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Статті в журналах з теми "Microorganisme extracellulaire"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 15 червня 2024

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1

Park, Jeong-Su, and Jong-Moon Jeong. "Characterization of Extracellular Cholesterol Oxidase Produced from Soil Microorganism." Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 37, no. 11 (November 28, 2008): 1507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.11.1507.

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2

Pugsley, A. P. "Extracellular enzymes of microorganisms." Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Microbiologie 139, no. 2 (March 1988): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0769-2609(88)90013-0.

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3

Beeler, Erik, Nicholas Choy, Jonathan Franks, Francis Mulcahy, and Om V. Singh. "Extracellular Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles from Alkaliphilic Pseudomonas sp." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.16496.

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Bio-nanotechnology offers eco-friendly processes for the synthesis of stable nanoparticles (NPs). We hypothesized that microorganisms isolated from the root nodules of leguminous plants would biosynthesize silver (Ag) bio-nanoparticles. Clover root nodules enriched with nutrient broth (NB) produced four distinct colonies on NA plates. Microbial colonies were purified by repeated streaking and designated as SS6, SS7, SS8, and SS9 for identification using 16S rRNA sequencing. Four species of Pseudomonas were identified with a similarity score of over 99% using the EZ Taxon search engine, and tested for extracellular biosynthesis of AgNPs. Microorganism Pseudomonas taiwanensis-SS8 with alkaliphilic growth characteristics reduced the AgNO3 solution into AgNPs in the shortest time period. AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and electron and transmission electron microscopy. A number of physical (i.e., temperature and time) and chemical (i.e., pH and growth media) parameters were optimized. An efficient polydispersal biosynthesis of AgNPs at pH 8–9 after 48 hrs in NB growth medium was observed. In addition, the AgNPs showed antimicrobial properties against 16 commonly occurring pathogenic microorganisms.

4

Ortiz, Martha L. "Aproximaciones a la comprensión de la degradación de la lignina." Orinoquia 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2009): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22579/20112629.208.

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Titulo en ingles: Approaches to understanding lignin degradation.RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta revisión es reunir los hallazgos más recientes que aportan a la comprensión de las rutas metabólicas que intervienen en la degradación del biopolímero más recalcitrante del planeta: la lignina. Esta le proporcionó a las plantas resistencia mecánica en sus tejidos para colonizar la tierra y una barrera fisicoquímica ante la infección microbiana. Debido a su naturaleza recalcitrante, la lignina es el precursor principal para la síntesis de la reserva de materia orgánica del suelo, regulando el ciclo del carbono. Adicionalmente, el sistema enzimático extracelular inespecífico que usan los microorganismos para degradar la lignina, ofrece un sinnúmero de moléculas con potencial biotecnológico. Este trabajo pretende estimular la investigación en la degradación de lignina, especialmente en ambientes poco explorados como la Amazorinoquía para el desarrollo de la bioprospección en nuestro país.Palabras clave: Lignina, enzimas, microorganismos, biotecnología.ABSTRACT: This work was aimed at summarising our current knowledge regarding understanding the metabolic routes intervening in lignin degradation, this being the most recalcitrant biopolymer on earth. Lignin provides plant tissues with mechanic resistance for colonising the earth and represents a physicochemical barrier to microbial infection. Lignin is the main precursor for synthesising the reserve of soil organic matter due to its recalcitrant nature, thereby regulating the carbon cycle. The unspecific extracellular enzymatic system used by microorganisms for lignin degradation offers a large number of molecules having biotechnological poten- tial. This work tries to stimulate research into lignin degradation, especially in little-explored environments such as the Amazon-Orinoquía region for developing bioprospecting in Colombia.Key words: Lignin, enzyme, microorganism, biotechnology.

5

Bhola, Rahul, Shaily M. Bhola, Brajendra Mishra, and David L. Olson. "Microbiologically influenced corrosion and its mitigation: (A review)." Material Science Research India 7, no. 2 (February 8, 2010): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/070210.

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The microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is one of the most common forms of corrosion that results from the presence and activity of microorganisms. The presence of microorganism aids in the formation of a bio film and constitutes various bacterial cells, extracellular polymeric substrates (EPS) and corrosion products. In this paper, a review on the importance of MIC and various ways to mitigate has been introduced; a brief description of the physical, chemical, electrochemical and biological mitigation methods for MIC has been included and EPS formation mechanism, chemical composition, properties and its influence on corrosion has been discussed.

6

Filio-Rodríguez, Georgina, Iris Estrada-García, Patricia Arce-Paredes, María M. Moreno-Altamirano, Sergio Islas-Trujillo, M. Dolores Ponce-Regalado, and Oscar Rojas-Espinosa. "In vivo induction of neutrophil extracellular traps by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a guinea pig model." Innate Immunity 23, no. 7 (September 20, 2017): 625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753425917732406.

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In 2004, a novel mechanism of cellular death, called ‘NETosis’, was described in neutrophils. This mechanism, different from necrosis and apoptosis, is characterized by the release of chromatin webs admixed with microbicidal granular proteins and peptides (NETs). NETs trap and kill a variety of microorganisms. Diverse microorganisms, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are NET inducers in vitro. The aim of this study was to examine whether M. tuberculosis can also induce NETs in vivo and if the NETs are bactericidal to the microorganism. Guinea pigs were intradermally inoculated with M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and the production of NETs was investigated at several time points thereafter. NETs were detected as early as 30 min post-inoculation and were clearly evident by 4 h post-inoculation. NETs produced in vivo contained DNA, myeloperoxidase, elastase, histones, ROS and acid-fast bacilli. Viable and heat-killed M. tuberculosis, as well as Mycobacterium bovis BCG were efficient NET inducers, as were unilamellar liposomes prepared with lipids from M. tuberculosis. In vitro, guinea pig neutrophils also produced NETs in response to M. tuberculosis. However, neither the in vivo nor the in vitro-produced NETs were able to kill M. tuberculosis. Nevertheless, in vivo, neutrophils might propitiate recruitment and activation of more efficient microbicidal cells.

7

El-Registan, G. I., A. L. Mulyukin, Yu A. Nikolaev, N. E. Suzina, V. F. Gal’chenko, and V. I. Duda. "Adaptogenic functions of extracellular autoregulators of microorganisms." Microbiology 75, no. 4 (July 2006): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0026261706040035.

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8

Lemos, Marco F. L., Illyane S. M. Lima, Kaori L. da Fonseca, Hugo R. Monteiro, and Ana C. Esteves. "Extracellular enzymatic activity from tributyltin resistant microorganisms." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 22 (September 2011): S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.05.239.

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9

Castro, Guillermo R., Adrián O. Stettler, Marcela A. Ferrero, and Faustino Siñeriz. "Selection of an extracellular esterase-producing microorganism." Journal of Industrial Microbiology 10, no. 3-4 (September 1992): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01569761.

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10

Speziale, Pietro, Carla Renata Arciola, and Giampiero Pietrocola. "Fibronectin and Its Role in Human Infective Diseases." Cells 8, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8121516.

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Fibronectin is a multidomain glycoprotein ubiquitously detected in extracellular fluids and matrices of a variety of animal and human tissues where it functions as a key link between matrices and cells. Fibronectin has also emerged as the target for a large number of microorganisms, particularly bacteria. There are clear indications that the binding of microorganism’ receptors to fibronectin promotes attachment to and infection of host cells. Each bacterium may use different receptors which recognize specific fibronectin domains, mostly the N-terminal domain and the central cell-binding domain. In many cases, fibronectin receptors have actions over and above that of simple adhesion: In fact, adhesion is often the prerequisite for invasion and internalization of microorganisms in the cells of colonized tissues. This review updates the current understanding of fibronectin receptors of several microorganisms with emphasis on their biochemical and structural properties and the role they can play in the onset and progression of host infection diseases. Furthermore, we describe the antigenic profile and discuss the possibility of designing adhesion inhibitors based on the structure of the fibronectin-binding site in the receptor or the receptor-binding site in fibronectin.

11

Carneiro, Celia Regina Whitaker, and Jose Daniel Lopes. "Microorganisms-extracellular matrix interactions: relation to pathogenicity - review." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 86, suppl 3 (1991): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761991000700007.

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12

Ewert, Marcela, and Jody Deming. "Sea Ice Microorganisms: Environmental Constraints and Extracellular Responses." Biology 2, no. 2 (March 28, 2013): 603–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology2020603.

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13

Shi, Liang, Hailiang Dong, Gemma Reguera, Haluk Beyenal, Anhuai Lu, Juan Liu, Han-Qing Yu, and James K. Fredrickson. "Extracellular electron transfer mechanisms between microorganisms and minerals." Nature Reviews Microbiology 14, no. 10 (August 30, 2016): 651–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.93.

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14

Millach, Laia, Antoni Solé, and Isabel Esteve. "Role ofGeitlerinemasp. DE2011 andScenedesmussp. DE2009 as Bioindicators and Immobilizers of Chromium in a Contaminated Natural Environment." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/519769.

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The aim of this work was to study the potential of the two phototrophic microorganisms, both isolated from Ebro Delta microbial mats, to be used as bioindicators and immobilizers of chromium. The results obtained indicated that (i) the Minimum Metal Concentration (MMC) significantly affecting Chlorophyllaintensity inGeitlerinemasp. DE2011 andScenedesmussp. DE2009 was 0.25 µM and 0.75 µM, respectively, these values being lower than those established by current legislation, and (ii)Scenedesmussp. DE2009 was able to immobilize chromium externally in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and intracellularly in polyphosphate (PP) inclusions. Additionally, this microorganism maintained high viability, including at 500 µM. Based on these results, we postulate thatGeitlerinemasp. DE2011 andScenedesmussp. DE2009 are good chromium-indicators of cytotoxicity and, further, thatScenedesmussp. DE2009 plays an important role in immobilizing this metal in a contaminated natural environment.

15

Sahu, Sudarshan, Avinash Sharma, Soham Mukherjee, Deepak Kumar, Fatih Sen, Rupak Nagraik, and Avvaru Praveen Kumar. "Role of Nanofibers in Encapsulation of the Whole Cell." International Journal of Polymer Science 2021 (November 24, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4250122.

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In the field of biomaterial research, the electrospinning device is now used to manufacture nanofibers that can be used to encapsulate whole microorganisms such as bacterial cells, funguses, viruses, and even spores. The nanofiber encapsulated cells will have greater significance in the coming future because of their wide variety of applications in various fields. Nanofibers act as microorganism reservoir systems that enhance their properties such as viability, controlled release of products, biomedical applications, and bioremediation. The effect of electrostatic forces on a droplet of liquid polymer or polymer solution is based on electrospinning. Electrospun nanofibers act as ideal native extracellular matrices for microorganisms and have also had a tremendous advantage in drug delivery systems where modern research is still underway. During electrospinning, nearly all microorganisms may be inserted into a polymer matrix that forms a composite nanofiber. The evolution in electrospinning technique over the past few decades has become promising. New ideas have been generated to enhance the techniques and improve the overall applications and properties of nanofibers. This technique has been transformed by the advent of the electrospinning machine. The electrospun nanofibers can be chemically characterized by a wide variety of procedures such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Electrospinning has various applications, for example, in wastewater treatment, tissue engineering, food industry, drug delivery, agriculture, and cosmetics. Nanofiber encapsulation of microorganisms increased the shelf life of the microorganisms; the cells remain viable for months. It also helps in the control release of bacterial products. The present review demonstrates the role of nanofiber in the encapsulation of the whole cell.

16

Menegazzi, Renzo, Eva Decleva, and Pietro Dri. "Killing by neutrophil extracellular traps: fact or folklore?" Blood 119, no. 5 (February 2, 2012): 1214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-07-364604.

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AbstractNeutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are DNA structures released by dying neutrophils and claimed to constitute a new microbicidal mechanism. Killing by NET-forming cells is ascribed to these structures because it is prevented by preincubation with DNase, which has been shown to dismantle NETs, before addition of the target microorganisms. Curiously, the possibility that the microorganisms ensnared in NETs are alive has not been considered. Using Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans blastospores, we demonstrate that the microorganisms captured by NETs and thought to be killed are alive because they are released and recovered in cell medium by incubation with DNase. It is concluded that NETs entrap but do not kill microbes.

17

Nadar, Sahaya, Tabassum Khan, Simon G. Patching, and Abdelwahab Omri. "Development of Antibiofilm Therapeutics Strategies to Overcome Antimicrobial Drug Resistance." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020303.

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A biofilm is a community of stable microorganisms encapsulated in an extracellular matrix produced by themselves. Many types of microorganisms that are found on living hosts or in the environment can form biofilms. These include pathogenic bacteria that can serve as a reservoir for persistent infections, and are culpable for leading to a broad spectrum of chronic illnesses and emergence of antibiotic resistance making them difficult to be treated. The absence of biofilm-targeting antibiotics in the drug discovery pipeline indicates an unmet opportunity for designing new biofilm inhibitors as antimicrobial agents using various strategies and targeting distinct stages of biofilm formation. The strategies available to control biofilm formation include targeting the enzymes and proteins specific to the microorganism and those involved in the adhesion pathways leading to formation of resistant biofilms. This review primarily focuses on the recent strategies and advances responsible for identifying a myriad of antibiofilm agents and their mechanism of biofilm inhibition, including extracellular polymeric substance synthesis inhibitors, adhesion inhibitors, quorum sensing inhibitors, efflux pump inhibitors, and cyclic diguanylate inhibitors. Furthermore, we present the structure–activity relationships (SAR) of these agents, including recently discovered biofilm inhibitors, nature-derived bioactive scaffolds, synthetic small molecules, antimicrobial peptides, bioactive compounds isolated from fungi, non-proteinogenic amino acids and antibiotics. We hope to fuel interest and focus research efforts on the development of agents targeting the uniquely complex, physical and chemical heterogeneous biofilms through a multipronged approach and combinatorial therapeutics for a more effective control and management of biofilms across diseases.

18

Vermelho, Alane Beatriz, Maria Nazareth Leal Meirelles, Andréa Lopes, Simone Dias Gonçalves Petinate, André Adriano Chaia, and Marta Helena Branquinha. "Detection of extracellular proteases from microorganisms on agar plates." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 91, no. 6 (December 1996): 755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761996000600020.

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19

Loperena, Lyliam, Verónica Soria, Hermosinda Varela, Sandra Lupo, Alejandro Bergalli, Mairan Guigou, Andrés Pellegrino, et al. "Extracellular enzymes produced by microorganisms isolated from maritime Antarctica." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 28, no. 5 (March 14, 2012): 2249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-012-1032-3.

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20

Martens, D. A., and W. T. Frankenberger. "Saccharide composition of extracellular polymers produced by soil microorganisms." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 23, no. 8 (January 1991): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(91)90142-7.

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21

Doster, Ryan S., Lisa M. Rogers, Jennifer A. Gaddy, and David M. Aronoff. "Macrophage Extracellular Traps: A Scoping Review." Journal of Innate Immunity 10, no. 1 (October 7, 2017): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000480373.

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Tissue macrophages are derived from either circulating blood monocytes that originate in the bone marrow, or embryonic precursors that establish residence in tissues and are maintained independent of bone marrow progenitors. Macrophages perform diverse functions including tissue repair, the maintenance of homeostasis, and immune regulation. Recent studies have demonstrated that macrophages produce extracellular traps (ETs). ETs are an immune response by which a cell undergoes “ETosis” to release net-like material, with strands composed of cellular DNA that is studded with histones and cellular proteins. ETs are thought to immobilize and kill microorganisms, but also been implicated in disease pathology including aseptic inflammation and autoimmune disease. We conducted a scoping review to define what is known from the existing literature about the ETs produced by monocytes or macrophages. The results suggest that macrophage ETs (METs) are produced in response to various microorganisms and have similar features to neutrophil ETs (NETs), in that METs are produced by a unique cell death program (METosis), which results in release of fibers composed of DNA and studded with cellular proteins. METs function to immobilize and kill some microorganisms, but may also play a role in disease pathology.

22

Tramice, Annabella, Adele Cutignano, Annalaura Iodice, Annarita Poli, Ilaria Finore, and Giuseppina Tommonaro. "Involvement of a Quorum Sensing Signal Molecule in the Extracellular Amylase Activity of the Thermophilic Anoxybacillus amylolyticus." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040819.

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Anoxybacillus amylolyticus is a moderate thermophilic microorganism producing an exopolysaccharide and an extracellular α-amylase able to hydrolyze starch. The synthesis of several biomolecules is often regulated by a quorum sensing (QS) mechanism, a chemical cell-to-cell communication based on the production and diffusion of small molecules named “autoinducers”, most of which belonging to the N-acyl homoserine lactones’ (AHLs) family. There are few reports about this mechanism in extremophiles, in particular thermophiles. Here, we report the identification of a signal molecule, the N-butanoyl-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), from the milieu of A. amylolyticus. Moreover, investigations performed by supplementing a known QS inhibitor, trans-cinnamaldehyde, or exogenous C4-HSL in the growth medium of A. amylolyticus suggested the involvement of QS signaling in the modulation of extracellular α-amylase activity. The data showed that the presence of the QS inhibitor trans-cinnamaldehyde in the medium decreased amylolytic activity, which, conversely, was increased by the effect of exogenous C4-HSL. Overall, these results represent the first evidence of the production of AHLs in thermophilic microorganisms, which could be responsible for a communication system regulating thermostable α-amylase activity.

23

Sukhina, M. A., I. A. Kalashnikova, V. N. Kashnikov, A. V. Veselov, V. I. Mikhalevskaya, and A. Yu Piyadina. "EFFECT OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS ON THE BIOFILM GROWTH OF CLINICAL ISOLATES." Koloproktologia, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33878/2073-7556-2018-0-2-78-84.

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OBJECTIVE. To study the effect of active extracellular substances of lactobacilli and antimicrobial agents on the inhibition and destruction of the biofilms formed clinically relevant microorganism strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study of the impact of different agents on the biofilmformation and growth was carried out on resistant clinical strains of microorganisms obtainedfrom patients with post-surgical infectious inflammatory complications. We used wound dressing solution, cutaneous antiseptic, filtrates of 19 clinical strains of lactobacilli and a strain of Lactobacillus plantarum from the probiotic «Lactobacterin dry» (Microgen Nizhny Novgorod, series 46 / 06-1209) as a reference strain-producer of bacteriocins for biofilm inhibition. Biofilms were incubated for 48 hours on glass carriers at 37°C and visualized with a light microscope at 960x magnifying. RESULTS. All substances possess a good inhibitory potential and have approximately same level of effect. The skin antiseptic and wound washing fluid have only an inhibiting effect on the biofilmformation process, while the having a bactericidal effect on plantonicform of the cells. The lactobacilli filtrate inhibited the biofilmformation and was also able to destroy preformed 24-hour bacterial films. CONCLUSION. The use of lactobacilli bacteriocins can reveal additional opportunities for combating the infection associated with biofilm forming microorganisms.

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Mejía-Manzano, Luis Alberto, Patricia Vázquez-Villegas, Luis Vicente Prado-Cervantes, Kristeel Ximena Franco-Gómez, Susana Carbajal-Ocaña, Daniela Lizeth Sotelo-Cortés, Valeria Atehortúa-Benítez, Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez, and Jorge Membrillo-Hernández. "Advances in Material Modification with Smart Functional Polymers for Combating Biofilms in Biomedical Applications." Polymers 15, no. 14 (July 12, 2023): 3021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15143021.

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Biofilms as living microorganism communities are found anywhere, and for the healthcare sector, these constitute a threat and allied mechanism for health-associated or nosocomial infections. This review states the basis of biofilms and their formation. It focuses on their relevance for the biomedical sector, generalities, and the major advances in modified or new synthesized materials to prevent or control biofilm formation in biomedicine. Biofilm is conceptualized as an aggregate of cells highly communicated in an extracellular matrix, which the formation obeys to molecular and genetic basis. The biofilm offers protection to microorganisms from unfavorable environmental conditions. The most frequent genera of microorganisms forming biofilms and reported in infections are Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia spp., and Candida spp. in implants, heart valves, catheters, medical devices, and prostheses. During the last decade, biofilms have been most commonly related to health-associated infections and deaths in Europe, the United States, and Mexico. Smart, functional polymers are materials capable of responding to diverse stimuli. These represent a strategy to fight against biofilms through the modification or synthesis of new materials. Polypropylene and poly-N-isopropyl acrylamide were used enough in the literature analysis performed. Even smart polymers serve as delivery systems for other substances, such as antibiotics, for biofilm control.

25

Wang, Xiaohai, Zhuanzhuan Shi, Zhikai Wang та Xiaoshuai Wu. "Electromagnetic Field Drives the Bioelectrocatalysis of γ-Fe2O3-Coated Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 to Boost Extracellular Electron Transfer". Materials 17, № 7 (26 березня 2024): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17071501.

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The microbial hybrid system modified by magnetic nanomaterials can enhance the interfacial electron transfer and energy conversion under the stimulation of a magnetic field. However, the bioelectrocatalytic performance of a hybrid system still needs to be improved, and the mechanism of magnetic field-induced bioelectrocatalytic enhancements is still unclear. In this work, γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles were coated on a Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 cell surface and followed by placing in an electromagnetic field. The results showed that the electromagnetic field can greatly boost the extracellular electron transfer, and the oxidation peak current of CN32@γ-Fe2O3 increased to 2.24 times under an electromagnetic field. The enhancement mechanism is mainly due to the fact that the surface modified microorganism provides an elevated contact area for the high microbial catalytic activity of the outer cell membrane’s cytochrome, while the magnetic nanoparticles provide a networked interface between the cytoplasm and the outer membrane for boosting the fast multidimensional electron transport path in the magnetic field. This work sheds fresh scientific light on the rational design of magnetic-field-coupled electroactive microorganisms and the fundamentals of an optimal interfacial structure for a fast electron transfer process toward an efficient bioenergy conversion.

26

Jia, Fangxu, Qing Yang, Xiuhong Liu, Xiyao Li, Baikun Li, Liang Zhang, and Yongzhen Peng. "Stratification of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) for Aggregated Anammox Microorganisms." Environmental Science & Technology 51, no. 6 (March 9, 2017): 3260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05761.

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PEIL, GREICE H. S., ANELISE V. KUSS, ANDRÉS F. G. RAVE, JOSÉ P. V. VILLARREAL, YOHANA M. L. HERNANDES, and PATRÍCIA S. NASCENTE. "Bioprospecting of lipolytic microorganisms obtained from industrial effluents." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 88, no. 3 suppl (August 18, 2016): 1769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620150550.

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ABSTRACT The lipases have ability to catalyze diverse reactions and are important in different biotechnological applications. The aim of this work was to isolate and characterize microorganisms that produce lipases, from different food industry effluents localized in Pelotas, RS/Brazil. Bacteria were identified using Gram stain and biochemical tests (Vitek 2(r)). Fungi were identified according to macro and micromorphology characteristics. The extracellular lipase production was evaluated using the Rhodamine B test and the enzymatic activity by titration. Twenty-one bacteria were isolated and identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter aerogenes, Raoultella ornithinolytica and Raoultella planticola. Were characterized isolated filamentous fungi by the following genera: Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp., Geotrichum sp., Gliocladium sp., Mucor sp., Paecilomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. Extracellular lipase production was observed in 71.43% of the bacteria and 57.14% of the fungi. The bacterium that presented better promising enzymatic activity was E. aerogenes (1.54 U/ml) however between fungi there was not significant difference between the four isolates. This study indicated that microorganisms lipase producers are present in the industrial effluents, as well as these enzymes have potential of biodegradation of lipid compounds.

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Kravtsov, A. L. "ROLE OF NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS IN ESPECIALLY DANGEROUS BACTERIAL INFECTIONS." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology, no. 4 (August 28, 2016): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2016-4-95-104.

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Novel data on neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), carrying out capture and killing of pathogenic microorganisms with higher effectiveness than during phagocytosis, are presented. A contemporary view on how neutrophils choose intracellular (phagocytosis) or extracellular (NETosis) mechanism of bactericidity during interaction with pathogenic microorganisms is given. Experimental data on the presence in causative agents of plague, cholera and melioidosis of mechanisms of protection from bactericidal effect of NET, as well as NET’S role in regulation of immune response and sepsis development are analyzed.

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Kovalenko, Olexandra, Yaroslav Kizim, and Natalia Voroshylova. "EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCE OF BIOFILMS IN THE FORMATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF MICROORGANISMS." Ukrainian Scientific Medical Youth Journal, no. 2(110) (June 27, 2019): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/usmyj.2(110).2019.6-12.

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Abstract. The analysis of modern literature data on the mechanisms of the formation of antibiotic resistance and the role of extracellular polymeric substance in biofilms, which are the main form of microbial existence. The role of extracellular polymeric substance in limiting of the effect of unfavorable factors as well as the regularity and necessity of its formation for the community of microorganisms were discussed. The position on the permanent character of phenotype dispersion of microorganisms is postulated. This dispersion doesn’t provide the formation of more resistant strains only, but plays the prominent role in the permanent formation of various forms, that aren’t viable under given conditions but play the role of a depot of building material for extracellular polymeric substance. The mass death of low-resistant forms caused by the action of the antibiotic ensures saturation of the extracellular polymeric substance by dechromatized DNA, that increases the resistance of the microbial socium and contributes to the further formation of multiresistance.

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Ezeagu, G. G., M. Fadayomi, and U. S. Rikiji. "Cellulolytic potentials of aspergillus oryzae and streptomyces griseus isolated from waste dump soil in Nile University Of Nigeria, Abuja." Science World Journal 19, no. 1 (May 2, 2024): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/swj.v19i1.25.

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The potential of using microorganisms as biological sources of industrially economic enzymes has stimulated interest in the exploitation of extracellular enzymatic activity in several microorganisms. The aim of this research is to assess the cellulose degrading potentials of two microorganisms, Aspergillus oryzae and Streptomyces griseus using cellulose Congo red agar media. Soil sample collected from waste dump was serially diluted and inoculated in starch casein agar and SDA to isolate S. griseus and A. oryzae respectively. To assess their potentials to utilize cellulose, each of the two microorganisms was inoculated on cellulose Congo-red media and incubated at 30 ºC for 7days. A zone of clearing around the colonies after incubation confirms the secretion of extracellular cellulase, and was used as an indication for cellulose utilization. The zone of clearing was measured with a meter rule. In the results obtained, both microorganisms demonstrated cellulose utilization ability with Aspergillus oryzae showing a zone of clearing of 30.50 ± 0.50 mm while Streptomyces griseus showed a wider zone of clearing of 60.00 ± 1.00 mm. The results indicate that both microorganisms can be potent producers of the enzyme cellulase, with Streptomyces griseus having a higher cellulase-producing ability.

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Nevin, Kelly P., and Derek R. Lovley. "Mechanisms for Accessing Insoluble Fe(III) Oxide during Dissimilatory Fe(III) Reduction by Geothrix fermentans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 5 (May 2002): 2294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.5.2294-2299.2002.

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ABSTRACT Mechanisms for Fe(III) oxide reduction were investigated in Geothrix fermentans, a dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing microorganism found within the Fe(III) reduction zone of subsurface environments. Culture filtrates of G. fermentans stimulated the reduction of poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide by washed cell suspensions, suggesting that G. fermentans released one or more extracellular compounds that promoted Fe(III) oxide reduction. In order to determine if G. fermentans released electron-shuttling compounds, poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide was incorporated into microporous alginate beads, which prevented contact between G. fermentans and the Fe(III) oxide. G. fermentans reduced the Fe(III) within the beads, suggesting that one of the compounds that G. fermentans releases is an electron-shuttling compound that can transfer electrons from the cell to Fe(III) oxide that is not in contact with the organism. Analysis of culture filtrates by thin-layer chromatography suggested that the electron shuttle has characteristics similar to those of a water-soluble quinone. Analysis of filtrates by ion chromatography demonstrated that there was as much as 250 μM dissolved Fe(III) in cultures of G. fermentans growing with Fe(III) oxide as the electron acceptor, suggesting that G. fermentans released one or more compounds capable of chelating and solubilizing Fe(III). Solubilizing Fe(III) is another strategy for alleviating the need for contact between cells and Fe(III) oxide for Fe(III) reduction. This is the first demonstration of a microorganism that, in defined medium without added electron shuttles or chelators, can reduce Fe(III) derived from Fe(III) oxide without directly contacting the Fe(III) oxide. These results are in marked contrast to those with Geobacter metallireducens, which does not produce electron shuttles or Fe(III) chelators. These results demonstrate that phylogenetically distinct Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms may use significantly different strategies for Fe(III) reduction. Thus, it is important to know which Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms predominate in a given environment in order to understand the mechanisms for Fe(III) reduction in the environment of interest.

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Liu, Yiwen, Lai Peng, Shu-Hong Gao, Xiaohu Dai, and Bing-Jie Ni. "Mathematical modeling of microbial extracellular electron transfer by electrically active microorganisms." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 1, no. 6 (2015): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ew00155b.

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Dormaar, J. F., and R. C. Foster. "Nascent aggregates in the rhizosphere of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 71, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss91-045.

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Since there is little information on compound particles in the size range 2–20 μm, the genesis of the initial stages of soil aggregation was examined by transmission electron microscopy on ultrathin sections of the rhizospheres of Lolium perenne L. grown in attapulgite. Since attapulgite contains neither microorganisms nor organic matter, microorganisms were added as a soil suspension and all the organic matter was supplied by the ryegrass roots. Clusters were formed de novo by accumulation of attapulgite particles on root gel, on root cell fragments, and on microbial extracellular polysaccharides. Microaggregates were formed by the fusion of attapulgite-coated bacteria, colonies and cell remnants. Aggregates persisted after the death of the microorganisms. Key words: Microaggregates, clusters, soil ultrastructure, rhizosphere, extracellular polysaccharides

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Calabrese, Salvatore, Binayak P. Mohanty, and Ashish A. Malik. "Soil microorganisms regulate extracellular enzyme production to maximize their growth rate." Biogeochemistry 158, no. 3 (February 14, 2022): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-022-00899-8.

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Kremnický, L., E. Sláviková, D. Mislovičová та P. Biely. "Production of extracellular β-mannanases by yeasts and yeast-like microorganisms". Folia Microbiologica 41, № 1 (лютий 1996): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02816339.

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Li, Yiyong, Wanyi Luo, Wen Liu, Yongcong Yang, Zexiang Lei, Xueqin Tao, and Baoe Wang. "C058 and Other Functional Microorganisms Promote the Synthesis of Extracellular Polymer Substances in Mycelium Biofloc." Catalysts 12, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12070693.

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The mycelium biofloc bioaugmented by Cordyceps strain C058 effectively purifies water, which may be related to the synthesis of extracellular polymer substances. To verify this conjecture, we analyzed the changes in extracellular polymer substances content in the mycelium biofloc under various hydraulic retention times (36 h, 18 h, and 11 h). The microstructure and microflora composition were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope and high-throughput sequencing. The ordinary biofloc without bioaugmentation was taken as a control. The results showed that under the above hydraulic retention time, the extracellular polymer substances contents of the mycelium biofloc were 51.20, 55.89, and 33.84 mg/g, respectively, higher than that of the ordinary biofloc (14.58, 15.72, and 18.19 mg/g). The protein content or the polysaccharide content also followed the same trend. Meanwhile, the sedimentation performance of the mycelium biofloc was better than that of the ordinary biofloc, attributed to the content of the extracellular polymer substances. It is worth noting that C058 is the main biofloc content, which promotes the synthesis of extracellular polymer substances in the mycelium biofloc. Other functional microorganisms in the mycelium biofloc were Janthinobacterium, Phormidium, Leptolyngbya, Hymenobacter, and Spirotrichea, which also promote the synthesis of extracellular polymer substances.

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Jia, X. S., Herbert H. P. Fang, and H. Furumai. "Surface charge and extracellular polymer of sludge in the anaerobic degradation process." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1996): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0565.

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Changes of surface charge and extracellular polymer (ECP) content were investigated in batch experiments for three anaerobic sludges, each of which had been enriched at 35°C and pH 639-7.3 for more than 40 batches using propionate, butyrate and glucose, individually, as the sole substrate. Results showed that both ECP and the negative surface charge were dependent on the growth phase of microorganisms. They increased at the beginning of all batches when the microorganisms were in the prolific-growth phase, having high substrate concentration and food-to-microorganisms ratio. Both later gradually returned to their initial levels when the microorganisms were in the declined-growth phase, as the substrate became depleted. The negative surface charge increased linearly with the total-ECP content in all series with slopes of 0.0187, 0.0212 and 0.0157 meq/mg-total-ECP for sludge degrading propionate, butyrate and glucose, respectively. The change of surface charge for the first two sludges was mainly due to the increase of proteinaceous fraction of ECP; but, for glucose-degrading sludge, that could be due to the increases of both proteinaceous and carbohydrate fractions of ECP. The negative-charged nature of anaerobic sludge implies that cations should be able to promote granulation of anaerobic sludge.

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Akamine, Ingrid Teixeira, Felipe R. P. Mansoldo, Verônica S. Cardoso, Edilma Paraguai de Souza Dias, and Alane Beatriz Vermelho. "Hydrolase Activities of Sourdough Microorganisms." Fermentation 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2023): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9080703.

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Sourdough is renowned for improving bakery products’ nutritional and quality characteristics through the enzymes produced by its microbiota. Among the enzymatic framework present in sourdough fermentation, amylase, cellulase, and peptidase are responsible for many of the properties valued in sourdough products. Furthermore, there is an increasing concern regarding the allergenic potential of gluten, which motivates the investigation of enzymatic gluten hydrolysis. This study aimed to select probiotics, isolate and identify microorganisms from sourdough, and assess their amylase, cellulase, and peptidase profiles. Additionally, a rapid screening method was developed for gluten and wheat flour hydrolysis, and gluten zymography and enzymography were performed. As a result, 18 microorganisms were isolated from sourdough and identified. The probiotic Bacillus licheniformis LMG-S 28935, and three microorganisms isolated from sourdough, the Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, completed the profile of analyzed hydrolases and presented the capacity to hydrolyze gluten. These findings contribute to a better understanding of sourdough microorganisms’ hydrolase activities in the bakery science and technology field. In addition, an efficient, fast, and economical method for screening extracellular glutenase, produced by microorganisms, was applied. To our knowledge, it was the first time that amylase, cellulase, and peptidase activities were assessed from sourdough microorganisms.

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Kumar Srivastava, Ajeet, Lingayya Hiremath, S. Narendra Kumar, and A. V. Narayan. "BIOCONVERSION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS TO ETHANOL USING DIFFERENT MICROORGANISMS." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15109.

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Lignocellulosic material that includes hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin (lignocellulosic complex) is present in the plant cells. The hydrolysis process of the lignocellulose biomass into glucose in the presence of lignocellulytic enzymes is an area of concern in the production process of cellulosic biofuel. Microorganisms like fungi have the ability for degrading the plant cell wall by an enzyme set which acts in coordination. This moves in a direction to release glucose freely. Another challenge is the modification in the plant cell architecture. Along with this, the capacity of microorganisms in degradation by the modification of the genomes is also one of the challenges. The advantage of the biological process of pre-treatment for degradation of the lignocellulosic materials is because of its effective enzymatic system. There are two types of enzymatic systems which is of extracellular nature in fungi. These are hydrolytic and ligninolytic systems. Hydrolases are produced by hydrolytic system which degrades the polysaccharide and produces sugar. The exclusive oxidative advantage and the extracellular ligninolytic system degrades the components of lignin and also opens the rings of phenyl. The reducing sugars are then converted in ethanol production with the use of various fermentative microorganisms. In this paper, the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol using different microorganisms is discussed along with other relevant aspects.

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Highsmith, Anita K., Phuong Nhan Le, Rima F. Khabbaz, and Van P. Munn. "Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated From Whirlpools and Bathers." Infection Control 6, no. 10 (October 1985): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700063499.

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AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequently isolated microorganism from whirlpool water and lesions associated with outbreaks of dermatitis and folliculitis related to whirlpool exposure. Strains were selected from 19 outbreaks of P. aeruginosa infections (1977 to 1983) associated with whirlpool use; they were examined to determine if the strains possessed unique virulence factors or characteristics that might aid in their selection in the environment.P. aeruginosa, 011, was the predominant serotype isolated from whirlpool water as well as from bathers with dermatitis or folliculitis, followed by serotypes 09, 04, and 03. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were similar for all strains. Strains of P. aeruginosa from bathers and water demonstrated statistically significant differences in extracellular enzyme production compared with control strains. P. aeruginosa, serotypes 09 and 011, were found to be sensitive to low levels of chlorine. These data suggest that, if adequate levels of free available chlorine are maintained, P. aeruginosa should have little opportunity to persist in whirlpools.A bather's risk of P. aeruginosa dermatitis or folliculitis appears to be affected primarily by three factors: 1) immersion in water colonized by P. aeruginosa, 2) skin hydration with altered skin flora, and 3) toxic reactions to extracellular enzyme or exotoxins produced by P. aeruginosa. Although a single virulence factor was not identified from the results of this study, there are some indications that the enzymes produced by these microorganisms play an important role in the pathogenesis of disease associated with whirlpool use.

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Pallares, Roger M., Nguyen T. K. Thanh, and Xiaodi Su. "Tunable plasmonic colorimetric assay with inverse sensitivity for extracellular DNA quantification." Chemical Communications 54, no. 80 (2018): 11260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc05465g.

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Lenchenko, Ekaterina M., Dmitry A. Blumenkrants, Vladislav V. Ponomarev, Inna B. Pavlova, and Galina S. Tolmacheva. "METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF RESEARCH OF COMPOSITION OF BIOFILMS in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo." Problems of veterinary sanitation, hygiene and ecology 1, no. 41 (2022): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.202201009.

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The article presents the general patterns of formation of a three-dimensional multilayer heterogeneous structure biofilms in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo. It was found, that the mass fraction of cells of biofilms was 86,8-91,4%, of the matrix – 8,9-13,2%, which is due to the structure of the cell wall of microorganisms synthesizing the extracellular matrix. The advantages of transmission and scanning electron microscopy are the visualization of L-shapes and the quantitative assessment of the diameter, perimeter, height, area, volume and chemical composition of cells and the extracellular matrix of microorganisms. Laser modulation interference microscopy made it possible to study biofilms in real time without fixing and staining microorganisms; phase-contrast microscopy – intrapopulation and interpopulation interactions depending on changes in the pH of the environment, oxygen content and other chemical and physical factors. Fluorescent microscopy is a promising method for detection of non-culturable viable cells of microorganisms. The use a modified Gram stain, the use of solution of «Crocus sativus» made it possible to differentiate gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms and to assess the degree of repair of tissue. The developed new methodological approach made it possible to scientifically substantiate and experimentally confirm the effectiveness of the use of nutrient media containing components for the repair of the cell wall of microorganisms.

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WAGNER, EVA M., SARAH THALGUTER, MARTIN WAGNER, and KATHRIN RYCHLI. "Presence of Microbial Contamination and Biofilms at a Beer Can Filling Production Line." Journal of Food Protection 84, no. 5 (January 7, 2021): 896–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-368.

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ABSTRACT Contamination of beer arises in 50% of all events at the late stages of production, in the filling area. This is where biofilms, a consortia of microorganisms embedded in a matrix composed of extracellular polymeric substances, play a critical role. To date, most studies have focused on the presence of (biofilm-forming) microorganisms in the filling environment. Our aim was to characterize the microbial status as well as the presence of possible biofilms at a can filling line for beer by determining the presence of microorganisms and their associated matrix components (carbohydrates, proteins and extracellular DNA [eDNA]). For 23 sampling sites, targeted quantitative PCR confirmed the presence of microorganisms at 10 sites during operation and at 3 sites after cleaning. The evaluation of carbohydrates, eDNA, and proteins showed that 16 sites were positive for at least one component during operation and 4 after cleaning. We identified one potential biofilm hotspot, namely the struts below the filler, harboring high loads of bacteria and yeast, eDNA, carbohydrates, and proteins. The protein pattern was different from that of beer. This work deepens our understanding of biofilms and microorganisms found at the filling line of beer beverages at sites critical for production. HIGHLIGHTS

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PODOSU, AURELIA, SIMONA NEAGU, ANCA IOANA LUCACI, ROXANA COJOC, COSTIN BATRINESCU-MOTEAU, CRISTINA PURCAREA, Mădălin Enache, and Robert Ruginescu. "EXTRACELLULAR HYDROLASES PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM THE POLLUTED RIVER PASAREA, ROMANIA." Romanian Journal of Biology - Plant Biology 68, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2023): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/rjb-pb.2023.1-2.05.

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The present work highlights the presence of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes such as amylase, caseinase, cellulase, esterase, gelatinase for some strains belonging to the genera Aeromonas, Bacillus, Brachybacterium, Enterobacter, Exiguobacterium, Lysinibacillus, Microbacterium, Pseudomonas and Yersinia isolated from water samples taken from the putative polluted sector of the Pasarea river, in the area of Tunari, Ilfov county. The 20 investigated strains belong to five families as follow: Bacillaceae, Dermabacteraceae, Enterobacteraceae, Microbacteriaceae, Aeromonadaceae, Yersiniaceae and Pseudomonadaceae. The predominant enzymatic activities were the hydrolysis of starch, casein and Tween 80. Strains belonging to the genera Aeromonas, Bacillus and Pseudomonas distinguished themselves by the presence of the five types of enzymatic activities investigated, some of them being combined.

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Pradhan, A. A., and A. D. Levine. "Experimental Evaluation of Microbial Metal Uptake by Individual Components of a Microbial Biosorption System." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0682.

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Some microorganisms have the capacity to concentrate metal ions. Besides binding metal ions to cell walls, it is also possible that chemical complexation occurs between metal ions and extracellular enzymes. Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate metal uptake by cells and extracellular material. Dialysis studies demonstrated that extracellular material possesses a greater capacity of binding metals when binding is considered on the basis of chemical oxygen demand (COD).

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Krzyżek, Paweł, Beatrice Marinacci, Irene Vitale, and Rossella Grande. "Extracellular Vesicles of Probiotics: Shedding Light on the Biological Activity and Future Applications." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2 (February 4, 2023): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020522.

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For many decades, the proper functioning of the human body has become a leading scientific topic. In the course of numerous experiments, a striking impact of probiotics on the human body has been documented, including maintaining the physiological balance of endogenous microorganisms, regulating the functioning of the immune system, enhancing the digestive properties of the host, and preventing or alleviating the course of many diseases. Recent research, especially from the last decade, shows that this health-benefiting activity of probiotics is largely conditioned by the production of extracellular vesicles. Although the importance of extracellular vesicles in the virulence of many live-threatening pathogens is widely described in the literature, much less is known with respect to the health-promoting effect of extracellular vesicles secreted by non-pathogenic microorganisms, including probiotics. Based on this, in the current review article, we decided to collect the latest literature data on the health-inducing properties of extracellular vesicles secreted by probiotics. The characteristics of probiotics’ extracellular vesicles will be extended by the description of their physicochemical properties and the proteome in connection with the biological activities exhibited by these structures.

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Khushk, Imrana. "Environmental Friendly Production of Amylase from Aspergillus niger EFRL-FC-024 Using Corn Waste as Carbon Source." Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 22, no. 1 (June 23, 2021): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2021.06.17.

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Amylase is an indispensable and industrially important enzyme that hydrolyzes carbohydrates particularly starch into simple sugars. Amylase enzymes have been isolated from various sources such as microbes, animals and plants. However, microorganisms are highly preferred as compared to plants and animal sources. Amylases of fungal origin are highly stable compared to amylases produced by bacterial species. The aim of this study was to investigate the production of extracellular amylase enzyme from Aspergillus niger EFRL-FC-024 using sugarcane bagasse and corn waste as an energy source under submerge fermentation conditions. Primarily, the fungal strain was grown for 6 days using sugarcane bagasse and corn waste, respectively. Mainly, the growth of a microorganism was also evaluated using different pH, temperature and incubation periods. The results revealed maximum amylase production of 1.64 U/mL when A. niger was cultured for 96 h using corn waste. Moreover, addition of different nitrogen sources showed the highest amylase production when peptone was supplemented as a nitrogen source. Finally, the effect of pH indicated maximal concentration of amylase enzyme at pH 6.0. The present study will highly be beneficial to explore the role of fungal strain A. niger in amylase production at Industrial levels.

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Majumdar, Udayan, Thrisha Alexander, Morris Waskar, and Manoj V. Dagaonkar. "Effect of biofilm on colloid attachment in saturated porous media." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 2 (May 7, 2014): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.197.

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Biofilm plays an important role in controlling the transport of colloids in a porous media. Biofilms are formed when micro-organisms come in contact with substrates, and are able to attach and grow with availability of nutrients. The microorganisms get embedded in a matrix of the substrate and extracellular polymeric substances which are responsible for the morphology, physico-chemical properties, structure and coherence of the biofilm. In this study, the effect of biofilm and its aging on colloid removal was studied on a glass bead column. Oocysts, polystyrene microspheres and inorganic colloids were used as colloidal particles. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used as a model biofilm-forming microorganism. Presence of biofilm significantly enhanced colloid removal in the column. After 3 weeks, almost complete colloid removal was observed. The formation of biofilm was confirmed by various physical characterization techniques. During the extended aging study, biofilm sloughed off under shear stress. The loss of biofilm was higher during the early stage of its growth, and subsequently slowed down probably due to the formation of a more rigid biofilm. This research indicates that biofilm formation, maturation and sloughing-off play a critical role in colloid removal through porous media.

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De, Sourav, Susanta Malik, Aniruddha Ghosh, Rumpa Saha, and Bidyut Saha. "A review on natural surfactants." RSC Advances 5, no. 81 (2015): 65757–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11101c.

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Anjum, Anam, Pooi-Yin Chung, and Shiow-Fern Ng. "PLGA/xylitol nanoparticles enhance antibiofilm activity via penetration into biofilm extracellular polymeric substances." RSC Advances 9, no. 25 (2019): 14198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00125e.

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