Статті в журналах: "Mild steel Cracking"

1

SATO, Eiji, and Tomomi MURATA. "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Mild Steel in Coal Gas Liquid." Tetsu-to-Hagane 72, no. 7 (1986): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.72.7_847.

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2

Chu, W. Y., R. T. Ma, and C. M. Hsiao. "Technical Note:Stress Corrosion Cracking of Mild Steel under Compressive Stress." CORROSION 43, no. 4 (April 1987): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3583145.

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3

Parkins, R. N., and R. Usher. "the stress-corrosion cracking of mild steel in coal gas liquors." Journal of Applied Chemistry 9, no. 9 (May 4, 2007): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010090901.

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4

Fayomi, Ojo Sunday Isaac, J. Akpoborie, Omotayo Sanni, J. Ren, Wan B. Wan Nik, J. A. Oyebanji, K. M. Oluwasegun, J. O. Ojediran, and F. Zulkifli. "Stress Corrosion Cracking and the Effects of <i>Citrus x aurantiifolia</i> on Mild Steel - A Green Approach." Key Engineering Materials 917 (April 13, 2022): 116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2ok39h.

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The inhibition performance of citrus x aurantiifolia extract (CXA) on the corrosion of mild steel in 1.5 M H2SO4, 2 M H2SO4, 3 M H2SO4, and 4 M H2SO4 solutions was evaluated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization techniques, and scanning electron spectroscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. CXA inhibited the mild steel corrosion in the sulphuric acid solutionswith optimal inhibition results of 96.06% in 1.5 M H2SO4 and 86.57% in 4 M H2SO4 from weight loss measurement. Weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and scanning electron microscopy tests confirm the inhibitive performance of this compound and the increase in inhibitor efficiency increases with inhibitor concentration. The polarization data showed that the inhibitor acts as a mixed-type inhibitor, and fits the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption studies clarify the excellent adsorption of this compound on the mild steel surface. The inhibited steel in the acid solution displayed improved surface morphology due to the surface protection effect of CXA molecules. The citrus x aurantiifolia studied here easily mitigates the effect of stress corrosion cracking on mild steel in a sulphuric acid environment. Keywords: Mild steel, Stress corrosion, Adsorption, Corrosion inhibitor, Sulphuric acid, Citrus X Aurantiifolia

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5

Huang, H., and W. J. D. Shaw. "Sulfide Stress Cracking Fractography of Mild Steel and Effects of Cold Work." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 32, no. 4 (October 1993): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1993.32.4.341.

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6

Parkins, R. N. "The intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of mild steel in clarke's solution." Corrosion Science 36, no. 12 (December 1994): 2097–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(94)90009-4.

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7

Scully, J. R. "Environment-Assisted Intergranular Cracking." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 7 (July 1999): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400052684.

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Intergranular separation in polycrys-talline materials involves breaking metallic bonds along grain boundaries in response to stress. The surfaces created in this manner expose the grain facets on either side of the original boundary, as shown in Figure 1. This mode of fracture often occurs at much lower fracture stress and energy than cracking by ductile processes through the interior of grains. The exposure of specific materials to certain environments and stress can promote this low-energy, intergranular mode of separation, even when fracture of the same material in vacuum would occur along a ductile transgranu-lar path. Three types of environment-assisted intergranular cracking can occur in a wide variety of alloy/environment systems: intergranular stress-corrosion cracking (IGSCC), intergranular hydrogen embrittlement, and intergranular liquid-metal embrittlement.Figure 1 shows an example of IGSCC. This type of cracking is a pervasive problem in many technological applications, leading to extensive repairs, loss of service function, and safety concerns. IGSCC occurs in the weld-heat-affected zones of stainless-steel pipes in high-purity primary coolant waters within nuclear power plants, and in nickel-based alloys utilized as heat-exchanger tubing when exposed to the high-purity primary as well as secondary coolant waters in power plants. It is also seen in Al-based alloys used for fuselage skins and structural components in military and commercial aircraft when exposed to humid atmospheric conditions. Ferrous alloys used in the oil and gas industry are also susceptible. For instance, IGSCC of mild steels used in buried gas-transmission pipelines is a widespread international problem, leading to explosions when leaking natural gas ignites.

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8

Sindelar, Robert L., Poh-Sang Lam, George R. Caskey,, and Leta Y. Woo. "Flaw Stability in Mild Steel Tanks in the Upper-Shelf Ductile Range—Part I: Mechanical Properties." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 122, no. 2 (November 2, 1999): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.556173.

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Mechanical properties of 1950’s vintage, A285 Grade B carbon steels have been compiled for elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analysis of storage tanks (Lam and Sindelar, 2000). The properties are from standard Charpy V-notch (CVN), 0.4T planform compact tension (C(T)), and tensile (T) specimens machined from archival steel from large water piping. The piping and storage tanks were constructed in the 1950s from semi-killed, hot-rolled carbon steel plate specified as A285 Grade B. Evaluation of potential aging mechanisms at both service conditions shows no loss in fracture resistance of the steel in either case. Site and literature data show that the A285, Grade B steel, at and above approximately 70°F (21°C), is in the upper transition to upper shelf region for absorbed energy and is not subject to cleavage cracking or a brittle fracture mode. Furthermore, the tank sidewalls are 1/2 or 5/8-in. (12.7 or 15.875 mm) thick, and therefore, the J-resistance JR curve that characterizes material resistance to stable crack extension under elastic-plastic deformation best defines the material fracture toughness. The JR, curves for several heats of A285, Grade B steel tested at 40°F (4.4°C), a temperature near the average ductile-to-brittle (DBTT) transition temperature (CVN at 15 ft-lb or 20.3 J), are presented. This data is applicable to evaluate flaw stability of the storage tanks that are operated above 70°F (21°C) since, even at 40°F (4.4°C), crack advance is observed to proceed by ductile tearing. [S0094-9930(00)00402-9]

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9

Izumiya, M., N. Shimizu, and M. Yamamoto. "Stess Corrosion Cracking of Mild Steel in a Cooling Water System due to Nitrobacteria." Key Engineering Materials 20-28 (January 1991): 2001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.20-28.2001.

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10

Raicheff, R., J. Marcheva, and L. Fachikov. "Effect of Solution Concentration on Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Mild Steel in Phosphate Medium." Key Engineering Materials 20-28 (January 1991): 2133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.20-28.2133.

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11

Kang, Min Jung, and Cheol Hee Kim. "Cold-Metal-Transfer Arc Joining of Al 6K32 Alloy to Steel Sheets." Defect and Diffusion Forum 334-335 (February 2013): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.247.

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In the arc joining of dissimilar metals, such as steel and Al alloys, a brittle intermetallic phase is formed at the interface. The thickness of this phase should be minimized because it causes solidification cracking. Cold metal transfer (CMT) arc welding technology is widely used throughout the automotive industry because of low spatter formation and heat input. A CMT arc was used to investigate arc joining between the Al 6K32 alloy and mild steel sheets. The behaviors of the interface layers were analyzed on the basis of filler wires and the coating type of the steel sheets. The thickness of the intermetallic phase was maintained under 10 μm and increased joint strength was achieved by selecting the appropriate filler wire and coating type.

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12

Kolman, D. G., and R. Chavarria. "Liquid-Metal Embrittlement of Type 316L Stainless Steel by Gallium as Measured by Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics." Corrosion 60, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3287729.

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Abstract In order to bound failure of austenitic stainless steel storage containers housing Ga-containing compounds, the liquid-metal embrittlement of Type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel (SS) by Ga was investigated. Type 316L SS compact tension specimens were exposed to liquid Ga using a depassivation technique to wet the specimen. Linear elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics methods were used to compare the fatigue and fracture behavior. Mild liquid-metal embrittlement was observed, as indicated by increased fatigue crack growth rate, decreased number of fatigue cycles to failure, decreased crack initiation resistance, and increased crack growth rate. Stable cracking was observed for all test conditions. A small amount of intergranular cracking was observed following Ga exposure. No effect of test temperature on embrittlement was observed over the small temperature range examined (35°C to 75°C). Decreasing crosshead displacement rate promoted Ga embrittlement. Based on fractography, profilometry, and mechanics, it appears that both adsorption-induced decohesion and adsorption-enhanced plasticity mechanisms are operative in the Type 316L SS-Ga system.

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13

Yu, Xiang, Saad Al-Saadi, Isha Kohli, Xiao-Ling Zhao, and R. K. Singh Raman. "Austenitic Stainless-Steel Reinforcement for Seawater Sea Sand Concrete: Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030500.

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Seawater and sea sand concrete (SWSSC) is a highly attractive alternative to normal concrete (NC) that requires huge amounts of fresh water and river sand. However, reinforcements of stainless steel (instead of mild steel that is used in NC) may be required for SWSSC. This article reports investigation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of AISI 316 stainless steel (SS) in simulated SWSSC and NC environments, with and without addition of silica to SWSSC and NC, employing slow strain rate testing (SSRT) at 25 and 60 °C. For the purpose of comparison, SCC of SS was also investigated in simulated seawater (SW) solution. SS showed no SCC at 25 °C in any of the test solutions. Indications of SCC were seen in SW at 60 °C, but no features of SCC in SWSSC and NC at 60 °C, as suggested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fractographs. While the absence of SCC in SWSSC and NC is attributed to the highly passivating alkaline condition, its absence in SWSSC also indicates the role of alkalinity to predominate the deleterious role of chloride content of SWSSC. However, the addition of silicate to SWSSC or NC triggers transgranular SCC to SS at 60 °C, as evidenced by the fractography.

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14

Han, Xue, Zhenpu Zhang, Gary C. Barber, Steven J. Thrush, and Xin Li. "Wear Resistance of Medium Carbon Steel with Different Microstructures." Materials 14, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14082015.

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In this research, the tribological properties of different microstructures of medium carbon steel produced by either an austempered process or quenched-tempered process are investigated. The as-received samples with annealed microstructure (spherodized) are austempered to obtain a bainite microstructure or quenched-tempered to obtain a tempered martensite microstructure. The tribological performance of these microstructures was studied using a ball-on-disk UMT3 tribometer. The results indicated that both bainite microstructures and tempered-martensite microstructures produced better wear resistance than pearlite microstructures. At the same hardness level, the austempered disk specimens have less cracking due to higher fracture toughness compared to quenched and tempered steel. For the disks, tempered martensite microstructures produced more plastic deformation compared with bainite microstructures. Mild abrasive wear was observed on the harder disks, however, smearing wear was observed on the softer disks. Adhered debris particles were observed on the balls.

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15

Warkentin, Andrew, and Robert Bauer. "ANALYSIS OF WHEEL WEAR USING FORCE DATA IN SURFACE GRINDING." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 27, no. 3 (June 2003): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2003-0011.

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Grinding involves many randomly shaped and distributed abrasive grains removing material from a workpiece. Wheel wear results when these grains dull, fracture or break away. As a result, grinding forces are time-varying. In order to automate and optimize the grinding process an understanding of how forces are generated and change during grinding is critical to avoid workpiece damage, surface finish deterioration, cracking, excessive heat generation, and excessive residue stresses. This paper builds upon the existing grinding literature by studying the relationships between wheel wear and grinding forces for different depths of cut when surface grinding mild steel with an aluminum oxide wheel.

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16

Boumaiza, A., N. Rouag, T. Baudin, and R. Penelle. "SEM-EBSD Observations of Crack Initiation and Propagation due to Orientation Changes during Forming in Mild Steel." Advanced Materials Research 682 (April 2013): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.682.25.

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The change in crystallographic orientation distribution during deformation by deep drawing in mild steel has been investigated in order to understand their role in initiation and propagation of crack. The results show that the change of grain orientation from the initial recrystallization texture component of {111}<112> to deformation orientation {111}<110> incites the initiation and propagation of transgranular cracking in the region of {111}<112> small grains. Moreover, the transgranular misorientation and local orientation are analyzed in detail to discuss the change from {111}<112> to {111}<110>. The SEM-EBSD technique was used to reveal that change of orientationm, XRD was performed for the characterization of the global evolution of texture for deformed samples.

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17

Mostert, Roelf. "Long-Term In-Situ Study of Mild Steel Stress Corrosion Cracking Kinetics in a Carbonate-Rich Solution." Proceedings 2, no. 8 (May 9, 2018): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/icem18-05197.

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18

Gladen, H., and H. Kaesche. "Stress corrosion cracking of mild steel in high pressure, high temperature water during slow strain rate testing." Nuclear Engineering and Design 151, no. 2-3 (November 1994): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(94)90188-0.

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19

Zhang, Wei, Hongqun Liu, Minglei Hu, and Wei Wu. "Microenvironment evolution and SCC behavior of subsea pipeline within disbonded coating crevice in a seawater environment under cathodic protection." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 68, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-10-2020-2388.

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Purpose This paper aims to make clear the sensitive zone of subsea pipeline to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) under a disbonded coating. Design/methodology/approach The change of microenvironment under a disbonded coating in artificial seawater was analyzed by using a rectangular crevice cell. The SCC behavior of subsea pipeline was studied by slow strain rate tensile tests. Findings The microenvironment at the crevice bottom exhibits obvious acidification, Cl- aggregation and cathodic protection potential (CP) rise. Accordingly, the susceptibility of X70 steels to SCC is high due to the intensive anodic dissolution effect. At the opening, hydrogen atom can access into the steel and induce hydrogen embrittlement effect on account of the applied over-protected CP potential, resulting in a relatively high susceptibility to SCC. The corrosiveness of the microenvironment at crevice middle, however, is mild with proper CP potential; thus, the susceptibility of X70 steel to SCC here is lower than that obtained at the opening and the crevice bottom. Originality/value A rectangular crevice cell is built to survey the microenvironment evolution under a disbonded coating in situ. The sensitive zone of subsea pipeline to SCC under a disbonded coating is clarified.

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20

Forsyth, Maria, Marianne Seter, Bruce Hinton, Glen Deacon, and Peter Junk. "New 'Green' Corrosion Inhibitors Based on Rare Earth Compounds." Australian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 6 (2011): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch11092.

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A series of rare earth organic compounds pioneered by our group have been shown to provide a viable alternative to the use of chromates as corrosion inhibitors for some steel and aluminium applications. For example we have shown that the lanthanum 4-hydroxy cinnamate offers excellent corrosion mitigation for mild steel in aqueous environments while rare earth diphenyl phosphates offer the best protection in the case of aluminium alloys. In both cases the protection appears to be related to the formation of a nanometre thick interphase occurring on the surface that reduces the electrochemical processes leading to metal loss or pitting. Very recent work has indicated that we may even be able to address the challenging issue of stress corrosion cracking of high strength steels. Furthermore, filiform corrosion can be suppressed when selected rare earth inhibitor compounds are added as pigments to a polymer coating. There is little doubt from the work thus far that a synergy exists between the rare earth and organic inhibitor components in these novel compounds. This paper reviews some of the published research conducted by the senior author and colleagues over the past 10 years in this developing field of green corrosion inhibitors.

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21

Bhandari, Deepak, Rahul Chhibber, Navneet Arora, and Rajeev Mehta. "Investigations on weld metal chemistry and mechanical behaviour of bimetallic welds using CaO–CaF2–SiO2–Ni based electrode coatings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 4 (December 12, 2016): 563–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420716677316.

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The bimetallic welds between ferritic low alloy steels and austenitic stainless steels are widely used in the heat piping transport systems of nuclear power plants for connecting the heavy section low alloy steel components with those of high temperature stainless steel pipes. The operating experience of major nuclear power plant components has recently shown that bimetallic joints can jeopardize the plant availability and safety because of increased incidences of failure. In shielded metal arc welding process, the occurrence and severity of weld defects mainly depend upon the type of electrode filler wire and the electrode coating ingredients used. The use of nickel based filler metals is no longer considered as the final solution for unexpected failures of bimetallic welds due to incidences of hot cracking. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to design and develop an intermediate electrode based on CaO–CaF2–SiO2 ternary phase diagram system and nickel as an additional electrode coating ingredient using mild steel as a filler wire for the bimetallic weld joint. The extreme vertices methodology has been used to design 21 electrode coating formulations. The quadratic regression models for weld metal chemistry, ultimate tensile strength, impact toughness, macrohardness, diffusible hydrogen content, and corrosion rate in terms of electrode coating ingredients, have been developed and checked for adequacy using analysis of variance. The work aims at studying the individual as well as combined effect of electrode coating ingredients on the measured weld responses and microstructures of the weld. Also, the electrode coating formulations suggesting multiobjective optimized solutions have been proposed.

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22

Krishnan, Govinda, A. Varshney, Venkitanarayanan Parameswaran, and K. Mondal. "Effect of Dynamic Change in Strain Rate on Mechanical and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of a Mild Steel." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 26, no. 6 (May 15, 2017): 2619–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-017-2720-9.

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23

Lunde, Liv, and Rolf Nyborg. "The effect of oxygen and water on stress corrosion cracking of mild steel in liquid and vaporous ammonia." Plant/Operations Progress 6, no. 1 (January 1987): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prsb.720060107.

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24

Papkovskiy, P. I., A. I. Valko, and S. G. Sandomirskii. "Influence of non-ferrous metals on the structural quality of the high-alloy mild steel 20X2H4A billets received by centrifugal electroslag remelting." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2020-1-65-73.

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The problem of the formation of cracks and the conditions of their origin in the cast of metal products have been widely studied in world practice, but the real mechanism of this process is not yet clear enough that it could be applied in production. Hot cracks – one of the most common and the most detrimental defects of steel castings, leading to a significant increase in the cost of products. The formation of hot cracks in steel castings depends on many factors, including the chemical composition of steel, the presence of non-metallic inclusions and gases, conditions of deoxidation and solidification of steel, etc. Therefore, special attention in the real conditions of production should be given to the metallurgical side of the issue. There is no quantitative measure of steel purity in the books of steel, which is divided into chemical, defined by the chemical analysis, and metallographic, defined by the content of non-metallic inclusions. The effect of the general purity of steel on the characteristics of destruction is studied sufficiently, but the data on the individual impact of impurities is very incomplete.In many respects, pure steel has a clear advantage over steel with harmful impurities. This applies to all mechanical properties associated with destruction or processes occurring on the edge of grains. The cardinal way of obtaining cleaner steel, including the reduction of impurities of non-ferrous metals, is the use of pure original charge mixture.The article discusses the topical problem of cracking formation after chemical-thermal treatment in the material of sun gears of the second row of quarry dump trucks BELAZ, obtained by the method of CESR rolled steel 20X2H4А, the possible impact of small concentrations of non-ferrous metals (Pb, Zn, Sn, Bi, As, Se) on the development of external and internal cracks in castings and on structural heterogeneity of steel after CESR.The obtained results allowed to draw conclusions about the impact of non-ferrous metals on the formation of cracks in castings and to establish their limited quantitative characteristics. Based on the results, measures have been proposed to minimize the impact of small amounts of non-ferrous metals on the formation of cracks in castings.

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25

Mohammed, F. S., S. E. A. A. Yahya, and A. G. Elramady. "Effect of Temperature and Concentration of Ammonium Nitrate Solution on the Succeptibility of Mild Steel to Stress Corrosion Cracking." Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 02, no. 02 (2010): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2010.22013.

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26

Ślęzak, Tomasz. "Prediction of Fatigue Life of Welded Joints Made of Fine-Grained Martensite-Bainitic S960QL Steel and Determination of Crack Origins." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (February 4, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9520801.

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Due to growing requirements connected with the utilization of advanced structures, nowadays the modern design processes are developed. One of the crucial issues considered in these processes is proper design of the joints against fatigue in order to fulfill a stated life of operation. In this study, the method of fatigue life prediction based on the criterion of permissible strain range in the notch root is presented. An engaged simplified model of fatigue life prediction was previously developed for mild and carbon steels. The evaluation made during the research has proven that this method can also be used for S960QL high-strength steel characterized by entirely different properties and structure. A considered theoretical model demonstrates satisfactory correlation with experimental data and safely describes the fatigue life of weldments. Furthermore, the predicted fatigue life of studied steel without welds shows great comparability with experimental data. The limit value of the strain range in the notch root was estimated. Below this value of strain, the fatigue life of welded joints is infinite, theoretically. Finally, the impact of the surface imperfections on the fatigue crack initiation was revealed. For paternal material, the origins of cracking were discovered at the places of nonmetallic scale particles. In welded joints, the fatigue cracks initiated at the whole length of the fusion line.

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27

Sangeetha, P., S. Ramanagopal, R. Manjula, and T. Hema Naga Sri Pushpa Swetha. "EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE IMPACT BEHAVIOR OF STEEL–CONCRETE COMPOSITE SLAB." Elektronički časopis građevinskog fakulteta Osijek 12, no. 22 (July 30, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13167/2021.22.1.

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Concrete structures have been widely used for many years to resist impact loads. Steel–concrete composite structures may be considered efficient structures in the emerging modern construction field. Hence, the main objective of this research was to study the impact behavior of steel concrete composite slabs with different shear connectors and compare them with conventional slabs. Seven specimens of dimensions 500 × 500 × 50 mm were cast, which included plain cement concrete slabs, two reinforced cement concrete slabs with steel mesh and steel rebars as reinforcement, and four steel-concrete composite slabs with four different shear connectors: stud, tee, angle, and channel connectors. The composite action was achieved using a steel decking sheet welded with connectors on which the concrete layer was poured at the top. The test setup was fabricated with slots provided for specimens with simply supported end conditions and a mild steel drop weight. The specimens were impacted at the center of the span by dropping a steel mass from a free fall height of 1 m. The number of blows corresponding to the initial cracking and ultimate failure stages was recorded. The parameters that were used to compare the specimens were the impact energy absorbed, crack pattern, crack width, and increase in impact energy from the first blow to the last blow. The experimental results were very close to the analytical results obtained using ANSYS. The experimental and analytical results showed that the composite slabs with channel connectors performed better than the others, and it was proven that the composite slabs performed better under impact loading than conventional slabs.

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Megavarnan, R., G. Rajamurugan, and R. Shanmuga Prakash. "Comparative Study on Mechanical Properties of GMA Welded IRSM41 Mild Steel Plate Based on Grain Flow Direction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 854 (October 2016): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.854.38.

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The purpose of this work was to study the mechanical properties of GMAW welded IRSM41 material based on the grain flow directions. It is a joining process that fuses the base metal to make the weld. The results were analyzed by means of the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, bend test, microstructure and hardness was carried out for both along and across the grain flow direction of the weldments. The important implication about grain flow is that some mechanical properties vary with respect to orientation of the grain flow. The strength and hardness are primarily varied based on the grain flow direction. The desirable properties associated with retarding crack propagation can see significant differences depending on the grain flow and the direction of the moving crack. So, properties like fatigue strength, impact toughness and ductility, which are measures of a material’s resistance to cracking (measured after fracture), can be significantly improved if the crack propagation direction and the grain flow are properly aligned. The optimum alignment occurs when the maximum principal stress (perpendicular to a potential crack or fracture) is aligned with the grain-flow lines. On testing the mechanical properties, it reveals that along the grain flow direction has 13.5% higher than the across the grain flow direction.

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29

Kumar, Harish, and Vikas Yadav. "Musa acuminata (Green corrosion inhibitor) as anti-pit and anti-cracking agent for mild steel in 5M hydrochloric acid solution." Chemical Data Collections 29 (October 2020): 100500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100500.

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30

Wire, Gary L., and William J. Mills. "Fatigue Crack Propagation Rates for Notched 304 Stainless Steel Specimens In Elevated Temperature Water." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 126, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1767859.

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Fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rates for 304 stainless steel (304 SS) were determined in 24°C and 288°C air and 288°C water with 20–60 cc H2/kg H2O using double-edged notch (DEN) specimens. Tests performed at matched loading conditions in air and water provided a direct comparison of the relative crack growth rates over a wide range of test conditions. Crack growth rates of 304 SS in water were about 12 times the air rate for both short cracks (0.03–0.25 mm) and long cracks up to 4.06 mm beyond the notch, which are consistent with conventional deep crack tests. The large environmental degradation for 304 SS crack growth is consistent with the strong reduction of fatigue life in high hydrogen water. Further, very similar environmental effects were reported in fatigue crack growth tests in hydrogen water chemistry (HWC). Prior to the recent tests reported by Wire and Mills [1] and Evans and Wire [2], most literature data in high hydrogen water showed only a mild environmental effect for 304 SS, of order 2.5 times air or less. However, the tests were predominantly performed at high cyclic stress intensities or high frequencies where environmental effects are small. The environmental effect in low oxygen environments at low stress intensity depends strongly on both the stress ratio, R, and the load rise time, Tr. Fractographic examinations were performed on specimens tested in both air and water to understand the operative cracking mechanisms associated with environmental effects. In 288°C water, the fracture surfaces were crisply faceted with a crystallographic appearance, and showed striations under high magnification. The cleavage-like facets suggest that hydrogen embrittlement is the primary cause of accelerated cracking.

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31

Zybin, Igor, Konstantin Trukhanov, Andrey Tsarkov, and Sergey Kheylo. "Backing plate effect on temperature controlled FSW process." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 01084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822401084.

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Friction stir welding (FSW) has become an important application in modern industries. Friction stir welding is a widely used solid state joining process for soft materials such as aluminum alloys as it avoids/minimizes common problems of fusion welding processes, i.e. distortion, porosity, solidification and liquation cracking etc. Improper selection of parameters such as welding speed, rotational speed, forge force, back plate material etc. affects the weld quality. Thermal boundary condition at the bottom of the work pieces to be joined is important in determining the result of weld quality and its properties, for a given alloy type, tool geometry and selected process parameters (welding speed, rotational speed etc), These thermal boundary conditions are governed by the back plate material used. By using backing plates made out of materials with widely varying thermal diffusivity this work seeks to elucidate the effects of the root side thermal boundary condition on weld process variables and resulting joint properties. Welds were made in 5-mm-thick AMг5 (AA 5056) using siliceous coating, stainless steel, mild steel, and aluminum as backing plate (BP) material. Effects of backing plate material on the tensile strength and elongation were obtained for a particular case.

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32

Loto, Roland T., Cleophas A. Loto, and Abdurrahman Akinkunmi. "Effects of 4-bromoaniline and pentylamine compounds on the stress corrosion cracking of mild steel and brass in dilute electrolyte solutions." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1107/1/012015.

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33

Edgemon, G. L., M. J. Danielson, and G. E. C. Bell. "Detection of stress corrosion cracking and general corrosion of mild steel in simulated defense nuclear waste solutions using electrochemical noise analysis." Journal of Nuclear Materials 245, no. 2-3 (June 1997): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3115(97)00005-6.

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34

Kumar, Harish, and Vikas Yadav. "Highly efficient and eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 5 M HCl: An anti-pitting and anti-cracking agent." Chemical Data Collections 30 (December 2020): 100552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100552.

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35

AI-Hassani, S. T. S., and B. Vartdal. "Investigation into the effect of circumferential through-wall slits on a cantilevered pipe subjected to a transverse end load." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 212, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954408981529385.

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The main motive for carrying out the investigation is to explore the possibility of using slits to weaken the main legs of an offshore jacket structure as a means of creating a structural mechanism that facilitates safe and predictable toppling of offshore platforms. Cantilevered mild steel tubes containing through-wall circumferential slits are subjected to a transverse end load which causes the slit to open by hoop cracking. The effect of the slit geometry on the collapse characteristics of the tube is investigated experimentally and theoretically. A number of methods are used to predict the global load-deflection characteristics of the tube. These include a number of semiempirical methods based on the J integral and a numerical analysis utilizing the ABAQUS finite element code. The effective net section stress criterion is also used as a simple method of predicting the collapse load. This investigation has relevance to safety in chemical and nuclear plants.

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36

Zhao, Ke Qing. "Effect of Temperature, Concentration of Medium and Potential on Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Mild Steel in NaNO₃ Solution." Key Engineering Materials 20-28 (January 1991): 1853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.20-28.1853.

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37

Kim, Ki-Tae, and Su-Il Pyun. "Effects of grain boundary segregation of phosphorus on the stress corrosion cracking of mild steel in hot 55 % Ca(NO3)2 solution." Scripta Metallurgica 22, no. 8 (January 1988): 1219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0036-9748(88)80134-0.

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38

Fahad Resan, Sa’ad, Sajid Kamil Zemam, and Musab Sabah Abed. "Developing tension field action of embedded steel plates-Stiffened rebars composite reinforcement within concrete deep beams." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 12 (May 27, 2020): 2741–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433220919065.

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For reinforced concrete beams, the shear failure mode is confirmed to occur in disturbed regions rather than in the Bernoulli region where stresses can be computed from the flexure formula. Thus, the provision of such regions with shear deficiencies is of great importance. In this study, a tension field system is suggested to embrace the inevitable concrete compression field originating within disturbed regions. Nine rectangular reinforced concrete beams dominated by disturbed regions are tested to verify the proposed shear reinforcement approach of the tension field concept. In this approach, the thin steel plate is embedded within shear span to resist shear strength in two different modes: with and without enhancement of reinforcement as stiffeners. All specimens were tested for failure using a four-point load testing arrangement. Test results demonstrate the feasibility of using embedded mild thin steel plate with and without ribs of rebars as tension field action against initiated concrete compression field action to upgrade the section shear capacity. As depicted by experimental results, the provided tension field system can remarkably upgrade the post cracking, stiffness, and ultimate shear capacity of the considered concrete beams. The stringer panel model is considered to verify and confirm strength improvement. The numerical solution is considered to investigate the proposed composite reinforcement provided within concrete deep beams using the concrete damaged plasticity model. The numerical investigation succeeded to depict the generation of tension field action within the suggested embedded steel plates–stiffened rebars composite reinforcement.

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39

Mohammed, Fathia S., Alyaa G. Elramady, and Salheddin E. Abu Yahya. "The Effect of the pH of Ammonum Nitrate Solution on the Susceptability of Mild Steel to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) and General Corrosion." Materials Sciences and Applications 01, no. 04 (2010): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msa.2010.14030.

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40

Kumar, Harish, Rajni Kumari, Ankita Yadav, Rahul Sharma, and Tilak Dhanda. "Trisodium phosphate an efficient anti-pitting and anti-cracking agent for mild steel in 0.1 N sulphuric acid: Experimental & Molecular dynamics study." Chemical Data Collections 30 (December 2020): 100575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100575.

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41

Sathyaseelan, P., V. M. Manickavasagam, P. Ravichandran, D. V. S. S. S. V. Prasad, S. C. V. Ramana Murty Naidu, S. Pradeep Kumar, Ateeb Ahmad Khan, R. Karthik, and Gizachew Assefa Kerga. "Effect of Dwell Time on Fracture Load of Friction Stir Spot Welded Dissimilar Metal Joints." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (August 21, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2163507.

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The dissimilar materials joining in heavy structural fabrication industries is tedious work for welding and design engineers, since the weld region’s criticality is encountered by hot cracking and its associated problems. Moreover, dissimilar materials are joined by mechanical locking such as rivets, bolt and nuts, and screws. Nowadays, the fasteners are eliminated by friction stir welding (FSW). The friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a variant of FSW; it can be avoided by seam welding. Hence, in this investigation, FSSW is used for joining AA6061 aluminum alloy with mild steel using tool rotation speed, plunge depth and rate, and shoulder to pin diameter ratio. The experimental method observed that the joint fabricated with a rotational speed of 1000 rpm, plunge rate of 5 mm/min, plunge depth of 6 mm/min, and shoulder diameter to pin diameter ration of 3.0 yielded highest fracture load The optimum heat input could obtain the improvement in FSSW joint strength. Recrystallized grains and favorable intermetallic compound formation are the primary factors for sound welding.

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42

Wang, Chung Sheng, Xiao Hong Dong, Wen Hui Miao, and Gan Li. "Fatigue Safety Evaluation of Existing Reinforced Concrete Bridges." Key Engineering Materials 413-414 (June 2009): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.413-414.749.

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Generally, fatigue has not been considered as a key problem in the design of reinforced concrete bridges. Until the 1960s, reinforcement was mild steel and the stresses permitted in the steel bar and the concrete were such that fatigue and fracture failure was believed to be impossible. With the developments of reinforced concrete structures, higher working stresses were permitted and, in particular, high yield reinforcing bars were introduced. Design rules were issued to control cracking and to prohibit welding of reinforcement unless the risk of fatigue was negligible. In recent years, great deals of researches have been carried out, leading to a better understanding of the fatigue behaviors in concrete structures. Some studies showed that fatigue could occur in reinforced concrete structures in combination with other causes of deterioration. In the past eight years, considerable increases in traffic intensity and wheel loads have caused obviously fatigue damage in reinforced concrete structures in China. Some reinforced concrete bridges were damaged seriously, leading to the whole bridge collapse sometimes because of overloading and oversize trucks. So how to evaluate the fatigue safety of existing reinforced concrete bridges is an urgent problem in China. In the current paper, the assessment models of existing reinforced concrete bridges based on S-N curve and fracture mechanics approach were proposed considering the effect of overloading and oversize trucks. Finally the assessment method based on S-N curve and in-situ monitoring data was applied to a case study bridge.

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43

Jones, N., and C. Jones. "Inelastic failure of fully clamped beams and circular plates under impact loading." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 216, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406021525070.

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An experimental investigation is reported on the impact loading of fully clamped mild steel beams and circular plates struck by relatively heavy masses. The impact energies are sufficient in some tests to cause material failure and, thus, to provide the threshold conditions for cracking and severance for impact velocities up to 6.74m/s for beams and 15.66m/s for plates. The beams were struck at several locations across the span, and a significant reduction in the threshold energy is observed for strikes near to a support. Round-nosed impactors require more energy to induce failures than flat-nosed ones. Furthermore, they cause failure to develop at the supports of both beams and plates rather than initiating rupture at the impact point, which is the case for a blunt striker. Reasonable agreement is obtained between the predictions of an elementary theory, which uses rigid-plastic methods of analysis, and the experimental results for the deflection and failure of beams struck at the mid-span. The experimental data, which include static and dynamic material properties, are suitable for calibrating numerical schemes and for further study on the accuracy of criteria for the dynamic inelastic failure of structures.

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44

Kumar, Harish, and Tilak Dhanda. "Experimental and theoretical (MDS and FMO) study of 1-Benzylimidazole for mild steel in 0.1 N H2SO4 at normal and elevated temperatures: An efficient anti-pitting and anti-cracking agent." Journal of Molecular Structure 1231 (May 2021): 129958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129958.

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45

Chow, C. L., and T. J. Lu. "Fatigue Crack Propagation in Metals and Polymers with a Unified Formulation." Tire Science and Technology 20, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 106–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2139510.

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Abstract As the traditional ΔK-based fatigue crack propagation (FCP) law has recently been elucidated by Chow and his group [1–7] to be inadequate for a complete description of fatigue cracking, we examine in this investigation the applicability of a unified formulation for characterizing FCP of both metals and nonmetals. We start by defining a new cyclic J-integral, ΔJ, which, under the confines of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), is equivalent to the range of elastic strain energy release rate, ΔG. ΔJ (or ΔG) is used as a proper criterion for FCP so long as the crack does not extend during the unloading portion of one load reversal. ΔJ (or ΔG) as such is also interpreted as the source supplier for the energy flow rate dissipated on crack-tip cyclic plastic deformations. It is then assumed that, under fixed test conditions, the minimum specific work of fracture required for fatigue crack initiation, ΔJth, is a material property independent of the load ratio R. Fatigue threshold values thus predicted are correlated favorably with experimental measurements. For fatigue crack propagation, a unified formulation is subsequently derived from the thermodynamic theory of irreversible processes with the cracked surface area taken as an internal variable together with the assumption that the rate of energy dissipated on FCP depends on ΔJ only. It is noted that, in addition to ΔJ, the role played by (Jc − Jmax) is also required in the unified FCP law. Applicability of the law for producing a master FCP diagram is finally examined using FCP data of both metals and polymers, including mild steel, aluminium alloys, PMMA, PVC, short fiber composites, and adhesives.

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46

Chalioris, Constantin, Violetta Kytinou, Maristella Voutetaki, and Nikos Papadopoulos. "Repair of Heavily Damaged RC Beams Failing in Shear Using U-Shaped Mortar Jackets." Buildings 9, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9060146.

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The effectiveness of slightly reinforced thin U-shaped cementitious mortar jacketing for the repair of damaged shear-critical reinforced concrete beams is experimentally investigated. The test project includes two parts. In the first one, five concrete beams over-reinforced against flexure and under-reinforced against shear with different ratio of closed stirrups were initially subjected to monotonic loading until failure. The initially tested beams have been designed to fail in shear after wide diagonal cracking and to exhibit various strength and deformation capacities along with different levels of damages. In the second experimental part, the heavily damaged beams were jacketed with mild steel small diameter U-shaped transverse stirrups and longitudinal reinforcing bars. The retrofitted specimens using the proposed jacketing technique were tested again following the same four-point-bending load scheme. Based on the overall performance of the beams, it is deduced that the shear strength and deformation capability of the jacketed beams were substantially increased compared to the corresponding capacities of the initial beams. Further, although all beams failed in a shear abrupt manner, the retrofitted ones exhibited reduced brittleness and higher deflections at failure up to six times with respect to the initially tested specimens. The level of the initial damage influences the efficiency of the jacketing. Additional test data derived from relative shear-damaged beam specimens and retrofitted with similar thin jackets is also presented herein in order to establish the effectiveness of this repair system and to clarify the parameters affecting its structural reliability. Comparisons indicated that jacketed beams can alter the failure mode from brittle shear to ductile flexural under certain circumstances.

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47

Laber, Konrad Błażej, and Henryk Dyja. "Determination of the Cracking Susceptibility of Steel S355J2G3 during the Continuous Casting Process." Solid State Phenomena 220-221 (January 2015): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.220-221.731.

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The paper presents the results of physical modelling aimed at determining the cracking susceptibility of the selected steel grade under conditions characteristic of the continuous casting process. The material used for investigation was steel grade S355J2G3 [1]. For a study on the physical modelling of the continuous steel casting process, the GLEEBLE 3800 [2, 3], a metallurgical process simulator, was employed. The obtained results allowed establishing conditions for a continuous steel casting process that could cause cracks to form in the material being cast. Research on one of technological conditions for steelworks was carried out taking into account the problem of cracking during rolling in the initial group of the bar rolling mill.

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48

Megahed, G. M., S. K. Paul, T. A. El-Bitar, and F. Ibrahim. "Development of X60/X70 Line Pipe Steels through EAF-Thin Slab Casting Technology at Ezz Flat Steel, Ain Sukhna, Egypt." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.261.

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API X60/X70 line pipe steels are characterized by their higher strength and excellent toughness properties, which are achieved through grain refinement by addition of micro-alloying elements and controlled rolling. Thin slab casting of Nb micro-alloyed steel is a great challenge to the steel producer because of possible transverse cracking of slabs. The major casting parameters, which affect transverse cracking, were critically examined and modified for production of defect free slabs. The hot strip mill parameters were also designed for controlled rolling of slabs to achieve the desired mechanical properties. Three heats (one X60 and two X70) of each 175 ton liquid steel were made and processed into 6, 8 and 10 mm hot rolled coils. In the heat of X60, Nb and Ti were used as micro-alloying elements where as vanadium was also added in X70 heats to achieve the desired strength. The YS/UTS ratio was designed to be below 0.9 by controlling the amount of Si and Mn. During slab casting, liquid core reduction (LCR) was used to reduce the slab thickness from 90 to 70 mm and to minimize the center line segregation and porosity. The slabs were heated and homogenized in a tunnel furnace at 1150 ±10°C before rolling in the roughing mill. The rolling procedure was designed to achieve the highest possible amount of deformation at the roughing stand for best conditioning of austenite before rolling in the finishing mill. 50% and 35% reductions in slab thickness were given for rolling of 6 and 10 mm coils respectively. The final thickness reduction was then distributed over 5-6 stands of the finishing mill depending on the coil thickness. All parameters were designed to achieve finish rolling temperature 850 ±10°C in the austenite region and very near to Ar3. After rolling, the steel was fast cooled to 570±10°C before coiling. Mechanical properties and microstructure evolutions were extensively investigated. The tensile properties particularly the elongation and YS/UTS ratio achieved were good. The CVN impact energy in transverse direction was found to be very high ranging from 220 to 330 Joules. Furthermore, the impact transition temperature (ITT) was found to be below -70 °C. The results of the drop weight tear test (DWTT) showed fully ductile behavior up to -40°C confirming the impact test results. SEM study was carried out to assess the fracture mechanism of impact-tested specimens at different temperatures.

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49

Cheng, Chang Gui, Wen Cheng Wan, Zhong Tian Liu, and Yong Rui Zheng. "Causes and Countermeasures of Cracking in Cogging Process of 40Cr Bloom." Advanced Materials Research 402 (November 2011): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.402.111.

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This paper has analyzed the solidification structure and thermodynamic state of bloom by means of the electron microscopy observation and heat transfer model, and studied the cracking mechanism and influence factors in the cogging process of 40Cr bloom. The results show that the main cracking reasons are the unreasonable secondary cooling scheme, the high reheating temperature in the bloom surface, the coarser grain and widmanstatten structure of the bloom subsurface. When the bloom is conveyed from the steel mill to rolling mill, the bloom may crack for the phase transition stress and thermal stress, some micro-cracks occur in the bloom surface, furthermore, the crack will expand when it is heated in the heating furnace and rolled in the cogging mill, the cracking occurs in bloom eventually. In order to reduce the bloom cracking in the cogging process, it must optimize the secondary cooling system, reduce the cooling intensity, and adopt the thermal insulation, hot delivery and hot charge process. If the bloom can not be conveyed in the hot delivery and hot charge mode, it should be conveyed to the slow cooling pit.

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50

Poletskov, P. P., O. A. Nikitenko, M. V. Mishukov, A. S. Kuznetsova, and E. V. Lopatina. "Effect of vacuum smelting method on the quality of pipe steel of northern application." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 8 (September 3, 2020): 810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-8-810-817.

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Pipe metal of Northern application must meet increased requirements of strength properties, low-temperature ductility, cold resistance and weldability. Cracks, skins, flaws, roll-ins and other defect are not allowed on the surface of pipes. The fulfillment of the requirements substantially can be provided by the process of steel smelting by a vacuum remelting method. Study of the effect of 03ХГ grade pipe steel smelting in vacuum and without vacuum on its contamination by nonmetallic inclusions and resistance against hydrogen cracking was accomplished. The smelting of ingots of adjusted chemical composition was carried out in a vacuum induction furnace ZG-0.06L. To imitate the process of hot roughing rolling, hydraulic press П6334 of 250 t force was used. Finishing rolling was carried out at reversible hot rolling mill 500 duo, combined with a controlled cooling facility. It was determined, that the samples, smelted in vacuum, had insignificant number of nonmetallic inclusions and withstand the test of resistance against hydrogen cracking; cracks were not detected on them. After testing on resistance against hydrogen cracking of the samples smelted without vacuum, cracks were discovered, located on both the surface and central layers amounting to 600 mm and 1700 mm length correspondently. It was shown, that steel smelting in vacuum allows to reach a high degree of the steel purity, results in increased crack growth resistance and in decreased number of nonmetallic inclusions in the pipe steel of Northern application.

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