Дисертації з теми "Millimeter wave range"

Short description of new ground radiometric complex, working on 40 GHz and 94 GHz frequencies and providing remote continuous measurements of full vertical atmosphere attenuation, effective temperature values and liquid-water content of clouds, integral content of vaporous moisture in atmosphere. The feature of the complex is the availability of digital signal processing of detected signals mode.

In this work optical measurement techniques are developed and performed for the on-wafer and in-circuit characterisation of coplanar HF devices and circuits. Electro-optic sampling methods have been used most commonly deploying the Pockels-effect. It can shown, that also electroabsorptive mechanisms can be used for the measurement of HF signals. In addition, optical heterodyning is applied to transfer the microwave signal that is to detect to lower frequency ranges. - Gegenstand der vorliegenden Dissertation ist die Entwicklung einer optischen Messtechnik, die zur Untersuchung und Charakterisierung von koplanaren Hochfrequenz-Bauelementen und -Schaltungen eingesetzt werden kann. Hervorragende Ergebnisse konnten bislang mit der elektrooptischen Messtechnik erzielt werden, welche den Pockels-Effekt zwischen einem durch das Bauelement propagierenden Mikrowellensignal und einem optischen Abtaststrahl ausnutzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass auch elektroabsorptive Effekte für optische Messverfahren eingesetzt werden können. Sie präsentiert zudem die Möglichkeit, durch die Heterodyn-Technik, also das geeignete Mischen zweier wellenlängenverstimmter cw-Laser, das Mikrowellensignal in niedrigere und damit einfacher zu messende Frequenzbereiche herunterzutransferieren.

"2009"
Thesis (MSc (Hons))--Macquarie University, Faculty of Science, Dept. of Physics and Engineering, 2010.
Bibliography: p. 163-166.
Introduction -- Design theory and process technology -- 15GHz oscillator implementations -- 24GHz oscillator implementation -- Frequency prescaler implementation -- MMIC fabrication and measurement -- Conclusion.
Advances in Silicon Germanium (SiGe) Bipolar Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (BiCMOS) technology has caused a recent revolution in low-cost Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) design. -- This thesis presents the design, fabrication and measurement of four MMICs for frequency synthesis, manufactured in a commercially available IBM 0.18μm SiGe BiCMOS technology with ft = 60GHz. The high speed and low-cost features of SiGe Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs) were exploited to successfully develop two single-ended injection-lockable 15GHz Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) for application in an active Ka-Band antenna beam-forming network, and a 24GHz differential cross-coupled VCO and 1/6 synchronous static frequency prescaler for emerging Ultra Wideband (UWB) automotive Short Range Radar (SRR) applications. -- On-wafer measurement techniques were used to precisely characterise the performance of each circuit and compare against expected simulation results and state-of-the-art performance reported in the literature. -- The original contributions of this thesis include the application of negative resistance theory to single-ended and differential SiGe VCO design at 15-24GHz, consideration of manufacturing process variation on 24GHz VCO and prescaler performance, implementation of a fully static multi-stage synchronous divider topology at 24GHz and the use of differential on-wafer measurement techniques. -- Finally, this thesis has llustrated the excellent practicability of SiGe BiCMOS technology in the engineering of high performance, low-cost MMICs for frequency synthesis in millimeterwave (mm-wave) devices.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xxii, 166 p. : ill (some col.)

The objective of the proposed research is to develop solutions for High-Performance Low-Cost Passives for Radar, Identification, and Communication Applications up to mm-Wave Frequencies. This research will bring to the table potential solutions that will meet three main requirements: small size (or low weight), high performance, and low cost. This research embarks on antenna design and development for passive RFID tags on LCP substrates, and then a transition towards lower cost modules investigates and explores the possibilities of using paper as RF substrates with inkjet printing as a low cost fabrication technology. Modules such as dual band antenna for Wifi frequencies (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) and UWB (up to 10GHz) on paper substrate using inkjet printing are presented. This work then bridges into developing higher frequency modules. These include: highly selective filter design on LCP for X-band Radar application to be used as a benchmark for an easy adjustment for higher frequencies, and antenna modules LCP using inkjet printing for communication such as mm-Wave WLAN or WPAN. A transition into mm-Wave Modules then takes place for the general realization of low-cost high-performance mm-Wave modules and more specifically the low cost automotive radar. After proposing an architecture for integrated mm-Wave module, this work then investigates 2D/3D interconnections (and their integration with antennas) on LCP using conventional etching design guidelines up to 100GHz. Antenna arrays that are implemented with phase shifters for beam steering are then designed using edge fed and multilayer technology. Furthermore, crosstalk reductions for highly dense transmission lines are analyzed via simulations for the optimum performance and space saving of such mm-Wave modules such as the IC interface where space restrictions are strictly enforced.

This thesis addresses the design study, implementation and analysis of signal processing algorithms for a 79 GHz millimeter-wave Phase Modulated Continuous Wave (PMCW) Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) short range radar; performed in IMEC research institute (Leuven, Belgium). The radar system targets high resolution performance with low power consumption in order to integrate a full MIMO radar transceiver with digital processor and antennas in a compact package featuring a size of 1 cm2. Achieving such radar system characteristics requires the exploitation of a highly demanding digital architecture with signal processing gain and high range, speed and angle resolutions. The improved resolution and detection capabilities will be achieved by performing signal processing algorithms on the reflected waveform. The digital front-end implements parallel range gate processing with a bank of correlators that perform: pulse compression, coherent accumulation to further increase Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and N-point FFT to extract the Doppler information. The use of MIMO is proposed implementing a code domain technique in the PMCW waveform, the Outer Hadamard Code MIMO. This concept makes use of a unique sequence for all the transmitting antennas that is rendered by an outer sequence to ensure the orthogonality of the transmitted waveforms. The outer code makes use of the good cross-correlation properties of the Hadamard sequences and the waveform uses sequences that exhibit perfect auto-correlation profile, the Almost Perfect Autocorrelation Sequences (APAS). The MIMO implementation results in higher angular resolution and extra processing gain. The use of beamforming techniques in the radar allows the angle estimation of the detected targets; using rough and fine beamforming that provides with coarse and precise Angle of Arrival (AoA) estimation in an early and late stage respectively. A Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) processing stage is implemented in the stage of the system where higher signal processing gain is achieved. This algorithm allows the variation of the CFAR parameters and analyzes the detections in order to improve the probability of detection (Pd) while decreasing the probability of false alarm (Pfa). A series of simulations with different scenarios and variable parameters are set in order to analyze the performance of the system. The simulations analyze the gain achieved in each stage and their outcomes show an impressive processing gain that can reach SNR improvements as high as 77 dB for a small virtual array while keeping the Pfa low with the CFAR adjustment. The use of bigger arrays demonstrates the possibility to enable clear detections for low Radar Cross Section (RCS) targets in far distances of the unambiguous range. The use of beamforming shows interference reduction improvement as the beam widths narrow with the increasing number of virtual array antennas. These results have been achieved while keeping the system design parameters to a range resolution of 7.5 cm for a maximum range of 37.5 meters with speed resolution of 0.2 m/s and a maximum detectable speed of 12.66 m/s. The outcomes support the good performance of the signal processing techniques implemented and the benefits in applying them in a SoC mmWave MIMO radar.

This thesis describes the design and construction of a close range Passive Millimetre Wave (PMMW) scanning thermal imager. Whilst close range PMMW imager has previously been applied to concealed weapon detection at ranges of a few metres, the imager described herein is designed to focus on targets at a range of a few tens of centimetres. In particular, the main design aim was to produce higher resolution thermal maps suitable for medical imaging applications. Imaging at MMW frequencies offers greater penetration depths in lossy dielectric media than conventional infrared imagers, although there is an obvious trade-off in spatial resolution. The instrument consists of a total power radiometer operating at a centre frequency of 94 GHz. The input to the radiometer is provided by a quasi-optical focussing lens, designed using Gaussian Bean Mode theory. The observed scene is scanned by means of a rotating mirror and a translation table. Image acquisition timescales were of the order of a few minutes. Thermal calibration of the radiometer output was performed by recording the image of adjacent hot and cold reference loads with each line scan. In addition, the thermal transition between the calibration loads was used to measure the beam profile of the input optics and the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the instrument. The imager has shown that it is possible to produce useful close range thermal images of the human body at MMW frequencies. The spatial resolution achieved was approximately 3 mm, with a thermal resolution of 0.4 K.

This thesis describes the theoretical and practical implementation of a long-range high-resolution millimetre wave imaging radar system to aid with the navigation and guidance of both airborne and ground-based autonomous vehicles. To achieve true autonomy, a vehicle must be able to sense its environment, comprehensively, over a broad range of scales. Objects in the immediate vicinity of the vehicle must be classified at high resolution to ensure that the vehicle can traverse the terrain. At slightly longer ranges, individual features such as trees and low branches must be resolved to allow for short-range path planning. At long range, general terrain characteristics must be known so that the vehicle can plan around difficult or impassable obstructions. Finally, at the largest scale, the vehicle must be aware of the direction to its objective. In the past, short-range sensors based on radar and laser technology have been capable of producing high-resolution maps in the immediate vicinity of the vehicle extending out to a few hundred metres at most. For path planning, and navigation applications where a vehicle must traverse many kilometres of unstructured terrain, a sensor capable of imaging out to at least 3km is required to permit mid and long-range motion planning. This thesis addresses this need by describing the development a high-resolution interrupted frequency modulated continuous wave (FMICW) radar operating at 94GHz. The contributions of this thesis include a comprehensive analysis of both FMCW and FMICW processes leading to an effective implementation of a radar prototype which is capable of producing high-resolution reflectivity images of the ground at low grazing angles. A number of techniques are described that use these images and some a priori knowledge of the area, for both feature and image based navigation. It is shown that sub-pixel registration accuracies can be achieved to achieve navigation accuracies from a single image that are superior to those available from GPS. For a ground vehicle to traverse unknown terrain effectively, it must select an appropriate path from as long a range as possible. This thesis describes a technique to use the reflectivity maps generated by the radar to plan a path up to 3km long over rough terrain. It makes the assumption that any change in the reflectivity characteristics of the terrain being traversed should be avoided if possible, and so, uses a modified form of the gradient-descent algorithm to plan a path to achieve this. The millimetre wave radar described here will improve the performance of autonomous vehicles by extending the range of their high-resolution sensing capability by an order of magnitude to 3km. This will in turn enable significantly enhanced capability and wider future application for these systems.

There is an increasing interest in building millimetre-wave circuits on standard digital complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology for applications such as wireless local area networks (WLAN), automotive radar and remote sensing. This stems from the existing low cost, well-developed, high yield infrastructure for mass production. The overall aim of this thesis is to extend the operating range of 0.18um standard logic CMOS technology to millimetre-wave regime. To this end, microwave and millimetre-wave design, optimisation and modelling methodologies for active and passive devices and low noise circuit implementation are described. As part of the evaluation, new systematic and modular ways of making high performance passive and active devices such as spiral inductors, slow-wave coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines, comb capacitors and NMOS transistors are proposed, designed, simulated, fabricated, modelled and analysed. Small-signal and noise de-embedding techniques are developed and verified up to 110 GHz, providing an increased accuracy in the device model, leading to a robust design at millimetre-wave frequencies. Reduced substrate losses resulting in increased quality factor are presented for optimised spiral inductor designs, featuring patterned floating shield (PFS), enabling improved matching network and a reduced chip area. Based on the proposed shielded slow-wave CPW, both the line attenuation and structure length are decreased, resulting in a more compact and simplified circuit design. An optimised transistor design, aimed at reducing the layout parasitic effects, was realised. The optimisation led to a significant improvement in the gain and noise performance of the transistor, extending its operation beyond the cut-off frequency (ft). By combining all the optimised components, low noise amplifiers (LNAs) operating at 25 GHz and 40 GHz were implemented and compared. These LNAs demonstrate state-of-the-art performance, with the 40 GHz LNA exhibiting the highest gain and lowest noise performance of any LNA reported using 0.18um CMOS technology. On the other hand, the 25 GHz LNA showed a comparable performance to other reported results in literature using several topologies implemented in CMOS technology. These findings will provide a framework for expansion to smaller CMOS technology nodes with the view of extending to sub millimetre-wave frequencies.

[EN] Microfluidic systems have been emerged as a promising technology for molecular analysis, biodefence and microelectronics. The properties of the microfluidic devices, such as rapid sample processing and the precise control of fluids, have made them attractive candidates to replace traditional experimental approaches. Microfluidic devices are characterized by fluidic channels with dimensions on the order of tens to hundreds of micrometers. Structures with this size enable the integration of lab-on-chip technology, which allows processing miniaturized devices for fluid control and manipulation. Fluid sensing by microwave sensors based on the RF analysis offers new possibilities for the characterization of mediums by non-invasive methods. Dielectric measurement of fluids is important because it can provide the electric or magnetic characteristics of the materials, which proved useful in many research and development fields, such as molecular biology and medical diagnosis. Several techniques are available in the frequency domain for analyzing the dielectric properties of liquids and their composition. We are focused in resonant cavity techniques for fluid characterization in the millimeter-wave range. However, these techniques are incompatible with lab-on-chip process due its dimensions in this frequency range. In this context, a new structure called gap waveguide appears as a good candidate to overcome the principal drawbacks of the classical resonant cavities. This thesis presents the development of the gap waveguide technology in the millimeter-wave band. Other conventional technologies are discussed as well, to compare them with the performance in terms of losses of the gap waveguide. We also present the resonator design based on gap waveguide with the purpose of making the gap waveguide a technology capable of working in the microfluidic sensing domain. In this context, we propose a comparative study between gap waveguide and Substrate Integrated Cavity (SIC) with the aim to characterize the fluid permittivity at 60 GHz. With this purpose, several prototypes have been manufactured with PCB ("Printed Circuit Board") and Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) technologies. A work in the LTCC laboratory has been done with the purpose of validating some steps in the LTCC process which are key in the gap waveguide manufacturing, especially those related with the creation of cavities (external and internal) using LTCC materials.
[ES] Los sistemas microfluídicos han emergido como una tecnología prometedora para el análisis molecular, biodefensa y microelectrónica. Las propiedades de los dispositivos microfluídicos tales como el procesamiento rápido de las muestras y el control de los fluidos, les han hecho atractivos candidatos para reemplazar los tradicionales métodos experimentales. Los dispositivos microfluídcos están caracterizados por canales fluídicos con dimensiones del orden de decenas a centenares de micrómetros. Las estructuras con estos tamaños permiten la integración de la tecnología "lab-on-chip", la cual permite el procesamiento de dispositivos miniaturizados para el control y la manipulación de fluidos. La detección de fluidos a través de sensores de microondas basados en el análisis de radiofrecuencia ofrece nuevas posibilidades para la caracterización de medios a través de métodos no invasivos. Las medidas dieléctricas de los fluidos son importantes debido a que pueden proporcionar información las características eléctricas o magnéticas de los materiales, siendo útil en muchos campos de investigación y desarrollo tales como biología molecular o para realizar diagnósticos médicos. En el dominio frecuencial, varias tecnologías están disponibles en el mercado para analizar las propiedades dieléctricas y la composición de los líquidos. En esta tesis, estamos enfocados en las técnicas basadas en cavidades resonantes para la caracterización de fluidos en el rango de las ondas milimétricas. Sin embargo, estas técnicas son incompatibles con los procesos "lab-on-chip" debido a sus dimensiones en esta banda de frecuencia. En este contexto, una nueva estructura guía onda denominada "gap waveguide" aparece como un buen candidato para solventar los principales inconvenientes de las clásicas cavidades resonantes. En esta tesis se ha desarrollado la tecnología "gap waveguide" en la banda de ondas milimétricas. Otras tecnologías convencionales serán estudiadas para comparar el rendimiento de todas ellas en términos de pérdidas. También se presenta en esta tesis, el diseño de resonadores basados en la tecnología "gap waveguide" con el propósito de hacer esta tecnología compatible con la detección microfluídica. En este contexto, proponemos un estudio comparativo entre las tecnologías "gap waveguide" y "Substrate Integrated Cavity" (SIC) con el objetivo de caracterizar la permitividad de los fluidos a 60 GHz. Con este propósito, varios prototipos han sido fabricados usando las tecnologías PCB ("Printed Circuit Board") y LTCC ("Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic". Un importante trabajo en el laboratorio LTCC se realizó para validar algunas de las etapas del proceso LTCC que eran la clave para la fabricación de prototipos basados en "gap waveguide", como la creación de cavidades (externas e internas) usando materiales LTCC.
[CAT] Els sistemes microfluídics han emergit com una tecnologia prometedora per a l'anàlisi molecular, biodefensa i microelectrònica. Les propietats dels dispositius microfluídics com el processament ràpid de les mostres i control dels fluids, els han fet atractius candidats per a reemplaçar les tradicionals aproximacions experimentals. Els dispositius microfluídcs estan caracteritzats per canals fluídics amb dimensions de l'orde de desenes a centenars de micròmetres. Les estructures amb estes grandàries permeten la integració de la tecnologia "lab-on-chip", la qual permet el processament de dispositius miniaturitzats per al control i la manipulació de fluids. La detecció de fluids a través de sensors de microones basats en l'anàlisi de radiofreqüència oferix noves possibilitats per a la caracterització de sistemes a través de mètodes no invasius. Les mesures dielèctriques dels fluids són importants pel fet que poden proporcionar informació sobre les característiques elèctriques o magnètiques dels materials, sent útil en molts camps d'investigació i desenvolupament com biologia molecular o per a realitzar diagnòstics. En el domini freqüencial, diverses tecnologies estan disponibles en el mercat per analitzar les propietats dielèctriques i la composició dels líquids. En aquesta tesi, estem enfocats en les tècniques basades en cavitats ressonants per a la caracterització de fluids en el rang de les ones mil·limètriques. No obstant això, aquestes tècniques són incompatibles amb els processos "lab-on-chip" a causa de les seues dimensions en aquesta banda de freqüència. En aquest context, una nova estructura guia onda denominada "gap waveguide" apareix com un bon candidat per a resoldre els principals inconvenients de les clàssiques cavitats ressonants. En aquesta tesi s'ha desenvolupat la tecnologia "gap waveguide" en la banda d'ones mil·limètriques. Altres tecnologies convencionals seran estudiades per a comparar el rendiment de totes elles en termes de pèrdues.També es presenta en esta tesi el disseny de ressonadors basats en la tecnologia "gap waveguide" amb el propòsit de fer esta tecnologia compatible amb la detecció microfluídica. En aquest context, proposem un estudi comparatiu entre les tecnologies "gap waveguide" i "Substrate Integrated Cavity" (SIC) amb l'objectiu de caracteritzar la permitivitat dels fluids a 60 GHz. Amb aquest propòsit, diversos prototips han sigut fabricats usant les tecnologies PCB ("Printed Circuit Board") i LTCC ("Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic". Un important treball en el laboratori LTCC es va realitzar per a validar algunes de les etapes del procés LTCC que eren la clau per a la fabricació de prototips basats en "gap waveguide", com la creació de cavitats (externes i internes) usant materials LTCC.
Arenas Buendia, C. (2016). Enhanced fluid characterization in the millimeter-wave band using Gap Waveguide Technology [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62781
TESIS

碩士
國立交通大學
電信工程研究所
107
In this thesis, the millimeter-wave radar sensor AWR1642 developed by Texas Instruments is used to realize the millimeter-wave radar system operating in the 77-81 GHz band. The raw data received by ADC of the radar chip is processed to obtain the position of objects. We design three experiments to measure the range resolution, the maximum detectable distance and the signal to noise ratio of received signal. Then, we analyze and discuss the results of these measurements separately. Finally, we conclude the limitations of range estimation in the application of millimeter wave radar systems.

碩士
國立中央大學
電機工程研究所
98
The communication circuits applied in microwave and millimeter-wave frequency ranges have being gradually popularized in our life. Among the circuits, the oscillator constitutes an important circuit in the communication system. The injection-locked oscillator can improves the phase noise of the output signal by means of additionally injecting signals. This thesis explores the process and principle of the injection-locked oscillator and the deductions on the injection-locked oscillator models based on the relevant literatures. This thesis is mainly divided into two parts. In the first part, it explores how to make voltage-controlled oscillator at K-band by using SiGe BiCMOS technology and ADS simulation software. The variable capacitor is implemented by connecting the heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) and the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) in parallel.Thus, this oscillator shows a wide tuning range. The adjustable frequency range is from16.5 GHz to 19.85 GHz. In the second part of thesis, 50 GHz and 75 GHz subharmonic injection-locked oscillators are designed and manufactured in BiFET and GaAs pHEMT technologies. The measured oscillator shows low phase noise, wide-band locking range, low power consumption and high output power. Finally, this thesis explores how to use voltage-controlled oscillator to realize the modulation for the frequency-shift keying (FSK) signals and to demonstrate the demodulating the FSK signals using the injection-locked oscillator.

博士
元智大學
通訊工程學系
104
Pulse Doppler radar, which has a history of several decades, is most widely used in military applications, such as fire control radar, search radar, and tracking radar. These radars aim at detecting, searching, and tracking minatory target vehicle of enemies. According to the requirements of military combat, military radars must possess sufficient radiation power to detect targets from a far distance, such as fly bomb, flying vehicle, and naval vessels. The contemporary radar technology has evolved from simple radio frequency radar to phase-coded and infrared radars with an extended application in non-military monitoring, detection and security control, and regulation. In small areas, there is no need to use a large radiation power, resulting in dramatically reduced volume, which could play an important role in indoor security care and countering terrorism by detection and control. The objective of this study is to design a Self-spin RF Metal Detect System for regional use based on radar working principles for large-scale indoor security care and antiterrorism monitoring. Therefore, it monitors minatory metal objects (angles and distances) in large-scale indoor public areas, like public transportation places such as airports, subways, bus stations, and thus protects people’s life through rapid detection for potential risks.

博士
國立成功大學
電腦與通信工程研究所
103
In this dissertation, the first part is the design of a 60-GHz sub-harmonic RF receiver with an integrated on-chip artificial-magnetic-conductor (AMC) Yagi antenna and a balun bandpass filter (BPF) in 90-nm CMOS. This is to pursue RF system-on-chip for 60-GHz single-chip radio with on-chip antenna-filter integration of low-cost CMOS RF front-end circuitry for very-short-range (VSR) gigabit wireless communication. The AMC structure in the on-chip antenna is to reduce the CMOS substrate loss and increase the antenna radiation efficiency and power gain. The probe-station based on-wafer wireless digital-modulation wireless transmission test has been conducted. The measured maximum data rate is 1.152 Gb/s (approximately with a BER of 10-3) in 16QAM OFDM mode over a 25-cm distance. The chip size is 1.5×2 mm2 and the power consumption is 31 mW. For the second part, at first it is devoted to develop the V-band waveguide prototype of a 60-GHz vital-signs Doppler radar system or called millimeter-wave life detection system (MLDS). Then, a fully-integrated 60-GHz 90-nm CMOS direct-conversion Doppler radar RF sensor with clutter canceller circuits is designed for single-antenna noncontact human vital-signs detection. The clutter canceller can enhance the detecting sensitivity of weak vital signals. The on-wafer experimental measurements show clearly recorded waveforms of the heartbeat (1–1.3 Hz) and breathing signals (0.35–0.45 Hz) at a distance of 75 cm (with the chip connected through a 7-dB-loss V-band cable to a 17-dBi 60-GHz patch-array printed circuit board (PCB) planar antenna). The chip size is 2×2 mm2 and the power consumption is 217 mW. The presented integrated 60-GHz vital-sign RF sensor is devoted to be integrated in small portable communication devices (such as smartphone). It will be very useful for the wireless remote physiological monitoring healthcare and tiny vibration detecting applications.