Статті в журналах: "Migration shock"

1

Curran, Sara R., Jacqueline Meijer-Irons, and Filiz Garip. "Economic Shock and Migration." Sociology of Development 2, no. 2 (2016): 119–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2016.2.2.119.

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Classic migration theory predicts that individual and household migration decisions are partially responsive to economic pushes from origin communities and pulls from destinations. Recent theorizing argues that this basic relationship is fundamentally influenced by the experiences accumulated within migrant streams, connecting potential migrants with future migrants between origin and destination. Drawing upon a 16-year study of migrant departures and returns from 22 villages in northeastern Thailand, we extend current knowledge about these fundamental relationships before, during, and after Thailand's economic crisis of 1997. We answer the following questions: How are migrant departures from the origin affected by the crisis, how are migrant returns to origin communities affected by the crisis, and how do migrants’ accumulated experiences connecting origin and destination moderate these relationships? We examine effects separately for men and women since village and destination economies are sufficiently sex differentiated. We find that migrant selectivity partially explains year effects: that is, earlier periods are more highly selective. Migrant cumulative experiences facilitate migration throughout the time period and modestly influence the migration decisions during economic downturns, but these effects are far more important for women than for men. For return migration, year effects emerge only for the post 1997–98 period and only after controlling for migrant social capital and occupational sector. Origin-based migrant social capital slightly, but significantly, reduces the odds of return migration throughout the period of observation. However, migrant social capital does amplify the likelihood of return migration after the Asian Financial Crisis. Construction workers are the most likely to return to their origin villages after the Asian Financial Crisis, while manufacturing, service, and agricultural workers show little change in behavior.

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2

Bakker, Jan David, Christopher Parsons, and Ferdinand Rauch. "Migration and Urbanization in Post-Apartheid South Africa." World Bank Economic Review 34, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 509–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhy030.

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Abstract Although Africa has experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades, little is known about the process of urbanization across the continent. This paper exploits a natural experiment, the abolition of South African pass laws, to explore how exogenous population shocks affect the spatial distribution of economic activity. Under apartheid, black South Africans were severely restricted in their choice of location, and many were forced to live in homelands. Following the abolition of apartheid they were free to migrate. Given a migration cost in distance, a town nearer to the homelands will receive a larger inflow of people than a more distant town following the removal of mobility restrictions. Drawing upon this exogenous variation, this study examines the effect of migration on urbanization in South Africa. While it is found that on average there is no endogenous adjustment of population location to a positive population shock, there is heterogeneity in the results. Cities that start off larger do grow endogenously in the wake of a migration shock, while rural areas that start off small do not respond in the same way. This heterogeneity indicates that population shocks lead to an increase in urban relative to rural populations. Overall, the evidence suggests that exogenous migration shocks can foster urbanization in the medium run.

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3

Puhani, Patrick A. "Labour Mobility: An Adjustment Mechanism in Euroland? Empirical Evidence for Western Germany, France and Italy." German Economic Review 2, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00031.

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Abstract We evaluate whether labour mobility is likely to act as a sufficient adjustment mechanism in the face of asymmetric shocks in Euroland. As no adequate data on cross-border migration are available, migration elasticities within nation states (Western Germany, France and Italy) are estimated and interpreted as upper bounds for cross-border migration elasticities between European nation states. Labour mobility is highest in Germany, followed by France and Italy. However, the accommodation of a shock to unemployment by migration takes several years. We conclude that labour mobility is unlikely to act as a sufficient adjustment mechanism to asymmetric shocks in Euroland.

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4

Ruiz, Isabel, and Carlos Vargas-Silva. "The Labor Market Impacts of Forced Migration." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151110.

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During the 1990s the Kagera region of Tanzania experienced a forced migration shock. A series of geographical barriers led to a higher concentration of forced migrants in some parts of the region relative to others, resulting in a natural experiment. Using panel data (pre and post forced migration shock), we find that greater exposure to the refugee shock resulted in Tanzanians having a lower likelihood of working outside the household as employees. However, employees more affected by the shock had a higher probability of being in professional occupations and being part of a pensions program.

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5

Filho, Anibal Basile, M. A. Martins, B. Tavares-Murta, F. Q. Cunha, and SMAA Arraes. "FAILURE OF NEUTROPHIL MIGRATION IN SEPTIC SHOCK." Critical Care Medicine 30, Supplement (December 2002): A56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200212001-00195.

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6

Abylkalykova, R. B., L. I. Kveglis, A. A. Kalitova, and F. M. Noskov. "Abnormally Fast Migration of Substance at Shock Loadings." Advanced Materials Research 871 (December 2013): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.871.231.

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This research work is investigates the processes of structure formation in the samples were 110Г13Л subjected to shock loads. The processes of structure formation, initiated by shock waves are explained from the terms of new theoretical developments. Analysis of the results can be extended to a wide range of materials.

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7

Kakourova, Anna, Anatolii Klyuchevskii, Vladimir Dem’yanovich, and Anna Klyuchevskaya. "Geoinformational criteria for distinguishing the quasi-linear chains of earthquake migration in epicentral fields of complex geometry and variable density of shocks distribution." Geoinformatika, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 4–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47148/1609-364x-2021-2-4-25.

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Within the framework of the basic model of migrating seismicity, the main geoinformation criteria for identifying quasi-linear chains of earthquakes in epicentral fields of complex geometry and variable density of shock distribution have been determined by numerical methods. The developed model is used to study the migrations of earthquake foci and identify zones of hidden seismically active faults: it provides statistical criteria for the presence of quasi-linear chains of seismicity migration and zones of hidden seismic faults in arrays of various volumes of seismological data as an excess at a given level of significance of the average numbers of chains of earthquakes, spatially temporal distribution of shocks. The established dependences of the average number of selected chains of random events on the sample size and site shape make it possible to reveal the presence of seismicity migration and zones of hidden faults under the given criteria of “significance”, “representativeness” and ISMA. The developed methods, implemented programs and patents lay the theoretical and practical basis for GIS technology for identifying hidden faults and studying the migrations of earthquake foci in the lithosphere of the Baikal rift system. Since the main laws governing the formation of the internal structure of continental fault zones and seismicity are determined by the fundamental properties of the progressive deformation of transgressive shearing realized within them and are uniform, the developed GIS technologies can be applied in other seismically active regions.

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8

Gautam, Narayan Prasad, Nirmal Kumar Raut, Bir Bahadur Khanal Chhetri, Nirjala Raut, Muhammad Haroon U. Rashid, Xiangqing Ma, and Pengfei Wu. "Determinants of Poverty, Self-Reported Shocks, and Coping Strategies: Evidence from Rural Nepal." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 7, 2021): 1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041790.

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This paper assesses the interrelationship between poverty, climatic and non-climatic shocks, and shock coping strategies adopted by farm-based rural households in Nepal. An analysis is based on a comprehensive data set collected from 300 randomly selected households from three purposively chosen villages of Gandaki province. The study utilizes binary and ordered probit regression models to analyze the determinants of poverty, shocks, and coping strategies. Findings reveal that the Dalit (ethnic group), large-sized, and agricultural households are more likely to be characterized as poor. The study further shows that majority of the households are exposed to the severe shock of climatic types. Patterns of shock exposure vary with the household’s characteristics. In particular, poor households in the hills primarily dependent on forest for livelihood are more likely to experience severe shocks. Further analyses indicate that the households ex-post choose dissaving, borrowing, shifting occupation, and migration to cope with severe climatic shocks. The analyses also reveal that the nature of shocks, socio-economic, demographic, geographic contexts, and factor endowments effect adopting a particular coping strategy. Findings suggest household level-specific support should be provided to mitigate the effects of shock, and appropriate measures are taken to protect their means of living.

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9

Sinosaki, S., M. M. Yada-Langui, P. Sannomiva, R. Coimbra, Poli L. F. de Figueiredo, and Rocha M. e Silva. "HYPERTONIC SALINE REDUCES NEUTROPHIL MIGRATION AFTER HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK." Shock 17, Supplement (June 2002): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024382-200206001-00124.

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10

Liu, Yujian, Youzhong Yuan, Mark Wilson, and Jie Fan. "Systemic regulation of neutrophil migration after hemorrhagic shock." Journal of Critical Care 22, no. 4 (December 2007): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2007.10.029.

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11

Tiwari, Smriti, and Paul C. Winters. "Liquidity Constraints and Migration: Evidence from Indonesia." International Migration Review 53, no. 1 (April 9, 2018): 254–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318768555.

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Although liquidity constraints have been seen as both a factor limiting individuals from migrating and a motivation for households to send a migrant, the consequences of relaxing liquidity constraints on migration behavior have not been adequately explored due to data limitations. In this study, we take advantage of an unusual policy, Bantuan Langsung Tunai — a national-level unconditional cash transfer program targeted toward the poorest households in Indonesia — to empirically assess the impact of increased liquidity on the migration behavior of poor Indonesian households. With a highly mobile population and a long history of circular migration, Indonesia is an ideal space to study migration. Using panel data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey, the results demonstrate that a positive liquidity shock increases the probability of migration among low-asset households, among households with a migration history, and, most significantly, among low-asset households with a migration history.

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12

Skeldon, Ronald. "Los límites de la política migratoria." Migración y Desarrollo 20, no. 39 (December 2, 2022): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.35533/myd.2039.rs.

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The sheer complexity of migration policies defies easy categorization. The complexity applies both to policies designed specifically to address migration, direct policies, and to policies designed for some other objective but which can have profound impacts upon migration, indirect policies. For reasons of practicality, this entry focuses primarily of the direct policies of immigration, emigration, migration and development, and integration. While the state is central to any analysis of migration policy, so, too, have become subnational units such as metropolitan areas, as well as supra-national units such as regional groupings. The multilateral, global level also provides a normative framework. Migration policy becomes challenged by underlying economic, political and social trends and the specific example of the «shock» of covid-19 is examined. The varying policy responses in the migration and development debate are outlined, which often give the illusion of control rather than of any ability to promote development or achieve objectives. Probabilities of success are only likely where migration policies are fully integrated into wider development policies.

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13

Sidera, Katerina, Martina Samiotaki, Eleni Yfanti, George Panayotou, and Evangelia Patsavoudi. "Involvement of Cell Surface HSP90 in Cell Migration Reveals a Novel Role in the Developing Nervous System." Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, no. 44 (August 9, 2004): 45379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m405486200.

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Heat shock protein HSP90 plays important roles in cellular regulation, primarily as a chaperone for a number of key intracellular proteins. We report here that the two HSP90 isoforms, α and β, also localize on the surface of cells in the nervous system and are involved in their migration. A 94-kDa surface antigen, the 4C5 antigen, which was previously shown to be involved in migration processes during development of the nervous system, is shown to be identical to HSP90α using mass spectrometry analysis. This identity is further confirmed by immunoprecipitation experiments and by induction of 4C5 antigen expression in heat shock-treated embryonic rat brain cultures. Moreover, immunocytochemistry on live cerebellar rat cells reveals cell surface localization of both HSP90α and -β. Cell migration from cerebellar and sciatic nerve explants is inhibited by anti-HSP90α and anti-HSP90β antibodies, similarly to the inhibition observed with monoclonal antibody 4C5. Moreover, immunostaining with rhodamine-phalloidin of migrating Schwann cells cultured in the presence of antibodies against both α and β isoforms of HSP90 reveals that HSP90 activity is associated with actin cytoskeletal organization, necessary for lamellipodia formation.

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14

Bongers, Anelí, Carmen Díaz-Roldán, and José L. Torres. "Highly Skilled International Migration, STEM Workers, and Innovation." Economics 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/econ-2022-0022.

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Abstract This article studies the implications of highly skilled labor international migration in a two-country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. The model considers three types of workers: Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics (STEM) workers, non-STEM college educated workers, and non-college educated workers. Aggregate productivity in each economy is a function of innovations, which can be produced only by STEM workers. The model predicts (i) the existence of a wage premium of STEM workers relative to non-STEM college educated workers, (ii) the skill wage premium is higher in the destination country and increases with positive technological shocks, (iii) a reduction in migration costs increases output, wages, and total labor in the destination country, with opposite effects in the country of origin, and (iv) high skilled immigrants reduce skilled native labor and do not affect unskilled labor. Finally, a migration policy designed to attract STEM workers generates similar effects to a positive aggregate productivity shock.

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15

Gröger, André, and Yanos Zylberberg. "Internal Labor Migration as a Shock Coping Strategy: Evidence from a Typhoon." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 123–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20140362.

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We analyze how internal labor migration facilitates shock coping in rural economies. Employing high-precision satellite data, we identify objective variations in the inundations generated by a catastrophic typhoon in Vietnam and match them with household panel data before and after the shock. We find that, following a massive drop in income, households cope mainly through labor migration to urban areas. Households with settled migrants ex ante receive more remittances. Nonmigrant households react by sending new members away who then remit similar amounts than established migrants. This mechanism is most effective with long-distance migration, while local networks fail to provide insurance. (JEL J61, O15, P25, P36, Q54, R23)

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16

Montagna, Georgina N., Kai Matuschewski, and Carlos A. Buscaglia. "Small heat shock proteins in cellular adhesion and migration." Cell Adhesion & Migration 6, no. 2 (March 2012): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cam.20101.

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17

de Laat, Sonya. "Pictures of migration: The invisible shock of misery photographs." Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ajms.7.1.15_1.

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18

Becker, Charles M., Erbolat N. Musabek, Ai-Gul S. Seitenova, and Dina S. Urzhumova. "The migration response to economic shock: lessons from Kazakhstan." Journal of Comparative Economics 33, no. 1 (March 2005): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2004.12.003.

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19

Lemos, Sara, and Jonathan Portes. "New Labour? The Effects of Migration from Central and Eastern Europe on Unemployment and Wages in the UK." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 14, no. 1 (December 25, 2013): 299–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2013-0065.

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Abstract The UK was one of only three countries that granted free movement of workers to accession nationals following the enlargement of the European Union in May 2004. The resulting migration inflow, which was substantially larger and faster than anticipated, arguably corresponds more closely to an exogenous supply shock than most migration shocks studied in the literature. We evaluate the impact of this migration inflow – one of the largest in British history – on the UK labour market. We use new monthly micro-level data and an empirical approach that investigates which of several particular labour markets in the UK – with varying degrees of natives’ mobility and migrants’ self-selection – may have been affected. We found little evidence that the inflow of accession migrants contributed to a fall in wages or a rise in claimant unemployment in the UK between 2004 and 2006.

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20

Abdel-Latif, Hany, Tapas Mishra, and Anita Staneva. "Arab Countries between Winter and Spring: Where Democracy Shock Goes Next!" Economies 7, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7010020.

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We examine the role of democracy shocks in the cross-country economic growth processes over a period of five decades since 1960. The recent uprisings that arose independently and spread across the Arab world form the main context of our investigation. We study if (i) a shock to democracy in one country triggers institutional reforms and growth upsurge in the neighbouring countries, and (ii) the magnitude and direction of response to democracy shocks are contingent upon income pathways of countries. To estimate the spillover effects of democracy shocks, we model and estimate growth interdependence among individual countries with similar democratic characteristics. To study the nature of responses of democracy shocks on cross-country growth processes, we build and estimate a Global Vector Autoregression (GVAR) model where we allow countries to be interdependent with regard to bilateral migration and geographical proximity. Using the GVAR model, we also stimulate a positive shock to democracy in Egypt—the most populous Arabic country—and study its impacts on institutional reforms and economic growth in the rest of the Arab World. We find that high and upper-middle income countries are immune to democracy shocks in Egypt, whereas the lower middle and low income countries are susceptible to another revolutionary wave.

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21

Labanca, Claudio. "The effects of a temporary migration shock: Evidence from the Arab Spring migration through Italy." Labour Economics 67 (December 2020): 101903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101903.

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22

Fan, Jie, Yuehua Li, Yoram Vodovotz, Timothy R. Billiar, and Mark A. Wilson. "Hemorrhagic shock-activated neutrophils augment TLR4 signaling-induced TLR2 upregulation in alveolar macrophages: role in hemorrhage-primed lung inflammation." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 290, no. 4 (April 2006): L738—L746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00280.2005.

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Hemorrhagic shock renders patients susceptible to the development of acute lung injury in response to a second inflammatory stimulus by as yet unclear mechanisms. We investigated the role of neutrophils (PMN) in alveolar macrophage (AMφ) priming, specifically, the role in mediating Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and TLR2 cross talk in AMφ. Using a mouse model of hemorrhagic shock followed by intratracheal administration of LPS, we explored a novel function of shock-activated PMN in the mechanism of TLR2 upregulation induced by LPS-TLR4 signaling in AMφ. We showed that antecedent hemorrhagic shock enhanced LPS-induced TLR2 upregulation in AMφ. In neutropenic mice subjected to shock, the LPS-induced TLR2 expression was significantly reduced, and the response was restored upon repletion with PMN obtained from shock-resuscitated mice but not by PMN from sham-operated mice. These findings were recapitulated in mouse AMφ cocultured with PMN. The enhanced TLR2 upregulation in AMφ augmented the expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-2, TNF-α, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the AMφ in response to sequential challenges of LPS and peptidoglycan, a prototypical TLR2 ligand, which physiologically associated with amplified AMφ-induced PMN migration into air pouch and lung alveoli. Thus TLR2 expression in AMφ, signaled by TLR4 and regulated by shock-activated PMN, is an important positive-feedback mechanism responsible for shock-primed PMN infiltration into the lung after primary PMN sequestration.

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23

Cajner, Tomaz, John Coglianese, and Joshua Montes. "The Long-Lived Cyclicality of the Labor Force Participation Rate." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2021, no. 044 (July 30, 2021): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2021.047.

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How cyclical is the U.S. labor force participation rate (LFPR)? We examine its response to exogenous state-level business cycle shocks, finding that the LFPR is highly cyclical, but with a significantly longer-lived response than the unemployment rate. The LFPR declines after a negative shock for about four years—well beyond when the unemployment rate has begun to recover—and takes about eight years to fully recover after the shock. The decline and recovery of the LFPR is largely driven by individuals with home and family responsibilities, as well as by younger individuals spending time in school. Our main specifications measure cyclicality from the response of the age-adjusted LFPR, and we show that it is problematic to use the unadjusted LFPR when estimating cyclicality because local shocks spur changes in the population of high-LFPR age groups through migration. LFPR cyclicality varies across groups, with larger and longer-lived responses.

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24

Beishuizen, Albertus, Lambertus G. Thijs, Clemens Haanen, and István Vermes. "Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Function during Critical Illness." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 2811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.6.7570.

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In patients with septic shock (n = 32), multitrauma (n = 8), and hospitalized matched controls (n = 41), we serially measured serum macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), cortisol, plasma ACTH, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) immunoreactivity during 14 days or until discharge/death. MIF levels were significantly elevated on day 1 in septic shock (14.3 ± 4.5 μg/L), as opposed to trauma (3.1 ± 1.7 μg/L) and control patients (2.5 ± 2.1 μg/L). The time course of MIF, parallel to cortisol, but in contrast to ACTH, showed persistently elevated levels in septic patients. On admission, nonsurvivors of septic shock (n = 11) showed significantly higher MIF levels than survivors (18.4 ± 4.8 and 10.2 ± 4.2 μg/L, respectively). Patients with septic adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS; n = 8) showed higher MIF levels than those who did not develop ARDS (19.4 ± 4.7 vs. 9.2 ± 4.3 μg/L, respectively). Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that both MIF and ARDS were independent predictors of adverse outcome. On admission, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, procalcitonin, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein levels were higher in patients with septic shock than in patients with multitrauma. In septic patients, regression analysis showed significant correlations between MIF and cortisol as well as between MIF and IL-6 levels and disease severity scores. No relation was found between MIF and markers of the acute phase response (procalcitonin, C- reactive protein, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein). In multitrauma patients, MIF levels were not elevated at any time point and were not related to other variables. Our data suggest that during immune-mediated inflammation (such as septic shock) MIF is an important neuroendocrine mediator: a contraregulator of the immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids.

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Vitale-Brovarone, Chiara, Francesco Baino, Germana Martinasso, Rosangela Canuto, Francesco Bassi, and Enrica Verné. "Glass-Ceramic Scaffolds and Shock Waves Effect on Cells Migration." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.233.

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Glass-ceramic scaffolds for bone grafting have been prepared using the sponge replication method and a highly bioactive silica based glass belonging to the system SiO2-P2O5- CaO-MgO-Na2O-K2O (CEL2). The parameters for the sponge impregnation were optimized in order to obtain a continuous coating of the polymeric skeleton which will lead, after the polymeric phase removal, to a resistant macroporous glass-ceramic template. A complete characterization was carried out on the obtained scaffold in order to assess its morphology and specifically its porosity and the degree of pores interconnection. A human osteoblasts cells line (MG-63) was cultured onto the scaffold and the effect of stimulation with shock waves on the cell ability of colonizing the scaffold was investigated.

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26

Long, X. J., L. Wang, B. Li, J. Zhu та S. N. Luo. "Shock-induced migration of Σ3〈110〉 grain boundaries in Cu". Journal of Applied Physics 121, № 4 (28 січня 2017): 045904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4974958.

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27

Spiegelman, Marc. "Flow in deformable porous media. Part 2 Numerical analysis – the relationship between shock waves and solitary waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 247 (February 1993): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112093000370.

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Using numerical schemes, this paper demonstrates how viscous resistance to volume changes modifies the simplest shock wave solutions presented in Part 1. For an initial condition chosen to form a step-function shock, viscous resistance causes the shock to disperse into a rank-ordered wavetrain of solitary waves. Large obstructions in flux produce large-amplitude, slow-moving wavetrains while smaller shocks shed small-amplitude waves. While the viscous resistance term is initially important over a narrow boundary layer, information about obstructions in the flux can propagate over many compaction lengths through the formation of non-zero wavelength porosity waves. For large-amplitude shocks, information can actually propagate backwards relative to the matrix. The physics of dispersion is discussed and a physical argument is presented to parameterize the amplitude of the wavetrain as a function of the amplitude of the predicted shock. This quantitative relationship between the prediction of shocks and the development of solitary waves also holds when mass transfer between solid and liquid is included. Melting causes solitary waves to decrease in amplitude but the process is reversible and freezing can cause small perturbations in the fluid flux to amplify into large-amplitude waves. These model problems show that the equations governing volume changes of the matrix are inherently time dependent. Perturbations to steady-state solutions propagate as nonlinear waves and these problems demonstrate several initial conditions that do not relax to steady state. If these equations describe processes such as magma migration in the Earth, then these processes should be inherently episodic in space and time.

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28

Blume, Lawrence Edward, and Aleksandra Andreevna Lukina. "A Note on Migration Perturbation and Convergence Rates to a Steady State." Program Systems: Theory and Applications 11, no. 4 (December 6, 2020): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25209/2079-3316-2020-11-4-17-30.

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Using tools developed in the Markov chains literature, we study convergence times in the Leslie population model in the short and middle run. Assuming that the population is in a steady-state and reproduces itself period after period, we address the following question: how long will it take to get back to the steady-state if the population distribution vector was affected by some shock as, for instance, the “brain drain”? We provide lower and upper bounds for the time required to reach a given distance from the steady-state.

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29

Bhugra, Dinesh, and Oyedeji Ayonrinde. "Depression in migrants and ethnic minorities." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 10, no. 1 (January 2004): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.10.1.13.

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Migration and its associated processes can produce considerable stress on those who are migrating as well as on those around them. Depression should be a common sequel of the process, but is not consistently found to be so. This paper reviews the literature and suggests that various vulnerability factors, including culture shock and changed cultural identity, can play a role in the genesis of depression. Clinicians must be aware of patterns of migration and resilience factors in order to plan any intervention strategies. Stresses due to political and economic factors will have differing influences on the mental state of individuals. One possible contribution may be a discrepancy between aspiration and achievement, which can result in poor self-esteem, leading to depression.

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30

Akobeng, Eric. "Safety net for agriculture: effect of idiosyncratic income shock on remittance payments." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2014-0271.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of illness-driven agriculture income shocks on remittance payments in Ghana using a nationally representative household pseudo-panel data set for 1991/1992, 1998/1999 and 2005/2006. Design/methodology/approach The two-stage least square instrumental variable technique is used. This is compared with the ordinary least squares estimator. Findings The author finds that households in Ghana use remittances to protect themselves from negative agriculture income shocks. The study further reveals that the protection is resilient in female-headed households. Research limitations/implications The question of remittances as a safety net mechanism is interesting, but the limitation is the challenges involving the counterfactual setup in studying the effects of endogenous migration choices. Practical implications The study provides that, as far as microeconomic factors are concerned, remittances increase in times of negative agriculture income shocks attributed to illness in Ghana. Social implications The finding points to the fact that remittance payments play an essential role as an informal safety net during illness-driven agriculture income shock especially for female-headed households in Ghana. This has an important implication for poverty reduction in Ghana. Originality/value It provides an empirical test of the claim that remittance flows buffer idiosyncratic shock with micro-level household data that incorporates both internal and international remittances. The paper introduces gender dimension into idiosyncratic shocks’ impact. Also, the data set makes it possible to provide a reliable set of agriculture income shock estimates.

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31

Welch, W. J., and L. A. Mizzen. "Characterization of the thermotolerant cell. II. Effects on the intracellular distribution of heat-shock protein 70, intermediate filaments, and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes." Journal of Cell Biology 106, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 1117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.106.4.1117.

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Here we further characterize a number of properties inherent to the thermotolerant cell. In the preceding paper, we showed that the acquisition of the thermotolerant state (by a prior induction of the heat-shock proteins) renders cells translationally tolerant to a subsequent severe heat-shock treatment and thereby results in faster kinetics of both the synthesis and subsequent repression of the stress proteins. Because of the apparent integral role of the 70-kD stress proteins in the acquisition of tolerance, we compared the intracellular distribution of these proteins in both tolerant and nontolerant cells before and after a severe 45 degrees C/30-min shock. In both HeLa and rat embryo fibroblasts, the synthesis and migration of the major stress-induced 72-kD protein into the nucleolus and its subsequent exit was markedly faster in the tolerant cells as compared with the nontolerant cells. Migration of preexisting 72-kD into the nucleolus was shown to be dependent upon heat-shock treatment and independent of active heat-shock protein synthesis. Using both microinjection and immunological techniques, we observed that the constitutive and abundant 73-kD stress protein similarly showed a redistribution from the cytoplasm and nucleus into the nucleolus as a function of heat-shock treatment. We show also that other lesions that occur in cells after heat shock can be prevented or at least minimized if the cells are first made tolerant. Specifically, the heat-induced collapse of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton did not occur in cells rendered thermotolerant. Similarly, the disruption of intranuclear staining patterns of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes after heat-shock treatment was less apparent in tolerant cells exposed to a subsequent heat-shock treatment.

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32

Furnham, Adrian. "Culture Shock: Literature Review, Personal Statement and Relevance for the South Pacific." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/prp.4.2.87.

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AbstractThis article considers the popular concept of culture shock from three perspectives. The first is from the academic perspective, considering how researchers from different disciplines (anthropology, education, psychiatry, psychology, sociology) attempted to operationalise the concept and understand the process behind it. It represents 50 years of research using different methodologies and trying to answer different questions about the experience of travel for many reasons. This section of the article also considers issues concerned with the ‘overseas’ student; of which there are ever more travelling abroad to study. They can have serious culture shock difficulties. This is followed by a short section on migration in the South Pacific and the consequences for large and small countries, particularly that of sojourning, migration and refugees. The final section is a personal statement and reflection on culture shock and how I came to write two books and around a dozen papers on the topic.

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33

Kumar, Sachin, Juying Xu, Rupali Sani Kumar, Sribalaji Lakshmikanthan, Reuben Kapur, Matthew Kofron, Magdalena Chrzanowska-Wodnicka, and Marie-Dominique Filippi. "The small GTPase Rap1b negatively regulates neutrophil chemotaxis and transcellular diapedesis by inhibiting Akt activation." Journal of Experimental Medicine 211, no. 9 (August 4, 2014): 1741–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20131706.

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Neutrophils are the first line of cellular defense in response to infections and inflammatory injuries. However, neutrophil activation and accumulation into tissues trigger tissue damage due to release of a plethora of toxic oxidants and proteases, a cause of acute lung injury (ALI). Despite its clinical importance, the molecular regulation of neutrophil migration is poorly understood. The small GTPase Rap1b is generally viewed as a positive regulator of immune cell functions by controlling bidirectional integrin signaling. However, we found that Rap1b-deficient mice exhibited enhanced neutrophil recruitment to inflamed lungs and enhanced susceptibility to endotoxin shock. Unexpectedly, Rap1b deficiency promoted the transcellular route of diapedesis through endothelial cell. Increased transcellular migration of Rap1b-deficient neutrophils in vitro was selectively mediated by enhanced PI3K-Akt activation and invadopodia-like protrusions. Akt inhibition in vivo suppressed excessive Rap1b-deficient neutrophil migration and associated endotoxin shock. The inhibitory action of Rap1b on PI3K signaling may be mediated by activation of phosphatase SHP-1. Thus, this study reveals an unexpected role for Rap1b as a key suppressor of neutrophil migration and lung inflammation.

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Légaré, Jean-Francois, Adam Oxner, Olivier Heimrath, Tanya Myers, and R. William Currie. "Heat shock treatment results in increased recruitment of labeled PMN following myocardial infarction." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293, no. 5 (November 2007): H3210—H3215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00773.2007.

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One of the proposed mechanisms for the myocardial protective effects of heat shock (HS) treatment has been a reduction in the inflammatory response. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of HS treatment in an established model of polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) migration following myocardial infarction (MI). Isolated purified PMNs (10 × 106cells) labeled with51Cr were injected into Lewis rats following a left thoracotomy and ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery causing MI. Two experimental groups of animals were created: MI group ( n = 11) and HS+MI group ( n = 7). HS treatment consisted of an elevation in core temperature to 42°C for 15 min 24 h prior to MI. An additional group of control animals underwent sham thoracotomy ( n = 5). All animals were euthanized at 24 h after MI, and gamma counts were obtained to estimate PMN migration. Myocardial injury was confirmed in all experimental animals (histology and echocardiography). The serum troponin I and infarct size (triphenyltetrazolium chloride) were similar in both groups. Labeled PMN migration was significantly higher in HS+MI animals (14.3 × 104± 3.7 × 104PMN) compared with MI group (9.5 × 104± 3.6 × 104; P = 0.01), suggesting increased PMN migration as a result of HS treatment. HS treatment did not affect PMN migration to positive skin control sites (LPS). ICAM-1 myocardial expression was not significantly increased in HS+MI compared with MI group. In summary, HS treatment results in increased PMN migration into myocardium following MI independent of ICAM-1. These findings suggest that the proposed cardioprotective effect of HS may not be entirely due to a downregulation of myocardial inflammation as previously proposed.

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35

Monte, Ferdinando, Stephen J. Redding, and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg. "Commuting, Migration, and Local Employment Elasticities." American Economic Review 108, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 3855–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151507.

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We provide theory and evidence that the elasticity of local employment to a labor demand shock is heterogeneous depending on the commuting openness of the local labor market. We develop a quantitative general equilibrium model that incorporates spatial linkages in goods markets (trade) and factor markets (commuting and migration). We quantify this model to match the observed gravity equation relationships for trade and commuting. We find that empirically-observed reductions in commuting costs generate welfare gains of around 3.3 percent. We provide separate quasi-experimental evidence in support of the model’s predictions using the location decisions of million dollar plants. (JEL J23, J61, R23, R32, R41)

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Grifoni, Samira C., Susan E. McKey, and Heather A. Drummond. "Hsc70 regulates cell surface ASIC2 expression and vascular smooth muscle cell migration." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 294, no. 5 (May 2008): H2022—H2030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01271.2007.

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Recent studies suggest members of the degenerin (DEG)/epithelial Na+channel (ENaC)/acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) protein family play an important role in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration. In a previous investigation, we found suppression of a certain DEG/ENaC/ASIC member, ASIC2, increased VSMC chemotactic migration, raising the possibility that ASIC2 may play an inhibitory role. Because ASIC2 protein was retained in the cytoplasm, we reasoned increasing surface expression of ASIC2 might unmask the inhibitory role of ASIC2 in VSMC migration so we could test the hypothesis that ASIC2 inhibits VSMC migration. Therefore, we used the chemical chaperone glycerol to enhance ASIC2 expression. Glycerol 1) increased cytoplasm ASIC2 expression, 2) permitted detection of ASIC2 at the cell surface, and 3) inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-bb mediated VSMC migration. Furthermore, ASIC2 silencing completely abolished the inhibitory effect of glycerol on migration, suggesting upregulation of ASIC2 is responsible for glycerol-induced inhibition of VSMC migration. Because other investigators have shown that glycerol regulates ENaC/ASIC via interactions with a certain heat shock protein, heat shock protein 70 (Hsc70), we wanted to determine the importance of Hsc70 on ASIC2 expression in VSMCs. We found that Hsc70 silencing increases ASIC2 cell surface expression and inhibits VSMC migration, which is abolished by cosilencing ASIC2. These data demonstrate that Hsc70 inhibits ASIC2 expression, and, when the inhibitory effect of Hsc70 is removed, ASIC2 expression increases, resulting in reduced VSMC migration. Because VSMC migration contributes to vasculogenesis and remodeling following vascular injury, our findings raise the possibility that ASIC2-Hsc70 interactions may play a role in these processes.

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Zhang, Baohong, Fei Xie, Aziz Aziz, Shuai Shao, Wang Li, Sha Deng, Xiaoling Liao, and Bo Liu. "Heat Shock Protein 27 Phosphorylation Regulates Tumor Cell Migration under Shear Stress." Biomolecules 9, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9020050.

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Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is a multifunctional protein that undergoes significant changes in its expression and phosphorylation in response to shear stress stimuli, suggesting that it may be involved in mechanotransduction. However, the mechanism of HSP27 affecting tumor cell migration under shear stress is still not clear. In this study, HSP27-enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) and HSP27-Ypet plasmids are constructed to visualize the self-polymerization of HSP27 in living cells based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology. The results show that shear stress induces polar distribution of HSP27 to regulate the dynamic structure at the cell leading edge. Shear stress also promotes HSP27 depolymerization to small molecules and then regulates polar actin accumulation and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) polar activation, which further promotes tumor cell migration. This study suggests that HSP27 plays an important role in the regulation of shear stress-induced HeLa cell migration, and it also provides a theoretical basis for HSP27 as a potential drug target for metastasis.

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38

Sinosaki, S., M. M. Yada-Langui, P. Sannomiva, R. Coimbra, Poli L. F. de Figueiredo, and Rocha e. M. Silva. "HYPERTONIC SALINE ASSOCIATED WITH PENTOXYFILLINE REDUCES NEUTROPHIL MIGRATION AFTER HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK." Shock 19, Supplement (June 2003): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024382-200306001-00165.

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39

Calandra, Thierry, Bernd Echtenacher, Didier Le Roy, Jérôme Pugin, Christine N. Metz, Lothar Hültner, Didier Heumann, Daniela Männel, Richard Bucala, and Michel P. Glauser. "Protection from septic shock by neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor." Nature Medicine 6, no. 2 (February 2000): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/72262.

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40

Campos, Josemberg, Almino Ramos, Manoel Galvão Neto, Luciana Siqueira, Luis Fernando Evangelista, Álvaro Ferraz, and Edmundo Ferraz. "Hypovolemic Shock due to Intragastric Migration of an Adjustable Gastric Band." Obesity Surgery 17, no. 4 (April 2007): 562–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11695-007-9078-2.

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41

Sakurai, Toshiharu, Hiroshi Kashida, Satoru Hagiwara, Naoshi Nishida, Tomohiro Watanabe, Jun Fujita, and Masatoshi Kudo. "Heat Shock Protein A4 Controls Cell Migration and Gastric Ulcer Healing." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 60, no. 4 (February 6, 2015): 850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-015-3561-8.

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42

Lizińska, Joanna, Leszek Czapiewski, and Jarosław Kubiak. "Managing company value in times of COVID-19 turbulences: Winners and losers in Central Europe." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 15, no. 3 (2022): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-3/2.

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This research adds to the growing literature on impact of the COVID-19 global turmoil on corporate financial performance. Changes in company value are continuous market processes. However, the pandemic has triggered many shock changes, including unprecedented turbulences in most business mechanisms. Our research provides empirical assessment of the market process of value migration across industries in Central Europe in several dimensions. The estimates of market value added and synthetic measure of value migration show substantial differences between industries. The study provides a classification of business designs by development stages and details significant changes in operating performance in response to the health and economic turmoil. Our findings on differences in industries’ vulnerability to shock changes have important implications for managers, shareholders, lenders, and other company stakeholders.

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Chien, Jeremy, Takayo Ota, Giovanni Aletti, Ravi Shridhar, Mariarosaria Boccellino, Lucio Quagliuolo, Alfonso Baldi, and Viji Shridhar. "Serine Protease HtrA1 Associates with Microtubules and Inhibits Cell Migration." Molecular and Cellular Biology 29, no. 15 (May 26, 2009): 4177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00035-09.

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ABSTRACT HtrA1 belongs to a family of serine proteases found in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Bacterial HtrA1 (DegP) is a heat shock-induced protein that behaves as a chaperone at low temperature and as a protease at high temperature to help remove unfolded proteins during heat shock. In contrast to bacterial HtrA1, little is known about the function of human HtrA1. Here, we report the first evidence that human HtrA1 is a microtubule-associated protein and modulates microtubule stability and cell motility. Intracellular HtrA1 is localized to microtubules in a PDZ (PSD95, Dlg, ZO1) domain-dependent, nocodazole-sensitive manner. During microtubule assembly, intracellular HtrA associates with centrosomes and newly polymerized microtubules. In vitro, purified HtrA1 promotes microtubule assembly. Moreover, HtrA1 cosediments and copurifies with microtubules. Purified HtrA1 associates with purified α- and β-tubulins, and immunoprecipitation of endogenous HtrA1 results in coprecipitation of α-, β-, and γ-tubulins. Finally, downregulation of HtrA1 promotes cell motility, whereas enhanced expression of HtrA1 attenuates cell motility. These results offer an original identification of HtrA1 as a microtubule-associated protein and provide initial mechanistic insights into the role of HtrA1 in theregulation of cell motility by modulating microtubule stability.

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44

Gianfilippo, Caggiari, Mosele Giulia Raffaella, Puddu Leonardo, Spiga Mauro, and Doria Carlo. "Humeral Head Fracture with Intrathoracic Migration." Journal of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Rehabilitation 24, no. 1 (June 2018): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jotr.2017.01.002.

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Fracture-dislocation of the humeral head with intrathoracic migration is extremely rare. In our study we describe the case of a 23-year-old man who was admitted to the emergency clinic of our hospital, after being injured in a high-speed motor vehicle accident. The patient presented in a state of hemorrhagic shock and severe respiratory disease. Chest radiography showed fracture of the right humeral head and the presence of a round radio-density area resting on the diaphragm right hemithorax. The total body computed tomography scan revealed a right pneumothorax related to the presence in the chest cavity of the fractured humeral head, longitudinal fracture of the sacrum, and diastasis of the symphysis pubis. After an initial hemodynamic stabilization the patient underwent surgical excision of the humeral head and its replanting. It is important after airway management and the use of diagnostic imaging, the treatment of any injuries associated with the trauma.

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Sun, Yiping, Chengjun Wu, Xiaoming Zhu, and Pingguan Bian. "China’s Accession to the WTO as a Shock to Residents’ Health—A Difference-in-Difference Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 14728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214728.

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The impact of regional trade shocks on population health has been a topic of interest in health economics in recent years. Unfortunately, there are few studies directly discussing the impact of regional trade shocks caused by China’s WTO accession on the health of Chinese residents, which is essential to explore the connection between a country´s opening to international trade and the health of its residents. Taking China’s accession to the WTO as a quasi-natural experiment, based on the micro individual samples of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1993 to 2011, this paper, for the first time, studies the impact of regional tariff uncertainty caused by China’s accession to the WTO on the health of Chinese residents and its mechanisms by adopting the Difference-in-Difference (DID) model. The study finds that compared with the areas initially facing low tariff uncertainty, the areas with high initial tariff uncertainty have a greater negative impact on the health of residents after China acceded to WTO, which means that the trade shock caused damage to the health of residents. After a series of tests on the effectiveness and robustness of DID, this conclusion is still valid. The impact of the trade shock on residents’ health varies with the type of residence, gender, and geographical location, and there is a nonlinear relationship. Further mechanism tests show that the trade shock has worsened the health status of residents through rural migration channels, working hours channels, and pollution emission channels. This study provides micro evidence for objectively evaluating the health effects of trade shock and has important implication for considering the health loss of Chinese residents in the process of trade liberalization.

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Maxime, Virginie, Catherine Fitting, Djillali Annane, and Jean‐Marc Cavaillon. "Corticoids Normalize Leukocyte Production of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Septic Shock." Journal of Infectious Diseases 191, no. 1 (January 2005): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/426401.

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Lai, Cheng-Wei, Hsiao-Ling Chen, Ken-Yo Lin, Fang-Chueh Liu, Kowit-Yu Chong, Winston T. K. Cheng, and Chuan-Mu Chen. "FTSJ2, a Heat Shock-Inducible Mitochondrial Protein, Suppresses Cell Invasion and Migration." PLoS ONE 9, no. 3 (March 4, 2014): e90818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090818.

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Piotrowicz, Randolph S., Eileen Hickey, and Eugene G. Levin. "Heat shock protein 27 kDa expression and phosphorylation regulates endothelial cell migration." FASEB Journal 12, no. 14 (November 1998): 1481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.12.14.1481.

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Skvortsov, A. A., M. V. Koryachko, and M. R. Rybakova. "Thermal Migration of Melted Zones over the Silicon Surface under Thermal Shock." Technical Physics Letters 46, no. 4 (April 2020): 374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063785020040276.

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Krause, Elizabeth L., and Aline C. Gubrium. "“Scribble Scrabble”: Migration, Young Parenting Latinas, and Digital Storytelling as Narrative Shock." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 33, no. 3 (May 21, 2019): 420–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maq.12519.

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