizado através de revisão da literatura e aplicação de questionário elaborado para comparar as respostas apresentadas pelos comitês de revisão ética do Brasil e da França. Concluiu-se que é imprescindível que o preceito da repartição de benefícios seja aplicado, na prática, de forma ampla, em todas as pesquisas, inclusive naquelas que utilizam dados pessoais e amostras corporais, especialmente com relação às minorias sociais, para que as pesquisas oportunizem a todos a percepção do progresso científico-tecnológico
Chouiref, Fatiha. "La question amazighe en Algérie : le passage d’une revendication culturelle et linguistique au pouvoir politique." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU2043/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis doctoral thesis focuses on the internal structure and external relations of the Berber Identity Movement in Algeria, and the transition from a cultural and linguistic claim to autonomic and political demands. The Berber militants want to approve the precedence of the existence of the Amazigh people on its territory. These indigenous peoples are present in all the countries of North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa and the Canary Islands. The Algerian Berbers are different. Indeed, the Berber mobilization, especially the Berbers of Kabylia, moved from a claim of increasing the value of their culture and language to a political protest which aspires to autonomy and selfdetermination of the Kabylia area.To achieve to an objective and epistemological explanation of the Berber specificity in Algeria, we will analyze the Amazigh’s situation in Maghreb countries. We will use a comparative approach that will help us to understand the Amazigh’s challenge in the past and the present. We opted for comparison because we assume that the human and social sciences have constructed their scientific perception of the world through paradigms and comparative branches: comparative politics, comparative law, comparative sociology, etc. We also believe it’s important to compare to understand political and social realities. This idea, initiated by Emile Durkheim, has made comparison one of the indispensable mechanisms of humanities and social sciences.The studies on minorities and indigenous people’s rights are more present in the humanities and social sciences, with more multidisciplinary. We mean that the study of each minority or indigenous group requires a complementary fusion of all the humanities and social sciences fields, for a better comprehension of the individual and collective human realities.Our political-legal analysis, which requires a multidisciplinary treatment, includes historical insights, as well as economic, geographical, ethnological, sociological and anthropological notions, which are necessary for a better understanding of the Algerian and Berber identity question
Grizo, Melina. "L'Union européenne et la Macédoine." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAA016.
Повний текст джерелаThe research is dedicated to the analysis of the application of the legal regime regulating the enlargement of the European Union toward Macedonia. The work is divided in two parts – the stabilisation and the association –, in accordance to the objectives of the policy of SAP of the UE towards the states of the Western Balkans. The research of the policy of stabilization concerns the constitutional and legislative modifications introduced by the Ohrid Framework Agreement – the central element of the enlargement conditionnality framework imposed on Macedonia –, as well as the application, in the case of Macedonia, of the principle of good neighborliness, in particular the bilateral disputes with its two neighbors – Greece and Bulgaria. The part of the thesis dedicated to the policy of association analyses the rapprochement of the national law of Macedonia to the acquis communautaire in the fields of economic law, as well as the non-economic law. The thesis therefore fills a certain gap in the literature concerning the relations between Macedonia and the European Union