Статті в журналах: "Microneedle Array"

1

Justin, Richard, and Biqiong Chen. "Multifunctional chitosan–magnetic graphene quantum dot nanocomposites for the release of therapeutics from detachable and non-detachable biodegradable microneedle arrays." Interface Focus 8, no. 3 (April 20, 2018): 20170055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2017.0055.

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Biodegradable chitosan–magnetic graphene quantum dot (MGQD) nanocomposites were prepared and investigated for the release of small and large molecular weight (MWt) therapeutics from detachable and non-detachable biodegradable microneedle arrays. The presence of MGQDs in chitosan increased the electrical conductivity and biodegradation rate of chitosan while maintaining its mechanical properties. The detachable microneedle arrays were created by including a water-soluble ring of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) at the base of the microneedle, which enabled the rapid detachment of the microneedle shaft from the base. The PEG ring did not impede the microneedle array performance, with mechanical properties and a drug release profile of low MWt lidocaine hydrochloride similar to microneedle arrays without the ring. Without the PEG ring, the chitosan–MGQD microneedles were electrically conductive and allowed for electrically stimulated release of large MWt therapeutics which was challenging without the stimulation. These results demonstrate that chitosan nanocomposites containing MGQDs with intrinsic photoluminescent and supermagnetic properties are promising materials for developing multifunctional microneedles for targeted and tracked transdermal drug delivery.

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Yan, Xiao Xiao, Jing Quan Liu, Long Fei Wang, Chun Sheng Yang, and Yi Gui Li. "Silicon-Based Microneedle Array Electrodes for Biopotential Measurement." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.443.

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Biopotential signals in shin tissue reflect the body’s healthy conditions. So the measurement of these signals can diagnose whether the body has diseases or not. Traditional technology used to measure these signals results in pain, bleeding, infection, etc. Recently, the microneedle electrodes are used to measure these signals owing to their advantages, such as painless, low cost, easily made, etc. This paper presents a new method to fabricate the silicon-based microneedle array electrodes intended for measuring biopotential signals in the skin tissue. The arrays consist of a 5 mm x 5 mm silicon base with gold film, and 49 silicon needle-type electrodes with gold film in a 7x 7 array on the silicon base. Each needle is approximately 700 μm long, 70μm in diameter at the base. The 1mm-thick silicon wafer is cut to form 300x 300 x700 μm rectangular micro-column by dicing saw. Then the 5x5 mm silicon base with these columns is cut off to form the whole substrate. The rectangular micro-columns are etched in the mixture acid solution (HNO3 and HF) until getting sharp microneedles. Then the surface of the microneedles is sputtered the gold film, the microneedle electrodes are formed. One array of these electrodes exhibits low impedance for measuringbiopotential signals.

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3

Menon, Ipshita, Priyal Bagwe, Keegan Braz Gomes, Lotika Bajaj, Rikhav Gala, Mohammad N. Uddin, Martin J. D’Souza, and Susu M. Zughaier. "Microneedles: A New Generation Vaccine Delivery System." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040435.

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Transdermal vaccination route using biodegradable microneedles is a rapidly progressing field of research and applications. The fear of painful needles is one of the primary reasons most people avoid getting vaccinated. Therefore, developing an alternative pain-free method of vaccination using microneedles has been a significant research area. Microneedles comprise arrays of micron-sized needles that offer a pain-free method of delivering actives across the skin. Apart from being pain-free, microneedles provide various advantages over conventional vaccination routes such as intramuscular and subcutaneous. Microneedle vaccines induce a robust immune response as the needles ranging from 50 to 900 μm in length can efficiently deliver the vaccine to the epidermis and the dermis region, which contains many Langerhans and dendritic cells. The microneedle array looks like band-aid patches and offers the advantages of avoiding cold-chain storage and self-administration flexibility. The slow release of vaccine antigens is an important advantage of using microneedles. The vaccine antigens in the microneedles can be in solution or suspension form, encapsulated in nano or microparticles, and nucleic acid-based. The use of microneedles to deliver particle-based vaccines is gaining importance because of the combined advantages of particulate vaccine and pain-free immunization. The future of microneedle-based vaccines looks promising however, addressing some limitations such as dosing inadequacy, stability and sterility will lead to successful use of microneedles for vaccine delivery. This review illustrates the recent research in the field of microneedle-based vaccination.

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4

Choi, In-Jeong, Hye-Ran Cha, Su Jin Hwang, Seung-Ki Baek, Jae Myun Lee, and Seong-O. Choi. "Live Vaccinia Virus-Coated Microneedle Array Patches for Smallpox Vaccination and Stockpiling." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13020209.

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Although smallpox has been eradicated globally, the potential use of the smallpox virus in bioterrorism indicates the importance of stockpiling smallpox vaccines. Considering the advantages of microneedle-based vaccination over conventional needle injections, in this study, we examined the feasibility of microneedle-based smallpox vaccination as an alternative approach for stockpiling smallpox vaccines. We prepared polylactic acid (PLA) microneedle array patches by micromolding and loaded a second-generation smallpox vaccine on the microneedle tips via dip coating. We evaluated the effect of excipients and drying conditions on vaccine stability in vitro and examined immune responses in female BALB/c mice by measuring neutralizing antibodies and interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting cells. Approximately 40% of the virus titer was reduced during the vaccine-coating process, with or without excipients. At −20 °C, the smallpox vaccine coated on the microneedles was stable up to 6 months. Compared to natural evaporation, vacuum drying was more efficient in improving the smallpox vaccine stability. Microneedle-based vaccination of the mice elicited neutralizing antibodies beginning 3 weeks after immunization; the levels were maintained for 12 weeks. It significantly increased IFN-γ-secreting cells 12 weeks after priming, indicating the induction of cellular immune responses. The smallpox-vaccine-coated microneedles could serve as an alternative delivery system for vaccination and stockpiling.

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Speaker, Tycho, Stella Chang, Jeff Fairman, and Roger Kaspar. "Skin-based soluble microneedle array mediated anti-malarial CSP vaccination (65.28)." Journal of Immunology 186, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2011): 65.28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.65.28.

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Abstract A safe, effective, easily administered, and storage-stable anti-malarial vaccine delivery platform would improve vaccination efforts in populations at risk for malaria. Painless, self-blunting soluble microneedle arrays seem ideal for skin-based inoculation. To test the ability of adjuvanted microneedle arrays to induce an immune response, anti-malarial circumsporozoite surface protein (CSP) antigen was delivered directly to skin by water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol microneedles, inducing a robust and specific immune response in BALB/c mouse cohorts. Inclusion of JVRS-100 cationic lipid DNA complex adjuvant boosted immune response and dried arrays induced strong response even after exposure to accelerated thermal storage conditions. To assess storage stability of the needle array dosage form, loaded microneedle arrays and parallel antigen solutions were subjected to one-week storage at 20°, 37°, and 50°C, and subsequently used to inoculate mouse cohorts. Serum anti-CSP IgG titers indicated that while antigen solutions showed profound (10-fold) loss of activity with increasing storage temperature, the dry arrays exhibited no such degradation.

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6

Mo, Jingshan, Junqing Liu, Shuang Huang, Baoming Liang, Xinshuo Huang, Cheng Yang, Meiwan Chen, et al. "Determination of Transdermal Rate of Metallic Microneedle Array through an Impedance Measurements-Based Numerical Check Screening Algorithm." Micromachines 13, no. 5 (April 30, 2022): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13050718.

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Microneedle systems have been widely used in health monitoring, painless drug delivery, and medical cosmetology. Although many studies on microneedle materials, structures, and applications have been conducted, the applications of microneedles often suffered from issues of inconsistent penetration rates due to the complication of skin-microneedle interface. In this study, we demonstrated a methodology of determination of transdermal rate of metallic microneedle array through impedance measurements-based numerical check screening algorithm. Metallic sheet microneedle array sensors with different sizes were fabricated to evaluate different transdermal rates. In vitro sensing of hydrogen peroxide confirmed the effect of transdermal rate on the sensing outcomes. An FEM simulation model of a microneedle array revealed the monotonous relation between the transdermal state and test current. Accordingly, two methods were primely derived to calculate the transdermal rate from the test current. First, an exact logic method provided the number of unpenetrated tips per sheet, but it required more rigorous testing results. Second, a fuzzy logic method provided an approximate transdermal rate on adjacent areas, being more applicable and robust to errors. Real-time transdermal rate estimation may be essential for improving the performance of microneedle systems, and this study provides various fundaments toward that goal.

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Ashraf, Muhammad Waseem, Shahzadi Tayyaba, Nitin Afzulpurkar, Asim Nisar, Erik Lucas Julien Bohez, Tanom Lomas, and Adisorn Tuantranont. "Design, Simulation and Fabrication of Silicon Microneedles for Bio-Medical Applications." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 9, no. 1 (July 27, 2010): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.201191.172302.

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In this paper, design, analysis and fabrication of hollow out-of-plane silicon microneedles for transdermal drug delivery (TDD) have been presented. Combination of isotropic and anisotropic etching process has been used to facilitate the fabrication of microneedles in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etcher. Using ANSYS, structural and micro°uidic analysis hasbeen performed before the fabrication to insure the microneedle design suitability for TDD. In finite element analysis (FEM), the effect of axial and transverse load on single microneedle has been investigated to envisage the mechanical properties of microneedle. The analysis predicts that the resultant stresses due to applied bending and axial loads are in the safe range. In computational fluid dynamic (CFD) static analysis, the fluid flow rate through 5 x 5 microneedle array has been investigated by applying the pressure 10 kPa to 130 kPa at the inlet to insure that the microneedles are capable for flow of drug up to the desired range for TDD.

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8

Chiu, Chui Yu, Hsin Chuan Kuo, Yi Lin, Jeou Long Lee, Yung Kang Shen, and Sheng Jie Kang. "Optimal Design of Microneedles Inserts into Skin by Numerical Simulation." Key Engineering Materials 516 (June 2012): 624–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.516.624.

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The purpose of this research is to find the optimal design for biodegradable polymer microneedle patches. Based on the mechanical properties of different skin layers and the failure criterion of the material, this research designs a microneedle of four types and three sizes, then discusses the insertion force and the variation of stress during the process of PLA microneedle insertion into skin by numerical simulation. This research uses the dynamic finite element software ANSYS / LS-DYNA to simulate the processing for PLA microneedle inserts into skin. The master microneedle array was fabricated by the MEMS process. This research uses PDMS to fabricate the mould for microneedles. Finally, a biodegradable polymer polylactic acid (PLA) microneedle patch was fabricated using a PDMS mould micro hot embossing method.

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9

Liu, Guiqin, Yan Deng, Yi Song, Yi Sui, Juan Cen, Ziyu Shao, Hu Li, and Tao Tang. "Transdermal Delivery of Adipocyte Phospholipase A2 siRNA using Microneedles to Treat Thyroid Associated Ophthalmopathy-Related Proptosis." Cell Transplantation 30 (January 1, 2021): 096368972110106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09636897211010633.

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Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease occurring in patients with thyroid disease. Patients with TAO-related proptosis is largely due to excessive orbital adipose tissue Adipocyte phospholipase A2 (AdPLA) is one of the most important regulatory factors in adipocyte lipolysis, which may be associated with TAO-related proptosis. Thus, silencing AdPLA by RNA interference may be beneficial for the treatment of TAO. In this study, we sought to evaluate the efficiency of two types of microneedles to deliver siRNAs for silencing AdPLA. Our results showed that AdPLA mRNA was up-regulated in the orbit adipose tissues from TAO patients. Silence of AdPLA by siRNA can reduce lipid accumulation in both human and mouse adipocyte cell lines. Moreover, silence effects of silicon microneedle array patch-based and injectable microneedle device-based siRNA administration were examined at the belly site of the mice, and injectable microneedle device showed higher knockdown efficiency than silicon microneedle array patch. This study sets the stage not only for future treatment of TAO-related proptosis using AdPLA siRNA, but also provides the foundation for targeted siRNA delivery by using microneedles.

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10

Kanchan Butola. "A Review Article on Transdermal Drug Delivery System Based On- Microneedles." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 3 (August 18, 2022): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.1.3.9.

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Every drug delivery system should work toward preserving the drug's appropriate dose and facilitating its full metabolism within the body. Transdermal delivery of very large ionic and hydrophilic molecules is made possible by the microneedle array. Studies on the effectiveness of microneedles have been conducted extensively. Soon, the market for commercial microneedle-based goods will grow, and they may eventually have a major impact on clinical medicine. This article provides an overview of microneedles, discussing their history, many varieties, current state, potential applications, and recent technological developments.

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S. Patil, Snehal, Nikita S. Patil, Umesh C. Suryawanshi, Mr Rohan R. Vakhariya, and Dr S. K. Mohite. "An Overview of Microneedles: Types, Materials, Processes, Emerging Approach and Applications in Dermatology." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 12 (December 27, 2021): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/121038.

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Drug delivery through the skin by transdermal patches has a long history. Subsequent growth of transdermal science proved prominent utility of transdermal systems meant for passive diffusion of the drug. It was followed by the development of Iontophoresis and Sonophoresis based transdermal delivery systems. Microneedle array has now caught attention of the investigators owing to its immense utility in transdermal delivery of very large molecules with ionic and hydrophilic nature. In this technical note, we present the current scenario, applications, and recent advances in microneedle array-based delivery of the most critical molecules through the skin. The application of microneedle has widely been investigated, and these technologies are being developed for the delivery of bio-therapeutics, biomacromolecules, insulin, growth hormones, immunobiologicals, proteins, siRNA and peptides. Potential of microneedles to transform the global transdermal market is highlighted in terms of the success rate of the microneedle technologies in clinical trials reaching to the global market. The arrival of the commercial microneedle-based products in the market is highly anticipated as they have potential to portray remarkable impact on clinical medicine in near future.

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Chen, Po Chun, Sheng Jen Hsieh, Chien Chon Chen, and Jun Zou. "A Three-Dimensional Enormous Surface Area Aluminum Microneedle Array with Nanoporous Structure." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/164953.

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We proposed fabricating an aluminum microneedle array with a nanochannel structure on the surface by combining micromachining, electrolyte polishing, and anodization methods. The microneedle array provides a three-dimensional (3D) structure that possesses several hundred times more surface area than a traditional nanochannel template. Therefore, the microneedle array can potentially be used in many technology applications. This 3D microneedle array device can not only be used for painless injection or extraction, but also for storage, highly sensitive detection, drug delivery, and microelectrodes. From the calculation we made, the microneedle array not only increases surface area, but also enlarges the capacity of the device. Therefore, the microneedle array can further be used on many detecting, storing, or drug delivering applications.

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Tan, Jun Ying, Yuankai Li, Faraz Chamani, Aabila Tharzeen, Punit Prakash, Balasubramaniam Natarajan, Rahul A. Sheth, et al. "Experimental Validation of Diffraction Lithography for Fabrication of Solid Microneedles." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 8934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248934.

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Microneedles are highly sought after for medicinal and cosmetic applications. However, the current manufacturing process for microneedles remains complicated, hindering its applicability to a broader variety of applications. As diffraction lithography has been recently reported as a simple method for fabricating solid microneedles, this paper presents the experimental validation of the use of ultraviolet light diffraction to control the liquid-to-solid transition of photosensitive resin to define the microneedle shape. The shapes of the resultant microneedles were investigated utilizing the primary experimental parameters including the photopattern size, ultraviolet light intensity, and the exposure time. Our fabrication results indicated that the fabricated microneedles became taller and larger in general when the experimental parameters were increased. Additionally, our investigation revealed four unique crosslinked resin morphologies during the first growth of the microneedle: microlens, first harmonic, first bell-tip, and second harmonic shapes. Additionally, by tilting the light exposure direction, a novel inclined microneedle array was fabricated for the first time. The fabricated microneedles were characterized with skin insertion and force-displacement tests. This experimental study enables the shapes and mechanical properties of the microneedles to be predicted in advance for mass production and wide practical use for biomedical or cosmetic applications.

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Yang, Yuqian, Zhiqing Xiao, Lexin Sun, Zitao Feng, Zejingqiu Chen, and Weijin Guo. "Facile Fabrication of Silk Fibroin/Off-Stoichiometry Thiol-Ene (OSTE) Microneedle Array Patches." Micromachines 14, no. 2 (February 4, 2023): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020388.

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Microneedles have been used in various applications in biomedical engineering, including drug delivery, biosensing, and vaccine delivery. In this study, we develop a novel protocol to fabricate silk fibroin/off-stoichiometry thiol-ene (OSTE) hybrid microneedle array patches. Silk fibroin, as a natural biomaterial, has been proven to be suitable as a drug carrier. Firstly, drug (we use insulin in this experiment) dissolved in silk fibroin solution is deposited on a microneedle mold and dried thoroughly. After that, silk fibroin needle tips are formed on the OSTE base by replica molding. We investigated the influence of the silk fibroin concentration on the length of silk needle tips and found that the silk concentration had a small influence on the tip length. We also tested the mechanical strength of the microneedles by inserting them into gelatin gel for dummy drug delivery tests. Such composite structures have the potential to increase the delivery efficiency by delivering the whole silk tip into the dermis.

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Chen, Dongyu, Yu Zhang, Xiaoke Chen, Qiyao He, Tianwei Wu, Xiaoping Cao, Jing Liu, and Xueqiu You. "Hydrogel-Crosslinked Microneedles Based on Microwave-Assisted Drying Method." Advances in Polymer Technology 2022 (September 8, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2220918.

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We present a method and several applications for the synthesis of hydrogel-crosslinked microneedle arrays utilizing microwave-assisted drying, ensuring a significant reduction in reaction preparation time while maintaining quality. We demonstrate the feasibility of drying hydrogels using microwaves and thus extend to crosslinked microneedle fabrication. Crosslinking was performed using 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) as a crosslinking agent. Infrared spectra of the microneedle arrays were measured with attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). The surface morphology of the microneedle arrays was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microneedle arrays were evaluated in terms of mechanical strength, swelling kinetics, rheological properties, degradation rate, and glucose iontophoresis. The results show that this method can shorten the reaction preparation time by 5 hours, and the prepared crosslinked microneedle array has better crosslinking efficiency, swelling effect, and greater mechanical strength than traditional methods.

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Sadeq, Zainab A. "Microneedle Array Patches: Characterization and in -vitro Evaluation." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 30, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol30iss1pp66-75.

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Patch in transdermal drug delivery(TDDS) used to overcome the hypodermic drawback, but these patch also have absorption limitation for hydrophilic and macromolecule like peptide and DNA. So that micronized projection have the ability for skin penetration developed named as microneedle. Microneedle drug delivery system is a novel drug delivery to overcome the limitation of TDDS like skin barrier restriction for large molecule. Microneedle patch can penetrate through skin subcutaneous into epidermis, avoiding nerve fiber and blood vessel contact. There are many type of microneedle patch like solid, polymer, hallow, hydrogel forming microneedle and dissolving microneedle with different method of microfabrication

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Kulkarni, Deepak, Dipak Gadade, Nutan Chapaitkar, Santosh Shelke, Sanjay Pekamwar, Rushikesh Aher, Ankita Ahire, et al. "Polymeric Microneedles: An Emerging Paradigm for Advanced Biomedical Applications." Scientia Pharmaceutica 91, no. 2 (May 31, 2023): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/scipharm91020027.

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Microneedles are gaining popularity as a new paradigm in the area of transdermal drug delivery for biomedical and healthcare applications. Efficient drug delivery with minimal invasion is the prime advantage of microneedles. The concept of the microneedle array provides an extensive surface area for efficient drug delivery. Various types of inorganics (silicon, ceramic, metal, etc.) and polymeric materials are used for the fabrication of microneedles. The polymeric microneedles have various advantages over other microneedles fabricated using inorganic material, such as biocompatibility, biodegradation, and non-toxicity. The wide variety of polymers used in microneedle fabrication can provide a broad scope for drug delivery and other biomedical applications. Multiple metallic and polymeric microneedles can be functionalized by polymer coatings for various biomedical applications. The fabrication of polymeric microneedles is shifting from conventional to advanced 3D and 4D printing technology. The multifaceted biomedical applications of polymeric microneedles include drug delivery, vaccine delivery, biosensing, and diagnostic applications. Here, we provide the overview of the current and advanced information on polymers used for fabrication, the selection criteria for polymers, biomedical applications, and the regulatory perspective of polymer-based and polymer-coated microneedles, along with a patent scenario.

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Satti, Afraiz Tariq, Jinsoo Park, Jangwoong Park, Hansang Kim, and Sungbo Cho. "Fabrication of Parylene-Coated Microneedle Array Electrode for Wearable ECG Device." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 5183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185183.

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Microneedle array electrodes (MNE) showed immense potential for the sensitive monitoring of the bioelectric signals by penetrating the stratum corneum with high electrical impedance. In this paper, we introduce a rigid parylene coated microneedle electrode array and portable electrocardiography (ECG) circuit for monitoring of ECG reducing the motion artifacts. The developed MNE showed stability and durability for dynamic and long-term ECG monitoring in comparison to the typical silver-silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) wet electrodes. The microneedles showed no mechanical failure under the compression force up-to 16 N, but successful penetration of skin tissue with a low insertion force of 5 N. The electrical characteristics of the fabricated MNE were characterized by impedance spectroscopy with equivalent circuit model. The designed wearable wireless ECG monitoring device with MNE proved feasibility of the ECG recording which reduces the noise of movement artifacts during dynamic behaviors.

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Sarabi, Misagh Rezapour, Abdollah Ahmadpour, Ali K. Yetisen, and Savas Tasoglu. "Finger-Actuated Microneedle Array for Sampling Body Fluids." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 5329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125329.

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The application of microneedles (MNs) for minimally invasive biological fluid sampling is rapidly emerging, offering a user-friendly approach with decreased insertion pain and less harm to the tissues compared to conventional needles. Here, a finger-powered microneedle array (MNA) integrated with a microfluidic chip was conceptualized to extract body fluid samples. Actuated by finger pressure, the microfluidic device enables an efficient approach for the user to collect their own body fluids in a simple and fast manner without the requirement for a healthcare worker. The processes for extracting human blood and interstitial fluid (ISF) from the body and the flow across the device, estimating the amount of the extracted fluid, were simulated. The design in this work can be utilized for the minimally invasive personalized medical equipment offering a simple usage procedure.

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Li, Yan, and Pei Yu Zhang. "Study on Mechanical Properties for Modeling and Simulation of Microneedles for Medical Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 454 (October 2013): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.454.86.

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A MEMS Microneedle Array was modeled, designed and simulated. The mechanical properties of the microneedle structure were theoretically analyzed including analysis of fracture strength and distribution of von mises stress. The conditions of initial insertion and after initial insertion were considered. The detail linear and nonlinear buckling analyses on needle structure were also presented. Two modes of buckling were come to and discussed. The fabrication of microneedle array was simulated by employing Intellisuate and bi-mask technique. The microneedle array can be used in microsystem for in-vivo fluid sampling and drug delivery.

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Smith, Scott M., Abha Kumari, Thiago Reis, Yoon-Tae Kang, and Sunitha Nagrath. "Abstract 3297: Deep reactive ion etched microneedle array for in-vivo melanoma cancer monitoring via cancer exosome isolation." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (April 4, 2023): 3297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3297.

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Abstract This study reports a deep-reactive-ion-etched microneedle device (ExoNeedle chip) coated with a hybrid hydrogel that can directly capture cancer-associated extracellular vesicles (EVs) in interstitial fluid (ISF) in a minimally invasive manner, as opposed to conventional liquid biopsy methods involving sample extraction and EV isolation in-vitro or tissue biopsies for melanoma. Tumor derived EVs give insight into a tumor’s mutational burden and provide both prognostic and diagnostic value as a liquid biopsy tool. Melanoma is an aggressive cancer with a lack of promising markers for early detection, onset of metastasis, and monitoring of recurrence. The ExoNeedle chip is intended to pierce through the epidermis and parts of the dermis to isolate melanoma secreted EVs from the ISF to alleviate these unmet needs. The microneedle arrays were created through the Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) process and a subsequent wet etching step to sharpen the needles. A 4 inch silicon wafer spin coated with 3 microns of positive photoresist was lithographically patterned and etched by DRIE using the standard Bosch processes to expose arrays of cylindrical pillars. Next, the cylindrical features were sharpened using an isotropic wet etch consisting of a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acid. The microneedle arrays were made and cleaved into individual patches. Meanwhile, hybrid hydrogel solution was made from Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and alginate by dissolving each of them separately in water under heat, followed by mixing the solutions. After centrifuging and filtering the hydrogel, it was conjugated with Annexin V (Av) protein to give it affinity for cancerous exosomes. Lastly, this hydrogel complex was added onto the microneedle patches and gelated with the help of a humidifier that deposited Ca2+ ion vapor over the hydrogel. The microneedles were first optimized and validated using melanoma cell line secreted EVs. Melanoma EVs were successfully isolated and quantified to evaluate the efficacy of the microneedle patches yielding above an 80% capture efficiency from purified serum samples. The microneedle patches were DiO stained, fluorescently imaged, visualized in a scanning electron microscope, and protein concentration was determined respectfully. Additionally, the functional hydrogel coatings on the microneedles are dissolved in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), subsequently unbinding EVs from Av due to EDTA-based Ca2+ chelation. The dissolved solution is then used for enumeration and quantification of EVs by nanoparticle tracking analysis. We are further validating these patches in skin mimicking models and patient derived xenograft models of melanoma. The technology developed in this study for the isolation of melanoma EVs can broadly pave the way for minimally invasive point of care cancer diagnostics and tracking for melanoma patients. Citation Format: Scott M. Smith, Abha Kumari, Thiago Reis, Yoon-Tae Kang, Sunitha Nagrath. Deep reactive ion etched microneedle array for in-vivo melanoma cancer monitoring via cancer exosome isolation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3297.

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Wu, Tianwei, Xueqiu You, and Zhong Chen. "Hollow Microneedles on a Paper Fabricated by Standard Photolithography for the Screening Test of Prediabetes." Sensors 22, no. 11 (June 2, 2022): 4253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114253.

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Microneedle (MN) is a novel technique of the biomedical engineering field because of its ability to evaluate bioinformation via minimal invasion. One of the urgent requirements for ground-breaking health care monitoring is persistent monitoring. Hollow microneedles are extremely attractive to extract skin interstitial fluid (ISF) for analysis, which makes them perfect for sensing biomarkers and facilitating diagnosis. Nevertheless, its intricate fabrication process has hampered its extensive application. The present research demonstrates an easy one-step preparation approach for hollow MNs on the foundation of the refraction index variations of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) in the process of photopolymerization. The fabricated hollow microneedle exhibited ideal mechanical characteristics to penetrate the skin. Hydrodynamic simulations showed that the liquid was risen in a hollow microneedle by capillary force. Furthermore, a paper-based glucose sensor was integrated with the hollow microneedle. We also observed that the MN array smoothly extracted ISF in vitro and in vivo by capillary action. The outcomes displayed the applicability of the MN patch to persistent blood glucose (GLU) monitoring, diagnosis-related tests for patients and pre-diabetic individuals.

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23

Chien, Ming-Nan, Yu-Jen Chen, Chin-Han Bai, and Jung-Tung Huang. "Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Based on Percutaneous Microneedle Array." Micromachines 13, no. 3 (March 20, 2022): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13030478.

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A continuous blood glucose monitoring system (CGMS) which include a microneedle-array blood glucose sensor, a circuit module, and a transmission module placed in a wearable device is developed in this research. When in use, the wearable device is attached to the human body with the microneedle array inserted under the skin for continuous blood glucose sensing, and the measured signals are transmitted wirelessly to a mobile phone or computer for analysis. The purpose of this study is to replace the conventionally used method of puncture for blood collection and test strips are used to measure the blood glucose signals. The microneedle sensor of this CGMS uses a 1 mm length needle in a 3 mm × 3 mm microneedle array for percutaneous minimally invasive blood glucose measurement. This size of microneedle does not cause bleeding damage to the body when used. The microneedle sensor is placed under the skin and their solutions are discussed. The blood glucose sensor measured the in vitro simulant fluid with a glucose concentration range of 50~400 mg/dL. In addition, a micro-transfer method is developed to accurately deposit the enzyme onto the tip of the microneedle, after which cyclic voltammetry (CV) is used to measure the glucose simulation solution to verify whether the difference in the amount of enzyme on each microneedle is less than 10%. Finally, various experiments and analyses are carried out to reduce the size of the device, test effective durability (approximately 7 days), and the feasibility of minimally invasive CGMS is evaluated by tests on two persons.

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24

Yu, Wenqian, Junfeng Gu, Zheng Li, Shilun Ruan, Biaosong Chen, Changyu Shen, Ly James Lee, and Xinyu Wang. "Study on the Influence of Microinjection Molding Processing Parameters on Replication Quality of Polylactic Acid Microneedle Array Product." Polymers 15, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051199.

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Biodegradable microneedles with a drug delivery channel have enormous potential for consumers, including use in chronic disease, vaccines, and beauty applications, due to being painless and scarless. This study designed a microinjection mold to fabricate a biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) in-plane microneedle array product. In order to ensure that the microcavities could be well filled before production, the influences of the processing parameters on the filling fraction were investigated. The results indicated that the PLA microneedle can be filled under fast filling, higher melt temperature, higher mold temperature, and higher packing pressure, although the dimensions of the microcavities were much smaller than the base portion. We also observed that the side microcavities filled better than the central ones under certain processing parameters. However, this does not mean that the side microcavities filled better than the central ones. The central microcavity was filled when the side microcavities were not, under certain conditions in this study. The final filling fraction was determined by the combination of all parameters, according to the analysis of a 16 orthogonal latin hypercube sampling analysis. This analysis also showed the distribution in any two-parameter space as to whether the product was filled entirely or not. Finally, the microneedle array product was fabricated according to the investigation in this study.

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25

Rajput, Amarjitsing, Riyaz Ali M. Osmani, Achyut Khire, Sanket Jaiswal, and Rinti Banerjee. "Levonorgestrel Microneedle Array Patch for Sustained Release Contraception: Formulation, Optimization and In Vivo Characterization." Molecules 27, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 2349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072349.

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Background: The goal of this work was to develop a levonorgestrel liposome-loaded microneedle array patch for contraception. Methods: Levonorgestrel-loaded liposome was formulated by a solvent injection technique, characterized, and studied. Results: The formulated liposomes were characterized for particle size (147 ± 8 nm), polydispersity index (0.207 ± 0.03), zeta potential (−23 ± 4.25 mV), drug loading (18 ± 3.22%) and entrapment efficiency (85 ± 4.34%). A cryo high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and cryo field emission gun scanning electron microscopy study showed spherical shaped particles with a smooth surface. The in vitro drug release and in vivo pharmacokinetic study showed sustained behaviour of Levonorgestrel for 28 days. Conclusion: The levonorgestrel liposome-loaded microneedle array patch showed better contraception than the drug-loaded microneedle array patch.

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26

Qian, Min, Di Ma, Xiaoqi Zhao, Wanxu Guo, and Yunfeng Zhang. "A novel fast-releasing formulation containing curcumin and anti-microbial peptide-encapsulated transdermal hydrogels into microneedles to reduce inflammation in the therapy of neonatal sepsis." Materials Express 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 1101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2021.1893.

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Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal mortality worldwide. Typically, intramuscular injections of gentamycin and vancomycin have been the preferred treatment for sepsis. The use of these drug molecules has many complications because of some side effects, proper dosage calculations, and harmless injection supply. In the present study, we developed new combinations of therapeutic drug molecules containing anti-inflammatory curcumin with bioactive antimicrobial peptides (AMP). We designed and developed a biocompatible and thermally responsive chitosan/polyacrylamide polymeric microneedle array to deliver AMP/curcumin nanoparticles (Nano-Cur) transdermally. The prepared drug-loaded microneedles were investigated for their chemical and morphological structure, in vitro insertion, and transdermal drug release. This investigation established that AMP/Nano-Cur-loaded microneedles have potential effects in sepsis treatment.

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27

Bollella, P., S. Sharma, A. E. G. Cass, and R. Antiochia. "Transdermal Microneedle Array-Based Biosensor for Real Time Simultaneous Lactate and Glucose Monitoring." Proceedings 15, no. 1 (August 28, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019015042.

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Microneedle arrays for minimally invasive continuous sensing in the dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) have been demonstrated in both amperometric [1,2] and potentiometric [3] modes, however there are no publication where microneedle arrays have been shown to function as second generation biosensors [4]. […]

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28

Chien, Ming-Nan, Shih-Hao Fan, Chi-Huang Huang, Chien-Chen Wu, and Jung-Tung Huang. "Continuous Lactate Monitoring System Based on Percutaneous Microneedle Array." Sensors 22, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041468.

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Lactate measurement is important in the fields of sports and medicine. Lactate accumulation can seriously affect an athlete’s performance. The most common problem caused by lactate accumulation in athletes is muscle soreness due to excessive exercise. Moreover, from a medical viewpoint, lactate is one of the main prognostic factors of sepsis. Currently, blood sampling is the most common approach to lactate measurement for lactate sensing, and continuous measurement is not available. In this study, a low-cost continuous lactate monitoring system (CLMS) is developed based on a percutaneous microneedle array that uses a three-electrode lactate sensor. The working electrode has an area of 10 mm × 6 mm, including a 3 × 3 array of stainless-steel microneedles. The length, width, and thickness of each needle are 1 mm, 0.44 mm, and 0.03 mm, respectively. The working electrode is then plated with gold, polyaniline, lactate enzyme, Nafion, and Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly HEMA). The reference electrode is a 2 × 1 array covered with AgCl, and the counter electrode is a 2 × 1 array plated with gold. The sensor is incorporated into the CLMS and connected to a smartphone application and the cloud. The CLMS was tested on 40 human subjects who rode indoor bicycles, starting at 100 W and increasing in steps of 25 W at intervals of 5 min until exhaustion. The data acquired from the app connected to the CLMS were analyzed to determine the subjects’ lactate response to exercise and the feasibility of assessing exercise performance and training exercise intensity by using the proposed system.

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29

Terashima, Shingo, Chikako Tatsukawa, Tomokazu Takahashi, Masato Suzuki, and Seiji Aoyagi. "Fabrication of hyaluronic acid hollow microneedle array." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 59, SI (March 6, 2020): SIIJ03. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ab7312.

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30

SHIBATA, Takayuki, Norio YOSHIDA, Takahiro KAWASHIMA, Yoshiaki MIZUKAMI, Osamu HORIUCHI, Takashi MINETA, and Eiji MAKINO. "Development of Microneedle Array for Cell Surgery." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, Contributed Papers 72, no. 12 (2006): 1520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jspe.72.1520.

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31

Ji, Jing, Francis E. H. Tay, and Jianmin Miao. "Microfabricated hollow microneedle array using ICP etcher." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 34 (April 1, 2006): 1132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/34/1/187.

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32

Choi, Seong-O., Yeu Chun Kim, Jung-Hwan Park, Joshua Hutcheson, Harvinder S. Gill, Yong-Kyu Yoon, Mark R. Prausnitz, and Mark G. Allen. "An electrically active microneedle array for electroporation." Biomedical Microdevices 12, no. 2 (December 12, 2009): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10544-009-9381-x.

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33

Kochhar, Jaspreet Singh, Ten Cheer Quek, Wei Jun Soon, Jaewoong Choi, Shui Zou, and Lifeng Kang. "Effect of Microneedle Geometry and Supporting Substrate on Microneedle Array Penetration into Skin." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 102, no. 11 (November 2013): 4100–4108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.23724.

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34

Mishra, Rupesh K., A. M. Vinu Mohan, Fernando Soto, Robert Chrostowski, and Joseph Wang. "A microneedle biosensor for minimally-invasive transdermal detection of nerve agents." Analyst 142, no. 6 (2017): 918–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6an02625g.

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35

Liu, Liming, Hiroyuki Kai, Kuniaki Nagamine, Yudai Ogawa, and Matsuhiko Nishizawa. "Porous polymer microneedles with interconnecting microchannels for rapid fluid transport." RSC Advances 6, no. 54 (2016): 48630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra07882f.

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36

Wei, Zewen, Shuquan Zheng, Renxin Wang, Xiangli Bu, Huailei Ma, Yidi Wu, Ling Zhu, Zhiyuan Hu, Zicai Liang, and Zhihong Li. "A flexible microneedle array as low-voltage electroporation electrodes for in vivo DNA and siRNA delivery." Lab Chip 14, no. 20 (2014): 4093–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4lc00800f.

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37

Nagra, Uzair, Kashif Barkat, Muhammad U. Ashraf, and Maryam Shabbir. "Feasibility of Enhancing Skin Permeability of Acyclovir through Sterile Topical Lyophilized Wafer on Self-Dissolving Microneedle-Treated Skin." Dose-Response 20, no. 2 (April 2022): 155932582210975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15593258221097594.

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Acyclovir is an antiviral drug that is frequently prescribed for the herpes virus. However, the drug requires frequent dosing due to limited bioavailability (10–26.7%). The rationale of the present study was to develop a self-dissolving microneedle system for local and systemic delivery of acyclovir using a topical lyophilized wafer on microneedle-treated skin to provide the drug at the site of infection. The microneedles prepared with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) (8% w/w) or HPMC (8% w/w)-polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) (30% w/w) penetrated excised rat skin, showing sufficient mechanical strength and rapid polymer dissolution. The topical wafer was prepared with acyclovir (40% w/w; equivalent to 200 mg of drug), gelatin (10% w/w), mannitol (5% w/w), and sodium chloride (5% w/w). The uniform distribution of acyclovir within the wafer in an amorphous form was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). No polymer–drug interaction was evident in the lyophilized wafer as per Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The wafer showed a sufficiently porous structure for rapid hydration as per scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. During ex-vivo analysis, the skin was pre-treated with a self-dissolving microneedle array for 5 minutes, and the wafer was placed on this microporated-skin. Topical wafer provided ∼7–11 times higher skin concentration than the ID99 reported with a lower lag-time. Based on in-vivo testing, ∼2.58 µg/ml of Cmax was achieved in rabbit plasma during 24 hours’ study. Our findings suggest that the self-dissolving microneedle-assisted topical wafer, proposed for the first time, would be efficacious against the infection residing in the skin layer and for systemic therapy.

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38

Chen, Guojun, Jicheng Yu, and Zhen Gu. "Glucose-Responsive Microneedle Patches for Diabetes Treatment." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296818778607.

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Antidiabetic therapeutics, including insulin as well as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and its analogs, are essential for people with diabetes to regulate their blood glucose levels. Nevertheless, conventional treatments based on hypodermic administration is commonly associated with poor blood glucose control, a lack of patient compliance, and a high risk of hypoglycemia. Closed-loop drug delivery strategies, also known as self-regulated administration, which can intelligently govern the drug release kinetics in response to the fluctuation in blood glucose levels, show tremendous promise in diabetes therapy. In the meantime, the advances in the development and use of microneedle (MN)-array patches for transdermal drug delivery offer an alternative method to conventional hypodermic administration. Hence, glucose-responsive MN-array patches for the treatment of diabetes have attracted increasing attentions in recent years. This review summarizes recent advances in glucose-responsive MN-array patch systems. Their opportunities and challenges for clinical translation are also discussed.

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39

Li, Yan, Dawei Zhang, and Peiyu Zhang. "Study on transdermal drug delivery with microneedle array." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 768 (March 31, 2020): 052113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/768/5/052113.

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40

Ji, Jing, Francis Eh Tay, Jianmin Miao, and Ciprian Iliescu. "Microfabricated Silicon Microneedle Array for Transdermal Drug Delivery." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 34 (April 1, 2006): 1127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/34/1/186.

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41

Kim, Moonseok, Jeesoo An, Ki Su Kim, Myunghwan Choi, Matjaž Humar, Sheldon J. J. Kwok, Tianhong Dai, and Seok Hyun Yun. "Optical lens-microneedle array for percutaneous light delivery." Biomedical Optics Express 7, no. 10 (September 21, 2016): 4220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.7.004220.

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42

Vora, Lalit K., Kurtis Moffatt, Ismaiel A. Tekko, Alejandro J. Paredes, Fabiana Volpe-Zanutto, Deepakkumar Mishra, Ke Peng, Raghu Raj Singh Thakur, and Ryan F. Donnelly. "Microneedle array systems for long-acting drug delivery." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 159 (February 2021): 44–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.12.006.

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43

Howells, Olivia, Natasha Rajendran, Sarah Mcintyre, Sara Amini‐Asl, Pauline Henri, Yufei Liu, Owen Guy, Anthony E. G. Cass, May C. Morris, and Sanjiv Sharma. "Microneedle Array‐Based Platforms for Future Theranostic Applications." ChemBioChem 20, no. 17 (June 24, 2019): 2198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900112.

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44

Duong, Huu Thuy Trang, Yue Yin, Thavasyappan Thambi, Bong Sup Kim, Ji Hoon Jeong, and Doo Sung Lee. "Highly potent intradermal vaccination by an array of dissolving microneedle polypeptide cocktails for cancer immunotherapy." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 6 (2020): 1171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tb02175b.

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We propose an array of dissolving microneedle cocktails, composed of a bioresorbable polypeptide matrix, for pain-free implantation and triggered release of vaccines and adjuvants to elicit strong immunogenicity.

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45

Li, Yi Gui, and Susumu Sugiyama. "Fabrication of Hollow Microneedle Arrays Based on Special X-Ray Exposure." Advanced Materials Research 662 (February 2013): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.95.

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Two methods for fabricating hollow micro needle arrays have been described. One method is that fabricating hollow micro needle array based on double X-ray exposures-----one exposure is normal X-ray exposure with X-ray mask and the other is X-ray exposure without X-ray mask. The other method is based on moving mask X-ray exposures plus an alignment X-ray exposure. The feasibilities for the hollow micro needle arrays were demonstrated by fabricating 25 micro needles in a 5x5 mm2 polymer chip.

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46

Sun, Xuetong, Wenwen Ji, Bei Zhang, Lijuan Ma, Wenjuan Fu, Wenhui Qian, Xiangying Zhang, et al. "A theranostic microneedle array patch for integrated glycemia sensing and self-regulated release of insulin." Biomaterials Science 10, no. 5 (2022): 1209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1bm01834e.

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47

Li, Zhilin, Yingju He, Li Deng, Zhi-Rong Zhang, and Yunzhu Lin. "Correction: A fast-dissolving microneedle array loaded with chitosan nanoparticles to evoke systemic immune responses in mice." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 3 (2020): 578–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tb90179e.

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Correction for ‘A fast-dissolving microneedle array loaded with chitosan nanoparticles to evoke systemic immune responses in mice’ by Zhilin Li et al., J. Mater. Chem. B, 2020, DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02061f.

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48

Samant, Pradnya P., Megan M. Niedzwiecki, Nicholas Raviele, Vilinh Tran, Juan Mena-Lapaix, Douglas I. Walker, Eric I. Felner, Dean P. Jones, Gary W. Miller, and Mark R. Prausnitz. "Sampling interstitial fluid from human skin using a microneedle patch." Science Translational Medicine 12, no. 571 (November 25, 2020): eaaw0285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw0285.

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Tissue interstitial fluid (ISF) surrounds cells and is an underutilized source of biomarkers that complements conventional sources such as blood and urine. However, ISF has received limited attention due largely to lack of simple collection methods. Here, we developed a minimally invasive, microneedle-based method to sample ISF from human skin that was well tolerated by participants. Using a microneedle patch to create an array of micropores in skin coupled with mild suction, we sampled ISF from 21 human participants and identified clinically relevant and sometimes distinct biomarkers in ISF when compared to companion plasma samples based on mass spectrometry analysis. Many biomarkers used in research and current clinical practice were common to ISF and plasma. Because ISF does not clot, these biomarkers could be continuously monitored in ISF similar to current continuous glucose monitors but without requiring an indwelling subcutaneous sensor. Biomarkers distinct to ISF included molecules associated with systemic and dermatological physiology, as well as exogenous compounds from environmental exposures. We also determined that pharmacokinetics of caffeine in healthy adults and pharmacodynamics of glucose in children and young adults with diabetes were similar in ISF and plasma. Overall, these studies provide a minimally invasive method to sample dermal ISF using microneedles and demonstrate human ISF as a source of biomarkers that may enable research and translation for future clinical applications.

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49

Joshi, Pratik, Parand R. Riley, Rupesh Mishra, Sina Azizi Machekposhti, and Roger Narayan. "Transdermal Polymeric Microneedle Sensing Platform for Fentanyl Detection in Biofluid." Biosensors 12, no. 4 (March 27, 2022): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12040198.

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Opioid drugs are extremely potent synthetic analytes, and their abuse is common around the world. Hence, a rapid and point-of-need device is necessary to assess the presence of this compound in body fluid so that a timely countermeasure can be provided to the exposed individuals. Herein, we present an attractive microneedle sensing platform for the detection of the opioid drug fentanyl in real serum samples using an electrochemical detection method. The device contained an array of pyramidal microneedle structures that were integrated with platinum (Pt) and silver (Ag) wires, each with a microcavity opening. The working sensor was modified by graphene ink and subsequently with 4 (3-Butyl-1-imidazolio)-1-butanesulfonate) ionic liquid. The microneedle sensor showed direct oxidation of fentanyl in liquid samples with a detection limit of 27.8 μM by employing a highly sensitive square-wave voltammetry technique. The resulting microneedle-based sensing platform displayed an interference-free fentanyl detection in diluted serum without conceding its sensitivity, stability, and response time. The obtained results revealed that the microneedle sensor holds considerable promise for point-of-need fentanyl detection and opens additional opportunities for detecting substances of abuse in emergencies.

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50

Wilke, N., C. Hibert, J. O’Brien, and A. Morrissey. "Silicon microneedle electrode array with temperature monitoring for electroporation." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 123-124 (September 2005): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2005.05.017.

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