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Книги з теми "Minimax rate"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 26 жовтня 2024

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1

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, ed. Indexing the federal minimum wage rate: Methodologies and calculated results. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1992.

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2

Congress, Trades Union. National minimum wage development rate: Young people : what do they know?. London: Trades Union Congress, 2002.

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3

A, Subrahmanya R. K., Parduman Singh, Social Security Association of India., and Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (India), eds. Minimum wages in India: Scheduled employments and rates of minimum wages. New Delhi: Social Security Association of India, 1995.

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4

Bradley, Cheryl E. Status of the Tiny Cryptanthe (Cryptantha minima) in Alberta. [Edmonton]: Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, 2004.

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5

Congress, Trades Union. Wage rage: A report on what is making Britain's low paid angry. [London]: TUC, 1997.

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6

Cox, Gabrielle. After the safety net: A study of pay rates in wages council sectors post abolition. Manchester: Low Pay Network, 1994.

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7

Lim, Chee Peng. Minimal error rate classification in a non-stationary environment via a modified fuzzy ARTMAP network. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, Dept. of Automatic Control & Systems Engineering, 1995.

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8

Feenberg, Daniel. The alternative minimum tax and effective marginal tax rates. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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9

Feenberg, Daniel. The alternative minimum tax and effective marginal tax rates. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2003.

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10

Congress, Trades Union. Wage rage: A report on what is making Britain's low paid angry in the South East. [London]: TUC, 1997.

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11

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Flat tax proposals: Hearings before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, April 5 and May 18, 1995. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.

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12

Subrahmanya, R. K. A. Minimum rates of wages fixed under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, as on 1.7.1997. Delhi: B.R. Pub. Corp., 1998.

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13

Subrahmanya, R. K. A. Minimum rates of wages fixed under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, as on 1.1.1996. New Delhi: Social Security Association of India, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1996.

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14

Clifton, Eric V. The decline of traditional sectors in Israel: The role of the exchange rate and the minimum wage. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, IMF Institute, 1998.

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15

Tim, Smith, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Standards Division., eds. Documentation of de minimis emission rates: Proposed 40 CFR part 63, subpart B background document. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality and Planning Standards, 1994.

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16

Tim, Smith, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Standards Division., eds. Documentation of de minimis emission rates: Proposed 40 CFR part 63, subpart B background document. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality and Planning Standards, 1994.

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17

(India), Bihar. Bihar minimum wages manual: Containing Minimum Wages (Bihar Amdt.) Act, 1979, Minimum Wages Act, 1948, Bihar Minimum Wages Rules, 1951, rates of wages in scheduled employments, with notifications, comments and case-law. 6th ed. Patna: Malhotra Bros., 1985.

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18

United States. Employment Standards Administration. Wage and Hour Division. A guide to adjusting commensurate wage rates as a result of increases in the FLSA minimum wage. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division, 1996.

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19

New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Labor Committee. Public meeting before Assembly Labor Committee on Assembly Bill 2406 (increases the state's minimum wage rate by 30 cents per year over the next two years), Assembly Bill 2480 (increases the minimum wage in New Jersey from $3.35 to $3.75 per hour. The increase in phase-in during a three-year period): December 4, 1986, Room 449, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: Recorded and transcribed by Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 1986.

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20

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Labor Standards. Hearing on H.R. 4011, minimum wage rates in American Samoa: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Labor Standards of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, hearing held in Washington, DC, June 3, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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21

GOVERNMENT, US. An Act to Provide Tax Relief for Small Businesses, to Protect Jobs, to Create Opportunities, to Increase the Take Home Pay of Workers, to Amend the Portal-to-Portal Act of 1947 Relating to the Payment of Wages to Employees Who Use Employer Owned Vehicles, and to Amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to Increase the Minimum Wage Rate and to Prevent Job Loss by Providing Flexibility to Employers in Complying with Minimum Wage and Overtime Requirements under that Act. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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22

order), Minims (Religious, and Santuario San Francesco di Paola, eds. Imago Ordinis Minimorum: La magia delle incisioni : antiche stampe su rame e su legno dei conventi dei Padri Minimi, 1525-1870. Paola (CS): Ordine dei Minimi, Paola, 2007.

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23

Office, General Accounting. Davis-Bacon Act: Process changes could raise confidence that wage rates are based on accurate data : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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24

Sparse functional regression models: Minimax rates and contamination. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2012.

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25

Niaudet, Patrick, and Alain Meyrier. Minimal change disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0055_update_001.

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Minimal change disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in childhood but is not rare in adults. The factors altering permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier are not known, but podocyte structure is significantly altered in the condition and it seems certain that this cell is the target of whatever factors are responsible for the condition. It is still not clear that it is immunologically mediated and many of the agents used to treat it have direct effects on the podocyte. The differential diagnosis includes any other disease causing nephrotic syndrome, and a renal biopsy narrows this down. In children, steroid unresponsiveness is often used as a diagnostic test, and consideration of genetic or other pathologies reserved for patients who show no or poor steroid responsiveness.

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26

Innovation and Skills Great Britain: Department for Business. Regulations Implementing the National Minimum Wage: A Report on the Apprentice Rate. Stationery Office, The, 2015.

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27

Minimum wages in India: Scheduled employments and rates of minimum wages. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1995.

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28

Flat tax proposals: Hearings before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, April 5 and May 18, 1995. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.

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29

Cobbs, Zachary. Labor Force Characteristics: Race, Ethnicity, and Minimum Wage Workers. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.

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30

Documentation of de minimis emission rates: Proposed 40 CFR part 63, subpart B background document. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality and Planning Standards, 1994.

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31

Nolan, Jerry P. Advanced life support. Edited by Neil Soni and Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0091.

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Anaesthetists have a central role in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The incidence of treated out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest is 40 per 100 000 population and is associated with a survival rate to hospital discharge of 8–10%. The incidence of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is 1–5 per 1000 admissions and is associated with a survival rate to hospital discharge of 13–17%. The most effective strategy for reducing mortality from IHCA is to prevent it occurring by detecting and treating those at risk or to identify in advance those with no chance of survival and to make a decision not to attempt resuscitation. The European Resuscitation Council and the Resuscitation Council (UK) publish guidelines for CPR every 5 years and the evidence supporting these is described in the international consensus on CPR science. The advanced life support algorithm forms the core of the guidelines but the precise interventions depend on the circumstances of the cardiac arrest and the skills of the healthcare providers. High-quality CPR with minimal interruptions will optimize survival rates. Shockable rhythms are treated with defibrillation while minimizing the pause in chest compressions. Although adrenaline (epinephrine) is used in most cardiac arrests, no studies have shown that it improves long-term outcome. The post-cardiac arrest syndrome is common and requires multiple organ support in an intensive care unit. Therapy in this phase is aimed at improving neurological (e.g. targeted temperature management) and myocardial (e.g. percutaneous coronary intervention) outcomes. Based on standard outcome measurements (e.g. cerebral performance category), 75–80% of survivors will have a ‘good’ neurological outcome, but many of these will have subtle neurocognitive deficits.

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32

Beenstock, Michael. Zero Interest Policy and the New Abnormal. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849663.001.0001.

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Abstract In the “New Normal” central banks set their interest rate to zero and print money through massive quantitative easing, while finance ministries run huge fiscal deficits. Yet inflation remains minimal. This book explains why. It also explains why the New Normal is really the New Abnormal, and why it can’t last. The academic roots of the New Abnormal are traced to a conceptual confusion about the “natural rate of interest,”’ and postmodernism in macroeconomics, exemplified by the DSGE (dynamic stochastic general equilibrium) movement. A theory of “existential risk” is developed, which is concerned with the collapse of political economies such the Bretton Woods system and the New Abnormal. Existential risk expresses itself in the growing gap between the natural rate of interest, measured by the rate of return on capital, and the real rate of interest. Existential risk is also expressed in the development of cryptocurrencies. A theory of “kinetic inflation” based on Keynes’ liquidity trap is developed, which accounts for the absence of inflation in the New Abnormal, and predicts its outbreak when zero interest policy ends. The adverse social consequences of the New Abnormal for fertility, pensions, house prices, economic inequality, and intergenerational equity are explored. A causal link is established from the New Abnormal to Covid-19 mitigation policy, and from the latter to the intensification of the New Abnormal. Finally, the prospects are assessed for ending the New Abnormal, and an orderly return to the Old Normal. The alternative is to crash out of the New Abnormal chaotically.

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33

Malina, Robert M. The influence of physical activity and training on growth and maturation. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0032.

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Physical activity in the general youth population and systematic training for sport among young athletes seems to have no effect on size attained and rate of growth in height, or on maturity status and timing. However, activity and training may influence body weight and composition. While both favourably influence bone mineral, variable effects are noted in some sports. Activity has a minimal effect on fatness in normal weight youth, but regular training generally has a positive influence on fatness in youth athletes. Data for fat-free/lean tissue mass are suggestive, but limited. Constitutional factors play a central role in the selection and retention of young athletes in a sport.

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34

Tonry, Michael. Doing Justice, Preventing Crime. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320503.001.0001.

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In the 2020s, no informed person disagrees that punishment policies and practices in the United States are unprincipled, chaotic, and much too often unjust. The financial costs are enormous. The moral cost is greater: countless individual injustices; mass incarceration; the world’s highest imprisonment rate; extreme disparities, especially affecting members of racial and ethnic minority groups; high rates of wrongful conviction; assembly-line case processing; and a general absence of respectful consideration of offenders’ interests, circumstances, and needs. The main ideas in this book about doing justice and preventing crime are simple: Treat people charged with and convicted of crimes justly, fairly, and even-handedly, as anyone would want done for themselves or their children. Take sympathetic account of the circumstances of peoples’ lives. Punish no one more severely than he or she deserves. Those propositions are implicit in the rule of law and its requirement that the human dignity of every person be respected. Three major structural changes are needed. First, selection of judges and prosecutors, and their day-to-day work, must be insulated from political influence. Second, mandatory minimum sentence, three-strikes, life without parole, truth in sentencing, and similar laws must be repealed. Third, correctional and prosecution systems must be centralized in unified state agencies.

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35

O'Connor, Cailin. The Origins of Unfairness. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789970.001.0001.

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The central aim of this book is to explore the ways in which social categories—especially gender, but also categories like race and religion—interact with and contribute to social solutions to problems of coordination and resource division. In particular, this book uses formal frameworks—game theory and evolutionary game theory—to explore the cultural evolution of conventions that piggyback on seemingly irrelevant factors like gender and race. As I argue, these frameworks elucidate a variety of topics. In particular, these frameworks help show how inequity can emerge from simple processes of cultural change. In groups with gender and racial categories, the process of learning conventions of coordination and resource division is such that under a wide array of situations some groups will tend to get more and others less. One theme that runs throughout the book is that surprisingly minimal conditions are needed to robustly produce phenomena related to inequity that we usually think of as psychologically complex. It takes very little to generate a situation in which social categories (like gender) are almost guaranteed to emerge. The preconditions under which models move toward outcomes that look like discrimination are, again, very minimal. Once inequity emerges in these models, it takes very little for it to persist indefinitely. Thus, we need to think of inequity as part of an ever-evolving process. It is not something we can expect to fix and be done with. Along these lines, the picture I present is ultimately one where those concerned with social justice must remain vigilant against the dynamic forces that push toward inequity.

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36

Alkhalili, Kenan, Shaan M. Raza, and Franco DeMonte. Esthesioneuroblastoma and Carcinomas of the Nasal Cavity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0019.

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Sinonasal malignancies are rare, pathologically diverse, and biologically unpredictable tumors. They tend to have minimal or nonspecific symptoms that mimic benign (inflammatory) disease until there is invasion of adjacent structures. Most patients present with advanced disease. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are complimentary studies but magnetic resonance imaging optimally defines the tumor’s extent and dictates the need for neurosurgical attention. Advanced endoscopic techniques allow for the resection of some well-selected tumors as part of a multimodal treatment plan. The intimate relationships with the orbit and brain make surgical management challenging. Optimal patient outcomes can only be achieved with carefully constructed, multidisciplinary, multimodal management paradigms.

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37

Rickard, Simon. New Ornamental Garden. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101760.

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This book takes a fresh look at garden-worthy plants for Australian conditions. It will help gardeners to reappraise their climate, select appropriate plants and modify gardening practices to create beautiful gardens featuring native and exotic plants with proven drought tolerance, reliability and minimal weed potential. The New Ornamental Garden shows how heat, cold, water availability, rainfall patterns, length of growing season, evaporation rate and humidity influence plant growth in Australia, from the wet sub-tropics to the temperate climate of southern Australia. It also discusses the influence of microclimates within a garden: dry sun, dry shade, moist sun, moist shade, seaside conditions, exposed sites, urban situations and root competition from eucalyptus and allelopaths. The main focus of the book is the plant index, which contains notes on hundreds of plant varieties and how they function in the garden. All gardeners will benefit from reading this book!

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38

Gao, Qin. Anti-Poverty Effectiveness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190218133.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 investigates Dibao’s anti-poverty effectiveness. The chapter shows that, based on various poverty lines and across urban and rural areas, Dibao’s anti-poverty effectiveness is limited and at best modest, largely due to its targeting errors and gaps in benefit delivery. Dibao is more effective in reducing the depth and severity of poverty than it is the rate of poverty, and its anti-poverty effectiveness is greater among recipients than in the general population. Dibao’s influence on reducing poverty is larger when a lower poverty line is used and smaller when a higher poverty line is used. Because relative poverty lines are often set relative to the median income in society and tend to be much higher than the more widely used absolute poverty lines, Dibao’s effects on reducing relative poverty are particularly limited. Dibao has had minimal effect on narrowing the income inequality gap in society.

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39

Francisco, Louçã, and Ash Michael. The Wild Side of the Street. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828211.003.0010.

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Chapter 9 traces a history of bubbles and financial scandals from the Dutch tulip mania of the seventeenth century to frauds associated with European colonization of the Americas to financial misdeeds of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Dirty finance is everywhere. Sometimes it is the source of the funds: the world’s most reputable banks have handled funds from highly disreputable sources. In other cases, clean wealth goes through dirty handling. Offshore finance shelters the great family fortunes, at the edge of legality. High frequency trading blurs the line between quick wits and market manipulation. Cartels of traders enrich themselves at the expense of clients. The rating agencies rate complex securities as sound with minimal investigation. In the Libor scandal, the biggest banks conspired to mislead the world about inter-bank lending. A description of the instruments, transactions, and the mechanisms of manipulation and fraud is provided.

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40

Franko, William W., and Christopher Witko. Building on Success. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190671013.003.0007.

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In chapter 7 the authors examine how state adoptions of the earned income tax credit (EITC), an alternative means of boosting the incomes of the working poor by adjusting their incomes with the tax code, were influenced by the growing awareness of inequality and other state-specific factors. Unlike the minimum wage, the EITC was originally enacted by the federal government in the 1970s and has historically been accepted by conservatives. As Republicans have more recently begun to question this policy at the federal level, we see that it has been expanded substantially at the state level. The analysis shows that this has been the case in states that are most aware of inequality and those where labor unions are strong, and also that, unlike minimum wage increases, both liberal and conservative governments adopted EITC laws at similar rates.

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41

Deakin, Charles D. Defibrillation and pacing during cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0063.

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Defibrillation is the passage of electrical current across the myocardium to allow synchronized repolarisation and return of a perfusing rhythm. It is now an established intervention for patients in shockable rhythms during cardiac arrest and is administered every 2 minutes during resuscitation until return of spontaneous circulation. Modern biphasic waveforms are more effective than older monophasic waveforms, achieving first shock success rate of approximately 90%. For ventricular fibrillation in adults, the initial shock should be delivered at 150 J, and if further shocks are required, escalating energy is probably more effective than a fixed energy strategy. All paediatric shocks should be delivered at 4 J/kg. Although it is important to stand clear of the patient when the shock is delivered, defibrillation should be administered with minimal interruption to resuscitation, ideally resulting in a pause to chest compressions of no more than 5 seconds. External pacing may be life-saving in patients refractory to pharmacological support of bradyarrhythmias, but is ineffective for asystole.

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42

March, Luke. Populism in the Post-Soviet States. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.9.

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In the former Soviet Union (FSU), sustained instances of populism are rare. The demand side does not represent an equally propitious “breeding ground” for populist backlash as in East Central Europe. However, the supply side is still more problematic, given the consolidation of authoritarian tendencies across the region. Without a minimal level of pluralism, it is extremely difficult to develop genuine and stable populist forces, except in (usually temporary) cases of regime breakdown or elite infighting. Anti-populist leaders (such as Vladimir Putin) have become the rule. Such leaders may employ populist rhetoric, but their fundamental impulse is elitist. They co-opt, mimic, or simply oppress social mobilization, making stability their watchword and regarding genuine populism as a dangerous threat to their rule.

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43

Banks, Cyndi. Prisons in the United States. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216001355.

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Offering perspectives from a range of experts, both academic and nonacademic, this reference book examines the development of prisons in the United States and addresses the principal contemporary issues and controversies of our prisons and prison systems. Prisons were initially created as a means of reforming offenders, but over time, the objective of rehabilitation gave way to a strategy of mass imprisonment—a system that has resulted in correctional facilities dealing with serious problems such as overcrowding, prison gangs, pervasive violence, and a significant incidence of mental illness among inmates. Prisons in the United States: A Reference Handbook examines the history of corrections in America, detailing how well-intentioned policies intended to "get tough on crime" sanctioned the dismantling of parole systems and resulted in laws that imposed mandatory minimum sentences. These changes contributed to the United States now having the biggest incarcerated population worldwide and the highest rate of incarceration. The book offers an accessible history of the development of the prison system in the United States and analyzes the various problems and controversies associated with prisons in the present day. The coverage includes key related issues, including those of race and gender, and enables readers to understand how past developments continue to affect public and official perceptions of the prison experience—for example, how the practice of keeping inmates in solitary confinement for lengthy periods has been reinvented and represents a return to a historically discredited practice. Accounts of former inmates and of correctional officers are integrated into the text, adding context and offering rarely heard perspectives on difficult issues affecting prisons.

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44

Emir, Astra. 8. Protection of Wages. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198814849.003.0008.

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This chapter considers the provisions of the Employment Rights Act 1996 for the protection of wages. First, it considers the definition of wages, and what are deductions. It then goes on to look at restrictions on unauthorised deductions from wages and payments (ERA, ss 13, 15); excepted deductions and excepted payments (ERA, ss 14, 16); deductions and payments in retail employment (ERA, ss 17–18); and complaints to an employment tribunal (ERA, s 23). The chapter also discusses the rules for national minimum wage and national living wage, covering who qualifies for them, the hourly rates and methods of enforcement.

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45

O’Hear, Michael. The Failed Promise of Sentencing Reform. Praeger, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400649493.

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Despite 15 years of reform efforts, the incarceration rate in the United States remains at an unprecedented high level. This book provides the first comprehensive survey of these reforms and explains why they have proven to be ineffective. After many decades of stability, the imprisonment rate in the United States quintupled between 1973 and 2003. Since then, nearly all states have adopted multiple reforms intended to reduce imprisonment, but the U.S. imprisonment rate has only decreased by a paltry two percent. Why are American sentencing reforms since 2000 been largely ineffective? Are tough mandatory minimum sentences for nonviolent drug offenders the primary reason our prisons are always full? This book offers a fascinating assessment of the wave of sentencing reforms adopted by dozens of states as well as changes at the federal level since 2000, identifying common themes among seemingly disparate changes in sentencing policy and highlighting recent reform efforts that have been more successful and may point the way forward for the nation as a whole. In The Failed Promise of Sentencing Reform, author Michael O’Hear exposes the myths that American prison sentencing reforms enacted in the 21st century have failed to have the expected effect because U.S. prisons are filled to capacity with nonviolent drug offenders as a result of the “war on drugs,” and because of new laws that took away the discretion of judges and corrections officials. O’Hear then makes a convincing case for the real reason sentencing reforms have come up short: because they exclude violent and sexual offenders, and because they rely on the discretion of officials who still have every incentive to be highly risk-averse. He also highlights how overlooking the well-being of offenders and their families in our consideration of sentencing reform has undermined efforts to effect real change.

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46

Khorgami, Zhamak, and Ariel Ortiz Lagardere. Complications of Gastric Plication. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0037.

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Laparoscopic gastric plication is infolding of the greater curvature of the stomach to reduce gastric volume. This chapter covers the complications of the procedure, their causes, and their management. The most common complication is gastric obstruction, and it is the main reason for reoperation. Most mild obstructions can be managed conservatively. Patients with signs of ischemia and those with poor response to medical treatment need reoperation. Mild bleeding is not infrequent after gastric plication but severe bleeding is rare. Gastric perforation can occur, and treatment options include conservative management of a minimal contained leak, or surgical exploration with plication reversal and repair. Loss of restriction and weight regain are a result of insufficient reduction of the stomach capacity or plication breakdown. Other complications include persistent heartburn, gastric wall herniation (which can lead to ischemia and perforation), gastric intussusception, and gastric ulcers.

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47

Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Chemical equilibrium and chemical kinetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0014.

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Building on the previous chapter, this chapter examines gas phase chemical equilibrium, and the equilibrium constant. This chapter takes a rigorous, yet very clear, ‘first principles’ approach, expressing the total Gibbs free energy of a reaction mixture at any time as the sum of the instantaneous Gibbs free energies of each component, as expressed in terms of the extent-of-reaction. The equilibrium reaction mixture is then defined as the point at which the total system Gibbs free energy is a minimum, from which concepts such as the equilibrium constant emerge. The chapter also explores the temperature dependence of equilibrium, this being one example of Le Chatelier’s principle. Finally, the chapter links thermodynamics to chemical kinetics by showing how the equilibrium constant is the ratio of the forward and backward rate constants. We also introduce the Arrhenius equation, closing with a discussion of the overall effect of temperature on chemical equilibrium.

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48

Armstrong, Neil, and Alison M. McManus. Development of the young athlete. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0030.

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Success in youth sport is underpinned by a range of chronological age- and biological maturity status-related factors which affect performance in a sex- and sport-specific manner. Pubertal changes in body size, shape, composition, muscle metabolism, muscle strength, aerobic fitness, and anaerobic fitness strongly influence sport performance but biological clocks run at different rates. As selection and retention in youth sport is based on chronological age, competition is not always on a level playing field. Young athletes benefit from exercise training but there is no convincing evidence of the existence of a ‘maturation threshold’ below which the effects of training will be minimal or will not occur, or of ‘windows of opportunity’ during which training effects are enhanced. Participation in sport provides a positive environment for the promotion of personal development but evidence is accumulating that elite youth sport also presents risks to current and future health and well-being.

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49

Kim, Christine. Multiculturalism, Minor Publics, and Social Intimacy. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040139.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter presents the debate that lies at the heart of the multiculturalism project in Canada, examining why the proposed inclusion of an Asian-looking woman on the $100 bill is a contentious move if Canada is a multicultural country. In many respects, the $100 bill story dovetails with the larger concerns of this book because both highlight how the politics of multicultural recognition obfuscate racialized feeling. In studying this recent episode in Canadian public life, this book aims to emphasize how the language and logic of multiculturalism structure race and racialization for a liberal imagination in Canada; to note that although the rhetoric of multicultural recognition may permeate the nation, multicultural feeling does not; and to propose that the minimal amount of public debate about the $100 bill is indicative of a more general public inability to recognize the racialized nature of citizenship.

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50

Horneff, Vanya, Raimond Maurer, and Olivia S. Mitchell. How Persistent Low Expected Returns Alter Optimal Life Cycle Saving, Investment, and Retirement Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827443.003.0008.

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This chapter explores how an environment of persistent low returns influences saving, investing, and retirement behaviors, compared to what in the past had been conceived of as ‘normal’ financial conditions. Using a calibrated life cycle dynamic model with realistic tax, minimum distribution, and social security benefit rules, we can mimic the large peak at the earliest claiming age at 62 that is seen in the data. Also in line with the evidence, our baseline results show a smaller second peak at the (system-defined) Full Retirement Age of 66. In the context of a zero-return environment, we show that workers will optimally devote more of their savings to non-retirement accounts and less to 401(k) accounts, since the relative appeal of investing in taxable versus tax-qualified retirement accounts is lower in a low return setting. Finally, we show that people claim social security benefits later in a low interest rate environment.

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