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Статті в журналах з теми "Migration of labor"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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1

Schaeffer, P. V. "A Dynamical Model of Labor-Market Change in International Labor Migrations When Demand for Labor is Exogenous." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, no. 8 (August 1987): 1051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a191051.

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Анотація:

Relatively little is known about the long-run behavior of international labor migrations. One of the biggest concerns in immigration debates relates to the continued pressure on the borders of the wealthy countries. This immigration pressure will decline significantly only if the poor nations manage to provide more high-wage jobs. An earlier model of international labor migration is used to derive additional insights into the growth and decline of labor supply in different labor markets resulting from migration. Particular attention is paid to labor demand growth requirements in a sending country so that out-migration will slow down and eventually stop.

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2

Raijman, Rebeca, and Adriana Kemp. "The institutionalization of labor migration in Israel." Arbor 192, no. 777 (February 28, 2016): a289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2016.777n1005.

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3

D.K, Israilova. "Labor Migration and Money Transfer: Economic Aspects." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 1637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i3.2037.

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4

Fanning, Charlie, and Nicola Piper. "Global Labor Migration." Labor 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-8767350.

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This article discusses the roots of the current governance system of global migration in relation to labor mobility from a critical policy and historical perspectives, by assessing the current state of global migration governance and key protection gaps regarding migrant workers, to then consider future avenues for research and advocacy to forward migrants’ human and labor rights. In the authors’ analysis of global migration governance, they center the historic and contemporary role of the International Labor Organization, whose social justice mandate and body of international labor standards extend to migrant and nonmigrant workers, and its shifting position within the international system. The authors argue that shifting geopolitical concerns and competing institutional mandates within the international system have been obstacles to advancing a rights-based approach to the global regulation of labor migration. Nevertheless, they find that the current institutional and political environment may provide opportunities for enhanced cooperation and action at the global level to empower migrant workers.

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5

Kateryna, NIKOLAIETS. "VIRTUAL LABOR MIGRATION." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 119, no. 6 (December 22, 2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2021(119)02.

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Анотація:

The concept of «virtual labour migration» and the main reasons for its emergenceand spread in current conditions was defined. The consequences of the spread of remote work in analytical activities and the collection and structuring of information were outlined. The connection between the spread of «virtual labour migration» and the «brain drain» and the prospect of implementing innovative projects has been identified. The main threats to production organisation in the long-term use of remote work and involvement in «virtual labour migrants» tasks are highlighted.

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6

Pitukhina, Maria. "Migration Labor Laws." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/589vyq52i.

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This study continues to discuss the various legislative structures associated with migrant workers 'unfree labor;' as it also continues to question as to how a set of laws and standards regarding international labor will articulate and justify this problem adequately and would then attempt to fix it. The study continually relates to the exploitative, enforced labor activities, involving slavery, debt slavery, forced labor and trading in labor. A "labor -based framework" could possibly be regarded as an empirical paradigm that takes into account the political and economic history of exploitation; emphasizes on the deterrence and social explanations for inequality and abuse rather than on the enforcement of slavery; recognizes the value of labor rights and other labor market regulatory frameworks and considers the progression of spectrum within these regards.

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7

NISSEN, BRUCE. "Labor Movement: How Migration Regulates Labor Markets:Labor Movement: How Migration Regulates Labor Markets." American Anthropologist 109, no. 2 (June 2007): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2007.109.2.367.1.

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8

Liubitseva, Olha Aleksandrovna, and Маry Mykhaylivna Lukiv. "GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL LABOR MIGRATIONS FROM UKRAINE." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 47 (2019): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2019.47.118-128.

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Анотація:

The purpose of the article lies in socio-geographical analysis of external labor migrations from Ukraine to European countries. Methodology is based on searching, processing and presentation of statistical information which describes the migration process. The main methods are descriptive, analytical, mathematical-statistic. Results. The current state of external labor migrations from Ukraine, their dynamics, scale, regional structure, main causes and transformations to develop an effective migration politics has been clarified. Scientific novelty lies in identifying stimulating factors of external labor migration of ukrainian people, the scale, structure and directions of external labor migration of the ukrainian population in the modern period. The practical value lies in the fact that the causes, scale, structure and geography of external labor migration are disclosed, that is the basis for conducting socio-economic procedures to prevent external migration processes at the regional level.

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9

Sheehan, Megan. "Revisiting women’s migration and care labor." Migration Studies 6, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnx036.

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10

Shvindina, Hanna, Stanislav Kotenko, Anna Vorontsova, Vita Gordienko, Yuriy Petrushenko, and Dipra Jha. "Reforming the education system to prevent labor migration." Knowledge and Performance Management 4, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/kpm.04(1).2020.05.

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Анотація:

The world economy is in an unprecedented situation, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the health care crisis. It’s currently difficult to predict all the consequences, but there are undoubtful changes in migration flows, unemployment and poverty increase, and their impact on national economies and globally. The paper aimed at analyzing the cases of educational reforms in different countries, revealing new trends in education and learning that may prevent labor migration or mitigate it. To support feasibility of the study, a bibliometric analysis was implemented on the basis of Scopus tools and VOSviewer software. In this paper, the content analysis of several cases in a sphere of educational reform was performed, namely educational systems of some EU countries and their former members (UK, France, Finland) as well as the most developed world economies (USA, China, and Japan). The distance learning is considered as fundamentally necessary in today’s conditions and a milestone of the global educational system development. The paper investigates the essence and distribution of mass online courses as a typical type of distance learning. The case of virtual exchange that was managed and organized by several institutions within the COIL initiative was also analyzed the alternative to traditional learning. The recommendations about the further development of educational systems were made, as well as suggestions about the competitiveness of national economies due to the migration process. Acknowledgment and funding This research was funded by a grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine “Reforming the lifelong learning system in Ukraine for the prevention of the labor emigration: a coopetition model of institutional partnership” (No. 0120U102001).

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11

Hardwick, Susan W. "Labor Movement: How Migration Regulates Labor Markets." Professional Geographer 59, no. 4 (November 2007): 548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9272.2007.00642.x.

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12

Alamgir, Alena K. "Labor and labor migration in state socialism." Labor History 59, no. 3 (February 9, 2018): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2018.1428721.

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13

Tan, Edita A. "Labor Migration and the Philippine Labor Market." Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 4, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j500v04n01_03.

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14

Kochhar, Rakesh. "International labor migration and domestic labor supply." Journal of Population Economics 5, no. 2 (April 1992): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00168271.

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15

Kadirova, Zulaykho Abdukhalimovna. "Managing Uzbek labor migration." International Journal on Integrated Education 3, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i1.250.

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Анотація:

Uzbekistan has been gradually integrating into the world economy since gaining its independence back in 1991. The need to integrate stems from the desire to advance the national economy and social well-being of population through importing advanced technologies or stimulating exports. However, opening up the country also meant exposure to increase in the mobility of its human capital. As a result, Uzbekistan has witnessed labor migration in and out of the country in the past couple of decades, driven by various causes, which is having inevitable social and economic implications for the country. Migration has particular implications for Uzbekistan mainly due to its state of demographic development. Three vital characteristics create a favorable condition for migration of labor from Uzbekistan: Population growth rate of 1,6% per annum Young population with 30% aged under 15 Low level of urbanization with 50% of population living in rural areas. International Organization of Migration predicted that under globalization and economic liberalization, international trade and improved investment climate would lead to increased migration flows. Highly developed countries would have a shortage of and less developed countries would have a surplus of labor force, which would lead to formation of global migrant labor force. Intensifying processes in contemporary international labor market make migration as a mechanism, which has a back-to-back impact onto and from economic development of a country. From developing countries’ perspective, international labor migration is an instrument for reducing tension in national labor markets, decreasing high rates of unemployment and expanding sources of income. From developed countries’ perspective, international labor migration helps solve demographic problems like decreasing number of population, aging of population and shortage of labor force. Thus, this processes turned into a mechanism or a system, which is not possible to ignore. Uzbekistan, in particular, is increasing its participation in the international labor market due to its high rates of population growth and young population.

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16

Molho, Ian, and Oded Stark. "The Migration of Labor." Economic Journal 102, no. 413 (July 1992): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234612.

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17

Becker, Charles M., and Oded Stark. "The Migration of Labor." Contemporary Sociology 22, no. 2 (March 1993): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2075765.

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18

Korner, Heiko, and Oded Stark. "The Migration of Labor." International Migration Review 26, no. 4 (1992): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546893.

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19

Martin, Philip L. "Labor Migration in Asia." International Migration Review 25, no. 1 (1991): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546239.

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20

Martin, Philip L. "Labor Migration in Asia." International Migration Review 25, no. 1 (March 1991): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839102500108.

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21

Raijman, Rebeca, and Adriana Kemp. "Labor Migration in Israel." ProtoSociology 27 (2011): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/protosociology20112710.

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22

Todaro], [Michael P., and Oded Stark. "The Migration of Labor." Population and Development Review 17, no. 4 (December 1991): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1973615.

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23

Trejo, Stephen J. "The migration of labor." Regional Science and Urban Economics 23, no. 3 (July 1993): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(93)90057-l.

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24

Raffelhüschen, Bernd. "Labor migration in Europe." European Economic Review 36, no. 7 (October 1992): 1453–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(92)90077-a.

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25

Mamayusupova, Dilovar. "LABOR MIGRATION AND WOMEN." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 16, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2019-16-10.

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Анотація:

This article discusses the importance of increasing employment and economic activity in the economic development of the state with an emphasis on creating new jobs and ensuring the stability of existing jobs, with the main focus on reducing unemployment

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26

Reznikova, O. "Post-Soviet labor migration." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2009): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2009-3-75-82.

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27

Grebeniyk, Aleksandr, Ivan Aleshkovski, and Anastasiya Maksimova. "The Impact of Labor Migration on Human Capital Development." Migraciones internacionales 12 (July 15, 2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.33679/rmi.v1i1.2190.

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Анотація:

The growing role of labor migrationis one of the most notabletrendsininternational migrationflows.Thismigration has become an important factor ineconomic development and a source of the increasing interdependence of countries and regions intoday’sglobalizedworld. It impactsmigrants’ country of origin as well as the destination country, chiefly affecting human capital in both groups of nations.This article systematizesthe positive and negative effects of labor migration focusing on humancapitalwhile suggesting asystem of indicators characterizing such effects.Special attention is paid to the analysis of policies related to suchmigration. This study explains how countries of origin and destination must carry outeffective and fair managementof labor migrationto make the most of itsbenefits at an international level.

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28

Kamilov, Oybek. "GLOBAL AND REGIONAL TRENDS IN MIGRATION, REMITTANCES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN THE NATIONAL SEGMENT." JOURNAL OF LAW RESEARCH 6, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9130-2021-9-10.

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Анотація:

This article discusses aspectsand integration characteristics of international migration in the world and regions. Based on statistical information, the main trends of the migration movement and prospects for the development of the labor market are determined. The author analyzed the data on priority country directions of labor migration from Uzbekistan and the state of money transfers on aglobal, regional and national scale. Information on domestic legal policy and ratified internationalagreements is summarized. He proposed possible solutions to improve research tools in the study of migration processes.Keywords:labor migrants, international migration, migration corridors, sub-regions, positive effects, World Bank, remittances, pandemic, system of safe, orderly and legal labor migration, reintegration, International Labour Organization, сonvention, treaty, agreement

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29

Pryazhnikova, Olga. "LABOR MIGRATION IN ASEAN COUNTRIES : INTRA-REGIONAL FEATURES." Vostokovedenie i Afrikanistika, no. 4 (2021): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rva/2021.04.08.

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Анотація:

The review highlights distinctive features of labour migration in ASEAN region. Disparities in socio-economic development and multidirectional demographic trends in the member countries enhance significance of intra-regional labor migration as a factor of improving life standards in sending countries and increasing the efficiency of labour markets in receiving countries. Among typical problems for labour migration within the region, there are limited opportunities for foreign workers to use legal channels for migration and, as a result, lack of access to social assistance in case of crisis.

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30

Shomirzayevich, Dusmurodov Obidjon. "STATUS OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL LABOR MIGRATION IN UZBEKISTAN." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 02, no. 06 (June 30, 2021): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-06-15.

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In recent years, Uzbekistan has been paying serious attention to creating new jobs and ensuring the stability of existing jobs in order to increase employment and economic activity. The main focus is on reducing unemployment, ensuring the employment of graduates of educational institutions entering the labor market for the first time, increasing the employment of vulnerable groups, in particular, women, people with disabilities, convicts, victims of human trafficking, external migration and others. In this regard, the normative legal acts adopted in recent years define a number of important tasks facing the Ministry of Employment and Labor Relations of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

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31

Shomirzayevich, Dusmurodov Obidjon. "Status Of External And Internal Labor Migration In Uzbekistan." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 03, no. 06 (June 12, 2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume03issue06-06.

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Анотація:

In recent years, Uzbekistan has been paying serious attention to creating new jobs and ensuring the stability of existing jobs in order to increase employment and economic activity. The main focus is on reducing unemployment, ensuring the employment of graduates of educational institutions entering the labor market for the first time, increasing the employment of vulnerable groups, in particular, women, people with disabilities, convicts, victims of human trafficking, external migration and others. In this regard, the normative legal acts adopted in recent years define a number of important tasks facing the Ministry of Employment and Labor Relations of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

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32

Vorontsova, A. "THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF FACTORS DETERMINING LABOR MIGRATION." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 3 (2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.3-2.

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Анотація:

Mechanical movements of the population in the form of migrations constantly accompanied the development of mankind. In this regard, scientists at different times were interested in the reasons that can cause migration waves and, accordingly, ways to manage this phenomenon at the state level. This article is devoted to the study of basic scientific approaches and economic theories on the selection of factors that cause migration in general and labor migration in particular. To accomplish the task, the author analyzes the main generally accepted economic theories, in particular: mercantilism, classical economic theory, marxism, neoclassical theory, keynesianism, monetarism and more. In addition, the selection of factors that provoke migration in the theories of socio-economic orientation as a theory of human capital and social networks, structural-historical approach was considered. The next step the author explored a more specific economic direction - migration theories (classical theory of E. Ravenstein, the theory of pull-push factors E. Lee, a new economic theory of labor migration, dual theory of labor market, the theory of relative differences, the theory of world systems, the concept of mobile transition , synthetic theory of international migration, etc.). Based on the theoretical analysis, it can be argued that the factors that cause migration can be classified on various grounds. The most characteristic of these are the selection of objective and subjective reasons; controlled, partially and uncontrolled; micro-, macro-level; social and natural nature; economic, social, political, ethnic, psychological, pedagogical nature, etc. The conducted research makes a thorough theoretical basis for further work in this direction.

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33

Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe. "Contemporary African Migrations in a Global Context." African Issues 30, no. 1 (2002): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500006235.

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Migrations from the South to the North are sometimes seen as representing civilizational counterpenetration, revolutionary cosmopolitanism, and cultural transnationalism. The culturalist biases of these perspectives tend to ignore a fundamental feature of international migration, that more often than not people migrate to sell their labor power and that the patterns of migration, labor procurement, and utilization are conditioned by the dynamics of capitalist development, expansion, and accumulation. Not only is international migration tied to the changing dynamics of capitalism as a world system, it constitutes a critical element of the international division of labor.

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34

Castles, Stephen. "Italians in Australia: Building a Multicultural Society on the Pacific Rim." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 1, no. 1 (March 1991): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.1.1.45.

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Анотація:

The mass migrations of the last half century have taken many forms: population movements resulting from decolonization; temporary labor migration; family reunion; refugee movements; and professional mobility within transnational corporations. Often these types have been linked, and clear distinctions have been impossible. For all their differences, the migrations of the last half century are the result of global processes of economic and social change: concentration of production and development of new industrial areas; global integration of markets for finance, commodities, and labor, incorporation of previously peripheral areas into the mainstream of the world economy. In the early 1970s, many observers believed that capital movements within the “new international division of labor” would make labor migration obsolete. There is no sign that this is happening: migration remains as important as ever, though the directions and forms have changed.

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35

Khokhlova, M. "Labor Migration in CIS and Russian Labor Market." Russia and New States of Eurasia, no. 4 (2021): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2021-4-221-227.

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Анотація:

The technological revolution alongside with the coronavirus pandemic have changed the composition of immigrants to Russia from the CIS countries: there are more job applications coming from programmers and IT developers. The lack of such specialists in Russia forces employers to raise their salaries and offer better working conditions. Relationships between Russia and the CIS in the labor market (center–periphery) are often mutually beneficial to both parties. The article addresses the need of changing professional affiliations as well as retraining domestic specialists in order to reduce their deficit. The article presents the ILO data about insufficiently elaborated legal framework to counter informal employment for distant “immigrants”.

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36

Xiang, Biao, and Johan Lindquist. "Migration Infrastructure." International Migration Review 48, no. 1_suppl (September 2014): 122–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12141.

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Анотація:

Based on the authors’ long-term field research on low-skilled labor migration from China and Indonesia, this article establishes that more than ever labor migration is intensively mediated. Migration infrastructure – the systematically interlinked technologies, institutions, and actors that facilitate and condition mobility – serves as a concept to unpack the process of mediation. Migration can be more clearly conceptualized through a focus on infrastructure rather than on state policies, the labor market, or migrant social networks alone. The article also points to a trend of “infrastructural involution,” in which the interplay between different dimensions of migration infrastructure make it self-perpetuating and self-serving, and impedes rather than enhances people's migratory capability. This explains why labor migration has become both more accessible and more cumbersome in many parts of Asia since the late 1990s. The notion of migration infrastructure calls for research that is less fixated on migration as behavior or migrants as the primary subject, and more concerned with broader societal transformations.

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37

Ul'masov, R., and N. Kurbanov. "LABOR MIGRATION AND FEATURES OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE RUSSIAN LABOR MARKET DURING AND AFTER THE PANDEMIC." SOCIAL & LABOR RESEARCHES 3, no. 44 (2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34022/2658-3712-2021-44-3-45-53.

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Анотація:

The paper aims to study the impact of labor migration on the construction and other sectors of the Russian economy, where labor from Tajikistan and other CIS countries is widely used, considering the factor of the coronavirus pandemic. The methodological basis of the study was the analysis of statistical data. The authors apply general scientific and special research methods. The study highlights the strategic challenges and guidelines for the development of labor migration. The paper outlines differences and common features of attitudes towards labor migrants on the part of employers and government agencies, as well as some features of migrating human capital associated with the complexity and diversity of cultures, knowledge, skills, abilities, qualifications, experience and motivation. The authors conclude that the restoration of labor migration in conditions of mass vaccination and compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements would fully provide labor for the construction and other segments of the Russian economy, gain the necessary pace of development, and propose specific measures to optimize migration flows and rational use of labor migrants.

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38

Хазели and Reza Khazeli. "LABOUR MIGRATION AS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEM." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 5, no. 6 (December 25, 2016): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24110.

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Анотація:

The article describes the socio-economic problems of labor migration in Russia, CIS and the world in General. It is noted that Russia plays the role of a donor country supplying manpower to the markets of host countries, however, in relation to the CIS and some neighbouring Asian countries, Russia is the host country. The causes of migration flows directed to and from Russia our country abroad are studied. The segments of the labor market in which workers compete with citizens of the Russian Federation are identified. The social, economic and legal problems of labour migrants are analyzed. It is emphasized that the main problems at present are born not by the scale of immigration to Russia, and its spontaneous, uncontrolled character. The mechanisms of harmonization of social and labour relations on the labour market are proposed.

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39

Milenkiy, Aleksandr Vsevolodovich, and Peng Wang. "Labor migration: Russian-Chinese relations." Interactive science, no. 10 (44) (October 19, 2019): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-508464.

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The article considers issues of labor migration, primarily in the light of Russian-Chinese relations. The author emphasizes that quite significant experience in the development and implementation of migration policy has been accumulated in China. For modern Russia, the migration issue is also very relevant. The authors come to the conclusion that there is a need to change migration policies so that labor migration contributes to the development of the Russian labor market, and in this connection measures for mutually beneficial cooperation between China and Russia in the field of migration are proposed.

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40

Hurgobin, Yoshina, and Subho Basu. "“Oceans without Borders”: Dialectics of Transcolonial Labor Migration from the Indian Ocean World to the Atlantic Ocean World." International Labor and Working-Class History 87 (2015): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547915000071.

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AbstractBy investigating the hitherto unstudied trans-colonial migration between Mauritius and the Caribbean in the nineteenth century, this article complicates liberal Eurocentric perceptions of global labor force formation under the auspices of colonial capital. Indeed, coercion, as depicted in liberal historiography, was a crucial component of indentured migration but indentured workers themselves sometimes availed of the opportunity of the global demand for their labor by engaging in trans-colonial migration. The dialectic of the formation of globalized indentured labor regime was such that while capital sought to confine workers to specific plantations, the very nature of the demand for labor enabled workers to defy the dictates of capital and further enabled them to move from one colony to another in search of better livelihoods and thus made them globally mobile. These migrations did not follow the so-called boundaries between the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. Rather such migrations reflected workers’ search for jobs through trans-colonial networks within the framework of imperial domination.

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Pokharel, Ram Raj. "Behavioral Change and Family Disruption among Labor Migrants in Nepal." Management Dynamics 23, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/md.v23i2.35822.

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Sociological studies of migration are diverse. The motive for international labor migration includes political, economic, social, and environmental cause. In this regard, this study aims to explore the behavioral change among the labor migrants and the status of family disruption of the Nepalese involved in foreign labor migration. The study has been based on primary source, data collected from interview schedule by fulfilling the validity from the review of literature with the sample from Tribhuvan International Airport, and migrant returnee’s temporary residences such as hotels and guest house on accidental basis. The sample includes 102 respondents. The study concludes that the there is a behavioral change among the family members of the migrant labors. The study further concludes there has not been the family disruption among the family members of the migrant labors.

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Penvenne, Jeanne, Shula Marks, and Peter Richardson. "International Labor Migration: Historical Perspectives." African Economic History, no. 14 (1985): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3601121.

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Martin, Philip, and J. van der Broeck. "The Economics of Labor Migration." International Migration Review 32, no. 1 (1998): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547569.

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44

Parmanov, F. Ya. "LABOR MIGRATION: VIEW FROM UZBEKISTAN." EurasianUnionScientists 7, no. 59 (2019): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2019.7.59.6-9.

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45

Woon, Yuen-Fong. "Labor Migration in the 1990s." Modern China 25, no. 4 (October 1999): 475–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009770049902500404.

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46

do Rego, Charles P. "Portuguese Labor Migration towards Curaçao." Caribbean Studies 42, no. 2 (2014): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/crb.2014.0032.

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Tsay, Ching-Lung. "Clandestine Labor Migration to Taiwan." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 3-4 (September 1992): 637–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100312.

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Illegal migration to Taiwan is a recent phenomenon but with a rapid rate of increase. Most illegal foreign workers enter on visitor's visas and overstay. This paper's detailed analysis of official data reveals that Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand are the major sources, providing a stock of mostly male workers numbering around 40,000. Sociodemographic and attitudinal changes among Taiwanese workers coupled with labor shortages in low-skilled jobs are pressuring the Taiwanese government to formulate plans for a systematic importation of foreign labor.

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Maguire, Joseph. "Sport Labor Migration Research Revisited." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 28, no. 4 (November 2004): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723504269914.

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Taylor, J. Edward. "Agricultural Labor and Migration Policy." Annual Review of Resource Economics 2, no. 1 (October 2010): 369–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-040709-135048.

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Dimova, Ralitza, Gil S. Epstein, and Ira N. Gang. "Migration, Transfers and Child Labor." Review of Development Economics 19, no. 3 (July 15, 2015): 735–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rode.12156.

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