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Статті в журналах з теми "Mild steel Stress corrosion"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Fayomi, Ojo Sunday Isaac, J. Akpoborie, Omotayo Sanni, J. Ren, Wan B. Wan Nik, J. A. Oyebanji, K. M. Oluwasegun, J. O. Ojediran, and F. Zulkifli. "Stress Corrosion Cracking and the Effects of <i>Citrus x aurantiifolia</i> on Mild Steel - A Green Approach." Key Engineering Materials 917 (April 13, 2022): 116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2ok39h.

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The inhibition performance of citrus x aurantiifolia extract (CXA) on the corrosion of mild steel in 1.5 M H2SO4, 2 M H2SO4, 3 M H2SO4, and 4 M H2SO4 solutions was evaluated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization techniques, and scanning electron spectroscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. CXA inhibited the mild steel corrosion in the sulphuric acid solutionswith optimal inhibition results of 96.06% in 1.5 M H2SO4 and 86.57% in 4 M H2SO4 from weight loss measurement. Weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and scanning electron microscopy tests confirm the inhibitive performance of this compound and the increase in inhibitor efficiency increases with inhibitor concentration. The polarization data showed that the inhibitor acts as a mixed-type inhibitor, and fits the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption studies clarify the excellent adsorption of this compound on the mild steel surface. The inhibited steel in the acid solution displayed improved surface morphology due to the surface protection effect of CXA molecules. The citrus x aurantiifolia studied here easily mitigates the effect of stress corrosion cracking on mild steel in a sulphuric acid environment. Keywords: Mild steel, Stress corrosion, Adsorption, Corrosion inhibitor, Sulphuric acid, Citrus X Aurantiifolia

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2

SATO, Eiji, and Tomomi MURATA. "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Mild Steel in Coal Gas Liquid." Tetsu-to-Hagane 72, no. 7 (1986): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.72.7_847.

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3

Le, Li, Massoud Sofi, and Elisa Lumantarna. "The combined effect of stress and corrosion on mild steel." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 185 (October 2021): 106805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2021.106805.

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4

Chu, W. Y., R. T. Ma, and C. M. Hsiao. "Technical Note:Stress Corrosion Cracking of Mild Steel under Compressive Stress." CORROSION 43, no. 4 (April 1987): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3583145.

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5

Conor, P. C. "Crack Closure and Stress Corrosion Fracture Thresholds in Mild Steel." CORROSION 43, no. 10 (October 1987): 614–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3583839.

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6

Parkins, R. N. "The intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of mild steel in clarke's solution." Corrosion Science 36, no. 12 (December 1994): 2097–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(94)90009-4.

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7

Parkins, R. N., and R. Usher. "the stress-corrosion cracking of mild steel in coal gas liquors." Journal of Applied Chemistry 9, no. 9 (May 4, 2007): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010090901.

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8

Smart, N. R., P. M. Scott, and R. P. M. Procter. "Repassivation kinetics and stress corrosion of mild steel in phosphate solutions." Corrosion Science 30, no. 8-9 (January 1990): 877–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(90)90011-s.

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9

Li, Le, Chun-Qing Li, and Mojtaba Mahmoodian. "Effect of Applied Stress on Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 31, no. 2 (February 2019): 04018375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002594.

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10

Forsyth, Maria, Marianne Seter, Bruce Hinton, Glen Deacon, and Peter Junk. "New 'Green' Corrosion Inhibitors Based on Rare Earth Compounds." Australian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 6 (2011): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch11092.

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A series of rare earth organic compounds pioneered by our group have been shown to provide a viable alternative to the use of chromates as corrosion inhibitors for some steel and aluminium applications. For example we have shown that the lanthanum 4-hydroxy cinnamate offers excellent corrosion mitigation for mild steel in aqueous environments while rare earth diphenyl phosphates offer the best protection in the case of aluminium alloys. In both cases the protection appears to be related to the formation of a nanometre thick interphase occurring on the surface that reduces the electrochemical processes leading to metal loss or pitting. Very recent work has indicated that we may even be able to address the challenging issue of stress corrosion cracking of high strength steels. Furthermore, filiform corrosion can be suppressed when selected rare earth inhibitor compounds are added as pigments to a polymer coating. There is little doubt from the work thus far that a synergy exists between the rare earth and organic inhibitor components in these novel compounds. This paper reviews some of the published research conducted by the senior author and colleagues over the past 10 years in this developing field of green corrosion inhibitors.

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11

Lee, Seong-Min, Ki-Tae Kim, and Su-Il Pyun. "Kinetics of intergranular corrosion and separation between initiation and propagation of stress corrosion crack in mild steel." Scripta Metallurgica 22, no. 1 (January 1988): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0036-9748(88)80301-6.

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12

Altzoumailis, A. F., and V. N. Kytopoulos. "Microstructure- Assisted Changes in the Magnetic Barkhausen Emission of a Mild Steel Under the Influence of Various Mechanical and Environmental Loading Factors; a Semiquantitative Analysis." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS 13 (September 14, 2022): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232017.2022.13.8.

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The aim of the present work is to introduce some novel possible ways for the semiquantitative analytical characterization of ferromagnetic steels. The characterization attempt focuses on microstructural changes occurring under the combined influence of certain mechanical loading as well as physico – chemical degradation factors such as applied stressstrain, tempering processing and salt water – induced electrochemical corrosion. In this direction, various conveniently simple developed functional modelling approaches are used to be able to analyse and estimate related experimental results obtained by means of micromagnetic Barkhausen emission measurements. The approaches are correlated to macroscaling as well as microscaling parameters such as stress-strain, dislocation – controlled cell size and pinning spacing – strength as well as internal cell flow stress. The needed correlations and estimations are made on the basis of an adopted specific micromagnetic activity parameter by which the obtained experimental data are compared and analysed. In this manner the opposite effects of internal flow stress and cell size reduction on the micromagnetic activity can reasonably be demonstrated where the first tends to stimulate an increase while the second a decrease in the specific micromagnetic parameter with progressive plastic deformation. One can further demonstrate that various physico-chemical degradation factors may markedly influence the microstructural as well as micromagnetic behaviour. For instance, hydrogen produced by corrosion of steel in NaCl – water solution and tempering processing lead to appreciable mechanical embrittlement as well as magnetic hardening of steel, expressed by an associated decrease in the specific micromagnetic parameter. With respect to this the tempering processing leads to a higher magnetic hardening compared to the corrosion process of steel.

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13

Abbas, Mohamed, Galal M. Abdella, Elsadig O. Eltai, and M. Gul. "Effect of corrosion on mechanical properties of the joining of materials." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 14, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 6822–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.14.2.2020.22.0534.

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The effect of corrosion behavior in critical environmental conditions on the mechanical properties of composite/metal materials joints was investigated by immersing metalic materials into 5wt% hydrochloric acid solutions. The current study was carried out on a single lab joint with a total thickness of 4mm; thus, a destructive test was undertaken to investigate the corrosion behavior induced degradation of mechanical properties followed by Scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM). The joined specimens were examined under both non-corrosive and corrosive environmental conditions. Moreover, the Taguchi analysis of experimental data for maximizing the required output is carried out to validate the impact and significance of input factors. Experimental results have shown that the weight losses of the mild steel and aluminum materials are 7.45% and 16.7%, respectively, in 5% wt hydrochloric acid after three weeks. The corrosive environment affected the strength of the joints and obtained an early failure on the joint region that leads to a reduction on the strength of the materials by almost 15% compared to the non-corroded joint. The joining of non-corroded similar steel obtained the highest maximum stress among all other specimens, where the maximum recorded stress was 140.5MPa as compared to 125MPa for corroded specimen. Furthermore, the mode of failure and hardness tests were obtained and analyzed for all specimens. A significant reduction in the hardness of the materials after exposure to the HCl acid was observed.

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14

Raicheff, R., J. Marcheva, and L. Fachikov. "Effect of Solution Concentration on Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Mild Steel in Phosphate Medium." Key Engineering Materials 20-28 (January 1991): 2133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.20-28.2133.

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15

Yu, Xiang, Saad Al-Saadi, Isha Kohli, Xiao-Ling Zhao, and R. K. Singh Raman. "Austenitic Stainless-Steel Reinforcement for Seawater Sea Sand Concrete: Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030500.

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Seawater and sea sand concrete (SWSSC) is a highly attractive alternative to normal concrete (NC) that requires huge amounts of fresh water and river sand. However, reinforcements of stainless steel (instead of mild steel that is used in NC) may be required for SWSSC. This article reports investigation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of AISI 316 stainless steel (SS) in simulated SWSSC and NC environments, with and without addition of silica to SWSSC and NC, employing slow strain rate testing (SSRT) at 25 and 60 °C. For the purpose of comparison, SCC of SS was also investigated in simulated seawater (SW) solution. SS showed no SCC at 25 °C in any of the test solutions. Indications of SCC were seen in SW at 60 °C, but no features of SCC in SWSSC and NC at 60 °C, as suggested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fractographs. While the absence of SCC in SWSSC and NC is attributed to the highly passivating alkaline condition, its absence in SWSSC also indicates the role of alkalinity to predominate the deleterious role of chloride content of SWSSC. However, the addition of silicate to SWSSC or NC triggers transgranular SCC to SS at 60 °C, as evidenced by the fractography.

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16

Filice, Sara E., Joseph R. McDermid, and Joseph R. Kish. "Effect of Accelerated Cooling on Linepipe Steel Mill Scale and Resulting Localized Corrosion Susceptibility." Corrosion 78, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3936.

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The structure and composition of mill scale on linepipe steel formed with and without accelerated cooling conditions (ACC) was investigated and correlated to localized corrosion susceptibility. The mill scale structure/composition was investigated using scanning electron microscopy equipped with x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron backscatter diffraction, as well as x-ray diffraction. Localized dissolution of the mill scale was investigated using electrochemical techniques including open-circuit potential measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electrochemical noise measurements in a corrosive phase solution. The various surface analytical and electrochemical techniques indicated that the mill scale formed without ACC consists of a relatively crack-free, thick inner wüstite layer with a thinner magnetite outer layer. However, the mill scale formed with ACC comprised a magnetite layer containing islands of retained wüstite, with some evidence of magnetite/iron eutectoid formation and which exhibited a relatively high density of through-scale cracks. These cracks can provide direct paths that connect the corrosive solution to the steel substrate, leading to a more rapid breakdown of the mill scale. Additionally, the cracks can form a crevice between the mill scale and the steel surface, providing sites for pit initiation and growth. Coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch thermal stress calculations indicate that a magnetite-based scale is more susceptible to cracking/spalling than a wüstite-based scale, resulting in the ACC plate being more susceptible to localized corrosion.

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17

Edgemon, G. L., M. J. Danielson, and G. E. C. Bell. "Detection of stress corrosion cracking and general corrosion of mild steel in simulated defense nuclear waste solutions using electrochemical noise analysis." Journal of Nuclear Materials 245, no. 2-3 (June 1997): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(97)00005-6.

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18

Arismendi Florez, Jhonatan Jair, and Jean Vicente Ferrari. "Fluid flow effects on CO2 corrosion: a review of applications of rotating cage methodology." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 66, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-08-2018-1986.

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Purpose Among the many influencing effects that the medium has on the CO2 corrosion of carbon steel, flow is one of the most important because it can determine the formation of corrosion product scales and its stabilisation, thus influencing the attack morphology and corrosion rate. This paper aims to summarise some factors affecting aqueous CO2 corrosion and the laboratory methodologies to evaluate one of the most important, the flow, with an emphasis on less costly rotating cage (RC) laboratory methodology. Design/methodology/approach Regarding the key factors affecting CO2 corrosion, both well-established factors and some not well addressed in current corrosion prediction models are presented. The wall shear stress (WSS) values that can be obtained by laboratory flow simulation methodologies in pipelines and its effects over iron carbonate (FeCO3) scales or inhibition films are discussed. In addition, promising applications of electrochemical techniques coupled to RC methodology under mild or harsh conditions are presented. Findings More studies could be addressed that also consider both the salting-out effects and the presence of oxygen in CO2 corrosion. The RC methodology may be appropriate to simulate a WSS close to that obtained by laboratory flow loops, especially when using only water as the corrosive medium. Originality/value The WSS generated by the RC methodology might not be able to cause destruction of protective FeCO3 scales or inhibition films. However, this may be an issue even when using methodologies that allow high-magnitude hydrodynamic stresses.

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19

Mostert, Roelf. "Long-Term In-Situ Study of Mild Steel Stress Corrosion Cracking Kinetics in a Carbonate-Rich Solution." Proceedings 2, no. 8 (May 9, 2018): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/icem18-05197.

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20

Gladen, H., and H. Kaesche. "Stress corrosion cracking of mild steel in high pressure, high temperature water during slow strain rate testing." Nuclear Engineering and Design 151, no. 2-3 (November 1994): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(94)90188-0.

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21

Motoda, Shin-ichi, Katsuyoshi Hiratsuka, Yohnosuke Suzuki, and Shigeo Tsujikawa. "Influence of Stress Ratio on Crack Growth Retardation During Corrosion Fatigue of Mild Steel in Sea Water." Zairyo-to-Kankyo 44, no. 12 (1995): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1991.44.661.

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22

Altzoumails, Alexandros, and Victor Kytopoulos. "On Novel Aspects of Hydrogen Effects on Applied Stress - Coupled Micromagnetic Activity in a Mild Steel After Exposure to NaCl – Water Solution: A Combined Approach." International Journal of Materials 8 (August 11, 2021): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91018.2021.8.4.

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Hydrogen produced after exposure of a low – carbon steel to corrosive NaCl – Water solution may affect various its tensile mechanical and magnetic microstructural behaviour in a complex manner. This was investigated by introducing a relevant micromagnetic specific emission (ME) - response of this ferromagnetic material, where related processes and parameters of micromagnetic activity and mechanical response were implemented. In this manner, it was demonstrated that an increase in the hydrogen accumulation with corrosion time leads to an associated increase in the embrittling effect expressed by a substantial loss in the ductility of material. The competive and opposing effects of cumulative hydrogen, applied stress and plastic strain – induced microstructural damage were related to the specific ME- response parameter by which an increased magnetic hardening tendency of material with corrosion time was possible to establish. In this fashion and by using a stress as well as strain mode of presentation- aided combined approach, the complex interplay between micromagnetic activity, hydrogen accumulation and applied stress-strain was better revieled and analysed. It was also shown that the embrittlement is a product of hydrogen accumulation introduced by two highly localized processes. As such, accumulation occurs in two characteristic parallel ways: one of a common lattice diffusion and one of hydrogen transport and redistribution by moving dislocation towards the affected sites. Concerning the highly localized effects the dominating role of hydrogen – induced damage in form void initiation and growth over the hydrogen – assisted stress relief was reasonably demonstrated by using a simple modelling approach. Based on a mechanism of moving dislocation – assisted interaction between commulative hydrogen and magnetic domain walls, a Portervin – Le Chatelier – type micromagnetic process of a cooperative-corelated domain wall transport was proposed to explain certain subtle, quasiperiodic behaviour of ME- response. In the frame of the above findings the superior sensivity of ME – response compared to the mechanical one in early detecting cumulative hydrogen – assisted microstructural damage changes can be d educed.

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23

Razdobreev, V. G., and D. G. Palamar. "Modern trends in the production of corrosion-resistant and fire-resistant stress-free reinforcing bars." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 34 (2020): 170–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2020-34-170-189.

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The aim of this work is to study modern methods of production of corrosion-resistant and fire-resistant stress-free reinforcing bars in the world. Non-stressed reinforcing bars are used as working, structural and assembly reinforcement in conventional building structures, as well as in various types of prestressed structures: from openwork prefabricated to huge monolithic hydraulic structures, therefore, its assortment produced by the domestic metallurgical industry in the range from 5,5 to 40 mm in the nominal diameter of a smooth profile and from 6,0 to 40 mm for a periodic profile. Recently, in the world, much attention is paid to the design and construction of buildings and structures with an improved complex of consumer properties, intended, in particular, for work in corrosive and fire hazardous environments. Such developments are not currently being conducted in Ukraine. In the world and in Europe, to increase corrosion resistance and fire resistance, as well as for the manufacture of seismically resistant reinforcing bars (δmax≥7,5 %), hot-rolled low-alloyed (additionally alloyed with V and Mo) and microalloyed steel grades without the use of heat treatment or cold-deformed (cоld stretched) from hot rolled strip of periodic profile. In GOST 34028-2016 for the countries of the Customs Union, it is clearly stated that for the reinforcement of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and monolithic reinforced concrete, unstressed reinforcing bars in bars or coils with a nominal diameter of 4,0 to 40 mm are also used for the production of such rolled products, low-carbon and low-alloy steel grades are used, which microalloy V, Nb, Mo or add nitride-forming elements Al, Ti, V, Nb. In this case, either hot rolling or cold deformation or heat treatment in the flow of the rolling mill is used. An alternative way of producing corrosion-resistant and fire-resistant stress-free reinforcing bars in the world is the use of stainless steel as a material. Such profiled reinforcing bars are produced in the range of 3,0 to 50 mm by hot rolling or cold deformation. The use of modern technologies for the production of stainless steel reinforcing bars, starting with the addition of effective and high-quality alloying elements and additives in the production of liquid steel and effective methods of metal pressure treatment, which allows us to guarantee the material saving from corrosion and high temperatures in case of fire. A significant disadvantage of this rolled product is its rather high cost.

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24

Krishnan, Govinda, A. Varshney, Venkitanarayanan Parameswaran, and K. Mondal. "Effect of Dynamic Change in Strain Rate on Mechanical and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of a Mild Steel." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 26, no. 6 (May 15, 2017): 2619–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2720-9.

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25

Lunde, Liv, and Rolf Nyborg. "The effect of oxygen and water on stress corrosion cracking of mild steel in liquid and vaporous ammonia." Plant/Operations Progress 6, no. 1 (January 1987): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prsb.720060107.

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26

Mohammed, Fathia S., Alyaa G. Elramady, and Salheddin E. Abu Yahya. "The Effect of the pH of Ammonum Nitrate Solution on the Susceptability of Mild Steel to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) and General Corrosion." Materials Sciences and Applications 01, no. 04 (2010): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msa.2010.14030.

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27

Zhang, Wei, Hongqun Liu, Minglei Hu, and Wei Wu. "Microenvironment evolution and SCC behavior of subsea pipeline within disbonded coating crevice in a seawater environment under cathodic protection." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 68, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-10-2020-2388.

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Purpose This paper aims to make clear the sensitive zone of subsea pipeline to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) under a disbonded coating. Design/methodology/approach The change of microenvironment under a disbonded coating in artificial seawater was analyzed by using a rectangular crevice cell. The SCC behavior of subsea pipeline was studied by slow strain rate tensile tests. Findings The microenvironment at the crevice bottom exhibits obvious acidification, Cl- aggregation and cathodic protection potential (CP) rise. Accordingly, the susceptibility of X70 steels to SCC is high due to the intensive anodic dissolution effect. At the opening, hydrogen atom can access into the steel and induce hydrogen embrittlement effect on account of the applied over-protected CP potential, resulting in a relatively high susceptibility to SCC. The corrosiveness of the microenvironment at crevice middle, however, is mild with proper CP potential; thus, the susceptibility of X70 steel to SCC here is lower than that obtained at the opening and the crevice bottom. Originality/value A rectangular crevice cell is built to survey the microenvironment evolution under a disbonded coating in situ. The sensitive zone of subsea pipeline to SCC under a disbonded coating is clarified.

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28

Mohammed, F. S., S. E. A. A. Yahya, and A. G. Elramady. "Effect of Temperature and Concentration of Ammonium Nitrate Solution on the Succeptibility of Mild Steel to Stress Corrosion Cracking." Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 02, no. 02 (2010): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2010.22013.

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29

Moreno, Joao Sartori, Fabio Faria Conde, Celso Alves Correa, Luiz Henrique Barbosa, Erenilton Pereira da Silva, Julian Avila, Ricardo Henrique Buzolin, and Haroldo Cavalcanti Pinto. "Pulsed FCAW of Martensitic Stainless Clads onto Mild Steel: Microstructure, Hardness, and Residual Stresses." Materials 15, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 2715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15082715.

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The low carbon martensitic stainless AWS 410NiMo steel has in its chemical composition 13% chromium, 4% nickel, and 0.4% molybdenum (wt.%) and is used in turbine recovery, rotors, and high-pressure steam pump housings due to its resistance to impact at low temperatures, as well as to corrosion and cavitation. Those applications of the AWS 410NiMo steel frequently demand repair, which is performed by welding or cladding. Arc welding is a well-established technique for joining materials and presents several parameters that influence the mechanical performance of the weld bead. Although numerous welding processes exist, optimizing welding parameters for specific applications and materials is always challenging. The present work deals with a systematic study to verify the correlation between the pulsed fluxed core arc welding (FCAW) parameters, namely pulse current and frequency, welding speed, and contact tip work distance (CTWD), and the bead morphology, microstructure formation, residual stress, and hardness of the martensitic clad. The substrate used was the AISI 1020 steel, and the AWS 410NiMo steel was the filler metal for clad deposition. From the initial nine (9) samples, three (3) were selected for in-depth characterization. Lower heat input resulted in lower dilution, more elevated hardness, and lower compressive residual stresses. Therefore, the results highlight the need for selecting the proper heat input, even when using a pulsed FCAW procedure, to achieve the desired performance of the clad. In the present case, a higher heat input appears to be more advantageous owing to the lower convexity index, smooth hardness transition between fusion and heat-affected zones in addition to more elevated compressive stresses.

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30

Reis, Signo, Mike Koenigstein, Liang Fan, Genda Chen, Luka Pavić, and Andrea Moguš-Milanković. "The Effects of Silica on the Properties of Vitreous Enamels." Materials 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2019): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12020248.

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Ground coat enamels for low carbon steel that contain silica as a mill addition have been developed to study the changes of their properties. Acid-resistant commercial enamel where silica addition was varied from 0 to 10.0 wt % was used for this investigation. The effects of the addition on the corrosion resistance, thermal properties, electrical properties, and mechanical adherence of the enamel to low carbon steel were studied. The corrosion resistance of the steel enameled coupons was tested using a salt spray (fog) apparatus for time periods reaching 168 h at room temperature. It was found that, although the density was not affected, the adherence decreased with an increase in silica content. As expected, the silica addition decreased the coefficient of thermal expansion, which is directly related to the increasing stress between the glass and steel in accordance with the adherence results. A mill addition of 7.5 wt% of silica to the samples was sufficient to obtain adequate enamel adherence and good corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the addition of silica influenced the electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity measurements at room temperature and the conductivity measured in a wide frequency range (1 Hz–1 MHz). The dielectric permittivity measured at 1 MHz showed decrease after the addition of up to 7.5 wt% of silica.

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31

Mochizuki, Masahito, and Masao Toyoda. "Strategy of Considering Microstructure Effect on Weld Residual Stress Analysis." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 4 (October 18, 2006): 619–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2767344.

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Welding generates thermal distortion and residual stress, and it is well known that they affect the performance of welded structures by contributing to brittle fracture, fatigue, buckling deformation, and stress-corrosion cracking. Welding distortions and residual stresses can possibly be controlled and reduced by using countermeasures. Not only thermal stress behavior but also the prediction of the microstructural phase during welding heat cycles is very important. High-strength steels or martensitic stainless steels are used in many power plant components, and the effect of phase transformation on the mechanical behavior during welding of these steels becomes much larger than that of mild steels and austenitic stainless steels. Simultaneous simulations of the thermal stress and microstructure during welding are necessary for a precise evaluation. In this paper, an analytical method and several applications using actual components are introduced in order to emphasize the effect of the microstructure on the weld residual stress analysis.

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32

Avram, D. N., C. M. Davidescu, M. L. Dan, E. M. Stanciu, A. Pascu, J. C. Mirza-Rosca, and H. Iosif. "Influence of Titanium Additions on The Electrochemical Behaviour of NiCr/Ti Laser Cladded Coatings." Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology 33 (December 15, 2022): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/awet.2022.10.

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In this research, the electrochemical evaluation of NiCr/Ti laser cladded coatings in simulated polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) environment was investigated. The Laser Cladding technique was used to develop protective coatings on mild steel substrate using NiCr-based powders mixed with 12.5, 15, 17.5 and 20 wt.% Ti additions. The samples were tested at room temperature in Na2SO4 0.1M + 0.1 ppm F-. The potentiodynamic polarization curves are presented before and after the samples were subjected to accelerated stress tests, for 6 hours each, at +0.736 V (cathodic environment) and at -0.493 V (anodic environment). Afterwards, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the effect of Ti addition in terms of morphology. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was performed for chemical evaluation of the surface after corrosion tests.

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33

Loto, Roland T., Cleophas A. Loto, and Abdurrahman Akinkunmi. "Effects of 4-bromoaniline and pentylamine compounds on the stress corrosion cracking of mild steel and brass in dilute electrolyte solutions." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1107/1/012015.

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34

Amin, Muhammad Nasir, Mudassir Iqbal, Babatunde Abiodun Salami, Arshad Jamal, Kaffayatullah Khan, Abdullah Mohammad Abu-Arab, Qasem Mohammed Sultan Al-Ahmad, and Muhammad Imran. "Predicting Bond Strength between FRP Rebars and Concrete by Deploying Gene Expression Programming Model." Polymers 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 2145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112145.

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Rebars made of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) might be the future reinforcing material, replacing mild steel rebars, which are prone to corrosion. The bond characteristics of FRP rebars differ from those of mild steel rebars due to their different stress-strain behavior than mild steel. As a result, determining the bond strength (BS) qualities of FRP rebars is critical. In this work, BS data for FRP rebars was investigated, utilizing non-linear capabilities of gene expression programming (GEP) on 273 samples. The BS of FRP and concrete was considered a function of bar surface (Bs), bar diameter (db), concrete compressive strength (fc′), concrete-cover-bar-diameter ratio (c/d), and embedment-length-bar-diameter ratio (l/d). The investigation of the variable number of genetic parameters such as number of chromosomes, head size, and number of genes was undertaken such that 11 different models (M1–M11) were created. The results of accuracy evaluation parameters, namely coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE) imply that the M11 model outperforms other created models for the training and testing stages, with values of (0.925, 0.751, 1.08) and (0.9285, 0.802, 1.11), respectively. The values of R2 and error indices showed that there is very close agreement between the experimental and predicted results. 30 number chromosomes, 9 head size, and 5 genes yielded the optimum model. The parametric analysis revealed that db, c/d, and l/d significantly affected the BS. The FRP rebar diameter size is greater than 10 mm, whereas a l/d ratio of more than 12 showed a considerable decrease in BS. In contrast, the rise in c/d ratio revealed second-degree increasing trend of BS.

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35

Wani, Shoib Bashir, Sarvat Gull, Ishfaq Amin, and Ayaz Mohmood. "Analytical and experimental study on shear performance of RCC beam elements reinforced with PSWC rebars: a comparative study." Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters 11, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjcrl.2020.03.002.

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Early distress in RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) structures in the recent times poses a major problem for the construction industry. It is found that in most of cases, distresses in reinforced concrete structures are caused by corrosion of rebar embedded in the concrete. The HYSD (High Yield Strength Deformed) rebars which are used to offer excellent strength properties is detrimental to durability due to action of ribs as stress concentrators. Nowadays, concept of PSWC rebars (plain surface with wave type configuration rebars, formerly known as C-bars/mild steel rebar with curvy profile) is emerging to have a compromise between strength and durability. This investigation assesses the flexural behaviour of RCC elements reinforced with PSWC rebars. The flexural performance of RC beams of size 1000mm x 150mm x 150mm reinforced with PSWC rebars at 4mm and 6mm deformation level was studied by conducting test as per IS 516-1959 under four point loading. The performance of PSWC bar reinforced elements are compared with beams reinforced with mild steel rebars, HYSD rebars with spiral and diamond rib configuration to assess the viability of PSWC rebars to replace conventional reinforcement. The test results are validated by numerical analysis with the help of ANSYS software. Totally 15 beams are subjected to flexure test and the performance evaluators are first crack load, deflection at first crack load, ultimate load carrying capacity, deflection at ultimate load, load-deflection behaviour, load-strain behaviour and failure pattern. It is found that PSWC rebars as reinforcement in concrete beams enhanced the ductile behaviour of beams as compared to conventional HYSD and mild steel rebar beams. The energy absorbing capacity has increased significantly for beams reinforced with PSWC rebars when compared with conventional HYSD and mild steel rebar beams. The load-deflection behaviour and failure mode of PSWC rebars reinforced concrete beams were found to be similar to that of high yield strength rebars irrespective of deformation level. The analytical investigation from ANSYS software gave good agreement with the experimental results. It is concluded that PSWC bar has the potential to replace conventional HYSD rebar. Further study needs to be done to optimize the profile level and stirrup locations; and usage with high concrete grade for effective exploitation.

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36

Zhao, Ke Qing. "Effect of Temperature, Concentration of Medium and Potential on Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Mild Steel in NaNO₃ Solution." Key Engineering Materials 20-28 (January 1991): 1853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.20-28.1853.

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37

Kim, Ki-Tae, and Su-Il Pyun. "Effects of grain boundary segregation of phosphorus on the stress corrosion cracking of mild steel in hot 55 % Ca(NO3)2 solution." Scripta Metallurgica 22, no. 8 (January 1988): 1219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0036-9748(88)80134-0.

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38

Altzoumailisa, A. F., and V. N. Kytopoulos. "Characterization of a Mild Steel by Its Mutual Tensile Mechanical and Micromagnetic Emission Response After Corrosion in NaCl – Water Solution: a Combind Semiquantitive Approach." International Journal of Materials 8 (July 28, 2021): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91018.2021.8.3.

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In this work, the influence of corrosion – induced hydrogen accumulation on a stressed low- carbon steel after exposure to NaCl - water solution was investigated by means of its combined tensile mechanical and Micromagnetic emission (ME) - response. The investigation was conducted by employing certain relevant parameters and processes of mechanical and magnetic microstructural changes. The mechanical and Micromagnetic response data were reduced to the ultimate tensile strength as well as to maximum (ME) - response respectively where certain critical- characteristic microstructural- transitional changes take place. Under these conditions and by an appropriate procedure of “consecutive - selective discrimination steps” of the related affecting factors their differential influence on the mechanical and ME – response was better revealed, compared and analyzed. In this manner it was demonstrated that the detrimental influence of cumulative hydrogen arises in from of mechanical embrittlement which can be related to a parallel magnetic hardening trend of the material. The explanations are given on the basis of highly localized and competitive or opposing processes of void initiation- growth and stress relive, resulting by a common lattice diffusion, as well as moving dislocation- aided transport of hydrogen to the affected sites. Within the frame of the above findings it was shown that the ME-response presents, compared with mechanical response, an increased sensitivity making the first a superior technique in early detecting hydrogen- assisted microstructural damage in loaded steel components

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39

Scully, J. R. "Environment-Assisted Intergranular Cracking." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 7 (July 1999): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400052684.

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Intergranular separation in polycrys-talline materials involves breaking metallic bonds along grain boundaries in response to stress. The surfaces created in this manner expose the grain facets on either side of the original boundary, as shown in Figure 1. This mode of fracture often occurs at much lower fracture stress and energy than cracking by ductile processes through the interior of grains. The exposure of specific materials to certain environments and stress can promote this low-energy, intergranular mode of separation, even when fracture of the same material in vacuum would occur along a ductile transgranu-lar path. Three types of environment-assisted intergranular cracking can occur in a wide variety of alloy/environment systems: intergranular stress-corrosion cracking (IGSCC), intergranular hydrogen embrittlement, and intergranular liquid-metal embrittlement.Figure 1 shows an example of IGSCC. This type of cracking is a pervasive problem in many technological applications, leading to extensive repairs, loss of service function, and safety concerns. IGSCC occurs in the weld-heat-affected zones of stainless-steel pipes in high-purity primary coolant waters within nuclear power plants, and in nickel-based alloys utilized as heat-exchanger tubing when exposed to the high-purity primary as well as secondary coolant waters in power plants. It is also seen in Al-based alloys used for fuselage skins and structural components in military and commercial aircraft when exposed to humid atmospheric conditions. Ferrous alloys used in the oil and gas industry are also susceptible. For instance, IGSCC of mild steels used in buried gas-transmission pipelines is a widespread international problem, leading to explosions when leaking natural gas ignites.

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40

Krautschick, H. J., H. J. Grabke, and W. Diekmann. "The effect of phosphorus on the mechanism of intergranular stress corrosion cracking of mild steels in nitrate solutions." Corrosion Science 28, no. 3 (January 1988): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(88)90108-4.

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41

Wang, Shidong, Lyndon Lamborn, and Weixing Chen. "Near-neutral pH corrosion and stress corrosion crack initiation of a mill-scaled pipeline steel under the combined effect of oxygen and paint primer." Corrosion Science 187 (July 2021): 109511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109511.

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42

Srikanth, S., P. Saravanan, P. Govindarajan, S. Sisodia, and K. Ravi. "Development of Lean Duplex Stainless Steels (LDSS) with Superior Mechanical and Corrosion Properties on Laboratory Scale." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 714–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.714.

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Low-Ni and Ni-free varieties of duplex stainless steels (DSSs) have been successfully developed for the first time on laboratory scale in SAIL. The alloy compositions for Ni-free and low-Ni (<1.5 wt%) DSSs were evolved through formulation of appropriate chromium and nickel equivalents to achieve an optimum phase balance of 55 vol% austenite and 45 vol% ferrite in stainless steel microstructures. Laboratory heats were made achieving target chemistries and cast into 100 mm square cross-sectioned ingots. The ingots were subsequently soaked at 1150 °C for 3 hrs for thermal/ compositional homogenization and hot rolled in number of passes to 6 and 16 mm strips in Hillé experimental rolling mill with finish rolling temperatures of 950-980 °C. The hot rolled strips were eventually conferred solution annealing treatment by soaking them at 1060 °C for 2 hours followed by rapid quenching in water to prevent precipitation of deleterious intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and secondary phases. The new steels revealed an exceptional combination of properties: higher yield strength (488 MPa for low-Ni DSS and 501 MPa for Ni-free DSS), higher tensile strength (664 MPa for low-Ni DSS and 677 MPa for Ni-free DSS) and superior Charpy V-notch impact toughness (230 and 129 Joules at room temperature and -20°C, respectively, for low-Ni DSS as against 80 and 52 Joules at similar temperatures for Ni-free DSS). The yield strength of the steels was assessed to be about 1.6-1.8 times that of conventional austenitic grades AISI 304 L and AISI 316 L in annealed condition. The low-Ni and Ni-free DSS showed remarkable corrosion resistance and have been found to exhibit passivity, corrosion rates as low as 0.08-0.11 mpy, pitting potentials in the range of 482-596 mV and charge transfer resistances of the order of 106 W.cm2 in highly corrosive environment of 3.5% NaCl. The steels have been thus found to be superior in pitting/ localized corrosion resistance to AISI 304 L with pitting potential of 437 mV and comparable in performance with AISI 316 L with its high pitting potential of 602 mV. Even in the strongly reducing environment of 0.1 N H2SO4, the new steels have revealed tendency to passive film formation, breakdown potentials of 1127-1153 mV and passive film impedances of 104 W.cm2, comparable to the standard austenitic grades AISI 304 L and AISI 316 L. In boiling MgCl2 solutions, the low Ni DSS has been found to resist stress corrosion cracking (SCC) up to 24 h; the time for crack initiation being intermediate to that for AISI 304 L (3 h) and AISI 316 L (32 h). The Ni-free DSS, on the other hand, was found to exhibit no signs of SCC failure even after 72 h of exposure to the test solution. The degree of sensitization (DoS) for both low Ni and Ni-free DSSs has been quantified to be £ 0.05 in 0.5 M H2SO4 + 0.01 M KSCN, which has revealed their insusceptibility to intergranular corrosion (IGC). The steels have been found to be free from deleterious intermetallic phases such as sigma (s), chi (c), etc. and this has been ascertained from corrosion rates of <10 mdd in ferric chloride corrosion testing as per ASTM A 923 Method C.

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43

Patra, Sudipta, and Lokesh Kumar Singhal. "Production of High Nitrogen Stainless Steel X8CrMnN18-18 through EAF-AOD-LRF-CC-Steckel Mill Route and its Hot Deformation Study by Gleeble Thermomechanical Simulator." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.429.

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High nitrogen containing austenitic stainless steel X8CrMnN18-18 exhibits attractive combination of high strength, toughness and corrosion resistance.This grade containing more than 5000 ppm of nitrogen was produced commercially through EAF-AOD-LRF-CC-Steckel mill route and its microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. Excellent combination of strength,ductility and toughness is achieved in the entire range of 6mm to 50mm thick hot rolled plates. Uniaxial compression tests were carried out to understand the hot deformation behavior by varying temperature and strain rate. Softening behavior during deformation was analyzed from flow stress strain curves and microstructural analysis. Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior of the material was observed during thermo mechanical processing. Critical strain related to DRX and Avrami kinetics of DRX was calculated by analyzing the flow curve data. Microstructural characterization was done by optical microscopy and EBSD analysis. Extensive grain refinement can be achieved by thermo-mechanical processing controlled by DRX. Keywords: High nitrogen stainless steel, Strength and toughness, DRX, Grain refinement, TMCP

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44

Morcillo, M., D. De la Fuente, I. Díaz, and H. Cano. "Atmospheric corrosion of mild steel." Revista de Metalurgia 47, no. 5 (October 30, 2011): 426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.1125.

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45

MERCER, A. D., and E. A. LUMBARD. "Corrosion of mild steel in water." British Corrosion Journal 30, no. 1 (January 1995): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bcj.1995.30.1.43.

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46

Chaturvedi, R. K., and R. S. Chaudhary. "Inhibition of Corrosion of Mild Steel." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 41, no. 5 (May 1994): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb007346.

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47

Beeharry, P., and B. Y. R. Surnam. "Atmospheric Corrosion of Welded Mild Steel." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 2 (2018): 7476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.419.

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48

Popova, Angelina, Stefka Veleva, and Svetla Raicheva. "Kinetic approach to mild steel corrosion." Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 85, no. 1 (May 2005): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11144-005-0248-8.

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49

Girase, J. D., P. Kamble, and R. S. Dubey. "Metronidazole and 2-Methylimidazole as Corrosion Inhibitors in Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion." Journal of Scientific Research 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v14i2.56113.

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Microbial corrosion behavior of mild steel was studied by exposing mild steel coupons in Barr’s medium inoculated with sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfovibrio desulphuricans). During the investigation, a considerable loss in weight and deterioration of microstructure of mild steel coupons surface was observed. Coupons were further exposed to culture media containing different concentrations of metronidazole (MNZ) and 2- methylimidazole (MIZ) inhibitors. The corrosion behavior of mild steel was measured by weight loss, electrochemical studies, and SEM. Polarization studies indicated the mixed-type behavior of these inhibitors. MNZ and MIZ exhibited 82.23 and 78.30 % inhibition efficiencies, respectively, as revealed by polarization measurements. The results show that the inhibition efficiencies increased with inhibitor concentration. The surface analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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50

Lee, W., and W. G. Characklis. "Corrosion of Mild Steel Under Anaerobic Biofilm." CORROSION 49, no. 3 (March 1993): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3316040.

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