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Статті в журналах з теми "Microgeographic"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 21 лютого 2023

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1

Verdade, Luciano Martins, Rodrigo Barban Zucoloto, and Luiz Lehmann Coutinho. "Microgeographic variation inCaiman latirostris." Journal of Experimental Zoology 294, no. 4 (December 2, 2002): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.10200.

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2

Rammer, Christian, Jan Kinne, and Knut Blind. "Knowledge proximity and firm innovation: A microgeographic analysis for Berlin." Urban Studies 57, no. 5 (February 28, 2019): 996–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018820241.

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We analyse the geographic proximity of innovative firms to different types of knowledge sources in an urban environment on a microgeographic scale. Based on a comprehensive panel data set of manufacturing and service firms in the German capital city Berlin, we investigate the characteristics of firms’ knowledge environment while differentiating by the type of innovation. Geocoded firm locations at the level of individual addresses allows us to describe the knowledge environment of firms on a very fine microgeographic scale. We find that innovative firms are located in places with higher numbers of same-sector firms, more start-ups and a higher inflow of other firms. They also locate in closer proximity to universities and research institutes. These differences decay rapidly within a few metres (50–250 m), indicating a truly microgeographic scope of knowledge sources in urban environments.

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3

Boulengé, Éric Le, Pierre Legendre, Claudine de le Court, Paule Le Boulengé-Nguyen, Marc Languy, Eric Le Boulenge, and Paule Le Boulenge-Nguyen. "Microgeographic Morphological Differentiation in Muskrats." Journal of Mammalogy 77, no. 3 (August 1996): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1382673.

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4

Weisburd, David, Clair White, and Alese Wooditch. "Does Collective Efficacy Matter at the Micro Geographic Level?: Findings from a Study Of Street Segments." British Journal of Criminology 60, no. 4 (March 4, 2020): 873–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa007.

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Abstract Many scholars argue that collective efficacy is not relevant to understanding crime at the microgeographic level. We examine variation in collective efficacy across streets with different levels of crime in Baltimore City, MD, and, then, employ multilevel modelling to assess this relationship. We find that people who live in crime hot spots have much lower levels of collective efficacy than people who live in non-hot spot streets and that this relationship persists when controlling for a large number of potential confounders both at the street and community levels. These findings suggest the importance of collective efficacy both in understanding and controlling crime at microgeographic units.

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5

Byer, Nathan W., Scott A. Smith, and Richard A. Seigel. "Microgeographic Variation in Bog Turtle Nesting Ecology." Journal of Herpetology 52, no. 2 (June 2018): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/17-120.

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6

Kam, Andrew W., Winnie WY Tong, Jenna M. Christensen, Constance H. Katelaris, Janet Rimmer, and Richard J. Harvey. "Microgeographic factors and patterns of aeroallergen sensitisation." Medical Journal of Australia 205, no. 7 (October 2016): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja16.00264.

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7

Sokolowski, Marla B., and Yves Carton. "Microgeographic variation in aDrosophila melanogaster larval behavior." Journal of Insect Behavior 2, no. 6 (November 1989): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01049403.

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8

Camacho, Juan Pedro M., Michael W. Shaw, Josefa Cabrero, Mohammed Bakkali, Mercedes Ruíz-Estévez, Francisco J. Ruíz-Ruano, Rubén Martín-Blázquez, and María Dolores López-León. "Transient Microgeographic Clines during B Chromosome Invasion." American Naturalist 186, no. 5 (November 2015): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/683172.

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9

Cabrera, V. M., A. M. González, M. Hernández, J. M. Larruga, and M. Martell. "MICROGEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA SUBOBSCURA." Genetics 110, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/110.2.247.

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ABSTRACT Evidence of microgeographic and temporal genetic differentiation in natural populations of Drosophila subobscura is presented. The alcohol dehydrogenease locus was used as a genetic marker. Behavioral differences among the sexes and genotypes may explain these observations, although the molecular basis remains obscure.

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10

Steiner, K. C., and P. C. Berrang. "Microgeographic Adaptation to Temperature in Pitch Pine Progenies." American Midland Naturalist 123, no. 2 (April 1990): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2426557.

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11

Maciejewski, Meghan F., Cynthia Jiang, Yoel E. Stuart, and Daniel I. Bolnick. "Microhabitat contributes to microgeographic divergence in threespine stickleback." Evolution 74, no. 4 (February 23, 2020): 749–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.13942.

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12

WILSON, MARK L., THOMAS S. LITWIN, and THOMAS A. GAVIN. "Microgeographic Distribution of Deer and of Ixodes dammini." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 539, no. 1 Lyme Disease (August 1988): 437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31897.x.

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13

Wilke, André Barretto Bruno, Ramon Wilk-da-Silva, and Mauro Toledo Marrelli. "Microgeographic population structuring of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)." PLOS ONE 12, no. 9 (September 20, 2017): e0185150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185150.

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14

Pelotti, S., C. Bini, A. Barbaro, L. Caenazzo, E. Carnevali, N. Cerri, R. Domenici, et al. "Microgeographic variation of Y-chromosome haplotypes in Italy." Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 1, no. 1 (August 2008): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.083.

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15

Richardson, Jonathan L., Mark C. Urban, Daniel I. Bolnick, and David K. Skelly. "Microgeographic adaptation and the spatial scale of evolution." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 29, no. 3 (March 2014): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.01.002.

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16

Antonyuk, M. Z., T. S. Iefimenko, and T. K. Ternovska. "Polymorphism in the sequence of Glu1 gene in populations of Thinopyrum intermedium as a possible adaptive trait." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 22 (September 9, 2018): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v22.931.

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Анотація:

Aim. Compare structures of Glu genes, extracted from Th. intermedium plants grown in different microgeographic conditions. Methods. PCR with DNA samples of Th. intermedium and primers to Glu-1Dx and Glu-1Dy gene regions, sequencing and comparative analysis of polymorphic amplicons and sequences from databases. Results. Central fragments of Glu-1Dx and Glu-1Dy from plants grown in different microgeographic conditions had significant differences compared to corresponding sequences of Aegilops tauschii (Glu-1Dx), Thinopyrum intermedium (Glu-1St*2x), Triticum aestivum (Glu-1Dy) obtained from databases. Both genes had point mutations, deletions and insertions, which transformed glutamine coding triplets characteristic for storage proteins to stop-codons, also codons for cysteine, methionine and proline appeared. These aminoacids affect protein surface charge, hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties, conformation density, and structure stability. Conclusions. Changes in high molecular weight glutenin structure, which were caused by the observed mutations, could affect protease ability to effectively hydrolases them, which consequently could affect seed germination rate. Slow seed germination might be one of the mechanisms for survival of wild cereal species Thinopyrum intermedium under unfavorable environmental conditions.Keywords: Thinopyrum intermedium, Glu-1Dх, Glu-1Dy, sequence, point mutations, stop codon.

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17

Pahl, B. C., J. M. Terhune, and H. R. Burton. "Repertoire and Geographic Variation in Underwater Vocalisations of Weddell Seals (Leptonychotes weddellii, Pinnipedia : Phocidae) at the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 2 (1997): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo95044.

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Анотація:

The underwater vocalisations of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) near Davis, Antarctica, were many and varied. A total of 11029 vocalisations recorded throughout and immediately after the breeding season were analysed. Vocalisations were classified by cluster analysis techniques, based on differences in frequency, duration, call shape, waveform and number of elements. Thirteen broad call categories (many with subdivisions) were identified. Twelve call types (belonging to nine categories) made up 91· 9% of the vocalisations and were present at all seven study sites within the Vestfold Hills, and a single site at the Larsemann Hills approximately 150 km away. A further eight call types (five categories) made up another 6·7% of the vocalisations. These were not detected at every recording site. An additional 29 call types (11 categories) were infrequent and probably reflect the diversity of individual seals. This study strengthens the case for macrogeographic variation in underwater Weddell seal vocalisations around Antarctica. Microgeographic differences, between sites within 150 km, were weak and not consistent between sites or years. Some adult females move to different breeding sites within the Vestfold Hills area between years. This would probably preclude the establishment of site-specific (microgeographic) repertoire differences.

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18

Cunningham, Michael A., Myron C. Baker, and Thomas J. Boardman. "Microgeographic Song Variation in the Nuttall's White-Crowned Sparrow." Condor 89, no. 2 (May 1987): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368479.

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19

Herrnstadt, Evan, Anthony Heyes, Erich Muehlegger, and Soodeh Saberian. "Air Pollution and Criminal Activity: Microgeographic Evidence from Chicago." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 13, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 70–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20190091.

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A growing literature documents that air pollution adversely impacts health, productivity, and cognition. This paper provides the first evidence of a causal link between air pollution and aggressive behavior, as documented by violent crime. Using the geolocation of crimes in Chicago from 2001–2012, we compare crime upwind and downwind of major highways on days when wind blows orthogonally to the road. Consistent with research linking pollution to aggression, we find that air pollution increases violent crime on the downwind sides of interstates. Our results suggest that pollution may reduce welfare and affect behavior through a wider set of channels than previously considered. (JEL K42, Q53)

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20

Danubio, Maria Enrica, Emanuele Sanna, Fabrizio Rufo, Domenico Martorella, Elvira Vecchi, and Alfredo Coppa. "Microgeographic Differentiation in Historical Yemen Inferred by Morphometric Distances." Human Biology 84, no. 2 (April 2012): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3378/027.084.0204.

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21

Woodman, David A. "Microgeographic Variation in Rhinichthys cataractae (Cyprinidae) in Western Nebraska." Copeia 1986, no. 1 (February 10, 1986): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1444912.

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22

Hays, C. G., T. C. Hanley, A. R. Hughes, S. B. Truskey, R. A. Zerebecki, and E. E. Sotka. "Local Adaptation in Marine Foundation Species at Microgeographic Scales." Biological Bulletin 241, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/714821.

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23

Skelly, David K. "MICROGEOGRAPHIC COUNTERGRADIENT VARIATION IN THE WOOD FROG, RANA SYLVATICA." Evolution 58, no. 1 (2004): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/03-425.

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24

Colombelli-Négrel, Diane, and Rachel Smale. "Habitat explained microgeographic variation in Little Penguin agonistic calls." Auk 135, no. 1 (January 2018): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1642/auk-17-75.1.

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25

Campbell, Robert K., William A. Pawuk, and Arland S. Harris. "Microgeographic genetic variation of Sitka spruce in southeastern Alaska." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 1004–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-154.

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Microgeographic genetic variation among populations of Sitka spruce on Mitkof Island in southeastern Alaska is described. In two common-garden environments, we evaluated genotypes of 208 parent trees from 114 locations in a 17 000-ha area. Two principal components accounted for most of the variation among locations in 11 traits measured to evaluate growth vigor and rhythm of 2-year-old seedlings. Regression analyses of factor scores derived from principal components revealed genetic gradients associated with elevation, slope, aspect, and west–east and north–south direction. Large amounts of additive genetic variation in factor scores occurred among trees within locations. When this variation within locations was used as a scale, variation among locations was also large. In an extreme case, locations differed in factor scores of the first principal component by about 3.0 units of the standard deviation of additive genetic variation in factor scores. Of the total differentiation in this case, elevational range (600 m) contributed 0.7 units of standard deviation, aspect contributed 0.9 units, and distance (16 km) from north central to southeastern parts of the island contributed 1.4 units.

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26

HSIAO, JU-YING, BING-SHIN WANG, and LOREN H. RIESEBERG. "Microgeographic Allozyme Variation in Yushan Cane (Yushania niitakayamensis; Poaceae)." Plant Species Biology 11, no. 2-3 (December 1996): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1996.tb00147.x.

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27

Schilthuizen, Menno, Angelique van Til, Merijn Salverda, Thor-Seng Liew, S. Sheena James, Berjaya bin Elahan, and Jaap J. Vermeulen. "MICROGEOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF SNAIL SHELL SHAPE AND PREDATOR BEHAVIOR." Evolution 60, no. 9 (September 2006): 1851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb00528.x.

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28

Skelly, David K. "MICROGEOGRAPHIC COUNTERGRADIENT VARIATION IN THE WOOD FROG, RANA SYLVATICA." Evolution 58, no. 1 (January 2004): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01582.x.

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29

Hu, Zi-Min. "Intertidal population genetic dynamics at a microgeographic seascape scale." Molecular Ecology 22, no. 12 (June 2013): 3191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12327.

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30

McPheron, B. A., D. C. Smith, and S. H. Berlocher. "Microgeographic genetic variation in the apple maggot rhagoletis pomonella." Genetics 119, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/119.2.445.

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Abstract We examined electrophoretic variability at five enzyme loci in the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella, on a microgeographic scale. Treating flies from individual hawthorn trees as separate populations, we estimated F(ST) values from allele frequencies. The results indicate that there is significant allele frequency heterogeneity among fly populations over a small spatial scale at some loci but not at others. This variation among loci in degree of differentiation is itself statistically significant, casting doubt on the role of genetic drift in maintaining the heterogeneity. There is also heterogeneity between years in flies from a given tree. These data provide a baseline with which future work on genetic differentiation among apple maggot populations associated with different species of host plants may be compared.

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31

Beleza, S., B. Quintans, A. Salas, A. Amorim, A. Carracedo, and L. Gusmão. "Microgeographic substructure of NW Iberian Y chromosome STR haplotypes." International Congress Series 1261 (April 2004): 296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0531-5131(03)01501-2.

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32

Duranton, Gilles, Laurent Gobillon, and Henry G. Overman. "Assessing the Effects of Local Taxation using Microgeographic Data." Economic Journal 121, no. 555 (June 2, 2011): 1017–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02439.x.

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33

Schilthuizen, Menno, Angelique van Til, Merijn Salverda, Thor-Seng Liew, S. Sheena James, Berjaya bin Elahan, and Jaap J. Vermeulen. "MICROGEOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF SNAIL SHELL SHAPE AND PREDATOR BEHAVIOR." Evolution 60, no. 9 (2006): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/06-114.1.

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34

Jiang, Xiaodong, Huishuang Liang, Ying Chen, Xing Xu, and Di Huang. "Microgeographic adaptation to toxic cyanobacteria in two aquatic grazers." Limnology and Oceanography 60, no. 3 (March 18, 2015): 947–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lno.10067.

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35

López-Soto, M., P. Sanz, A. Carracedo, and A. Salas. "Microgeographic mitochondrial DNA patterns in the South of Iberia." International Congress Series 1288 (April 2006): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2005.11.035.

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36

Ross, Kenneth G., Michael J. B. Krieger, D. DeWayne Shoemaker, Edward L. Vargo, and Laurent Keller. "Hierarchical Analysis of Genetic Structure in Native Fire Ant Populations: Results From Three Classes of Molecular Markers." Genetics 147, no. 2 (October 1, 1997): 643–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.643.

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We describe genetic structure at various scales in native populations of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta using two classes of nuclear markers, allozymes and microsatellites, and markers of the mitochondrial genome. Strong structure was found at the nest level in both the monogyne (single queen) and polygyne (multiple queen) social forms using allozymes. Weak but significant microgeographic structure was detected above the nest level in polygyne populations but not in monogyne populations using both classes of nuclear markers. Pronounced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) differentiation was evident also at this level in the polygyne form only. These microgeographic patterns are expected because polygyny in ants is associated with restricted local gene flow due mainly to limited vagility of queens. Weak but significant nuclear differentiation was detected between sympatric social forms, and strong mtDNA differentiation also was found at this level. Thus, queens of each form seem unable to establish themselves in nests of the alternate type, and some degree of assortative mating by form may exist as well. Strong differentiation was found between the two study regions usinga all three sets of markers. Phylogeographic analyses of the mtDNA suggest that recent limitations on gene flow rather than longstanding barriers to dispersal are responsible for this large-scale structure.

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37

Langin, Katie. "The Importance of Small Change." Boom 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2015.5.3.42.

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While conducting research on Santa Cruz Island off the coast of California, Langin found differences in the beaks of a single species of bird, the endemic island scrub-jay. Though they lived in neighboring habitats, the size and shape of the birds’ beaks change depending on the types of flora available to them. The discovery is one of several recent examples of microgeographic divergence that point to greater biodiversity than biologists had come to expect.

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38

Wares, J. P., and A. E. Castañeda. "Geographic range in Chthamalus along the west coast of North America." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no. 2 (March 31, 2005): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405011227h.

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Identification of the range boundaries and microgeographic distribution of cryptic species is greatly facilitated by the use of genetic markers. Here we characterize the geographic range overlap between two cryptic species, Chthamalus fissus and C. dalli, and show that as with other barnacle species, their distribution and abundance is probably dictated more by microhabitat characteristics and the presence of conspecifics than broader environmental gradients. We also show that C. dalli appears to be panmictic across the studied range.

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39

Tolliver, Deanna K., Jerry R. Choate, Donald W. Kaufman, and Glennis A. Kaufman. "Microgeographic Variation of Morphometric and Electrophoretic Characters in Peromyscus leucopus." American Midland Naturalist 117, no. 2 (April 1987): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2425984.

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40

Davenport, Jon M., and Winsor H. Lowe. "Testing for Microgeographic Effects on the Strength of Interspecific Competition." Copeia 106, no. 3 (October 2018): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ce-18-006.

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41

Urban, Mark C., Jonathan L. Richardson, Nicole A. Freidenfelds, Dana L. Drake, John F. Fischer, and Peter P. Saunders. "Microgeographic Adaptation of Wood Frog Tadpoles to an Apex Predator." Copeia 105, no. 3 (September 2017): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/cg-16-534.

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42

Greenow, Linda. "Microgeographic Analysis as an Index to Family Structure and Networks." Journal of Family History 10, no. 3 (September 1985): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319908501000305.

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43

WU, Wenchao, Shaosheng JIN, and Suminori TOKUNAGA. "TESTING LOCALIZATION OF CHINESE FOOD INDUSTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM MICROGEOGRAPHIC DATA." Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies 28, no. 3 (May 24, 2016): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rurd.12055.

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44

Richardson, Jonathan L., and Mark C. Urban. "STRONG SELECTION BARRIERS EXPLAIN MICROGEOGRAPHIC ADAPTATION IN WILD SALAMANDER POPULATIONS." Evolution 67, no. 6 (March 4, 2013): 1729–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12052.

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45

Yund, P. O., and P. G. O'Neil. "Microgeographic genetic differentiation in a colonial ascidian ( Botryllus schlosseri ) population." Marine Biology 137, no. 4 (November 15, 2000): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270000378.

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46

Schulte-Hostedde, Albrecht I., H. Lisle Gibbs, and John S. Millar. "Microgeographic genetic structure in the yellow-pine chipmunk (Tamias amoenus)." Molecular Ecology 10, no. 7 (December 21, 2001): 1625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01298.x.

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47

Staaden, Moira J. van, Gail R. Michener, and Ronald K. Chesser. "Spatial analysis of microgeographic genetic structure in Richardson's ground squirrels." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 1187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-131.

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Local genetic structure has a sound theoretical basis, yet empirical demonstration in animal species has proved elusive, even in apparently ideal candidate species. Techniques based on the distribution of individual genotypes may offer a more complete picture of population structure than traditional measures focusing on isolation by distance and dispersal behavior. We used spatial autocorrelation and contiguous clustering to identify structure in a population of Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii) for which deviation from Hardy–Weinberg expectations indicated population subdivision. Nonrandom aggregates of genotypes were detected at five of six enzyme loci examined and selection at one locus. Genetic structuring was highly sex-dependent, being prominent only among females. Isolation by distance cannot account for the patterns of gene diversity observed, but Mantel matrix procedures of inter-individual distance based on demographic–behavioral characteristics and geographic distance were significantly associated. Social and breeding systems of S. richardsonii lead to significant local substructure. While philopatry alone may not account for fine-scale genetic structure in small mammals with sex-biased dispersal, nonrandom aggregates will be detected if appropriate social models and rigorous sampling criteria are adopted. Identification of such localized structure remains fundamental to understanding evolutionary models of population genetic structure and sociality.

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48

Guttman, Sheldon I., Tom Wilson, and Lee A. Weigt. "Microgeographic Genetic Variation in the Enchenopa binotata Complex (Homoptera: Membracidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 82, no. 2 (March 1, 1989): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/82.2.225.

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49

Leader, Noam, Yoram Yom-Tov, and Jonathan Wright. "MICROGEOGRAPHIC SONG DIALECTS IN THE ORANGE-TUFTED SUNBIRD (NECTARINIA OSEA)." Behaviour 137, no. 12 (2000): 1613–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502745.

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AbstractIn a study of male song in the orange-tufted sunbird (Nectarinia osea) in an urban neighborhood in Ramat-Aviv, Israel, we discovered the occurrence of song variation on a microgeographic scale in the form of two distinct dialects with a sharp boundary between them. The main distinction between the two song dialects is the frequency of the trill, which comprises the terminal part of the song. A large difference of 2-3 kHz in the peak frequency of the trill was discovered between the two dialects, which could be easily distinguished by ear. Thirtyseven males were recorded singing the 'low' dialect and 21 birds sang the 'high' dialect. Four other birds sang both dialects or 'hybrid' songs. Along the boundary that separated the two dialect populations, neighboring birds sang different dialect songs, although they were only 20-30 meters apart. All four 'bilingual' birds occupied territories near the dialect boundary. The historical processes leading to the formation of this dialect system may result from the pattern of human settlement at the time of the establishment of this neighborhood in the early 1950's. The spatial distribution of the two sunbird dialect populations, and the apparent low dispersal rates of birds from their natal dialect area, suggest the existence of a mechanism, which currently maintains these dialects at the current boundaries.

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50

González, Clementina, and Juan Francisco Ornelas. "Song Structure and Microgeographic Song Variation in Wedge-Tailed Sabrewings (Campylopterus Curvipennis) in Veracruz, Mexico." Auk 122, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 593–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/122.2.593.

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AbstractWe studied the songs of Wedge-tailed Sabrewings (Campylopterus curvipennis) in six localities from central Veracruz, Mexico, to document structure and variation within and between singing groups in the same geographic region. Wedgetailed Sabrewing songs were acoustically, structurally, and behaviorally complex, rivaling those of other taxa with complex signals. Songs of individual birds were composed of >45 well-differentiated and structurally complex syllables. We found 239 different syllable types across eight recorded singing groups of Wedge-tailed Sabrewings (∼20 syllable types per singing group), with the greatest versatility recorded in hummingbirds to date. The acoustic variation (15 variables) was summarized in three principal components (58% of acoustic variation), in which intragroup variability accounted for most of the observed variation. We found significant differences between and within groups in terms of syllable sharing (Jaccard’s similarity coefficient). Individuals generally shared >50% of syllable types within groups, whereas syllable sharing was <10% between individuals from different groups. The same microgeographic pattern was supported in a UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean) analysis where individual songs from each singing group clustered separately. However, songs recorded at the same location differed between seasons, which suggests that this species does not exhibit geographically distinct dialects that are consistent across time. The interplay among this species’ social system, distribution of its floral resources, and microgeographic and temporal variation of its song requires further research.

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