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Статті в журналах з теми "Microgrid clusters"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Sampath Ediriweera, W. E. P., and N. W. A. Lidula. "Design and protection of microgrid clusters: A comprehensive review." AIMS Energy 10, no. 3 (2022): 375–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022020.

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Анотація:

<abstract> <p>A microgrid is a concept that has been developed with the increasing penetration of distributed generators. With the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources in the microgrids, along with advanced control and communication technologies, the traditional microgrid concept is being transited towards the concept of microgrid clustering. It decomposes the distribution system into several interconnected microgrids, effectively reducing problems such as voltage rise, harmonics, poor power factor, reverse power flow and failure of the conventional protection schemes. Microgrid clusters effectively coordinate power sharing among microgrids and the main grid, improving the stability, reliability and efficiency of the distribution network at the consumption premises. Despite the evident benefits of microgrid clusters to the consumers and the electrical utility, there are challenges to overcome before adopting the microgrid cluster concept. This paper is aimed at critically reviewing the challenges in design aspects of microgrid clustering. Categorization of multi-microgrids into different architectures based on the layout of the interconnections, evaluation of reported control techniques in microgrid clustering and multi-microgrid protection aspects are presented, highlighting the possible areas of future research that would improve the operational aspects of microgrid clusters.</p> </abstract>

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2

Zhao, Ensheng, Yang Han, Hao Zeng, Luqiao Li, Ping Yang, Congling Wang, and Amr S. Zalhaf. "Accurate Peer-to-Peer Hierarchical Control Method for Hybrid DC Microgrid Clusters." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010421.

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Анотація:

Hybrid DC microgrid clusters contain various types of converters such as BOOST, BUCK, and bidirectional DC/DC converters, making the control strategy complex and difficult to achieve plug-and-play. The common master–slave hierarchical control strategy makes it difficult to achieve accurate and stable system control. This paper proposes an accurate peer-to-peer hierarchical control method for the hybrid DC microgrid cluster, and the working principle of this hierarchical control method is analyzed in detail. The microgrid cluster consists of three sub-microgrids, where sub-microgrid A consists of three BUCK converters, sub-microgrid B consists of three BOOST converters, and sub-microgrid C consists of two bidirectional DC/DC converters. According to all possible operations of various sub-microgrids in the microgrid cluster, the top-, mid-, and bottom-level controls are designed to solve the coordination control problem among different types of sub-microgrids. In this paper, a hybrid microgrid cluster simulation model is built in the PLECS simulation environment, and an experimental hardware platform is designed. The simulation and experiment results verified the accuracy of the proposed control strategy and its fast plug-and-play regulation ability for the system.

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3

Kunikowski, Grzegorz. "Electricity Storage in Energy Clusters." Transactions on Aerospace Research 2018, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2018-0027.

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Abstract The article aims to present the results of analysis and evaluation of using energy clusters as a bulk electricity storage. There were developed an analytical model of a sample microgrid (on-grid) and analysed using a software dedicated for optimizing such microgrids. The model of microgrid consist on electricity commercial and residential loads, photovoltaic and wind installations and batteries.

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4

Khanbaghi, Maryam, and Aleksandar Zecevic. "Stochastic Distributed Control for Arbitrarily Connected Microgrid Clusters." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 16, 2022): 5163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145163.

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Анотація:

Due to the success of single microgrids, the coming years are likely to see a transformation of the current electric power system to a multiple microgrid network. Despite its obvious promise, however, this paradigm still faces many challenges, particularly when it comes to the control and coordination of energy exchanges between subsystems. In view of that, in this paper we propose an optimal stochastic control strategy in which microgrids are modeled as stochastic hybrid dynamic systems. The optimal control is based on the jump linear theory and is used as a means to maximize energy storage and the utilization of renewable energy sources in islanded microgrid clusters. Once the gain matrices are obtained, the concept of ε-suboptimality is applied to determine appropriate levels of power exchange between microgrids for any given interconnection pattern. It is shown that this approach can be efficiently applied to large-scale systems and guarantees their connective stability. Simulation results for a three microgrid cluster are provided as proof of concept.

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5

langchao, He, Wu Lizhen, Chen Wei, and Hao Xiaohong. "Research on Bi-level Coordinated Optimal Dispatching Strategy for Microgrid Cluster." E3S Web of Conferences 256 (2021): 01045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125601045.

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Анотація:

The interconnection of multiple microgrids can form a microgrid cluster (MGC). The economic benefit and operation reliability of the whole system can be improved through the energy mutual-aid and coordination control between microgrids. This paper proposes a bi-level coordinated optimal dispatching strategy for microgrid clusters. The upper layer aims to minimize the operating costs of the microgrid cluster system and the power fluctuation of the tie lines. The exchange power and generation power of each sub-microgrid are coordinated and controlled, which are sent to the lower level model as scheduling instructions. The lower layer takes a single microgrid as the research object. By optimizing the output of power generation unit, the operation cost of single microgrid can be minimized. Iterative solution is adopted between the bi-level optimization models. In order to avoid the premature and local convergence of the algorithm in the optimization process, the improved artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) is used to solve the objective function. Finally, simulation examples verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed strategy.

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6

Albaker, Abdullah, Mansoor Alturki, Rabeh Abbassi, and Khalid Alqunun. "Zonal-Based Optimal Microgrids Identification." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 26, 2022): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072446.

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Анотація:

Even though many studies have been deployed to determine the optimal planning and operation of microgrids, limited research was discussed to determine the optimal microgrids’ geographical boundaries. This paper proposes a zonal-based optimal microgrid identification model aiming at identifying the optimal microgrids topology in the current distribution systems through zoning the network into several clusters. In addition, the proposed model was developed as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem that identifies the optimal capacity and location of installing distributed energy resources (DERs), including but not limited to renewable energy resources and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), within the determined microgrid’s boundaries. Moreover, it investigates the impact of incorporating the BESS in boosting the DERs’ penetration on the optimal centralized microgrid. Numerical simulations on the IEEE-33 bus test system demonstrate the features and effectiveness of the proposed model on identifying the optimal microgrid geographical boundaries on current distribution grids as well as its capability on defining the optimal sizes and locations of installing DERs within the microgrid’s zonal area.

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7

Pan, Xuewei, Fan Yang, Peiwen Ma, Yijin Xing, Jinye Zhang, and Lingling Cao. "A Game-Theoretic Approach of Optimized Operation of AC/DC Hybrid Microgrid Clusters." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 30, 2022): 5537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155537.

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To maximize the benefits of microgrid clusters, a general model and analysis method for studying the optimized operation of AC/DC microgrid clusters using non-cooperative games is proposed. This paper first establishes the optimized objective function of an AC/DC microgrid for economic operations. Based on the supply and demand theory, the dynamic adjustment mechanism of electricity price is introduced into microgrid clusters, and a game model for the optimal operation of multiple microgrids is established. The Nash equilibrium solution of the established model is obtained by iterative search algorithm, and the convergence of the Nash equilibrium solution is also proven. Finally, the validity and economy of the proposed model are verified by the actual case.

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8

Rajendran Pillai, Vipin Raj, Rohit Rajasekharan Nair Valsala, Veena Raj, Muhammed Iskandar Petra, Satheesh Kumar Krishnan Nair, and Sathyajith Mathew. "Exploring the Potential of Microgrids in the Effective Utilisation of Renewable Energy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Evolving Themes and Future Priorities Using Main Path Analysis." Designs 7, no. 3 (April 23, 2023): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs7030058.

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Анотація:

Microgrids are energy systems that can operate independently or in conjunction with the main electricity grid. Their purpose is to link different energy sources, enhance customer participation in energy markets, and improve energy system efficiency and flexibility. However, regulatory, technical, and financial obstacles hinder their deployment. To comprehend the current state of the field, this study utilized citation network analysis (CNA) methodology to examine over 1500 scholarly publications on microgrid research and development (R&D). The study employed modularity-based clustering analysis, which identified seven distinct research clusters, each related to a specific area of study. Cluster 1, focused on control strategies for microgrids, had the highest proportion of publications (23%) and the maximum citation link count (151), while Cluster 4, which examined microgrid stability, had the lowest proportion of papers (10%). On average, each publication within each cluster had four citation links. The citation network of microgrid research was partitioned using cluster analysis, which aided in identifying the main evolutionary paths of each subfield. This allowed for the precise tracing of their evolution, ultimately pinpointing emerging fronts and challenges. The identification of key pathways led to the discovery of significant studies and emerging patterns, highlighting research priorities in the field of microgrids. The study also revealed several research gaps and concerns, such as the need for further investigation into technical and economic feasibility, legislation, and standardization of microgrid technology. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of microgrid research and identifies potential directions for future research.

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9

Rostami, Ziba, Sajad Najafi Ravadanegh, Navid Taghizadegan Kalantari, Josep M. Guerrero, and Juan C. Vasquez. "Dynamic Modeling of Multiple Microgrid Clusters Using Regional Demand Response Programs." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 4050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164050.

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Preserving the frequency stability of multiple microgrid clusters is a serious challenge. This work presents a dynamic model of multiple microgrid clusters with different types of distributed energy resources (DERs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) that was used to examine the load frequency control (LFC) of microgrids. The classical proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers were designed to tune the frequency of microgrids. Furthermore, an imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) was proposed to investigate the frequency deviations of microgrids by considering renewable energy resources (RERs) and their load uncertainties. The simulation results confirmed the performance of the optimized PID controllers under different disturbances. Furthermore, the frequency control of the microgrids was evaluated by applying regional demand response programs (RDRPs). The simulation results showed that applying the RDRPs caused the damping of frequency fluctuations.

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10

Venkata Pavan Kumar, Yellapragada, Sivakavi Naga Venkata Bramareswara Rao, and Ramani Kannan. "Islanding Detection in Grid-Connected Urban Community Multi-Microgrid Clusters Using Decision-Tree-Based Fuzzy Logic Controller for Improved Transient Response." Urban Science 7, no. 3 (July 3, 2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7030072.

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Анотація:

The development of renewable-energy-based microgrids is being considered as a potential solution to lessen the unrelenting burden on the centralized utility grid. Furthermore, recent studies reveal that integrated multi-microgrid cluster systems developed in urban communities maximize the effectiveness of microgrids and greatly decrease the utility grid dependence. However, due to the uncertain nature of renewable energy sources and frequent load variations, these systems face issues with unintentional islanding operations. This can create severe damage to the microgrid’s performance in its stable operating condition and lead to undesired transient responses. Hence, islanding must be identified rapidly to take preventive measures to address the issue. This requires the development of a suitable anti-islanding technique that is faster in terms of accuracy and timely detection. With this intention, this paper proposes a decision-tree-based fuzzy logic (DT-FL) controller for the rapid identification of islands in an urban community multi-microgrid cluster. The DT-FL controller’s operation includes two steps. First, the decision tree extracts the electrical parameters at the point of common coupling of the multi-microgrid system. Second, these extracted parameters are utilized for the online tuning of the fuzzy logic controller, for the fast detection of islanding. The multi-microgrid cluster under study, along with the proposed islanding technique, is implemented in the MATLAB-2021a software. The efficacy of the proposed DT-FL controller is validated by comparing its performance with that of the conventional fuzzy logic controller under different test scenarios. From the results, it is observed that the proposed DT-FL controller shows superior performance in terms of the islanding detection time as well as the transient response of the system when compared with the conventional controller.

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11

Alam, Md Shafiul, Abdullah A. Almehizia, Fahad Saleh Al-Ismail, Md Alamgir Hossain, Muhammad Azharul Islam, Md Shafiullah, and Aasim Ullah. "Frequency Stabilization of AC Microgrid Clusters: An Efficient Fractional Order Supercapacitor Controller Approach." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 5179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145179.

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Анотація:

An autonomous microgrid is often formed by incorporating distributed generators into the distribution system. However, distributed generators have less inertia compared to traditional synchronous generators, and can cause the system frequency to become unstable. Additionally, as more clusters are integrated into the distribution microgrid, frequency instability increases. To resolve frequency instability in the microgrid cluster, this study proposes a supercapacitor control approach. The microgrid consists of several clusters which integrate wind power generators, solar PV, STP, fuel cells, aqua electrolyzers, and diesel generators. Initially, a small signal model is developed to facilitate the control design. A fractional-order supercapacitor controller is augmented with the developed small-signal model to stabilize the frequency of the microgrid. Furthermore, the controller parameters are optimized to guarantee robust controller performance. The proposed fractional-order supercapacitor controller provides more degrees of freedom compared to the conventional controller. Time-domain simulations were carried out considering several real-time scenarios to test the performance of the proposed controller. We observed that the presented approach is capable of stabilizing the system frequency in all cases. Furthermore, the proposed approach outperforms existing approaches in stabilizing the frequency of the microgrid cluster.

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12

Feng, Fei, Xin Du, Qiang Si, and Hao Cai. "Hybrid Game Optimization of Microgrid Cluster (MC) Based on Service Provider (SP) and Tiered Carbon Price." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 5291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145291.

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Carbon trading is a market-based mechanism towards low-carbon electric power systems. A hybrid game optimization model is established for deriving the optimal trading price between microgrids (MGs) as well as providing the optimal pricing scheme for trading between the microgrid cluster(MC) and the upper-layer service provider (SP). At first, we propose a robust optimization model of microgrid clusters from the perspective of risk aversion, in which the uncertainty of wind and photovoltaic (PV) output is modeled with resort to the information gap decision theory (IGDT). Finally, based on the Nash bargaining theory, the electric power transaction payment model between MGs is established, and the alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM) is used to solve it, thus effectively protecting the privacy of each subject. It shows that the proposed strategy is able to quantify the uncertainty of wind and PV factors on dispatching operations. At the same time, carbon emission could be effectively reduced by following the tiered carbon price scheme.

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13

Chen, Peng, Chen Qian, Li Lan, Mingxing Guo, Qiong Wu, Hongbo Ren, and Yue Zhang. "Shared Trading Strategy of Multiple Microgrids Considering Joint Carbon and Green Certificate Mechanism." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (June 29, 2023): 10287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310287.

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With a background of carbon peak and neutrality, the economic and environmental requirements are increasing for microgrids. In view of the problem of energy wastage and conflicts of interest among multiple microgrid integrated energy systems, it is important to study the operation optimization of microgrid clusters while considering the sharing and trading of both carbon emissions and green certificates. In this study, a Stackelberg game mechanism is applied, in which the microgrid operator is the leader and its subscribers are the followers, forming a master–slave interaction model. Following this, breaking the trading barriers of energy and various policy markets, the joint carbon and green certificate trading mechanism is proposed. Moreover, a mutually beneficial shared trading model of multi-microgrids considering coupled energy and carbon and green certificate trading is proposed to avoid the problem of double counting of environmental attributes. In addition, a cooperative sharing center is assumed to propose a flexible multi-resource sharing price mechanism. It guides each microgrid operator to conduct internal multi-resource sharing trading, so as to reduce the daily operating costs of energy supplying entities in the cooperative system of multiple microgrids, effectively reduce carbon emissions, and improve the balance of network group mutual aid. According to the simulation results of an illustrative example, the proposed trading strategy can effectively unlock the potential of resource sharing and mutual aid within multi-microgrids and improve the economy and carbon reduction effects of the overall system.

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14

Saldarriaga-Zuluaga, Sergio D., Jesús M. López-Lezama, and Nicolás Muñoz-Galeano. "Optimal Coordination of Over-Current Relays in Microgrids Using Unsupervised Learning Techniques." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031241.

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Microgrids constitute complex systems that integrate distributed generation (DG) and feature different operational modes. The optimal coordination of directional over-current relays (DOCRs) in microgrids is a challenging task, especially if topology changes are taken into account. This paper proposes an adaptive protection approach that takes advantage of multiple setting groups that are available in commercial DOCRs to account for network topology changes in microgrids. Because the number of possible topologies is greater than the available setting groups, unsupervised learning techniques are explored to classify network topologies into a number of clusters that is equal to the number of setting groups. Subsequently, optimal settings are calculated for every topology cluster. Every setting is saved in the DOCRs as a different setting group that would be activated when a corresponding topology takes place. Several tests are performed on a benchmark IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) microgrid, evidencing the applicability of the proposed approach.

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15

Moayedi, Seyedali, and Ali Davoudi. "Distributed Tertiary Control of DC Microgrid Clusters." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 31, no. 2 (February 2016): 1717–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2015.2424672.

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16

Yang, Li, and Zhijian Hu. "Implementation of Dynamic Virtual Inertia Control of Supercapacitors for Multi-Area PV-Based Microgrid Clusters." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 18, 2020): 3299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083299.

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In order to improve the dynamic stability of multi-area microgrid (MG) clusters in the autonomous mode, this study proposes a novel fuzzy-based dynamic inertia control strategy for supercapacitors in multi-area autonomous MG clusters. By virtue of the integral manifold theory, the interactive influence of inertia on dynamic stability for multi-area MG clusters is explored in detail. The energy function of multi-area MG clusters is constructed to further analyze the inertia constant. Based on the analysis of the mechanism, a control strategy for the fuzzy-based dynamic inertia control of supercapacitors for multi-area MG clusters is further proposed. For each sub-microgrid (sub-MG), the gain of the fuzzy-based dynamic inertia control is self-tuned dynamically, with system events being triggered, so as to flexibly and robustly enhance the dynamic performance of the multi-area MG clusters in the autonomous mode. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, a three-area photovoltaic (PV)-based MG cluster is designed and simulated on the MATLAB/Simulink platform. Moreover, a comparison between the dynamic fuzzy-based inertial control method and an additional droop control method is finally presented to validate the advantages of the fuzzy-based dynamic inertial control approach.

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17

Sanduleac, Mihai, João Martins, Irina Ciornei, Mihaela Albu, Lucian Toma, Vitor Pires, Lenos Hadjidemetriou, and Rooktabir Sauba. "Resilient and Immune by Design Microgrids Using Solid State Transformers." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 3377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123377.

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Solid State Transformers (SST) may become, in the near future, key technological enablers for decentralized energy supply systems. They have the potential to unleash new technologies and operation strategies of microgrids and prosumers to move faster towards a low carbon-based economy. This work proposes a paradigm change in the hierarchically and distributed operated power systems where SSTs are used to asynchronously connect the many small low voltage (LV) distribution networks, such as clusters of prosumers or LV microgrids, to the bulk power system. The need for asynchronously coupled microgrids requires a design that allows the LV system to operate independently from the bulk grid and to rely on its own control systems. The purpose of this new approach is to achieve immune and resilient by design configurations that allow maximizing the integration of Local Renewable Energy Resources (L-RES). The paper analyses from the stability point of view, through simplified numerical simulations, the way in which SST-interconnected microgrids can become immune to disturbances that occur in the bulk power system and how sudden changes in the microgrid can damp out at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC), thus achieving better reliability and predictability in both systems and enabling strong and healthy distributed energy storage systems (DESSs). Moreover, it is shown that in a fully inverter-based microgrid there is no need for mechanical or synthetic inertia to stabilize the microgrid during power unbalances. This happens because the electrostatic energy stored in the capacitors connected behind the SST inverter can be used for a brief time interval, until automation is activated to address the power unbalance for a longer term.

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18

Han, Yang, Ke Zhang, Hong Li, Ernane Antonio Alves Coelho, and Josep M. Guerrero. "MAS-Based Distributed Coordinated Control and Optimization in Microgrid and Microgrid Clusters: A Comprehensive Overview." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 33, no. 8 (August 2018): 6488–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2017.2761438.

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19

Bandeiras, F., E. Pinheiro, M. Gomes, P. Coelho, and J. Fernandes. "Review of the cooperation and operation of microgrid clusters." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 133 (November 2020): 110311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110311.

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20

Saeed, Muhammad Hammad, MD Sohel Rana, MD Kausaraahmed, Claude Ziad El-Bayeh, and Fangzong Wang. "Demand response based microgrid's economic dispatch." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 12, no. 4 (June 20, 2023): 749–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.49165.

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Анотація:

The development of energy management tools for next-generation Distributed Energy Resources (DER) based power plants, such as photovoltaic, energy storage units, and wind, helps power systems be more flexible. Microgrids are entities that coordinate DERs in a persistently more decentralized fashion, hence decreasing the operational burden on the main grid and permitting them to give their full benefits. A new power framework has emerged due to the integration of DERs-based microgrids into the conventional power system. With the rapid advancement of microgrid technology, more emphasis has been placed on maintaining the microgrids' long-term economic feasibility while ensuring security and stability. The objective of this research is to provide a multi-objective economic operation technique for microgrids containing air-conditioning clusters (ACC) taking demand response into account. A dynamic price mechanism is proposed, accurately reflecting the system's actual operational status. For economic dispatch, flexible loads and air conditioners are considered demand response resources. Then, a consumer-profit model and an AC operating cost model are developed, with a set of pragmatic constraints of consumer comfort. The generation model is then designed to reduce the generation cost. Finally, a microgrid simulation platform is developed in MATLAB/Simulink, and a case is designed to evaluate the proposed method's performance. The findings show that consumer profit increases by 69.2% while ACC operational costs decrease by 18.2%. Moreover, generation costs are reduced without sacrificing customer satisfaction.

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21

Bayati, Navid, Hamid Reza Baghaee, Mehdi Savaghebi, Amin Hajizadeh, Mohsen N. Soltani, and Zhengyu Lin. "DC Fault Current Analyzing, Limiting, and Clearing in DC Microgrid Clusters." Energies 14, no. 19 (October 4, 2021): 6337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196337.

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A new DC fault current limiter (FCL)-based circuit breaker (CB) for DC microgrid (MG) clusters is proposed in this paper. The analytical expressions of the DC fault current of a bidirectional interlink DC/DC converter in the interconnection line of two nearby DC MGs are analyzed in detail. Meanwhile, a DC fault clearing solution (based on using a DC FCL in series with a DC circuit breaker) is proposed. This structure offers low complexity, cost, and power losses. To assess the performance of the proposed method, time-domain simulation studies are carried out on a test DC MG cluster in a MATLAB/Simulink environment. The results of the proposed analytical expressions are compared with simulation results. The obtained results verify the analytical expression of the fault current and prove the effectiveness of the proposed DC fault current limiting and clearing strategy.

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22

Lu, Xiaoqing, and Jingang Lai. "Droop-Based Two-Layer Cooperation for Multiple DC Microgrid Clusters." IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, no. 2 (2020): 12924–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.2125.

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23

Lai, Jingang, Xiaoqing Lu, and Fei Wang. "Bilevel Information-Aware Distributed Resilient Control for Heterogeneous Microgrid Clusters." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 57, no. 3 (May 2021): 2014–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2021.3057301.

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24

Sahoo, Subham, Sukumar Mishra, Seyed Mahdi Fazeli, Furong Li, and Tomislav Dragicevic. "A Distributed Fixed-Time Secondary Controller for DC Microgrid Clusters." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 34, no. 4 (December 2019): 1997–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tec.2019.2934905.

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25

Li, Zhenfeng. "Optimal allocation of energy storage in distribution network considering microgrid cluster and system economic operation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2474, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2474/1/012082.

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Abstract A two-stage optimization model for the location of distribution grid energy storage (ES) configuration and its capacity determination is proposed for different operating conditions of the distribution grid, consider the impact of microgrid cluster operation strategies and sub-microgrid cooperation on the distribution network (DN). In the first stage, location, number of ES devices, the charging/discharging strategy were solved for using GAMS software, the minimum operating cost of the distribution system is used as the target for the daily operating timescale. In the second stage, the minimum annual operating cost is taken as the target for a one-year time scale, consisting of investment, ES equipment’s operation and maintenance in the DN, and is solved using a particle swarm optimisation algorithm with nested ES lifetime calculations in MATLAB software. The calculations show that the optimal allocation method of ES equipment in DN can effectively reduce the operating costs of DN as well as the investment and maintenance costs of ES under different operating conditions, taking into account the economic operation of microgrid clusters and distribution systems. As a result, the economy of the DN can be substantially improved.

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26

Saldarriaga-Zuluaga, Sergio D., Jesús M. López-Lezama, and Nicolás Muñoz-Galeano. "Optimal Coordination of Over-Current Relays in Microgrids Using Principal Component Analysis and K-Means." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 7963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177963.

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Microgrids (MGs) are decentralized systems that integrate distributed energy resources and may operate in grid-connected or islanded modes. Furthermore, MGs may feature several topologies or operative scenarios. These characteristics bring about major challenges in determining a proper protection coordination scheme. A new optimal coordination approach for directional over-current relays (OCRs) in MGs is proposed. In this case, a clustering of operational models is carried out by means of a K-means algorithm hybridized with the principal component analysis (PCA) technique. The number of clusters is limited by the number of setting groups of commercially available relays. The results carried out on a benchmark IEC microgrid evidence the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

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Wahid, Abdul, Javed Iqbal, Affaq Qamar, Salman Ahmed, Abdul Basit, Haider Ali, and Omar M. Aldossary. "A Novel Power Scheduling Mechanism for Islanded DC Microgrid Cluster." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 6918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176918.

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Extension of the main grid to remote areas is economically not feasible. To electrify remote areas, one of the best choices is to install Renewable Energy Sources (RES) as a distributed generation (DG) and thus form a microgrid (MG) in islanded (Stand-alone) mode. In islanded mode, the MG has no support from the national grid. Thus, the overloading of islanded DC MG can collapse DC bus voltage and cause fluctuation in the load. Therefore, the power sharing and the interconnection among the microgrid (MG) cluster are necessary for reliable operation. Many methods for power sharing also aim at minimizing circulating currents which cannot be avoided when every MG feeds their load locally. Therefore, the proper power balancing among generation, loads, and in between MG cluster is challenging in islanded topology. This paper presents an intelligent controller for power sharing among PV-based MG clusters with load management of connected load during power deficiency. The priority is given to the local critical load of each MG. The second priority is given to the remaining load of the respective MG. The least priority is given to the loads connected to the neighboring MGs. The results show that the power continuation to the power-deficient load has been maintained when another MG has surplus power. The circulating current losses between the MG cluster has been fully avoided during no power sharing.

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UDDIN, M. IRFAN, MICHIEL W. VAN TOL, and CHRIS R. JESSHOPE. "HIGH LEVEL SIMULATION OF SVP MANY-CORE SYSTEMS." Parallel Processing Letters 21, no. 04 (December 2011): 413–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626411000308.

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The Microgrid is a many-core architecture comprising multiple clusters of fine-grained multi-threaded cores. The SVP API supported by the cores allows for the asynchronous delegation of work to different clusters of cores which can be acquired dynamically. We want to explore the execution of complex applications and their interaction with dynamically allocated resources. To date, any evaluation of the Microgrid has used a detailed emulation with a cycle accurate simulation of the execution time. Although the emulator can be used to evaluate small program kernels, it only executes at a rate of 100K instructions per second, divided over the number of emulated cores. This makes it inefficient to evaluate a complex application executing on many cores using dynamic allocation of clusters. In order to obtain a more efficient evaluation we have developed a co-simulation environment that executes high level SVP control code but which abstracts the scheduling of the low-level threads using two different techniques. The co-simulation is evaluated for both performance and simulation accuracy.

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29

Aybar-Mejía, Miguel, Junior Villanueva, Deyslen Mariano-Hernández, Félix Santos, and Angel Molina-García. "A Review of Low-Voltage Renewable Microgrids: Generation Forecasting and Demand-Side Management Strategies." Electronics 10, no. 17 (August 29, 2021): 2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172093.

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It is expected that distribution power systems will soon be able to connect a variety of microgrids from residential, commercial, and industrial users, and thus integrate a variety of distributed generation technologies, mainly renewable energy sources to supply their demands. Indeed, some authors affirm that distribution networks will propose significant changes as a consequence of this massive integration of microgrids at the distribution level. Under this scenario, the control of distributed generation inverters, demand management systems, renewable resource forecasting, and demand predictions will allow better integration of such microgrid clusters to decongest power systems. This paper presents a review of microgrids connected at distribution networks and the solutions that facilitate their integration into such distribution network level, such as demand management systems, renewable resource forecasting, and demand predictions. Recent contributions focused on the application of microgrids in Low-Voltage distribution networks are also analyzed and reviewed in detail. In addition, this paper provides a critical review of the most relevant challenges currently facing electrical distribution networks, with an explicit focus on the massive interconnection of electrical microgrids and the future with relevant renewable energy source integration.

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30

Tan, Sen, Peilin Xie, Josep M. Guerrero, and Juan C. Vasquez. "False Data Injection Cyber-Attacks Detection for Multiple DC Microgrid Clusters." Applied Energy 310 (March 2022): 118425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118425.

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31

He, Jinghan, Xiaoyu Wu, Xiangyu Wu, Yin Xu, and Josep M. Guerrero. "Small-Signal Stability Analysis and Optimal Parameters Design of Microgrid Clusters." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 36896–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2900728.

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32

Akhavan, Ali, Hamid Reza Mohammadi, Juan C. Vasquez, and Josep M. Guerrero. "Coupling effect analysis and control for grid‐connected multi‐microgrid clusters." IET Power Electronics 13, no. 5 (April 2020): 1059–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2019.0632.

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33

Daneshvar, Mohammadreza, Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo, Somayeh Asadi, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam, Mohammad Rasouli, Mehdi Abapour, and Gevork B. Gharehpetian. "Chance-constrained models for transactive energy management of interconnected microgrid clusters." Journal of Cleaner Production 271 (October 2020): 122177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122177.

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34

Zhao, Zhuoli, Ping Yang, Yuewu Wang, Zhirong Xu, and Josep M. Guerrero. "Dynamic Characteristics Analysis and Stabilization of PV-Based Multiple Microgrid Clusters." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 10, no. 1 (January 2019): 805–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2752640.

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35

Wu, Xiangyu, Yin Xu, Jinghan He, Xiaojun Wang, Juan C. Vasquez, and Josep M. Guerrero. "Pinning-Based Hierarchical and Distributed Cooperative Control for AC Microgrid Clusters." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 35, no. 9 (September 2020): 9865–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2020.2972321.

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36

Mudaliyar, Shivraman, Bhanu Duggal, and Sukumar Mishra. "Distributed Tie-Line Power Flow Control of Autonomous DC Microgrid Clusters." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 35, no. 10 (October 2020): 11250–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2020.2980882.

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37

Ghodsi, Mohammad Reza, Alireza Tavakoli, and Amin Samanfar. "A Robust Controller Design for Load Frequency Control in Islanded Microgrid Clusters." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (August 16, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4218067.

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In this paper, virtual inertia control (VIC) is suggested to increase the frequency stability in islanded microgrid (MG) clusters. The aim of the suggested control method is to improve damping characteristic of MG clusters including different distributed generations (DGs). The optimal/robust values of the VIC parameters are tuned by a μ-synthesis robust control method. The proposed robust/optimal VIC-based control method is confirmed by various scenarios. Computer simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests are used to show the effectiveness of the suggested method in increasing the damping of the power system. Clearly, different characteristics of the dynamic responses and the results show the practicality of the suggested robust VIC.

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38

Liu, Sucheng, Xiang Li, Mengyu Xia, Qiangdong Qin, and Xiaodong Liu. "Takagi-Sugeno Multimodeling-Based Large Signal Stability Analysis of DC Microgrid Clusters." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 36, no. 11 (November 2021): 12670–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2021.3076734.

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39

Liu, Shuo, Shanjin Kai, Jianlin Li, Haotian Miao, Honghao You, and Xu Zhou. "Research on distributed energy storage pinning coordinated control method of microgrid clusters." Energy Reports 8 (November 2022): 10657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.08.178.

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40

Bayati, Navid, Ebrahim Balouji, Hamid Reza Baghaee, Amin Hajizadeh, Mohsen Soltani, Zhengyu Lin, and Mehdi Savaghebi. "Locating high-impedance faults in DC microgrid clusters using support vector machines." Applied Energy 308 (February 2022): 118338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118338.

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41

Simonov, Mikhail. "Dynamic Partitioning of DC Microgrid in Resilient Clusters Using Event-Driven Approach." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 5, no. 5 (September 2014): 2618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2014.2302992.

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42

BATOOL, Munira, Farhad SHAHNIA, and Syed M. ISLAM. "Multi-level supervisory emergency control for operation of remote area microgrid clusters." Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 7, no. 5 (January 16, 2019): 1210–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40565-018-0481-6.

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43

Zhou, Xiaoqian, and Qian Ai. "Distributed economic and environmental dispatch in two kinds of CCHP microgrid clusters." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 112 (November 2019): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.04.045.

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44

Yang, Weiman, Xinyue Kang, Xinggui Wang, and Manliang Wang. "MPC-based three-phase unbalanced power coordination control method for microgrid clusters." Energy Reports 9 (December 2023): 1830–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.12.079.

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45

Lu, Xiaoqing, Jingang Lai, Xinghuo Yu, Yaonan Wang, and Josep M. Guerrero. "Distributed Coordination of Islanded Microgrid Clusters Using a Two-Layer Intermittent Communication Network." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 14, no. 9 (September 2018): 3956–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2017.2783334.

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46

John, Blessy, Arindam Ghosh, Megha Goyal, and Firuz Zare. "A DC Power Exchange Highway Based Power Flow Management for Interconnected Microgrid Clusters." IEEE Systems Journal 13, no. 3 (September 2019): 3347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2019.2911625.

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Mohamed, Ahmed A., Ahmed T. Elsayed, Tarek A. Youssef, and Osama A. Mohammed. "Hierarchical control for DC microgrid clusters with high penetration of distributed energy resources." Electric Power Systems Research 148 (July 2017): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.04.003.

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48

Xu, Qianwen, Yan Xu, Zhao Xu, Lihua Xie, and Frede Blaabjerg. "A Hierarchically Coordinated Operation and Control Scheme for DC Microgrid Clusters Under Uncertainty." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 12, no. 1 (January 2021): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tste.2020.2991096.

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Wu, Chuantao, Quan Sui, Xiangning Lin, Zhixun Wang, and Zhengtian Li. "Scheduling of energy management based on battery logistics in pelagic islanded microgrid clusters." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 127 (May 2021): 106573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106573.

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50

Li, Zhen-Long, Peng Li, Zhi-Peng Yuan, Jing Xia, and De Tian. "Optimized utilization of distributed renewable energies for island microgrid clusters considering solar-wind correlation." Electric Power Systems Research 206 (May 2022): 107822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.107822.

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