Дисертації з теми "Microhardness of steel"
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Rose, Scott Anthony. "The Effect of Cooling Rate of Friction Stir Welded High Strength Low Alloy Steel." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4181.
Повний текст джерелаMecelis, Guilherme Rosati. "Caracterização mecânica e microestrutural de aços microligados processados industrialmente /." Ilha Solteira, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151453.
Повний текст джерелаResumo: Os aços microligados são materiais já tradicionais e muito versáteis por suas propriedades mecânicas superiores, sendo sua evolução diretamente ligada com a otimização da composição química e do processamento termomecânico. É um tipo de aço que apresenta uma microestrutura refinada, alta resistência mecânica, boa usinabilidade e soldabilidade e tem substituído aços comuns por atingir essas propriedades mecânicas a partir de processos de fabricação mais baratos. Os aços estudados são comerciais, apresentam limite de escoamento entre 419 MPa e 646 MPa e grãos ferríticos finos com tamanhos inferiores a 3,70 μm. Neste trabalho são investigadas chapas industriais produzidas por laminação controlada, visando analisar a correlação entre a microestrutura ferrítico-perlítica e as propriedades mecânicas encontradas nas diferentes secções longitudinal, transversal e normal da chapa laminada. As diferenças entre as diferentes secções não são bem exploradas atualmente, então este estudo contribui para uma melhor compreensão da anisotropia introduzida pelo processamento termomecânico industrial. Foram feitas correlações entre as propriedades, confirmando a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as secções, constatando que esses aços podem apresentar variações em suas propriedades de acordo com a secção de análise adotada. Foi confirmada a correlação de Hall-Petch nos aços estudados, e a influência dos mecanismos de endurecimento foi avaliada para estes materiais.
Abstract: Microalloyed steels are traditional materials and very versatile due to their superior mechanical properties, being its evolution directly linked with an optimization of the chemical composition and the thermomechanical processing. It is a type of steel that has a fine microstructure, high mechanical strength, good machinability and weldability, and has substituted common steels for achieving these mechanical properties with a cheaper manufacturing process. The studied steels are commercial and have yield strength between 419 MPa and 646 MPa and fine ferritic grains with size smaller than 3.70 μm. In this work are investigated industrial plates produced by controlled lamination, aiming to analyze the correlations between ferrit-perlitic microstructure and the mechanical properties found in the different sections of the hot rolled plate (longitudinal, transverse and normal). The differences between the different sections are not well explored, so this study contributes to a better understanding of the anisotropy introduced by industrial thermomechanical processing. Correlations were made between the properties, confirming the existence of significant differences between the different sections, finding that these steels may show different properties according to the section of analysis adopted. The Hall-Petch correlation was confirmed in the studied steels, and the influence of the hardening mechanisms was also evaluated.
Mestre
Pessoa, AntÃnio Rodolfo Paulino. "Welding on UNS S32750 superduplex stainless steel plates employed FCAW process." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14415.
Повний текст джерелаSuperduplex stainless steels (SDSS) may be defined as a family of steels having a two-phase ferritic-austenitic microstructure and the good mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance of this alloy are attributed to this microestrutural balance. These excellent qualities attribute to SDSS great employability in the oil sector, where manufacturing and equipment maintenance are performed by welding, which if not executed properly, can have a negative effect on the metallurgical properties and this problem becomes more critical in multipass welding due to repeated thermal cycles. Among the several welding processes employed in the welding of SDSS, fell to this work was to evaluate the FCAW process in multipass welding joints of SDSS UNS S32750, regarding the selection of appropriate welding parameters and the influence of these parameters on microstructural transformations, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of welded joints. Then, this work was divided into three steps: Stage 1 was the characterization of the base metal in as-received condition. In Stage 2, weldings were accomplished using a bead on plate (BOP) technique to determine the control factors and their levels to be used in the subsequent stage, in which an experimental design was conducted by Taguchi method with Alloy, Stick out, Shielding gas, welding gun orientation, Arc oscillation, Energy technique and Heat input used as control factors and quality characteristics were evaluated the ratio R/L, bead penetration, ferrite content and inclusions content and microhardness. Finally, in Stage 3 were performed multipass welding in joints and afterwards was executed: A microstructural characterization in three regions of Fusion Zone (Root, Filler and Cap) and Heat Affected Zone by Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and were also performed a measurement of the ferrite content; measurement of inclusions content; microhardness tests and Critical Temperature Pitting (CPT) tests according to ASTM G150. The results showed, ferrite contents ranging from 44% and 54.9% and their highest values were observed when employed the alloy 2507, heat input of 1.6 kJ/mm and pulsed current. The lowest inclusions contents were obtained by using of shielding gas with the mixture of 96%Ar + 4%CO2 (Stage 2) and heat input of 1,6kJ/mm (Stage 3). The microhardness values in FZ of joints were not affected significantly by any of the control factors. Already, the results of CPT tests showed that pits nucleated preferentially within α, at α/γ grain boundaries and at interfaces areas between large diameter inclusions and the metallic matrix and propagated predominantly into α phase. The CPT values ranging from 47 ÂC to 78 ÂC, with highest were obtained for the alloy 2507, heat input of 1.6 kJ/mm and continuous current into Root region and for the alloy 2507, heat input of 1.6 kJ/mm and the pulsed current in Filler and Cap regions. From the three regions of FZs, the Root showed the best results with no defects, satisfactory ferrite contents, lowest inclusions contents and highest CPT values.
Os aÃos inoxidÃveis superduplex (AISDs) possuem uma microestrutura bifÃsica constituÃda por ferrita (α) e austenita (γ) e quando devidamente balanceadas conferem ao material, boas propriedades mecÃnicas e elevada resistÃncia à corrosÃo. Qualidades que atribuem aos AISDs grande empregabilidade no setor petrolÃfero, onde a fabricaÃÃo e manutenÃÃo de equipamentos sÃo realizadas por soldagem e se executada inadequadamente, pode afetar negativamente as propriedades destes aÃos, o que se torna mais crÃtico quando hà a imposiÃÃo de inÃmeros ciclos tÃrmicos durante uma soldagem multipasse. Dentre os inÃmeros processos de soldagem utilizados na soldagem dos AISDS, coube a este trabalho avaliar o processo arame tubular na soldagem multipasse em juntas do AISD UNS S32750, levando em consideraÃÃo a seleÃÃo dos parÃmetros de soldagem adequados, bem como a influÃncia destes parÃmetros nas alteraÃÃes microestruturais, microdureza e resistÃncia à corrosÃo das juntas soldadas. Desta forma, dividiu-se este trabalho em trÃs etapas: A Etapa 1 consistiu na caracterizaÃÃo do metal de base na condiÃÃo como recebido. Jà na Etapa 2 foram realizadas soldagens por simples deposiÃÃo para selecionar os fatores de controle e seus nÃveis a serem utilizados na etapa posterior, e o planejamento experimental foi realizado pelo mÃtodo Taguchi com a Liga, GÃs, DBCP, TÃcnica da Tocha, Tecimento, TÃcnica de Energia e Energia foram utilizados como fatores de controle e como variÃveis de resposta escolheu-se a razÃo R/L, a penetraÃÃo, a fraÃÃo de ferrita, a fraÃÃo das inclusÃes e a microdureza. E por fim, na Etapa 3 foram realizadas soldagens multipasse em juntas e posteriormente efetuou-se: uma caracterizaÃÃo microestrutural em trÃs regiÃes da Zona Fundida (Raiz, Enchimento e Acabamento) e Zona Afetada pelo Calor atravÃs de Microscopia Ãtica (MO) e Microscopia EletrÃnica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva de Raios X (EDS); quantificaÃÃo da fraÃÃo de ferrita; quantificaÃÃo da fraÃÃo das inclusÃes; ensaios de microdureza e uma avaliaÃÃo da resistÃncia à corrosÃo por pites atravÃs dos ensaios de temperatura crÃtica de pite (CPT) seguindo a norma ASTM G150. Como resultados, obteve-se fraÃÃes de ferrita entre 44% e 54,9% com seus maiores valores observados quando utilizou-se a liga 2507, a energia de 1,6 kJ/mm e a corrente contÃnua pulsada. As menores fraÃÃes das inclusÃes foram obtidas pela utilizaÃÃo do gÃs de proteÃÃo com 96%Ar + 4%CO2 (Etapa 2) e da energia de 1,6kJ/mm (Etapa 3). As microdurezas na ZF das juntas nÃo apresentaram diferenÃas significativas. Jà os ensaios de CPT revelaram que os pites nuclearam preferencialmente no interior da α, nos contornos α/γ e nas interfaces entre inclusÃes de grande diÃmetro e a matriz metÃlica, propagando-se exclusivamente atravÃs da α. Os valores de CPT apresentaram uma faixa de 47ÂC à 78ÂC, com os maiores valores obtidos para a liga 2507, a energia de 1,6 kJ/mm e a corrente contÃnua constante na regiÃo da Raiz e nas regiÃes do Enchimento e Acabamento ao utilizar-se a liga 2507, a energia de 1,6 kJ/mm e a corrente contÃnua pulsada. Dentre as trÃs regiÃes das ZFs, a Raiz apresentou os melhores resultados com ausÃncia de defeitos, fraÃÃes de ferrita satisfatÃrias, menores fraÃÃes das inclusÃes e maiores valores de CPT.
Kivisäkk, Ulf. "Influence of hydrogen on corrosion and stress induced cracking of stainless steel." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Korrosionslära, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-12436.
Повний текст джерелаQC20100618
Balogun, Nurudeen. "The Microstructure, Tensile Deformation, Cyclic Fatigue and Final Fracture Behavior of Alloy Steel 4140 for use in CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) and Hydrogen Pressure Vessels." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1290227797.
Повний текст джерелаBertilsson, Anders. "Alternative welding methods for nitrogen alloyed steel." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-62142.
Повний текст джерелаDetta projekt undersöker möjligheten att använda trycksvetsningsmetoden friktionssvetsning som sammanfogningsmetod för det kvävelegerade pulvermetallurgiskt framställda stålet Uddeholm Vanax SuperClean. Vanax SuperClean kan inte svetsas med smältsvetsmetoder där grundmaterialet smälter, på grund av kvävgasbildning som resulterar i undermåliga svetsfogar. Kostnaden för materialet motiverar användandet av Vanax SuperClean för kritiska delar i applikationer, kombinerat med ett mindre kostsamt material till övriga delar, vilket föranleder undersökning av alternativa sammanfogningsmetoder. Vanax SuperClean friktionssvetsas mot sig själv, såväl som mot Uddeholmsstålen Stavax ESR och UHB 11. Prov tas fram för ett antal undersökningar. Mikrostruktur undersöks med mikroskopi, mikrohårdhetsprovning utförs enligt Vickersprincipen, restaustenitnivåer mäts med röntgendiffraktion och dragprovning utförs. Lyckade svetsfogar fås i alla undersökta prover, vilket visar att svetsmetoden är lämplig för Vanax SuperClean och att varken förvärmning eller långsamt svalnande av arbetsstycken krävs. Möjligheten att använda friktionsomrörningssvetsning som sammanfogningsmetod för Vanax SuperClean diskuteras.
Nunes, Everton Barbosa. "âPROPRIEDADES MECÃNICAS E CARACTERIZAÃÃO MICROESTRUTURAL NA SOLDAGEM DO AÃO INOXIDÃVEL DUPLEX UNS S31803 (SAF 2205)â." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3918.
Повний текст джерелаFundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Os aÃos inoxidÃveis duplex possuem boas propriedades mecÃnicas e excelente resistÃncia à corrosÃo, aumentando seu uso em ambientes agressivos. Estas caracterÃsticas os fazem muito utilizados principalmente na indÃstria quÃmica e petroquÃmica. Geralmente, a fabricaÃÃo e reparo destes equipamentos envolvem operaÃÃes de soldagem, sendo que à muito importante avaliar a influÃncia dos parÃmetros de soldagem multipasse no balanceamento de fases, na microestrutura e microdureza. Primeiramente, foram realizadas soldagens em aÃo ASTM A516 Gr. 60 com eletrodo revestido AWS 2209-17, empregando diversas energias, variando a velocidade e corrente de soldagem. Foi feita a caracterizaÃÃo microestrutural atravÃs de microscopia Ãptica, quantificaÃÃo do teor de ferrita utilizando ferritoscÃpio e ensaio de microdureza para avaliar o metal de solda. Posteriormente, foram selecionadas as melhores condiÃÃes da etapa anterior para soldagem do aÃo inoxidÃvel duplex UNS S31803 para avaliar o efeito da energia de soldagem no balanceamento de fases, na microestrutura e microdureza no metal de solda e ZAC. Na Ãltima etapa foram realizadas soldagens em juntas de aÃo duplex, de modo a avaliar o efeito da energia de soldagem e restriÃÃo da junta no balanceamento de fases, microestrutura, microdureza e tenacidade do metal de solda e da ZAC. Foi verificada a influÃncia da energia de soldagem no teor de ferrita, possuindo comportamentos diferentes de acordo com os parÃmetros de soldagem. As microestruturas bÃsicas da austenita formada foram alotrimÃrfica, WidmanstÃtten e intragranular. Nas regiÃes com sobreposiÃÃo de passe houve maior quantidade de austenita no metal de solda e microestrutura mais refinada na ZAC. Foi observado que quanto maior a velocidade de soldagem, maior a quantidade de WidmanstÃtten. De forma geral, foi observado menor nÃvel de microdureza no metal de solda, principalmente nas condiÃÃes com maior quantidade de austenita WidmanstÃtten. A restriÃÃo da junta soldada influenciou no balanceamento de fases e na tenacidade da ZAC. NÃo houve efeito da energia de soldagem na tenacidade do metal de solda, possuindo nÃveis menores em relaÃÃo ao material como recebido
Duplex stainless steels show good mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance. These qualities are increasing their use in aggressive environments. Thus, these characteristics make them very used in chemical and petrochemical, mainly. Generally, the manufacture and repair of any industrial equipment involve welding operations, even though it is very important to evaluate the influence of multipass welding parameters in phase balances, microstructure and microhardness. Firstly, the shielded metal arc welding in steel ASTN A516 Gr. 60 with electrode AWS 2209-17 had been carried through with many energies, varying welding speed and current. Microstructural characterization by optic microscopy, quantification of ferrite content using ferritscope and microhardness test has being performed to evaluate the weld metal. After that, the best conditions of the last stage for welding of duplex stainless steel UNS S31803 had been chosen to evaluate the effect of the welding energy in phase balances, microstructure, and microhardness in the weld metal and HAZ. In the last stage, the weldings in joint of duplex steel had been carried through, in order to evaluate the effect of the welding energy and restriction of joint in phase balances, microstructure, microhardness and toughness of the weld metal and HAZ. The influence of the welding energy in the ferrite content was checked, although the behavior was different according to variation of the welding parameters. The basic microstructures of formed austenitic were allotriomoph, WidmanstÃtten and intragranular. Regions with pass overlapping presented greater amount of austenite in the weld metal and microstructure more refined in the HAZ. It was observed that increasing welding speed, greater is the amount of WidmanstÃtten austenite. In general, the increase of the amount of WidmanstÃtten austenite decreases level of microhardness in the weld metal. The restriction of the welded joint influenced in phase balances and toughness of the HAZ. There was not effect of the welding energy on toughness of the weld metal and this region occurred higher levels in relation to material as received
Kaijalainen, A. (Antti). "Effect of microstructure on the mechanical properties and bendability of direct-quenched ultrahigh-strength steels." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526213491.
Повний текст джерелаTiivistelmä Austeniitin muokkauksen vaikutusta mikrorakenteeseen ja mekaanisiin ominaisuuksiin, erityisesti särmättävyyteen, tutkittiin suorasammutetuilla martensiittis-bainiittisilla suurlujuusnauhateräksillä. Kuumavalssauksen lopetuslämpötilan lasku kasvatti austeniitin kokonaisreduktiota ei-rekristallisaatioalueella. Mikroseostus niobilla kasvatti myös kokonaisreduktiota, kun taasen muutokset C-, Mn- ja Mo -pitoisuuksissa eivät vaikuttaneet yhtä voimakkaasti. Valssauksen lopetuslämpötilan lasku kasvatti pehmeämpien mikrorakenteiden, kuten ferriitin ja granulaarisen bainiitin, määrää nauhan pintakerroksessa. Terästen keskilinjan mikrorakenteet koostuivat pääasiassa itsepäässeestä martensiitista sekä pienestä määrästä bainiittia. Kokonaisreduktion kasvu voimisti ~{554}<225>α - ja ~{112}<110>α -tekstuurikomponentteja keskilinjalla sekä ~{112}<111>α- ja ~{110}<112>α - {110}<111>α -komponentteja nauhan pintakerroksessa. Särmättävyys oli huonompi särmän ollessa poikittain valssaussuuntaan nähden kuin pitkittäin. Pintakerroksen kovuuden kasvu heikensi särmättävyyttä. Pintakerroksen voimakas ~{112}<111>α -leikkaustekstuuri, yläbainiitin ja MA-saarekkeiden läsnä ollessa, osoittautui haitalliseksi särmän ollessa poikittain valssaussuuntaan nähden. Särmättävyyden anisotrooppisuus voidaan selittää geometrisella pehmenemisellä rakeissa, joissa kyseinen tekstuurikomponentti on voimakas. Leikkausmyötymän paikallistuminen estyy, kun pinnassa on riittävän paksu hyvän muokkauslujittumiskyvyn omaava kerros, mikä sisältää esim. ferriittiä ja granulaarista bainiittia, mutta ei ferriittiä ja yläbainiittia. Särmättävyys osoittautui pysyvän hyvänä huolimatta haitallisesta tekstuurikomponentista, kun pehmeä pintakerros ulottui noin 5 % syvyydelle levyn paksuudesta. Edellä mainitut mikrorakenteet ja hyvä särmättävyys voidaan saavuttaa suorasammutetuilla yli 900 MPa myötölujuuden nauhateräksillä yhdessä hyvän iskusitkeyden kanssa, kunhan valitaan sopiva kemiallisen koostumuksen ja valmistusparametrien yhdistelmä sekä kiinnitetään huomiota teräksen sulkeumapuhtauteen
Rozum, Jakub. "Chemicko-tepelné zpracování ocelí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417098.
Повний текст джерелаSilva, Gustavo Rodrigues da. "Caracterização magnética de aço com a superfície endurecida." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2010. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/569.
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This work investigates the magnetic properties (hysteresis loop and Barkhausen noise) in some steels (ABNT 1045, 1050 and 1548) whose surfaces had been hardened by induction. The goal was to develop a non-destructive test procedure to determine the thickness of the hardened layer, thus avoiding the need to perform (destructive) measurements of the microhardness. Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility showed a peak (ferrite) around 800 A / m and other (martensite) at around 3500 A / m. Therefore, a correlation was sought between the peak amplitude of ferrite with the thickness of hard layer on the surface. For this purpose sensors were developed to measure Barkhausen noise as well as a filter for signal processing. It was possible to correlate measurements of microhardness with some features observed in magnetic measurements, for example, the amplitude of the Barkhausen noise and magnetic field of peak Barkhausen signal. Thus, a relationship was found between the amplitude of the Barkhausen noise and the thickness of the surface layer. It would be desirable to supplement these with other measurements and suggestions for further work are detailed.
Левченко, Сергій Володимирович. "Синергічні композиції інгібіторів корозії і поверхнево-активних речовин для процесів обробки сталі". Doctoral thesis, Київ, 2020. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/38885.
Повний текст джерелаДана робота присвячена розробці технологічних рідин на основі створення синергічних сумішей інгібіторів корозії і ПАР для електроіскрового механічного методу підготовки сталевих поверхонь за допомогою електричних шліфувальних машин. Антикорозійна ефективність синергічних сумішей пасиваторів оксидної і сольової дії залежить від природи компонентів, механізму їх дії, а також від співвідношення молярних концентрацій складових в синергічних сумішах. Результати поляризаційних досліджень електрохімічної поведінки сталі показали перевагу інгібуючої ефективності синергічних композиції порівняно з ефективністю окремих компонентів, що підтверджується наявністю зони пасивації в широкому діапазоні потенціалів (0,8-1 В) і мінімального значення густини струму повної пасивації (1-2*10^-6 А/см^2), що свідчить про повний захист сталі від корозії. Показано, що зниження поверхневого натягу водних розчинів створених сумішей ПАР на межі повітря - рідина і зниження мікротвердості сталі на межі рідина-метал мають подібний характер. Введення розроблених технологічних рідин в зону обробки дозволяє знизити енергетичні витрати процесу на 30-40%, і підвищити клас чистоти поверхні на 3 і більше одиниць за рахунок ефекту пластифікації поверхні (ефект Ребіндера). Електроіскрова обробка оцинкованою щіткою дозволяє наносити на поверхню металу цинкові протектори, які разом з синергічними сумішами інгібіторів виявляють явище нададитивності, забезпечують майже стовідсотковий антикорозійний захист сталі навіть в сильно агресивних середовищах (3% NaCl), і збільшує період післяопераційного зберігання. Особливо високі показники захисту сталевих поверхонь отримано при використанні оцинкованої щітки з наступним нанесенням лакофарбового покриття, де реалізуються ефект взаємного посилення (синергізму) між протекторним електрохімічним захистом з лакофарбовим покриттям.
Левченко, Сергій Володимирович. "Синергічні композиції інгібіторів корозії і поверхнево-активних речовин для процесів обробки сталі". Thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2020. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/38505.
Повний текст джерелаДана робота присвячена розробці технологічних рідин на основі створення синергічних сумішей інгібіторів корозії і ПАР для електроіскрового механічного методу підготовки сталевих поверхонь за допомогою електричних шліфувальних машин. Антикорозійна ефективність синергічних сумішей пасиваторів оксидної і сольової дії залежить від природи компонентів, механізму їх дії, а також від співвідношення молярних концентрацій складових в синергічних сумішах. Результати поляризаційних досліджень електрохімічної поведінки сталі показали перевагу інгібуючої ефективності синергічних композиції порівняно з ефективністю окремих компонентів, що підтверджується наявністю зони пасивації в широкому діапазоні потенціалів (0,8-1 В) і мінімального значення густини струму повної пасивації (1-2*10^-6 А/см^2), що свідчить про повний захист сталі від корозії. Показано, що зниження поверхневого натягу водних розчинів створених сумішей ПАР на межі повітря - рідина і зниження мікротвердості сталі на межі рідина-метал мають подібний характер. Введення розроблених технологічних рідин в зону обробки дозволяє знизити енергетичні витрати процесу на 30-40%, і підвищити клас чистоти поверхні на 3 і більше одиниць за рахунок ефекту пластифікації поверхні (ефект Ребіндера). Електроіскрова обробка оцинкованою щіткою дозволяє наносити на поверхню металу цинкові протектори, які разом з синергічними сумішами інгібіторів виявляють явище нададитивності, забезпечують майже стовідсотковий антикорозійний захист сталі навіть в сильно агресивних середовищах (3% NaCl), і збільшує період післяопераційного зберігання. Особливо високі показники захисту сталевих поверхонь отримано при використанні оцинкованої щітки з наступним нанесенням лакофарбового покриття, де реалізуються ефект взаємного посилення (синергізму) між протекторним електрохімічним захистом з лакофарбовим покриттям.
The work is devoted to the development of process fluids based on synergistic mixtures of surfactants and corrosion inhibitors for the electric-spark mechanical method steel surfaces preparing using electric grinders. The use of individual representatives of inhibitors and surfactants usually does not allow to obtain high efficacy. More effective are mixtures, the composition of which is characterized by a synergism in the action of their components. Nowadays, studies devoted to elucidating the mechanism of action of highly effective synergistic mixtures of metal corrosion inhibitors and surfactant compositions, same as related to the uncertainty of if effectiveness influence on the nature of components, as well as concerning the ratio of their concentrations in solutions remain developed insufficiently. The influence of additives on the qualitative characteristics of the prepared surfaces and energy costs of the process are also studied insufficiently. Such situation requires to develop research aimed on the increasing the corrosion resistance of metals during their postoperative period of storage, and also on improving of its protective properties after the paints and varnishes application. To prevent an occurrence of corrosion processes during electrospark machining of steel, technological fluids specifically containing synergistic mixtures of corrosion inhibitors with different mechanism of action oxide and salt passivation or adsorption were developed, their effectiveness depends on the ratio of components and is characterized by an extremum where attained maximum level of inhibitory effect of additives on the kinetics of electrochemical corrosion processes of steel and full protection is achieved. Anticorrosive efficiency of synergistic mixtures of the passivator oxide action (sodium nitrite) and the salt action (sodium silicate) depend on the nature of the components, the mechanism of their action, and also on the ratio of its molar concentrations constituting in synergistic mixtures and is characterized by a synergistic extremum of inhibitory action at a ratio of sodium nitrite concentrations and sodium silicate, as 1:2. The results of polarization studies of the electrochemical behavior of steel have revealed an advantage of the inhibitory efficiency of the synergistic compositions compared to the efficiency of individual components, and is confirmed by the existence of a passivation zone in a wide range of potentials (0.8-1 V) and by minimum values of the full passivation (1-2*10^-6 A/cm^2) current density, which indicates the comprehensive corrosion protection of steel. The introduction of such process fluids into the processing zone allows the treatment energy costs reducing by 30–40% and increasing the surface cleanliness class by 3 and more units due to the surface plasticization effect (Rehbinder effect). Synergistic mixtures of surfactants contain molecules with oppositely charged functional groups, between which the forces of mutual attraction arise that allows to achieve high surface activity at the phase boundaries: air - liquid and liquid - metal. It was found that a decrease of the surface tension in aqueous solutions of the developed surfactant mixtures at the air-liquid interface and a decrease in the microhardness of steel at the liquid-metal interface have a similar nature and demonstrate efficiency extremes with a similar ratio of molar concentrations of anionic and cationic active components of order 1:1. The thermodynamic characteristics of the formation of an adsorption layer surfactant at the interface of the aqueous solution-air were determined. It is shown that the dependences of surface tension, changes in entropy and enthalpy on the ratio of molar concentrations of cationic and anion active surfactants have a parallel extreme character, and the positive value of ΔS> 0 indicates that the driving force of the direct adsorption process is the entropy factor. The electro-spark treatment with a galvanized brush allows to apply zinc protectors to the metal surface, which, together with the synergistic mixtures of inhibitors, demonstrate the phenomenon of additivity and provide almost one hundred percent corrosion protection of steel even in strong corrosive media (3% NaCl), and enlarges the period of postoperative storage. Especially high rates of steel surfaces protection are obtained using a galvanized brush with the subsequent application of a paint and varnish coating, where the effect of mutual reinforcement (synergism) between the sacrificial electrochemical protection with a paint coating is realized. Due to the formation of zinc hydroxide inside the paint coating, the ohmic resistance is enlarged, the adhesion and protective properties of paint coatings are improved.
Майзеліс, Антоніна Олександрівна. "Електрохімічні функціональні покриття з мікро- і нанорозмірними Cu, Sn, Ni, Zn-вмісними шарами керованого фазового складу". Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2020. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/48963.
Повний текст джерелаThesis for the Doctor’s of Science degree in Technical Sciences by speciality 05.17.03 – Technical Electrochemistry (16 – Chemical and Bioengineering). – National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute”, 2020. The object of study is electrochemical processes of formation of coatings consisting of micro- and nanosized Cu, Sn, Ni, Zn-containing layers of controlled phase composition. The subject of the study is the kinetic regularities of the processes of formation of Cu, Sn, Ni, Zn-containing layers of coatings of controlled phase composition in polyligand electrolytes and their physical-mechanical, anticorrosive and catalytic properties. The thesis is devoted to the development of theoretical principles of increasing the functional properties of surface materials by alternating electrodeposition of nano and micro-sized layers of Cu, Sn, Ni, Zn-containing alloys. The main principle is the priority of use of polyligand electrolytes with the creation of conditions for the deposition of layers of different phase composition (LDPC) in order to influence the micro- and macro structure of sediments and improve the barrier anticorrosive and mechanical properties of coatings by periodically changing nucleation conditions and creation of intermetallics-enriched interlayer boundaries. Based on the determination of kinetic regularities of electrode processes in the М-P₂O₇⁴⁻-Cit³⁻, М-P₂O₇⁴⁻-Y⁴⁻, M-NH₃-Gly systems, the advantage of using polyligand electrolytes for monolithic electrolyte coatings for LDPC coatings has been proved due to possibility of depositing thin layers of different phase composition from one electrolyte, the instantaneous mechanism of nucleation with the formation of thin continuous films by layer-by-layer deposition of alloys, expanding the range of allowable current densities of dissolution of metals in the combined anodes in terms of periodic changes in current density in a wide range of values. It is determined that the compatible discharge of ions of all metals in the studied polyligand electrolytes is accompanied by concentration complications with the presence of adsorption phenomena at low current density of alloy film deposition and influence of kinetic constraints associated with the chemical stage of complex dissociation are observed at high current density. Based on the analysis of model polarization dependences obtained by nonlinear potential change according to experimentally obtained data, a new method of quantitative determination of contact exchange parameters in electrolytes is proposed. The clear correspondence of these dependences to the experimentally determined change in the potential of the total process with a discreteness of up to 1 mV and 0.05 s, taking into account its direction and speed change, allows to increase the accuracy of determining the parameters of conjugate processes. The algorithm for quantitative determination of the elemental and phase composition of Zn-Ni alloy films on the basis of the proposed mechanism of anodic dissolution of thin layers of Zn-Ni alloy under conditions of stripping voltammetry is substantiated. In the process of anodic treatment of thin layers of Zn-Ni alloy in alkaline ammonia-glycinate solution, sequential dissolution of zinc phase, zinc from δ- and γ-phase of alloy of different structure, accompanied by nickel-enriched residue and matrix nickel dissolution. The relationship between the content of intermetallic compounds and the initial structure of the γ-phase with the composition of the nickel-enriched residue on the electrode is determined, which allows increase the accuracy of quantitative determination of the composition of the layers. The sequential oxidation peaks of the phases present in Cu-Zn, Cu-Sn and Zn-Ni alloys deposited from the investigated electrolytes during voltammetric dissolution of the alloy films were identified and confirmed by XRD. The dependences of the chemical and phase composition of the alloy layers on the electrolyte composition and the electrolysis regime using the method of stripping voltammetry are established. The design of the architecture of coatings with layers of different phase composition was performed on the basis of analysis of changes in the phase composition of alloy layers in thickness, the effect of alternating deposition of alloy layers on the coating composition of LDPC, certain variants of phase composition of belayer. The constituent layers consist of the following phases: (Cu-Zn)base - mainly α-phase, (Cu-Zn)add – (α, β-, ε- and γ-phases, and Zn); (Cu-Sn)base – in addition to α-phase contains ε- and η-phases, do not contain Sn-phase, (Cu-Sn)add - in addition to α-phase contain Sn-phase and η-phase, and ε-phase is absent; (Zn-Ni)base contain the Zn phase, δ- and γ-phases, (Zn-Ni)add - additionally contain X-ray amorphous β-phase and Ni-phase. Analysis of XRD coatings with layers of different phase composition showed the presence of a significant amount of intermetallics in the composition of coatings with the size of the regions of coherent scattering for the main phases 9-10 nm. The SEM method shows that the developed coatings have a uniform and fine-crystalline surface structure with dense packing of grains and in the absence of pores. The relationship between the nature of the influence of the electrolyte composition, electrolysis regime and architecture of coatings [(M₁-M₂)base/(M₁-M₂)add]n and their microhardness and corrosion resistance is determined. It is proved that the indicators of corrosion resistance and microhardness of the developed coatings exceed the indicators of single-layer coatings by base alloys, which are deposited in the same electrolytes. The microhardness is extremely dependent on the coating architecture. The maximum microhardness of the developed coatings is 397-428 HV for [(Cu-Zn)base/(Cu-Zn)add]n, 476-511 HV for [(Cu-Sn)base/(Cu-Sn)add]n, and 700-864 HV for [(Zn-Ni)base/(Zn-Ni)add]n at a bilayer thickness of 20-125 nm. It was found that the cathodic vs. steel LDPC coating, consisting of Cu-Zn and Cu-Sn alloys are non-porous at a thickness of 0.63 μm and 2.3 μm, respectively. In conditions of prolonged exposure in a solution of 3.5% NaCl anode coatings [(Zn-Ni)base/(Zn-Ni)add]n retain protective properties on steel 1.5-2.6 times longer compared to single-layer coatings. The influence of electrolyte composition, potential and deposition time sublayers deposition [(M₁-M₂-(M₃))/(Mi-Mj(OH)₂)]n (i = 1-3) coatings on the parameters of their catalytic activity in test hydrogen evolution reactions and oxidation of organic substances and performance characteristics are was established. It was determined that the obtained electrodes show greater corrosion resistance and have a higher catalytic activity, compared with electrodes coated with the corresponding alloys: [(Ni-Cu)/(Mi-Mi(OH)₂]n after cathodic treatment, and [(Ni-Zn-Cu)/(Mi-Mi(OH)₂)]n, after chemical and electrochemical treatment – in hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solution; [(Ni-Cu)/(Mi-Mi(OH)₂-MiOOH)]n after cycling in the region of potentials for the reverse transition of hydroxide to oxyhydroxide – in the oxidation reactions of alcohols and glucose, coating [(Sn-Sb)/(M-MₓОᵧ)]n, after dehydration and anodic oxidation – in the oxidation reaction of phenol. According to the results of scanning electron microscopy, the hierarchically developed surface of the electrodes, consisting of dendrites covered with conglomerates of globular shape was identified. It was found that the [(Ni-Zn-Cu)/(Mi-Mi(OH)₂)]n coating with a lower content of zinc phase and γ-phase, after treatment in an alkali solution, have a lower development coefficient, but a higher current density in hydrogen evolution reaction (1.81 mA/cm² vs. 1.28 mA/cm²), lower ohmic resistance and more mechanically strong hierarchically developed surface. It was found that the electrode coated with [Ni(Cu)/(Mi-Mi(OH)₂-MiOOH)]n with micro-dimensional layers, in comparison with the electrode coated with nanoscale layers, has a higher heterogeneous velocity constant (0.53 compared with 0.36 s⁻¹) and the best operational properties, due to creation of a strong microshell of alloy at a nanostructured surface. Sensory properties of the electrode coated with [(Ni-Cu)/(Mi-Mi(OH)₂-MiOOH)]n are detected: hypersensitivity at a glucose concentration up to 50 μmol/dm³ 13986±9 μA(mmol/dm³)⁻¹ cm⁻², sensitivity in the range from 0.05 mmol/dm³ to 1.65 mmol/dm³ 2921±1 μA (mmol/dm³)⁻¹ cm⁻², up to 6,3 mmol/dm³ (at +0.6 V) – 1667±4 μA (mmol/dm³)⁻¹ cm⁻². Technological parameters of electrochemical processes of resource-saving formation of micro- and nanostructured protective coatings of [(Cu-Zn)base/(Cu-Zn)add], [(Cu-Sn)base/(Cu-Sn)add]n and [(Zn-Ni)base/(Zn-Ni)add]n, and non-platinum catalytically active electrode materials [(Ni-Cu)/[Mi-Mi(OH)₂]n, [(Ni-Zn-Cu)/(Mi-Mi(OH)₂)], [(Ni-Cu)/(Mi-Mi(OH)₂)MiOOH)]n and [(Sn-Sb)/(Mi-MₓОᵧ)]; additional layer of Zn-Ni alloy in electrolyzers with low concentrated electrolytes to protect the zinc coating from corrosion. The combination of functions of electrodeposition of additional layers of alloys, anode processing and electroextraction of metals is taken into account, which allows saving production areas, metals, water and electricity. High mechanical and anticorrosive properties of coatings with LDPC were confirmed by LSC "FED", SPE "Ecopolymer", Kharkiv Aero Club named by V. S. Grizodubova APO OPD Ukraine. Technological processes of electrodeposition of protective and catalytic act coatings were tested and recommended for the implementation at SScPE "Kommunar Corporation" and SE "Malyshev Plant".
Майзеліс, Антоніна Олександрівна. "Електрохімічні функціональні покриття з мікро- і нанорозмірними Cu, Sn, Ni, Zn-вмісними шарами керованого фазового складу". Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2020. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/48940.
Повний текст джерелаThesis for granting the Degree of Doctor of Technical sciences in speciality 05.17.03 – Technical Electrochemistry. – National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute”, 2020. The dissertation is devoted to the development of theoretical bases of technologies of electrochemical formation of protective and functional coatings with alternate deposition of micro- and nanoscale layers of alloys of different composition on the basis of experimentally proved fidelity of the hypothesis about possibility of control of properties of coatings by deposition of layers of alloys of different phase composition (LDPC) that meet the full set of quality requirements for the corresponding single-layer coatings, and additional layers of alloys of another phase composition with enhanced specified characteristics. Based on the determination of kinetic laws of electrode processes in the systems М-P₂O₇⁴⁻-Cit³⁻, М-P₂O₇⁴⁻-Y⁴⁻, M-NH₃-Gly, the advantage of using polyligand electrolytes in comparison with monoligand ones is shown and the dependences of chemical and phase composition of alloy films on the concentration ratio of metal ions and electrolysis mode are revealed. It is shown that the minimum thickness of the constituent films of alloys is limited by the need to ensure their continuity in the case of compact functional coatings, and the need to ensure mechanical stability in the case of hierarchically developed electrode materials. The optimal thickness of the layers is determined by the nature of changes in the chemical and phase composition of the films of alloys with thickness. Electrolytes for coating deposition should provide: separation of ranges of deposition potentials of different elemental and phase composition> 100 mV; the absence of dissolution of the electronegative layers, or the dissolution of the unwanted electronegative phase of them, in the process of deposition of more positive layers; anodic dissolution in the semi-passive state of a more negative metal and active dissolution of a more positive metal under conditions of periodic changes in current density in its wide range. A new method for determining the parameters of contact exchange has been developed, which is based on the analysis of model polarization dependences obtained by nonlinear potential change according to experimentally obtained data on the change of stationary potential of electronegative surface taking into account its direction and velocity change which allows you to more accurately control the process of interaction of the electrode surface with the electrolyte in the absence of current. The algorithm for quantitative determination of the elemental and phase composition of Zn-Ni alloy films with the use of stripping voltammetry in an alkaline ammonia-glycinate electrolyte is proposed. The mechanism of anodic dissolution of thin films of Zn-Ni alloy in alkaline ammonia-glycine solution is proposed, which consists in sequential dissolution of free zinc, zinc from δ- and γ-phases of alloy of different structure, then Ni-enriched residue and matrix Ni. The relationship between the content of intermetallics and the composition of the Ni -enriched residue on the electrode is shown, which allows to increase the accuracy of quantitative determination of the film composition. It is proved that the indicators of corrosion resistance and microhardness of coatings with LDPC exceed the properties of single layer coatings of base alloys deposited in the same electrolytes, which is most evident in the conditions of long-term operation. It is proved that in comparison with the alloy coating, the [[Cu-Ni)/(M-M(OH)₂)]n coating has improved characteristics in the hydrogen evolution reaction. High catalytic activity in the reaction of hydrogen evolution of an electrode coated with [(Ni-(Zn)-Cu)/(М-M(OH)₂)]n followed by chemical and electrochemical treatment in an alkali solution is shown. The increased stability and catalytic activity of electrode materials with (Nі-Cu)/(M-M(OH)₂-MOOH) and (Sn-Sb)/(MₓОᵧ) coatings in test reactions of organic substances (methanol, ethanol, glucose, phenol) oxidation in comparison with single-layer are proven. New methods of electrodeposition of LDPC protective [(Cu-Zn)баз/(Cu-Zn)дод]n, [(Cu-Sn)баз/(Cu-Sn)дод]n, [(Zn-Ni)баз/(Zn-Ni)дод]n coatings and catalytically active [(Ni-(Zn)-Cu)/(М-M(OH)₂)]n, [(Nі-Cu)/(М-M(OH)₂-МООН] and [(Sn-Sb)/(М-MₓОᵧ)]n coatings with improved characteristics in comparison with existing similar materials are proposed. Technological processes of electrodeposition of LDPC coatings are tested on experimental batches and recommended for implementation.
Miola, Eduardo José. "Espectroscopia e difração de raios X aplicadas ao estudo de ferro e aço nitretados por plasma." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-31082012-120244/.
Повний текст джерелаThis work investigates the formation and evolution of nitride layers on a 99.83% pure iron and a AISI H-12 steel substrates by using plasma nitriding processoThe layers were obtained by systematic variation of the nitriding conditions, such as temperature, time and plasma frequency. The employed atmosphere consisted of a gaseous mixture of H2-20% N2, at a constant pressure of 6.0 mbar in f1ux.A detailed investigation of the nitrided layer on iron samples was performed through surface mechanical wear in successive steps. After each step the layer was analysed by Conversion Electron Mõssbauer spectroscopy (CEMS), as well as by other techniques, as X-ray diffraction, microhardness and optical and electronic metallography. The surface analysis of iron samples showed that the nitrided layers are formed bya mixture of γ-Fe4N, ε-Fe3N e-ε-Fe3,2N nitrides, whose proportions have varied with the nitriding conditions. Below this layer, different nitrides are formed, ε-FeXN (2≤X≤3,2) e α-Fe16N2. For H-12 steel substrates it was also studied the influence of direct and pulsed current on the layer. The samples were characterized related to the microhardness profile, nitrogen concentration profile, Xray diffraction and Conversion Electron and X-ray Mõssbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) and (CXMS). The near-surface compound layer, as probed by CEMS, consisted of a mixture of γ-Fe4N e ε-FeX(N, C) phases. The near-diffusion zone compound layer, as probed by CXMS presented a mixture of γ-Fe4N , e ε-FeX(N, C) Fex(N, C), α-Fe16N2e γ and- e γ-austenite phases. For the plasma process, the growth of the nitride layers in direct current follows the parabolic law, what does not occur when process with pulsed current is used. This effect is probably due to cathode rate sputtering and radiation-enhanced diffusion, the latter being more accentuated in the case of pulsed current, for nitriding times t ‹ 2h. The situation is reversed for t › 3h.
Jelínek, Vladimír. "Lomové chování tepelně ovlivněné oblasti heterogenního svarového spoje." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230215.
Повний текст джерелаCUBAKOVIC, IVANA A. "Caracterizacao microestrutural, mecanica e eletroquimica de acos inoxidaveis austeniticos utilizados no acondicionamento de rejeitos radioativos de alto nivel." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2000. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10883.
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IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
PEREIRA, SILVIO A. de L. "Estudo da influência da deformação plastica na cinética de nitretação em aços inoxidáveis AISI 304 e 316." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10156.
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IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
ALMEIDA, FILHO AMERICO de. "Influencia da preparacao previa de amostras de aco AISI H 13 no comportamento a nitretacao." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1999. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10775.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP
FAPESP:97/04424-5
Lolla, Sri Venkata Tapasvi. "Understanding the Role of Initial Microstructure on Intercritically Reheated Heat Affected Zone Microstructure and Properties of Multi-Pass Welds." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397826410.
Повний текст джерелаHassan, Ajoke Sherifat. "Effect of nano-carburization of mild steel on its surface hardness." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20102.
Повний текст джерелаCivil and Chemical Engineering
M. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)