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Статті в журналах з теми "Microservice architecture (MSA)"
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Walker, Andrew, Dipta Das, and Tomas Cerny. "Automated Code-Smell Detection in Microservices Through Static Analysis: A Case Study." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 7800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217800.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Microservice Architecture (MSA) is becoming the predominant direction of new cloud-based applications. There are many advantages to using microservices, but also downsides to using a more complex architecture than a typical monolithic enterprise application. Beyond the normal poor coding practices and code smells of a typical application, microservice-specific code smells are difficult to discover within a distributed application setup. There are many static code analysis tools for monolithic applications, but tools to offer code-smell detection for microservice-based applications are lacking. This paper proposes a new approach to detect code smells in distributed applications based on microservices. We develop an MSANose tool to detect up to eleven different microservice specific code smells and share it as open-source. We demonstrate our tool through a case study on two robust benchmark microservice applications and verify its accuracy. Our results show that it is possible to detect code smells within microservice applications using bytecode and/or source code analysis throughout the development process or even before its deployment to production.
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Yin, Kanglin, and Qingfeng Du. "On Representing Resilience Requirements of Microservice Architecture Systems." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 31, no. 06 (June 2021): 863–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194021500261.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Together with the spread of DevOps practices and container technologies, Microservice Architecture has become a mainstream architecture style in recent years. Resilience is a key characteristic in Microservice Architecture (MSA) Systems, and it shows the ability to cope with various kinds of system disturbances which cause degradations of services. However, due to lack of consensus definition of resilience in the software field, although a lot of work has been done on resilience for MSA Systems, developers still do not have a clear idea on how resilient an MSA System should be, and what resilience mechanisms are needed. In this paper, by referring to existing systematic studies on resilience in other scientific areas, the definition of microservice resilience is provided and a Microservice Resilience Measurement Model is proposed to measure service resilience. And a requirement model to represent resilience requirements of MSA Systems is given. The requirement model uses elements in KAOS to represent notions in the measurement model, and decompose service resilience goals into system behaviors that can be executed by system components. As a proof of concept, a case study is conducted on an MSA System to illustrate how the proposed models are applied.
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Qiu, Juan, Qingfeng Du, Kanglin Yin, Shuang-Li Zhang, and Chongshu Qian. "A Causality Mining and Knowledge Graph Based Method of Root Cause Diagnosis for Performance Anomaly in Cloud Applications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6 (March 22, 2020): 2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10062166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the development of cloud computing technology, the microservice architecture (MSA) has become a prevailing application architecture in cloud-native applications. Many user-oriented services are supported by many microservices, and the dependencies between services are more complicated than those of a traditional monolithic architecture application. In such a situation, if an anomalous change happens in the performance metric of a microservice, it will cause other related services to be downgraded or even to fail, which would probably cause large losses to dependent businesses. Therefore, in the operation and maintenance job of cloud applications, it is critical to mine the causality of the problem and find its root cause as soon as possible. In this paper, we propose an approach for mining causality and diagnosing the root cause that uses knowledge graph technology and a causal search algorithm. We verified the proposed method on a classic cloud-native application and found that the method is effective. After applying our method on most of the services of a cloud-native application, both precision and recall were over 80%.
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Calderón-Gómez, Huriviades, Luis Mendoza-Pittí, Miguel Vargas-Lombardo, José Manuel Gómez-Pulido, Diego Rodríguez-Puyol, Gloria Sención, and María-Luz Polo-Luque. "Evaluating Service-Oriented and Microservice Architecture Patterns to Deploy eHealth Applications in Cloud Computing Environment." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 4350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104350.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article proposes a new framework for a Cloud-based eHealth platform concept focused on Cloud computing environments, since current and emerging approaches using digital clinical history increasingly demonstrate their potential in maintaining the quality of the benefits in medical care services, especially in computer-assisted clinical diagnosis within the field of infectious diseases and due to the worsening of chronic pathologies. Our objective is to evaluate and contrast the performance of the architectural patterns most commonly used for developing eHealth applications (i.e., service-oriented architecture (SOA) and microservices architecture (MSA)), using as reference the quantitative values obtained from the various performance tests and their ability to adapt to the required software attribute (i.e., versatile high-performance). Therefore, it was necessary to modify our platform to fit two architectural variants. As a follow-up to this activity, corresponding tests were performed that showed that the MSA variant functions better in terms of performance and response time compared to the SOA variant; however, it consumed significantly more bandwidth than SOA, and scalability in SOA is generally not possible or requires significant effort to be achieved. We conclude that the implementation of SOA and MSA depends on the nature and needs of organizations (e.g., performance or interoperability).
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Zeng, Qinghe, WeiHua Ming, Jin Luo, SongAn Zhang, Wei Hu, Zhen Liu, and CuiYing Zhou. "A three-dimensional intelligent engineering management and control system for the construction of a long-span valve hall project based on a microservice architecture." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): e0261012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Three-dimensional intelligent engineering management and control systems (EMCS) based on the browser/server (B/S) model are an important part of intelligent engineering development. These systems are used for solving the difficulties encountered in engineering management with frequent cross-specialties and are vital tools for data exchange and service sharing among multiple departments. Currently, most engineering management and control systems are based on service-oriented architectures (SOAs). The integration mechanism and high coupling of SOAs leads to the reduction in system expansibility, service quality and service safety of the engineering system, making it difficult for these architectures to serve the construction of long-span valve hall engineering. To address these concerns, the management and application technology of the multidisciplinary data of valve hall engineering based on a microservice architecture (MSA) is proposed to improve the management efficiency of engineering data. A 3D integration modeling method for valve hall engineering structures and geological environments is proposed to establish the topological association between engineering structures and geological environments, without increasing the amount of model data required. A 3D intelligent engineering management and control technology for the entire process of the construction of long-span valve hall engineering is proposed, which realizes the entire process simulation and control of engineering construction based on WebGL technology. Accordingly, a three-dimensional intelligent engineering management and control system for the entire construction process of a long-span valve hall project in Southeast China is established, which can effectively manage and apply the data, display and analyze the three-dimensional model, and control and make decisions regarding the construction schedule. This study provides support for the construction of "smart engineering", promotes information communication and transmission between different project units, and speeds up the transformation from traditional construction management relying on drawings to three-dimensional intelligent construction management based on cloud services.
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Kapočius, Narūnas. "OVERVIEW OF KUBERNETES CNI PLUGINS PERFORMANCE." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 12 (February 19, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2020.11454.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Containerisation and microservices architecture are getting momentum in nowadays ICT field. Containers are deployed in both public and private cloud environments and usually for flexibility purposes are deployed in VM (Virtual Machines) environment. Microservices have a demand on a high number of containers which requires orchestration and Kubernetes is one of the most popular choice. However, Kubernetes does not offer networking solution and it is provided by CNI (Container Networking Interface) and its’ plugins. In order to choose best plugin their performance needs to be evaluated. In this paper nine most popular CNI plugins TCP and HTTP protocols performance is evaluated in virtualised VMware ESXi and physical data centre environment. The results help to choose which CNI plugins to use either in virtualised or physical data centre environment.
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Han, Jungsu, Sun Park, and JongWon Kim. "Dynamic OverCloud: Realizing Microservices-Based IoT-Cloud Service Composition over Multiple Clouds." Electronics 9, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9060969.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the expansion of cloud-leveraged Information and Communications Technology (ICT) convergence trend, cloud-native computing is starting to be the de-facto paradigm together with MSA(Microservices Architecture)-based service composition for agility and efficiency. Moreover, by bridging the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud together, a variety of cloud applications are explosively emerging. As an example, the so-called IoT-Cloud services, which are cloud-leveraged inter-connected services with distributed IoT devices, dynamically utilize geographically-distributed multiple clouds since mobile IoT devices can selectively connect to the near-by cloud resources for low-latency and high-throughput connectivity. In comparison, most public cloud providers may cause vendor lock-in problems that limit the inter-operable service compositions. Thus, in this paper, we propose a new overlay approach to address the above limitations, denoted as Dynamic OverCloud, which is a specially-arranged razor-thin overlay layer that provides users with an inter-operable and visibility-supported environment for MSA-based IoT-Cloud service composition over the existing multiple clouds. Then, we design a software framework that dynamically builds the proposed concept. We also describe a detailed implementation of the software framework with workflows. Finally, we verify its feasibility by realizing a smart energy IoT-Cloud service with the suggested operation lifecycle.
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Zhuravska, Iryna M. "REMOTE REHABILITATION OF THE POST-STROKE PATIENTS WITH THE HAND AND FINGER NERVES DAMAGED THROUGH WIRELESS DEVICES IN INDIVIDUAL CONDITIONS." Journal of Medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 10, no. 5 (September 15, 2021): 3691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jmpas.v10i5.1594.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After the stroke, the hand nerves, the motor and/or sensory functions are impaired, especially fine motor skills of each finger individually or a group of fingers. Previous studies have shown that the combination of various methods, e.g., medication, physical therapy, as well as exercises to strengthen muscles and restore fine motor skills with personal small-sized automatized devices are effective. In the paper is proposed a method of constructing a “green zone” (optimal for patient training mode), and “red zone” (dangerous training mode), which correspond to the model of quantitative dependence the time fulfill several sequential actions patient based on the moving average. A decrease of muscle spasticity of the arm in scores following the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) was used as an optimality criterion. For remote rehabilitation of the post-stroke patients in individual conditions the wireless devices of the “Reflex Txx” series were developed, which has in-built Hall sensors or touch sensors. The remote rehabilitation training data are transmitted via a wireless channel (4G or Wi-Fi network), accumulated, and analyzed on the microservices of the developed hardware and software complex. The results of each personal training are displayed on the user's gadgets (smartphone, laptop, etc.) in real-time. Implemented electronic components and architecture of the developed devices are based on a cost-effective Arduino platform hardware. Using of “Reflex Txx” series’ devices, in addition to conventional physiotherapy, gives positive shifts in treatment after only 150 minutes of the entire trial during even short-term (1 week) exercise.
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Sorgalla, Jonas, Philip Wizenty, Florian Rademacher, Sabine Sachweh, and Albert Zündorf. "Applying Model-Driven Engineering to Stimulate the Adoption of DevOps Processes in Small and Medium-Sized Development Organizations." SN Computer Science 2, no. 6 (September 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42979-021-00825-z.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractMicroservice architecture (MSA) denotes an increasingly popular architectural style in which business capabilities are wrapped into autonomously developable and deployable software components called microservices. Microservice applications are developed by multiple DevOps teams each owning one or more services. In this article, we explore the state of how DevOps teams in small and medium-sized organizations (SMOs) cope with MSA and how they can be supported. We show through a secondary analysis of an exploratory interview study comprising six cases, that the organizational and technological complexity resulting from MSA poses particular challenges for small and medium-sized organizations (SMOs). We apply model-driven engineering to address these challenges. As results of the second analysis, we identify the challenge areas of building and maintaining a common architectural understanding, and dealing with deployment technologies. To support DevOps teams of SMOs in coping with these challenges, we present a model-driven workflow based on LEMMA—the Language Ecosystem for Modeling Microservice Architecture. To implement the workflow, we extend LEMMA with the functionality to (i) generate models from API documentation; (ii) reference remote models owned by other teams; (iii) generate deployment specifications; and (iv) generate a visual representation of the overall architecture. We validate the model-driven workflow and our extensions to LEMMA through a case study showing that the added functionality to LEMMA can bring efficiency gains for DevOps teams. To develop best practices for applying our workflow to maximize efficiency in SMOs, we plan to conduct more empirical research in the field in the future.
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"Transforming the Monolith E-Procurement Application." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 1 (November 10, 2019): 4780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.a4943.119119.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Digital transformation in IT organizations needs to overcome a number of key challenges: (1) Costs of change, the customer wants to significantly reduce the cost of technology, and on the other hand the customer also does not want to fund technological changes that do not produce benefits for him directly. (2) Rate of change, customers request more frequent release cycles to compensate for changes in information and service requirements. (3) Quality of change, Increased application scalability. For that reason, IT organizations in making business changes need to do what needs to be modular in developing applications and deployments. Architectural Microservices (MSA) is an alternative architecture in building an application. The MSA conversion process can start patterns that are adapted to future needs. The release cycle is carried out by implementing automation for continuous delivery and continuous integration into continuous development, transforming data services into service forms, so as to answer the challenges of digital transformation. In this paper explains how to transform architects and their design in the E-Procurement application system using MSA.
Дисертації з теми "Microservice architecture (MSA)"
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Ulander, David. "Software Architectural Metrics for the Scania Internet of Things Platform : From a Microservice Perspectiv." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Datorteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325592.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are limited tools to evaluate a microservice architecture and no common definition of how the architecture should be designed. Moreover, developing systems with microservices introduces additional complexity to the software architecture. That, together with the fact the systems are becoming more complex has led to a desire for architecture evaluation methods. In this thesis a set of quality attributes measured by structural metrics are used to evaluate Scania's IoT Offboard platform. By implementing a metrics evaluation program the quality of the software architecture can be improved. Also, metrics can assist developers and architects while they are becoming more efficient since they better understand how performance is measured, i.e. which quality attributes are the most important and how these are measured. For Scania's IoT Offboard platform the studied quality attributes are listed in decreasing importance: flexibility, reusability and understandability. All the microservices are loosely coupled in the platform, which results in a loosely coupled architecture. This indicates a flexible, reusable and understandable system, in terms of coupling. Furthermore, the architecture is decentralized, i.e. the system is unflexible and difficult to change. The other metrics were lacking a reference scale, hence they will act as a point of reference for future measurements as the architecture evolves. To improve the flexibility, reusability and understandability of the architecture the large microservices should be divided into several smaller microservices. Also aggregators should be utilized more to make the system more flexible.
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Петренко, Олексій Олексійович. "Cтратегії розвитку сервіс-орієнтованих систем у хмарному середовищі". Doctoral thesis, Київ, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/24435.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дисертація присвячена дослідженню необхідних змін в сервіс-орієнтованих технологіях у зв’язку з загальною тенденцією переносу прикладних додатків у хмарне середовище, зокрема, в Європейську відкриту наукову хмару. Досліджені базові відмінності традиційних SOA першого покоління (на основі веб-сервісів з уніфікованими протоколами зв’язку) і хмарних MSA нового покоління (на основі мікросервісів з контейнерами), показані доцільні шляхи їх конвергенції з ціллю забезпечення ефективної віртуалізації хмарних апаратних і системних ресурсів. Для цього рекомендується в SOA переходити на контейнерну взаємодію між сервісами, контролюючи розмір веб-сервісів, а MSA застосовувати семантичне представлення мікросервісів, щоб автоматизувати їх пошук у великих за розміром реєстрах (доцільний алгоритм пошуку описується). Доводиться, що застосування SOA ефективно для інтеграції додатків і інформаційних систем, MSA ефективно діє на рівні окремого додатка, фокусуючись на його структурі та компонентах
На базі об’єднання онтолого-орієнтованого (OО) і модельно-керованого (MD) підходів розроблено методику проектування систем сервісів як процесу послідовного перетворення концептуальних моделей (CIM, PIM, PSM) з поступовим збільшенням впливу параметрів сервісної платформи, яка застосовується для реалізації системи сервісів. Показано, що для MSA можна створити такі ж самі типи архітектур (синхронних, асинхронних і змішаних), що існують і для SOA. Описано сервіс-орієнтовану архітектуру і перелік сервісів для мобільної медичної системи моніторингу стану і допомоги літнім хронічно хворим людям в рамках реалізації національної реформи системи охорони здоров’я в Україні.
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Khan, Asghar. "Microservices in context: Internet of Things : Infrastructure and Architecture." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-90684.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The enterprise systems are built with a monolithic way of software architecture which may not be the very suitable and realistic solutions, due to the quantity and diversity of Internet of Things (IOT) devices connected to the internet. The large code is based as a single deployable unit; making it cumbersome and difficult to change, test, and deploy – typically in the monthly deployment cycles. Which could potentially be a large impact and high-risk for updates and deployment build up between releases. The thesis aims to exploit Microservices Architecture in context of the Internet of Things. Because of scalability and rapid deployment, Microservices Architecture (MSA) naturally fits for M2M and IOT developments. Therefore, it has become increasingly popular and highly suited as a design choice in the context of developing IOT applications. We have proposed various ontologies for conceptual architecture designs. Our conceptual model encompasses all the essential elements and entities that constitute IOT; describing various characteristics of microservices and consideration to be used as a basis for developing a Reference Architecture model. The reference architecture is effectively exploiting Microservices Architectural Style for a diverse set of things composition like sensor devices, connectivity and transportation protocols for IP enabled IOT smart objects. The thesis will contribute to the conceptual space of more successful reference architectures. The goal is to provide features and deployment information with instantiation guidelines to derive the software architecture instances in a given IOT application domain. Thus, it promises to become a valuable framework in the derivation of the Microservices IOT architectures.
Частини книг з теми "Microservice architecture (MSA)"
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Trebbau, Simon, Philip Wizenty, and Sabine Sachweh. "Towards Integrating Blockchains with Microservice Architecture Using Model-Driven Engineering." In Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming – Workshops, 167–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88583-0_16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractBlockchain presents a feasible method to persist immutable information in a distributed ledger to improve the level of authentication and trust. Moreover, smart contracts enable the automated execution of any contract concluded between participants of the Blockchain network. On the other hand, Microservice Architecture (MSA) is a novel approach towards service-based scalable applications. In our paper, we present an approach based on Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) that aims to facilitate the integration process of Blockchains into MSA-based applications in order to benefit from the advantages attributed to Blockchains.
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Surianarayanan, Chellammal, Gopinath Ganapathy, and Pethuru Raj. "Demystifying MSA." In Essentials of Microservices Architecture, 29–59. Taylor & Francis, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429329920-2.
Повний текст джерела
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Surianarayanan, Chellammal, Gopinath Ganapathy, and Pethuru Raj. "Database Transactions in MSA." In Essentials of Microservices Architecture, 199–219. Taylor & Francis, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429329920-7.
Повний текст джерела
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Surianarayanan, Chellammal, Gopinath Ganapathy, and Pethuru Raj. "MSA Security and Migration." In Essentials of Microservices Architecture, 251–67. Taylor & Francis, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429329920-9.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Microservice architecture (MSA)"
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Pessolani, Pablo. "A Multiserver User-space Unikernel for a Distributed Virtualization System." In IX Simpósio Brasileiro de Engenharia de Sistemas Computacionais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbesc_estendido.2019.8644.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, most Cloud applications are developed using Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) or MicroService Architecture (MSA). The scalability and performance of them is achieved by executing multiple instances of its components in different nodes of a virtualization cluster. Initially, they were deployed in Virtual Machines (VMs) but, they required enough computational, memory, network and storage resources to hold an Operating System (OS), a set of utilities, libraries, and the application component. By deploying hundreds of these application components, the resource requirements increase a lot. To minimize them, usually small footprint OS are used. Later, as management tools were improved, the application components began to be deployed in Containers which require even less resources than VMs. Another way to reduce the resource requirements is integrating the application components in a Unikernel. This article proposes a Unikernel called MUK, based on a multiserver OS, to be used as a tool to integrate Cloud application components. MUK was built to run in user-space inside a Container of a Distributed Virtualization System. Both technologies facilitate the scattering of application components in a virtualization cluster keeping the isolation properties and minimal attack surface of a Unikernel.
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Gurina, Ekaterina, Ksenia Antipova, Nikita Klyuchnikov, and Dmitry Koroteev. "Machine Learning Microservice for Identification of Accident Predecessors." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204707-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Drilling accidents prediction is the important task in well construction. Drilling support software allows observing the drilling parameters for multiple wells at the same time and artificial intelligence helps detecting the drilling accident predecessor ahead the emergency situation. We present machine learning (ML) algorithm for prediction of such accidents as stuck, mud loss, fluid show, washout, break of drill string and shale collar. The model for forecasting the drilling accidents is based on the "Bag-of-features" approach, which implies the use of distributions of the directly recorded data as the main features. Bag-of-features implies the labeling of small parts of data by the particular symbol, named codeword. Building histograms of symbols for the data segment, one could use the histogram as an input for the machine learning algorithm. Fragments of real-time mud log data were used to create the model. We define more than 1000 drilling accident predecessors for more than 60 real accidents and about 2500 normal drilling cases as a training set for ML model. The developed model analyzes real-time mud log data and calculates the probability of accident. The result is presented as a probability curve for each type of accident; if the critical probability value is exceeded, the user is notified of the risk of an accident. The Bag-of-features model shows high performance by validation both on historical data and in real time. The prediction quality does not vary field to field and could be used in different fields without additional training of the ML model. The software utilizing the ML model has microservice architecture and is integrated with the WITSML data server. It is capable of real-time accidents forecasting without human intervention. As a result, the system notifies the user in all cases when the situation in the well becomes similar to the pre-accident one, and the engineer has enough time to take the necessary actions to prevent an accident.
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Howard, John A., Ruggero Trevisan, Albert McSpadden, and Simon Glover. "History, Evolution, and Future of Casing Design Theory and Practice." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206183-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Casing design and the associated load assumptions have evolved considerably over the last 30 years. The objective of this paper is to trace the history, evolution and future of casing design by means of the type of load cases and the assumptions made for them as it evolved from the early 1960's to the modern load case requirements for wells drilled in the 2020's. The vast majority of tubular failures in oil & gas wells are not attributable to computational errors in calculating design loads, but rather are due to a shortfall in considering the appropriate load scenarios. One common shortfall includes making incorrect or oversimplified assumptions for the initial and final temperature and pressure conditions. There is no industry standard for casing or tubing design loads, but there is an industry accepted standard process for the calculation of the stress on tubulars once the load cases are determined. Each operating company may use a different set of load assumptions depending on the well type and risk assessment. This work also keeps in view the major computational tools used during each step change of the casing design evolution: slide rule/nomographs, HP 41C calculators, PC DOS and Windows programs, and the latest Cloud-Native paradigm with REST API's within a microservices architecture. A REST API (also known as RESTful API) is an Application Programming Interface (API) that conforms to the constraints of Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style commonly used in current Cloud computing technology. The scope will also include ongoing research and development to address shortcomings of previous load case assumptions and calculations for extended reach and HPHT wells, closely spaced wells, and geothermal wells. Modern wells and modern casing design load cases are in a constant state of evolution and casing failures will occur unless engineers and their tools also evolve.