Статті в журналах з теми "Microfinance, Business Development Services, Micro and Small Enterprise Development"

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of microfinance on financial inclusion and business growth in Igembe South District Kenya.Methodology: Descriptive research was used in discovering the research objectives. The research targeted the micro, small and medium sized businesses operating in Maua town (Igembe south District), 2181 of which were registered and licensed. A sample of 280 businesses (12.84% of the population) participated in the study.Results: This study revealed that microfinance institutions played a major role in improving financial inclusion among the small business owners who previous research has shown that they have been traditionally excluded from the formal banking systems. 78% of the respondents had access to the micro finance services while 60% had active microcredit in the preceding 12 months. It was clear that the microfinance institutions were cultivating the culture of saving among the micro entrepreneurs. However, most of the new businesses specifically those less than one year of age minimally benefitted from the micro finance services. It was also noted that default risk among the small businesses remains to be a challenge that micro credit lenders have to overcome for continued services provision. Working capital requirement was the leading reason for borrowing from micro finance institutions by the businesses.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study found that there was a good complementation between the existing micro finance institutions and the public entrepreneurial programs initiated by the government of Kenya such as Youth Entrepreneurs Development Fund, Women Enterprise Fund, Uwezo Fund and other County governments initiatives. The study recommended that the microfinance institutions should also be included in the distribution channel of these public funds for stronger linkage with the target groups. The MFIs should also utilize Credit Reference Bureau services to reduce the problem of default.

PURPOSE: In the era of globalization and competition in a vigorous market, micro and small enterprises (MSEs) look for sustainable growth by consuming diverse resources. Previous studies have identified that financial services of microfinance are essential drivers for SMEs’ survival. Yet, the feature role of other microfinance services, such as micro-credit, micro-savings, micro-insurance, training, and social networking, to achieve substantial growth of the MSE sector is still lacking, which explains why MSEs make such a small contribution to Pakistan’s economy. Therefore, the main purpose of the research is to consider the impact of microfinance services on the growth of MSEs in Pakistan, as MSEs are the most vulnerable group in the country and throughout the world. Moreover, this study also identified the mediating role of social and psychological capital in enhancing the productivity of microfinance services for MSEs. METHODOLOGY: 770 respondents from metropolitan cities in Pakistan were contacted for the survey, and the response rate was 64%. After screening the data, only 357 questionnaires appeared to be completed in all respects, so they were initially fed into the computer spread and then imported for further analysis. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data from 357 micro and small enterprises operating in the developing market of Pakistan. Derived hypotheses were verified through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using AMOS 21. FINDINGS: The study’s findings revealed that microfinance services have an essential role in promoting MSE growth. Microfinance institutions’ services, such as micro-credit, micro-savings, micro-insurance, and training, play an important role in the development of MSEs. Moreover, social and psychological capital are the crucial factors that partially mediate the relationship between microfinance services and MSE growth in Pakistan. The limitation of this study is the adaptation of a crosssectional design to collect the data. Longitudinal research at different time frames may present diversified results. IMPLICATIONS: The study gives the impression that institutions of microfinance, practitioners, and other policymakers should enhance their perimeter to offer microfinance services and support group-based lending or training to maximize their social and psychological capital, through which MSEs may be able to attain substantial growth. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This empirical study contributes to the literature on microfinance services and MSE growth by focusing on the mediating effect of social and psychological capital, and providing the foundation for further studies.

Potential villages in Banten amounting to 1,273 and need to be empowered, Shari’ah Micro Financial Institution Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil (LKMS BMT) is a microfinance institution syari’ah targeted at people’s economy trying to develop productive businesses and investments with profit-sharing system. The main objective is to improve the economic quality of micro and small entrepreneurs, as part of efforts to alleviate poverty. Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) is a business entity which is completely or partially owned by the Village through direct participation derived from the wealth of the Village separated to manage assets, services and other businesses for the greatest benefit of the small town community. Potential BUMDes will be more prospective when synergized with Shari’ah microfinance institutions Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil (LKMS BMT). This syari’ah financial institution proved able to adapt with the village community. The concept of SDSB, one village one BMT. To achieve this it is necessary to have 5 pillars in support of the process, fostering behavior, fostering brotherhood, building synergy, building funds and market development, and excellent products.Keyword: Village, Shari’ah Micro Financial Institution, Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes),

Islamic microfinance aims to offer alternative financial products and services to the Muslim population through developing innovative microfinance services and products based on Islamic finance principles. Two main Islamic financing methods are used in Islamic microfinance: financings based on profit and loss sharing principle and financings using mark-up. The Muslim population represents more than 23% of the world population. A large part of this population is living with income below the poverty line. According to the Islamic Development Bank (2008), more than 500 million poor (with income below USD 1.25 per day) live in the five largest Muslim-majority countries (Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Egypt). Despite the enormous potential market for Islamic microfinance, Islamic Microfinance Institutions serve only 1.28 million clients, representing only 1% of the total outreach of microfinance. One possible explanation for this low outreach is that the products offered by Islamic microfinance institutions may not be well adapted to the needs of the customers. Therefore, this research aims to examine customers’ satisfaction with Islamic loans. Moreover, the study aimed to identify the loan’s selection criteria, and the areas of improvement, from the customers' perspective. This study focused on small businesses since micro-entrepreneurs have specific needs related to their businesses that differ from the other customers’ needs. The study was conducted in the context of Bank Syariah Mandiri, one of the largest Indonesian Islamic commercial banks. The study proceeded in two steps. The first step was to investigate the relevant literature on Islamic microfinance and customers’ satisfaction in the Islamic microfinance sector. The second step was collecting primary data among the customers of the micro Banking Division of Bank Syariah Mandiri. The literature review on Islamic microfinance revealed a lack of understanding of customers’ attitudes, perceptions, and preferences. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a modest contribution to the field. The survey questionnaire was used to collect primary data, and a random sampling method was used to select the participants for the survey. One hundred questionnaires were distributed to the customers who owned a micro business and had an outstanding loan balance with Bank Syariah Mandiri at the time of the survey. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 22.0 was used to generate the statistical analysis. The response rate was 100% since questionnaires were distributed to the respondents at their house or business location. The study revealed that most respondents were satisfied with the credit and its features (loan size, cost, collateral requirements, time to process the application, and application form). The credit served their business and helped them improve their sales and incomes. In addition, the study showed that the essential criteria in selecting a credit were the cost, Syariah compliance, and the process easiness. An essential finding of this study was that the religious character of the Islamic Microfinance Institution was not of great importance when selecting a microfinance institution; however, it becomes a significant concern when selecting a credit. This finding suggests the importance of enhancing Syariah compliant product innovation to increase customers’ satisfaction

Despite studies on microfinance (MF) or development of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Asia developing countries, including countries as member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN), are growing, not so much attention have been given to the role of MF in financing micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Based on a key literature study and analysis of secondary/national data, the main aim of this study is to fill this gap. It shows that in many ASEAN member states (AMS) MF has developed to some significant degree, although the rate of growth (e.g. number of MFIs, number of depositors and debtors, total loans allocated, etc.) as well as the market structure of MF vary across member states. From the Indonesian case this study comes with two most interesting facts. First, majority of MSMEs do not have access to credit from banks and/or other formal non-bank financial institutions. Second, MF services or MFIs are growing fast, and the most popular MF program so far is Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR), or people business credit (i.e. a credit scheme without collateral), introduced during the SBY period.

Microfinance plays a catalytic role in the sustainability of small, micro, and medium enterprises (SMMEs). Given the prevailing failure rate of SMMEs in South Africa, a holistic view of microfinance institutions (MFIs) regarding microfinance is essential. This paper explores how MFIs enhance women-owned SMMEs’ sustainability in the Gqeberha area focusing on three MFIs subsidized by the South African government in Nelson Mandela Bay municipality. Systems theory was used to explore areas that MFIs should focus on to enhance the sustainability of women-owned SMMEs. A qualitative case study using semi-structured interviews and open-ended questionnaires was employed. The research sample was drawn from three public MFIs in Gqeberha and 21 women-owned SMMEs who are beneficiaries of the MFIs. Coding and thematic analysis were used for data analysis. MFIs encounter challenges in adequately servicing women-owned SMMEs. A mismatch was identified in the provision and demand of microfinance services due to limited funding for MFIs. The non-financial support essential to keeping SMMEs afloat does not meet the needs of women-owned businesses. The microfinance services provided by MFIs play a significant role in supporting SMMEs to achieve sustainability. However, there is a need for a complementary service that should offer sector-specific business support because current services provided by the MFIs are generic, and SMMEs need sector-specific assistance. AcknowledgmentsOur special thanks go to the Department of Development Studies and Nelson Mandela University for the support that contributed to the success of this manuscript. We also acknowledge Dr. Ruth Albertyn for her technical and editorial support.

Abstract: The existence of microfinance institutions in rural areas plays strategic roles to boost the community socioeconomic development. Microfinance Institution of Rural Economic Enterprises- Savings and Loans (LKM UED-SP) of Bengkalis Regency, until 2016, has been able to develop both cumulative and current year loans volume. The development has also occurred on the poor household loans which continuously increasing every year. The numbers of debtors according to genders have shown a positive development. The average of male debtors were 28,283 people with the ratio average of 66.20% , female debtors were 14, 517 people with the ratio average of 33.80%. In addition, 538 of the debtors were from poor families with the ratio average of 1.28%. Among the business sectors, the debtors including several sectors such as trading, agriculture, plantation, fishery, animal husbandry, small industries and services: with the highest sectors nominated by plantation of 51.96%, trading of 30.77% and service sector of 6.28% - while the other sectors were below 5%. The government capital ratio was in average of 93.72% and from the current year profit of 6.28%. The number of female staff developed in average of 204 people each year. The development on productive business loans was in average of 57.72% and poor household loans of about 32.79%. The staff’s productivity was about 105 people per staff with the average loan volume of Rp. 1.344.881.683,-. The average of staff’s incentive reached Rp. 1.173.720.029,- with the ratio of Rp. 2.558.789,- per staff. Keywords: Micro Finance and Social Performance

PurposeGlobally, women have been recognized as key contributors toward livelihood and poverty eradication, especially in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa. This is due to their great involvement and participation in micro small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) that create employment and ultimately economic growth and development. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to establish the mediating role of social cohesion in the relationship between microfinance accessibility and survival of women MSMEs in post-war communities in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Northern Uganda where physical collateral were destroyed by war.Design/methodology/approachThe data for this study were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire from 395 women MSMEs who are clients of microfinance institutions in post-war communities in Northern Uganda, which suffered from the 20 years' Lord Resistance Army (LRA) insurgency. The Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) software was used to analyze the data and the measurement and structural equation models were constructed to test for the mediating role of social cohesion in the relationship between microfinance accessibility and survival of women MSMEs in post-war communities.FindingsThe results revealed that social cohesion significantly and positively mediate the relationship between microfinance accessibility and survival of women MSMEs in post-war communities in Northern Uganda. The results suggest that the presence of social cohesion as a social collateral promotes microfinance accessibility by 14.6% to boost survival of women MSMEs in post-war communities where physical collateral were destroyed by war amidst lack of property rights among women. Similarly, the results indicated that social cohesion has a significant influence on survival of women MSMEs in post-war communities in Northern Uganda. Moreover, when combined together, the effect of microfinance accessibility and social cohesion exhibit greater contribution towards survival of women MSMEs in post-war communities in Northern Uganda. Indeed, social cohesion provides the social safety net (social protection) through which women can access business loans from microfinance institutions for survival and growth of their businesses.Research limitations/implicationsThis study concentrated mainly on women MSMEs located in post-war communities in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa with a specific focus on Northern Uganda. Women MSMEs located in other regions in Uganda were not sampled in this study. Besides, the study focused only on the microfinance industry as a major source of business finance. It ignored the other financial institutions like commercial banks that equally provide access to financial services to micro-entrepreneurs.Practical implicationsThe governments in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where there have been wars should waive-off the registration and licensing fees for grass-root associations because such social associations may act as social protection tools through which women can borrow from financial institutions like the microfinance institutions. The social groups can provide social collateral to women to replace physical collateral required by microfinance institutions in lending. Similarly, the governments, development agencies, and advocates of post-war reconstruction programs in developing countries where there have been wars, especially in sub-Saharan Africa should initiate the provision of group business loans through the existing social women associations. This may offer social protection in terms of social collateral in the absence of physical collateral required by the microfinance institutions in lending. This may be achieved through partnership with the existing microfinance institutions operating in rural areas in post-war communities in developing countries. Additionally, advocates of post-war recovery programs should work with the existing microfinance institutions to design financial products that suit the economic conditions and situations of the women MSMEs in post-war communities. The financial products should meet the business needs of the women MSMEs taking into consideration their ability to fulfil the terms and conditions of use.Originality/valueThis study revisits the role of microfinance accessibility in stimulating survival of women MSMEs as an engine for economic growth in the presence of social cohesion, especially in post-war communities in sub-Saharan Africa where physical collateral were destroyed by war. It reveals the significant role of social cohesion as a social protection tool and safety net, which contributes to economic outcomes in the absence of physical collateral and property rights among women MSMEs borrowers, especially in post-war communities.

The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of micro-credit on the small or micro-enterprises development with reference to Kaski district of Nepal. The descriptive and analytical research design is used and the research is based on the primary sources of data collected through structured questionnaires. During the study, the researchers selected 170 respondents, who were involved in the micro-credit programme in the last five or more years in the microfinance institutions, using the purposive sampling technique. The study finds that the majority of the clients are involved in agriculture and livestock and the rest are involved in the micro-business and enterprises related to service industry (such as tailoring, beauty parlor, hotel or restaurant), trade or business and small-scale manufacturing sectors. Micro-credit has a positive correlation with initial investment, revenue generation, employment generation, expansion of business and profit generation. The study also finds that micro-credit has encouraged clients to engage in the micro-business and enterprise development activities. The study recommends that it is necessary to adopt an effective utilization policy of micro-credit that may benefit both microfinance institutions for its sustainability and clients for their living standard improvement.

The Article is devoted to present the problem of microlending to small businesses. Microfinance encourages self-employment of the population and the development of domestic small and micro business.based on the methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization and scientific abstraction, we can conclude that domestic MFIs begin to perform the function of satisfaction in the financial services population, small and micro enterprises in terms when these subjects of the economy are unavailable or inaccessible services of credit institutions (both banks and non-Bank credit institutions). Despite the positive impact of MFIs on the domestic economy, their activities could be more effective. Currently, MFIs are not able to fully Udo-uletaite the demand for financial services, including due to the low resource base of the MFIs. Independently MFI can solve this problem at the expense of increase of tariffs for the services rendered that would affect the availability of their services and in result will prevent the solution of the problem of expanding the range of potential customers of financial services. In the interests of further development of MFIs of expanding access to financial services is proposed to develop measures for a substantial increase in the resource base of MFIs, providing them with available funding.

Small businesses play important role for economic development and stability. It develops access in financial services through enhancing economic activities. The study analyzes the growth and development of small businesses that enhance through the support of micro finance in Nepal. Descriptive and inferential were used to collected data and collected data were analyzed through using multiple linear regression analysis. Only 124 small business owners were selected for this study. The study helps to find out the growth of microfinance institutions (MFIs) and small businesses in emerging economy in Nepal. It also assists MFIs to assess the effectiveness of their services and help to efficient utilization of available resources in the economy of Nepal.

Background: Business Development Service (BDS) market is considered as a paradigm shift to traditional approaches in promoting and delivering enterprise support services. BDS is an internationally recognized tool to achieve economic prosperity through the development of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Most developed and developing nations are promoting BDS for MSME development and employment generation. Micro-Enterprise Development Program (MEDEP) has initiated the BDS market development approach named as Micro-Enterprise Development (MED) model in Nepal since1998. Objective: This article is objectively written to analyze and present the MED model, implementation approach, and MEDEP’s strategies for effective BDS delivery; market development; and sustainability. Method: Secondary as well as primary sources of information have been used to collect data. Secondary data have been triangulated through experts’ opinions. A descriptive methodology has been used while analyzing data. Result: Apart from ME promotion, this article has also briefly presented how MEDEP has contributed to making an enabling environment for sustainable BDS market development in Nepal. MED model was implemented by MEDEP in 10 districts in its first phase (1998-2003). The model is found successfully implemented in all districts of Nepal till the end of MEDEP’s 4th phase in 2018. It is in the process of being replicated in all 753 Local Governments (LGs). Conclusion: MEDEP remarkably found highly contributed to the introduction, development, and growth of the BDS market development approach in Nepal by creating more than 132,000 micro-enterprises, developing institutional frameworks and partnerships modality for service delivery, and creating an enabling policy environment. This approach is found well recognized and replicated in some manner by other government, Non-Government and private BDS providing institutions as well.

Small businesses play significant role to the economic stability and development of emerging economies, and access to financial services is crucial to their growth and performance. This study seeks to ascertain whether microfinance products such as loans, savings, insurance, and education effects small business growth in Ghana. The study uses descriptive and inferential statistics on responses of 248 small business owners for data analysis. Using a multiple linear regression analysis, the study found that all the microfinance product or services positively affects small business growth, and the greatest influence is micro loans. This study contributes massively to exact literature to the growth of microfinance institutions (MFIs) and small businesses in emerging economy, Ghana. The study can assist MFIs to assess the effectiveness of their product or services, and can also serves as a guide to an effective utilization of available scarce resources leading to growth of small businesses in emerging economies.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an insurance framework to address the challenge of managing default risk for lenders providing credit to small and micro businesses. Design/methodology/approach A theoretical model is developed showing how mircrofinance lenders can better manage the default risks of small and micro businesses, which assists lenders in sustainably providing affordable microfinance. Findings The model explains how to determine the feasible range of insurance premiums to advise lenders on the appropriate price for microinsurance protecting against small and micro business default. This will enable microfinance institutions to better manage default risk, and thereby provide sustainable and accessible microfinance assistance to small and micro businesses. Social implications The need for microfinance is essential to support small and micro businesses. The insurance framework assists financial institutions in managing default risk of small and micro businesses, enhancing sustainability of these critical financing channels, and supporting the economic development of society in both the developed and developing worlds. The insurance framework proposed will help both policymakers and financial institutions to make better economic decisions, thereby serving small and micro businesses. Originality/value This is the first study in the area of microfinance to propose a way to solve the challenge of providing sustainable mircrofinance services and mitigating small and micro businesses’ difficulty in receiving the financial help they need.

Posited in the context of the exacerbating conditions of the economic crisis, the shortage of financial resources in the small and medium-sized enterprise market, and the low standard of living of the population in a number of countries, microfinancing is one of the effective tools to stimulate entrepreneurship. Microfinancing is the issuance of small loans and other services, such as business development services (BDS), which also comprise components of financial literacy, business registration, market linkages, thereby serving as a reliable mechanism to support low-income individuals to start and grow their businesses and to alleviate poverty in the country. Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) use innovative techniques, such as group lending and gradually increasing loan sizes in order to provide these services. The systematic analysis of the existing scientific literature on microfinance revealed the lack of comprehensive research on the significance of counselor expertise in the provision of BDS. Thus, the objectives of the present study were to understand the meaning of counselor expertise, to see how counselor expertise could help owner-managers in different areas of their businesses, and to examine how the organizational factors affect the expertise of the counselors. A case study method was used to carry out the study. Accordingly, six MFIs were selected as cases, and a microfinance manager, a counselor, and three owner-managers/clients from each MFI were interviewed to collect the data. The findings show that counselor expertise is twofold: business knowledge and experiential knowledge. It was evidenced that, while the business knowledge of counselors helps owner-managers in record keeping, business plan preparation, and financial literacy, the experiential knowledge helps owner-managers in networking, business linkages, and different industries. The findings also reveal that the type of MFI, the type of linkage, and the counsellor selection method influence the expertise of the counselors. Therein, the findings are useful both to the practice and the knowledge domains in the microfinance setting. Keywords: counseling, expertise, microfinance, business knowledge, experiential knowledge, business development services.

The generally accepted view of the functions of a small business as a social institution that supports the competitive environment, employment and adaptive factors of the economy: a particular lifestyle, class. A manifestation of small business opportunities in the Soviet period of development was the cooperative sector of the economy, in many of the proposed modern enterprise formats. At the same time, small business is actively developing in the investment and construction sector in a highly qualified segment in the provision of accounting services, project management, design, estimates, and most importantly, coordination of design pushes forward effectiveness of the companies.

Learning outcomes To understand the challenges of building a successful business in an emerging market like Yola, Nigeria. To understand the role of micro-finance banks in doing business in Yola, Nigeria. To comprehend strategies adopted in market segmentation and sales of products or services to the customer. To apprehend strategies adopted to sustain and compete in Nigeria – both rural and urban. Case overview/synopsis Standard Microfinance Bank Limited (SMFB) was a private micro-finance bank situated at Yola, Adamawa State of Nigeria. It initially started as a community bank in 1992 to provide loans to individuals and small business owners in Adamawa. It started with the services of payment service and savings account with a limited lending capacity. It had become a full-fledged retail bank and was grown to 13 branches across Nigeria. It planned for expansion such as market development, product development and diversification by the year 2020. It had a customer base of 60,000 till the end of December 2018. Vazheparambil Mani Francis was the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the SMFB. The SMFB faced challenges such as operating the remote villages, lack of financial literacy among people, recovery of the loan amount, submission of false credentials and change of customer identity after loan by their customer. It was not going to be an easy task for him to operate the business of SMFB in Nigeria. However, in December 2018, Francis was facing a dilemma about the future success of SMFB business in Nigeria by looking into the challenges and complexities of business. Francis was determined to figure out the appropriate growth strategy for managing the challenges. Complexity academic level Undergraduate and graduate early-stage program. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

This study aims to examine the obstacles of small and micro businesses in accessing credit business programs called Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR). The method of collecting data and information is done by desk documents and interviews with local government officials, personal banks implementing KUR, the poor who still cannot access microfinance and micro and small businesses, along with micro and small business actors who have obtained KUR in 9 districts/cities in Indonesia. The data analysis method uses descriptive analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on the results of the AHP, access to services and KUR performance can be improved by taking into account several factors including: prospective debtor prospects, technical service capacity, policies and resources of banking, and macro factors. For research related to the future distribution of Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR), it is necessary to conduct an in-depth study of the impact on the development of micro and small businesses that receive KUR and increase the economic capacity of business actors who receive KUR.

Financial inclusion is essential, especially for small and micro-enterprises who often experience issues accessing financial institutions. This inclusion aims to eliminate all financial barriers, including price and non-price, to public access to financial services to reduce societal inequality. This study aims to analyze the effect of Islamic financial inclusion on the capital growth of micro-enterprises in the Sumedang Regency. Employing descriptive analysis and SEM-PLS on primary data with 100 respondents from micro-enterprises who used financial services, the results show that respondents' average Islamic financial inclusion was 59 percent, above the national level. It also found that Islamic financial inclusion had a positive effect on the development of micro-enterprise capital, which indicates that people classified in the micro-business group have broad access to Islamic financial products and services might increase business capital. In addition, the influence of Islamic financial inclusion and mentoring variables on positive capital development means that any increase in the value of Islamic financial inclusion and mentoring will increase capital development.

Purpose This study aims to design appropriate micro-fintech models for Islamic microfinance institutions (IMFIs), especially Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT) in Indonesia, thus enabling BMT to combine Islamic social and commercial microfinance optimally. Design/methodology/approach This study uses the analytic network process and Delphi methods, with three groups of experts as the respondents, namely, academician-regulators, BMT practitioners and Fintech practitioners. Findings The first results show that the micro-fintech tools needed by IMFI/BMT are digital banking, payment, peer-to-peer (P2P) financing, P2P social and e-commerce. These could be developed by a BMT alone or with an APEX or Association, which could also collaborate with an existing fintech company that specialises in micro-fintech, applying the offline to online approach. This means that commercial funding, as well as social fundraising of zakat and waqf, would be conducted online, whereas commercial financing for micro and small enterprise customers and the disbursement of zakat and waqf would be conducted offline. The second results show that the limited open ecosystem and hybrid ecosystem are the most appropriate micro-fintech ecosystems for IMFIs/BMT, with various alternative models. In addition, the private closed ecosystem preferred by BMT would be feasible if all criteria show improvement in the future. Research limitations/implications This study is qualitative in nature. The methods used have limitations, meaning the models could be improved by incorporating other methods. Moreover, the case and respondents are all Indonesian, which means that the results may only be applicable to BMTs in Indonesia. Practical implications A BMT and/or BMT association could immediately apply micro-fintech with a limited open ecosystem, while in the future, they could apply micro-fintech with a private closed ecosystem. Social implications The micro-fintech model could be used to optimise the collections of zakat, infaq and waqf, meaning BMT could provide more social programmes for those in need. Originality/value The growth of fintech in Islamic microfinance has occurred only recently, while only a limited number of studies have been conducted; therefore, no study exists on the development of a micro-fintech model appropriate for IMFIs, especially BMT.

The growth of microcredit worldwide along with international rules on capital requirements (Basel II) are increasing the competition between microfinance institutions (MFIs) and banks for this business segment. The bank system traditionally has relied on adequate credit scoring models to analyze the risk of payment failures, but this has not been the case in supervised MFIs. The objective of this research is to design a credit scoring model for any institution subjected to supervision and specialized in microcredit as the Development Agency for Small and Micro Enterprise (Entidad de Desarrollo de la Pequeña y Micro Empresa - Edpyme) of the financial system in Peru. The results of this research includes a methodology and the steps needed to design the model, and the assessment and validation process that can be applied in the business area, in particular, to establish an interest rate policy with customers. Eventually, the paper also explains how the model can be used to develop credit risk management under the Basel II IRB approaches.

The development of economic growth is certainly supported by the increasing volume of goods and services that can provide prosperity for the community. Economic development can be seen from the increase in GDP regardless of whether the increase is smaller or larger than population growth. Micro, small and medium enterprises (UMKM) are one of the business units that have an important role in the development and growth of the country's economy. UMKM business growth is certainly an opportunity as a field to find work and income, with a lot of employment in UMKM showing that UMKM has a strategic role for the government in helping to reduce poverty and unemployment. The MSME sector has a large share of the Indonesian economy. Based on information obtained from the Ministry of Cooperatives and UMKM, in 2019 UMKM had a proportion of 99.9% of the total number of more than 65 million registered business units. The proportion of loans given to UMKM has always increased from 2017 to 2019 in accordance with the size of the business established. The largest contribution to PDB is provided by the micro-enterprise sector. The micro-enterprise sector annually contributes more than 25% to PDB compared to other sectors which are only able to contribute below 20%

The development of SMEs is largely determined by the existence of MFIs that offer financing models are diverse. It can be said that MFIs become a partner of SMEs in this regard as a financial services provider, through diverse financing models. But on the other hand the diversity of financing models offered by MFIs have not been fully able to be utilizedThis study used exploratory research, descriptive, experimental and applied research conducted in stages for the development of a comprehensive model of microfinance accommodative Informants determined based on the information needs. Using a descriptive and qualitative analysis of the MFI deliberately selected examples illustrate the following: (A) The existence of MFIs is recognized community has a strategic role as an intermediary in economic activity that has not affordable public services of banking institutions / conventional banks; (B) service MFIs have demonstrated success, but success can still be in business economics. Skim MFI lending to businesses has not received the priority, it is characterized by a relatively small ceiling (budget allocation) to support farming, which is less than 10% of the total ceiling of MFIs; (C) A critical factor in the development of the agricultural sector MFI lies in the institutional legality, capability management, seed capital support, the economic viability of farming, farm characteristics and technical assistance clients / service users MFIs; (D) To initiate the growth and development of agricultural MFIs needed guidance enhanced capabilities for HR candidates MFI managers, support the strengthening of capital and technical assistance to customers of credit users.Keywords: Financial Institutions Micro, Small Business Micro

Small and medium-scale enterprises (SMMEs) form the majority of the enterprises in the South African economy. The South African government has identified the SMME sector as one of the potential enablers to achieve its objectives of improving job creation opportunities, reducing poverty and creating a more equitable distribution of wealth. The aim of this article was to provide a perspective on the success government support initiatives has had on the SMME sector. To achieve this, the study sought to analyse the perceived strengths and weaknesses of government’s national strategy and its institutions tasked with creating an enabling environment for the sector. The study employed a survey research design methodology in which mixed methods were used. The national business strategy employed by government was critically analysed. Empirical data was collected from 282 respondents in order to answer the research question. The results show that the government’s approach has favoured ‘supply-side interventions’ including, providing access to training, credit, mentoring and information to existing and new business. Furthermore, this study has identified the lack of awareness as the primary reason for the under-delivery of the government support initiatives in SMME development. Respondents indicated that they frequently made use of the services of business consultants and external specialists from which they perceived added more value to their respective businesses.

Abstract: A bank is a financial institution licensed to receive deposits and make loans. Banks may also provide financial services such as wealth management, currency exchange, and safe deposits. There are several different kinds of banks including retail banks, commercial or corporate banks, and investment banks. In most countries, banks are regulated by the national government or central bank. Banking is defined as the business activity of accepting and safeguarding money owned by other individuals and entities, and then lending out this money in order to conduct economic activities such as making profit or simply covering operating expenses. Cooperative Microfinancing a new option for Government & Development Organizations. Micro financing is the provision of financial services to poor and low-income households without access to formal financial institutions. Microfinance is described as banking for the poor. Microfinance programs provide Micro credit/loans, Micro savings, Micro insurance, training to group members and other financial services to low income and poor people for use in small businesses. In Cooperative Micro Financing we are essentially looking at a "double bottom line"— social gains and commercial success. Conventional Micro financing setup is somewhat also lying on the same concept however Cooperative financial system naturally focus on welfare aspect. This paper tries, to inclusive growth among poor people through Co-operative Micro financing. This paper is an attempt to introduce an innovative and productive banking system in Kerala through co-operative micro financing. The author is aiming for the evolution of banking system in India especially in Kerala having an inclusive growth and upfilment and empowerment of poor by introducing new ways in the existing co-operative banking structure through Kudumbashree

Despite the support extended to the small business sector in South Africa, the growth and survival rates of small, medium, and micro-sized enterprises (SMMEs) are lower than expected. This paper investigates business owner and stakeholder perceptions of barriers and enablers of the start-up, survival, and growth of SMMEs in the South African retail sector. A qualitative research design using semi-structured interviews was employed for data collection from samples of stakeholders and business owners. Framework analysis was used to analyse both sets of data. The findings show that the stakeholders and business owners consider the lack of support, competition, skills shortages, and poor internal controls as the key barriers to the start-up, survival, and growth of SMMEs. Stakeholders considered the business environment as the key enabler while the business owners regarded increasing demand as the key enabler. To address the barriers, recommendations relating to skills development, funding, shelter and services, and other business development resources are presented.

This paper examines the loan size and its productive application after involvement in micro-finance programme in western development region of Nepal. The paper is based on primary sources of data collected through structured questionnaires. The survey includes 500 clients from four districts of western development region both from government and Private microfinance institutions. The study shows that there is positive association between size of savings and loans, size of savings and loan application, current loan size and ethnicity, loan size and duration of membership, and finally loan size and its application. It has been found that clients who have taken small size of loans, they have mostly spent their loans on domestic purposes and found poor application of loans in micro-business whereas big loan size clients have greater application of loans in productive sectors. Micro-finance institutions should increase loan size (as per the provision of monitory policy) with necessary entrepreneurship skills that will help to enhance productive application of loans however, strict monitoring and supervision is essential. Thus, MFIs should give equal priority for non-financial services such as financial literacy and provision of entrepreneurship skills through government and non-government organizations that ultimately helps to utilize micro-credit into productive sectors.Repositioning Vol.1(1) 2016: 63-72

The main purpose of the publication is the development of theoretical approaches, systematization of the results of analysis and definition of measures for the formation of logistic systems of trade enterpreneurship subjects (trade enterprises), which belong to the small business sector. The peculiarities of formation were identified and the problematic aspects of the modern stage of entrepreneurship development in Ukraine were identified. The existence of the logistic component in the general complex of the conduct of trading activity by the entrepreneurship subjects is determined. The essence and ratio of concepts «system of logistic» and «logistics system» of the enterprise are determined. The objective of the logistics system organization as a complex, economic and technical and technological system covering the logistics system of the enterprise is emphasized), personnel of the management services of the enterprise logistic activity, as well as legal, organizational,managerial and methodical principles of all these elements interaction of the system and its management, formed on the basis of the scientific and theoretical basis (theory) of logistics management. The peculiarities of the functioning of small business entities in Ukraine and the averaged parameters of commodity flows in this sector of economy are investigated, factors of logistic flows organization specificity formation in the retail segment, which influence the requirements for the creation and operation of trade enterprises logistic systems and the choice of approaches to them, are determined. The attention is drawn to the need to consider as the main factor in the formation of the trade complex system of logistic of operational and functional processes of logistics activities, which are carried out by a trading company in order to bring commodity flows to end buyers of goods. The necessity of determining the structure of the logistics system of the trading company is focused on taking into account the resources available from the dealer in order to create opportunities for organizational, economic, technical and technological interaction with other supply chain participants in which the given enterprise is involved, and simultaneously ensuring compliance of the goods sold with the requirements end buyers. The key directions of logistic activity improvement of enterprises of trade – subjects of small (and micro) entrepreneurship, which are connected with technical and technological and infrastructure improvements within the enterprise logistics system, introduction of modern management technologies in the logistics management subsystem and logistics administration, are grounded, as well as the use of outsourcing capabilities of logistics functions and operations and the use of modern communication tools for the radical change of trade technologies , which will be reflected in the requirements for organizing a complex of logistics activities of retailers and, accordingly, logistic systems created by them. The purpose of the research is to develop theoretical approaches, to systematize the results of the analysis of the essential characteristics and the composition of the trade company system of logistics, and to identify the main measures for the formation of the system of logistics of the subjects of trade enterprise (trade enterprises), which belong to the small business sector. Object of research – subjects of trade enterprise – trade enterprises, which belong to the small business sector. The subject of the study is theoretical and methodological principles of logistic activity organization and conceptual approaches to the construction of logistic formations in the conditions of integration processes. In accordance with the goal formulated, the main objectives of the study: • on the basis of analysis of the most common scientific theories to determine mechanisms for managing them; • to identify new approaches for identifying the essence of logistics, the content of logistics activities of trade enterprises and identify the actual problems of their construction; • to formulate a conceptual approach, basic principles and applied principles of organization of logistic formations with the participation of small business entities; • to develop scientific and practical recommendations on the construction of trade enterprises systems of logistics and their development taking into account the integration processes in the field of commodity circulation.

Micro-business functioning has a significant impact on the state of the economy and social sphere of any country. The French pattern is noteworthy because a country, that had been aiming at the development of large groups for a long time earlier, only in two decades managed to build a successful system of governmental support for micro-business that includes both specific and common measures for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The study attempts to identify current development trends of the micro-business in France and also to analyse the effectiveness of the state support system provided for the activities of the considered category of the economic entities. Depending on the nature of the subject matter, the author used such methods and approaches of scientific knowledge as induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, system-structural, comparative and statistical analysis. The study analyses in detail the current development trends of the micro-business in France, including its sectorial and regional specifics, estimates the contribution of micro-enterprises to the economic and social development of the country and deeply examines the system of state support. Micro-enterprises take an important place in the French economy by providing one fifth of the employment in the country and the same share of value added. Meanwhile, micro-enterprises are quite weakly oriented towards export because their activities are targeted mainly at the local markets and concentrated in the services sector. Micro-enterprises contribute little to research and development (considering the percentage of total expenditure on research and development and the percentage of total employment in scientific research sector). However, micro-business remains an absolute leader in terms of research and development intensity by spending almost one third of its turnover on researches and considering the share of the direct financial assistance from the state in total expenditures on scientific researches. To date, a sufficiently effective system of public support to micro-business has been formed in France. Apart from providing financial assistance, the system includes substantial tax benefits and simplified taxation schemes, easy reporting system and simple procedures for filing tax return, facilitated social regime, simplification of major bureaucratic formalities and strong information support in all stages of functioning of an enterprise.

Abstract Enterprise Architecture includes organizational and management part and visions and goals of the organization, business processes leading to the goals, innovation processes, control mechanisms, information and communication technologies and others. The paper focuses on one of the most important components of corporate architecture, organizational and management framework of an enterprise in terms of its present state and anticipated changes and the expected development in the context of the emerging new economy. The research was carried out in a sample of 372 enterprises from the whole Czech Republic with the sector (industrial, manufacturing, services and primary sector) and size differentiation (micro-enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises and large enterprises according to the classification of Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic and the EU). The statistical methods were used (p-value with Pearson Chi quadrate output) to analyses the results. The conclusion indicates a possible development in the corporate organization architecture in the context of the paradigm of changes in the external corporate environment.

Starting an enterprise is a risk taking, challenging and needs mental preparation. Thus, understanding common start up problems and key success factors can help entrepreneurs make the right decision. There is no short cut to success. It has to go through experiment, trial and error and hard working. Nagaland is an agricultural economy, but her Gross Domestic Product is contributed mainly by the services sector. There is a need to explore the avenues and viabilities of different sectors so as to increase the pace of development. This paper analyse the factors influencing start-up of enterprises in the service sector in Nagaland using 233 respondents, who have already set up their business, were selected through random sampling. The study uses five point Likert’s scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree (5=strongly agree, 4= agree, 3= undecided, 2= disagree and 1= strongly disagree). The study finds that ‘to be self dependent’ is the most influential factor for starting an enterprise. The study also finds that in micro and small enterprises ‘to be self dependent’ is the driving factor whereas in medium enterprises ‘to create employment’ is the motive of entrepreneurs in starting their business.

Purpose The effectiveness of any government interventions to support small firms is always a concern in achieving improvements in enterprise performances. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate thoroughly the impact of micro and small enterprises’ (MSEs’) support programs on core intermediate and final outcomes of interest. Design/methodology/approach The impact evaluation employs a non-parametric matching procedure for parametric outcome analysis using the propensity score matching (PSM) method. Aiming at a doubly robust evaluation process, the study applies parametric analyses than non-parametric permutation-based tests to investigate the causal effects of the public intervention. Findings The study reveals that the public intervention encouraged MSEs to develop innovative business practices and improve their human capital development process. Moreover, the intervention had a positive effect in expanding employment opportunities in urban areas. Contrariwise, the study shows that support beneficiaries are not at an advantage in investment intensity. The lower level of investment intensity on fixed capital resulted inefficiency among the recipients. Moreover, the intervention did not have an effect on changing the net-asset over time for the recipients. Practical implications This study implies that the support programs need to be dynamic and also targets on creating innovative high-growth MSEs. Originality/value This paper is fairly original and provides policy makers and MSE promoters/facilitators evidence-based information on the effectiveness of the support services, with looking at firm-level analysis.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the main advantages of integrating bottleneck theory, action learning and transformation capabilities to phenomenon and process analysis systems. Design/methodology/approach – This paper selects three typical cases, using grounded theory standardized coding procedures, and selects exploratory case study approach. Findings – Inward small and medium manufacturing enterprises use the bottleneck breakthrough program and provide a correct knowledge input for action learning. Action learning provides a strong guarantee that for the implementation of bottleneck breakthrough program, programming and action learning are required to continually solve problems and achieve goals in the process. Research limitations/implications – The authors used inward manufacturing small- and medium-sized enterprises as research subjects The authors did not analysis the role of knowledge services; the future studies could explore how to improve the performance through the transformation value co-creation. Practical implications – Because of the lack of resources and capacity, small- and medium-sized enterprise adopt appropriate micro-innovation and continuous micro-transformation to break the bottleneck stage and achieve small victories. Originality/value – Learning and development enterprises are not only through multinational clients which restructuring enhance the learning capacity of the international M & A path. It does not conduct thorough and comprehensive change, and also not related to the structural of readjustment organization. In fact, the radical change and transformation strategy is different than other strategies.

Micro Small medium enterprises (UMKM) in each state specifically in the ASEAN region faced with the situation of global competition. A very tight competition is forcing businessmen to become the best. One of the ways that it can be reached by the trade to be able to be the best business strategy is appropriate, effective and efficient. This research aims to find out how the application business model canvas in creating alternative business strategies for the development of UMKM. The second objective is to know the proper strategic alternatives for the development of UMKM. The methods used in this research is descriptive qualitative approach with the use of informants as respondents research. The data source used is the business owners as much as 16 UMKM who open businesses in the downtown area of Pasir Pengaraian. Data collection techniques using interview techniques directly, observation and documentation. This research uses a template business model canvas to map strategy for the effort and combined with the SWOT analysis. Based on data obtained from the results of research, that the description of the business model approach UMKM using Business Model Canvas outline can be used as recommendations for business strategy, the business model which is currently already underway is able to meet the Nine elements of the blocks on the template business model canvas. The findings of this research are that not all the UMKM business strategy and have just run a business without the vision of enterprise development. Based on the results of the SWOT analysis can be found that alternative new efforts by optimizing internal strength in revenue streams on each UMKM and conduct elections to the right customer segments. Suggestions that may the researcher pointed out every UMKM should be more daring to have the vision to grow and continue to innovate against products goods or services, increase customer segmentation and make use of business model canvas approach in making the strategy of the business.

ABSTRAK Penurunan profit bisnis kecil akibat implikasi ekonomi pasca pandemi COVID-19. Persoalan struktur permodalan menjadi kendala dalam mempertahankan dan meningkatkan usahanya secara terus menerus seiring kerubahan zaman. Koperasi Syariah sebagai salah satu lembaga keuangan Islam yang keislaman lebih dekat secara eksistensi maupun teritorial dengan masyarakat tingkat bawah sehingga menjadi alternatif pengembangan usaha masyarakat secara syariah sesuai persyaratan yang diberikan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk untuk menganalisis pengaruh literasi keuangan syariah dalam sikap, pengaruh sosial dan self-efficacy terhadap perilaku pemanfaatan produk koperasi syariah di Indonesia. Studi kuantitatif survey online dengan melibatkan 280 calon anggota koperasi syariah yang membutuhkan pembiayaan dan merupakan pemilik UMKM dijalankan dengan teknik analisis SEM PLS. Hasil studi menunjukkan pengaruh literasi keuangan terhadap sikap, pengaruh sosial dan self-efficacy lalu dilanjutkan arah jalur dukungan hipotesis terhadap niat untuk memilih Koperasi Syariah sebagai solusi kebutuhan finansial UMKM ditemukan. Strategi manajerial khususnya pemasaran dikembangkan dengan mempertimbangkan efek sikap positif, pengaruh sosial dan efikasi diri calon anggota sebagai pemilik bisnis atau produk keuangan syariah yang akan mereka tawarkan kepada pelanggan mereka akan berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan sektor UMKM khususnya UMKM Generasi Millenial dan UMKM Hijau di Indonesia melalui upaya promosi dan kerjasama. Kata Kunci: ASE Model, Ekonomi Islam, Koperasi Syariah, Pemberdayaan, UMKM. ABSTRACT The decline in small business profits due to the post-COVID-19 pandemic economy. The issue of capital structure is an obstacle in maintaining and increasing development continuously in line with the changing times. Sharia cooperatives as one of the Islamic financial institutions are closer in existence and territorially to the lower level of society so that they become an alternative for community business development in accordance with the requirements given. This study aims to analyze the effect of Islamic financial literacy on attitudes, social influence and self-efficacy on the application of Islamic cooperative products in Indonesia. Quantitative study of online surveys involving 280 prospective members of Islamic cooperatives who need financing and are MSME owners carried out with the PLS SEM analysis technique. The results of the study show the effect of financial literacy on attitudes, social influence and self-efficacy, then choosing the direction of hypothesis support for the intention to find Islamic Cooperatives as a solution to the financial needs of MSMEs. Managerial strategies especially marketing that are developed taking into account the effects of positive attitudes, social influence and self-efficacy of prospective members as owners or Islamic financial products that they will offer to their customers will increase the growth of the MSME sector, especially Millennial Generation MSMEs and Green MSMEs in Indonesia through promotional efforts and cooperation. Keywords: ASE Model, Islamic Economics, Sharia Cooperatives, Empowerment, MSMEs. REFERENCES Abourrig, A. (2021). Social influence in predicting Islamic banking acceptance: Evidence from Morocco. International Journal of Accounting, Finance, Auditing, 2(2), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4641472 Ajzen, I. (1991a). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Ajzen, I. (1991b). The theory of planned behavior. 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Small Medium and Micro Enterprises in South Africa were operating in the era of the apartheid regime but were not given enough support and were not a priority in the government of those days. Before democratic transition, the South African government was mainly giving attention to large businesses as well as state-owned enterprises. It was only in the late 1970s and the early 1980s that the South African government realised the importance of the small enterprise sector and its contribution to the countrys economy. The democratic regime of the early 1990s gave SMMEs an opportunity to participate in the South African economy. A White Paper of 1995 introduced the strategy to promote and develop SMMEs in South Africa and to design an SMME policy framework that will focus its attention on supporting and developing SMMEs. The aim was to enable SMMEs to grow as a way of creating a balance in the economy (away from state-owned and large enterprises) As a result, different support mechanisms have been implemented to support and develop SMMEs in the country since the democratic government took over in 1994. This paper evaluates the business support programmes that have been implemented in South Africa since 1994, specifically in the Free State Province for the development and support of SMMEs. In this respect, the paper compares and evaluates the ability of the business support programmes that have been put in place to develop and support SMMEs in order to grow and become sustainable. This is done by means of a brief overview of the international business support services and an assessment of the South African SMME policy environment. The study also conducted five structured interviews with the management representative of the five different business support programmes in the Free State Province. Some of the key findings indicate that not many SMMEs are aware of business support programmes in the Free State and are even less informed as to where to access finances. At the same time, it was found that staff responsible for business support programmes appears to be incompetent, and therefore, deliver poor quality services. From this study it can be concluded that of all the programmes the government-driven initiatives to develop and support SMMEs struggle the most to become operational. The business support programmes focused on markets to some degree, but seldom made it an inherent requirement. This paper recommends that there should be monitoring and evaluation systems available to document the quality of the service delivery to SMMEs in the Province, and to train the staff of the business support programmes to deliver high-quality services to entrepreneurs. The study compared five business support programmes in the Free State with regards to developing and supporting SMMEs in the province. As a result, the value of the findings might well be considered in terms of future provincial planning documents and policy.

It has been proven that agricultural micro and small agricultural enterprises are limited in access to the best modern agricultural practices due to the presence of both objective and subjective factors. The online resource center "Best practices of farmer-farmer practices" aims to provide agricultural MMAE with practical knowledge and demonstration base of modern agricultural technologies in Ukraine and the world, which can be implemented in the fruit and vegetable sector, livestock, aquaculture, poultry (except chickens). confectionery and craft products. Such a resource should become a communication platform, first of all, between those who implement modern approaches and technologies and their potential followers. Given that the key beneficiaries of the resource center are business entities, the idea of transforming the center into a business entity that provides services to both such entities and authorities, local governments for the successful implementation of agricultural policy is obviously development of rural entrepreneurship. Thus, the resource center "Best practices of farmer-farmer" will help to solve the problems and challenges not only of producers, distributors and implementers of agricultural innovations, best agricultural practices, but also the executive and local governments. The services provided through the online platform "Best Agricultural Practices for MMAE " will be able to disseminate innovative technologies that have practical application among small and medium-sized businesses in the field of agribusiness. Using the online platform as a communicator, it is planned to ensure constant and effective communication between agricultural producers, scientists, educators and advisors. Creating an information resource on a sectoral basis will allow to concentrate in one place information about the best modern agricultural practices and provide access to them for end users - agricultural producers, using existing channels of information dissemination in the system of agricultural advisory. Key words: innovation, agricultural enterprise, online platform, advisory, agricultural practice.

Go online merupakan level pembinaan dari program Rumah BUMN Bank Mandiri Surabaya. Program ini digagas oleh Kementrian BUMN dan BUMN berkolaborasi dengan Bank Mandiri dalam membentuk digital economy ecosystem yang terfokus pada sektor usaha mikro kecil, menengah(UMKM). UMKM memiliki potensi besar sebagai penyokong perekonomian negara dan telah memberikan kontribusi lebih dari setengah GDP(gross domestic product) Indonesia dengan total UMKM yang terdata mencapai 61 juta(2016-2017). Tujuan penelitian adalah mendeskripsikan secara mendalam terkait Kualitas Layanan Go Online Sebagai Bentuk Corporate Social Responsibility Pembinaan Pelaku Usaha Kecil Dan Menengah Di Rumah BUMN Bank Mandiri Surabaya. Penelitan ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Fokus penelitian ini terpusat pada kualitas pelayanan prima diantaranya: Transparansi, Akuntabilitas, Kondisional, Partisipatif, Kesamaan Hak, dan Keseimbangan Hak dan Kewajiban. Tehnik pengumpulan data melalui studi literatur, wawancara, observasi lapangan, dan dokumentasi.Tehnik analisis data menggunakan model analisis interaktif terdiri dari tiga komponen analisis yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian berdasar pada: 1) Transparansi, pelayanan yang bersifat terbuka, mudah dan dapat diakses dan disediakan secara memadai serta mudah dimengerti. 2) Akuntabilitas, pelayanaan yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan sesuai dengan ketentuan perundang-undangan. 3) Kondisional, pelayanan yang sesuai dengan kondisi kemampuan pemberi dan penerima pelayanan berpegang pada prinsip efisiensi dan efektifitas 4) Partisipatif, pelayanan yang dapat mendorong peran serta masyarakat dalam penyelenggaraan pelayanan public dengan memperhatikan aspirasi, kebutuhan dan harapan masarakat. 5) Kesamaan hak, pelayanan yang tidak melakukan diskriminasi dihat dari aspek apa pun. 6) Keseimbangan hak dan kewajiban, yaitu pelayanan yang mempertimangkan aspek keadilan antara pemberi dan penerima pelayanan publik. Kata kunci: Kualitas Pelayanan, CSR, Go online Go online is a level of guidance from the Rumah BUMN Bank Mandiri Surabaya program. This program was initiated by the Ministry of BUMN and BUMN in collaboration with Bank Mandiri in forming a digital economy ecosystem that focuses on the micro, small and medium enterprise (UMKM) sector. UMKMs have great potential to support the country's economy and have contributed more than half of Indonesia's GDP (gross domestic product) with a total recorded UMKMs reaching 61 million (2016-2017). The purpose of this research is to describe in depth the quality of Go Online Services As a Form of Corporate Social Responsibility For The Development Of Small And Medium Business Actors At The Rumah Bumn Of Bank Mandiri Surabaya. This research uses descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Focus of this research is centered on excellent service quality including: transparency, accountability, conditionality, participation, equal rights, and balance of rights and obligations. Techniques of data collection through literature studies, interviews, field observations, and documentation. Analysis of technical data using an interactive analysis model consists of three components, namely data reduction analysis, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of the research are based on: 1) Transparency is a service that is open, easy and accessible and provided adequately and easily understood. 2) Accountability is responsible service in accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations. 3) Conditional is the service in accordance with the condition of the ability of the service provider and recipient to adhere to the principles of efficiency and effectiveness. 4) Participatory is a service that can encourage community participation in the delivery of public services by taking into account the aspirations, needs and expectations of the community. 5) Equal rights are services that do not discriminate in the heart from any aspect. 6) Balance of rights and obligations, namely services that consider aspects of justice between providers and recipients of public services. Keywords: Service Quality, CSR, Go online

Purpose This study aims to develop cash waqf models for Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT), a special Islamic microfinance institution in Indonesia, combining Islamic social finance in Baitul Maal (house of wealth) division and Islamic commercial finance in Baitut Tamwil (house of asset development) division, as integrated Islamic social and commercial microfinance in Indonesia, to achieve triple bottom-line, including outreach, sustainability and welfare impact. Design/methodology/approach This study uses Delphi and analytic network process methods, with three groups of relevant respondents, including experts (academic), BMT practitioners and regulators. Findings The results show that the best cash waqf model for BMT is “BMT as Nazir (waqf manager) and also as cash waqf receiver Lembaga Keuangan Syariah Penerima Wakaf Uang (LKSPWU)”, followed by “BMT Association as representative Nazir of several certified BMTs”. Moreover, “long-term investment deposit” is the best to account cash waqf in the BMT balance sheet. With regard to financing, the most preferred one is “financing to regular Micro and Small Enterprises” of BMT members. Research limitations/implications Having allowed BMT to be Nazir (waqf manager), this research might only benefit Indonesian policymakers, such as the Financial Services Authority and the Ministry of Cooperatives, BMTs and the National Waqf Board. But it may also benefit other countries which have similar characteristics. Practical implications BMTs could adopt several alternatives of best models in managing cash waqf most appropriate for their specific conditions. Social implications The management of cash waqf by BMT could help the social activities of the Baitul Maal through social cash waqf and, indirectly, by productive cash waqf. Originality/value Studies have been limited, and to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no specific study discussing the integrated cash waqf model, cash waqf account and cash waqf investment appropriate for BMT.

The microfinance institutions are evident tools for Small Scale Enterprises development due to the roles they perform in the economic advancement. Past studies have shown microfinance serves as a key player in the financial sector that has positively impacted in all works of life through the services it offers. This study is positioned to explore the case of Nigeria by examining the impact of micro-credit lending to Small Scale Enterprises on economic advancement in Nigeria over the period 1992–2019, using the autoregressive distributed lag approach to cointegration analysis. Controlling for the possible effects of crude oil price and trade openness on economic advancement in Nigeria, this study found the relationship between micro-credit lending to Small Scale Enterprises and economic advancement is negative and significant in the long‐run and positive but insignificant in the short‐run, thus, suggesting the weakness of financial intermediary sector in resource mobilization and allocation in Nigeria. The result, in general, illustrates the vulnerability of the financial sector in stimulating economic advancement by providing micro-credit for small businesses and the unbanked. Hence, this study suggests a well‐articulated policy framework that will facilitate access to financial services.

Microfinance is the provision of thrift, credit and other financial services and products of very small amounts to the poor. Although the word finance is in the term microfinance, and the core elements of microfinance are those of the finance discipline, microfinance has yet to break into the mainstream or entrepreneurial finance literature. It has become one of the most discussed subjects in the last two decades all over the world. Today micro finance programs and institutions have become gradually more important components of strategies to reduce poverty or promote micro and small enterprise development. This, in turn, gives rise to the importance of the issue of efficiency as well as sustainability of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) especially in developing countries like India. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of literature addressing the issues of MFI’s sustainability and efficiency levels.

Purpose: Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana(PMMY) will offer loans up to 10 lakh to Non- Corporate, Non-farm micro-enterprises to generate income and employment in manufacturing services, retail MSME, SMEs and Agriculture related occupations like beekeeping, horticulture, pisciculture, Poultry, agro-industries, diary, agriclinics, agribusiness, to add to the national wealth with the support of SIDBI, NABARD in providing working capital. The Economic Survey-2020-21 recently tabled in Parliament, has stated that about 54.6 % of the workforce in the country is still engaged in agricultural and allied sector activities(Census2011)as well as Micro, small and medium businesses (MSMEs) have played a major role in India’s economic expansion and Women Empowerment, More than 40 per cent of the nation’s GDP comes from the MSME sector, which is a major source of employment and in the Budge emphasizes MSME and agriculture allied activities. MUDRA act as a refinancing institution to Commercial banks, NBFCs, MFIs, RRBs, SFBs through Shishu, Kishor, Tarun schemes in credit outreach model of delivery is SHGs/JLGs, women entrepreneur and in agriculture allied sectors agripreneurship with development and promotion support to enhance employment opportunities in small and medium-sized enterprises /Micro Small Enterprises (SMEs/MSE) in non –farm activities to achieve US$5 trillion economies microfinance plays a vital role. Design/Methodology/approach: The Research paper is based on secondary statistics collected from different sources such as websites, and published articles. After the literature review and their area gap in the literature and prospect to analyze the role of MUDRA in promoting MSME, SMEs/MSE and Agri. allied sector's funding needs to create a 5 trillion Economy with an ABCD listing framework. Findings/Result: The study discloses that the MUDRA maximum limit for the Schemes is to be enhanced and more awareness is to be created about the MUDRA loan for Agri. allied activity, Agriclinics, and lack of clarity relating to the role in refinancing schemes for Banks by MUDRA, and NABARD to promote SHGs and Agri allied activity. Originality/Value: The Research study was undertaken on the contribution of MUDRA funding needs in terms of working capital to Agri. entrepreneurship in agricultural allied sector activities to enhance employment opportunities in rural and urban areas in India. Paper type: Conceptual Research.

<p>This study aims to examine factors contributing to societies’ tendencies to choose online shopping, the characteristics of e-commerce needed by societies and obstacles faced by MSME in handling business competition. E-commerce is a set of dynamic technology, application and business process which connects certain companies, consumers and communities through electronic transaction. Trade of goods, services and information is performed electronically. The development of E-commerce system for MSME aims to change its culture which still relies on conventional purchasing into online shopping, improve MSME’s sales in order to promote, market and sell products to internet users through website without any space and time limits. The research subjects are people involving in MSME and communities of Jebres village, Surakarta. This study applies qualitative paradigm. The research subjects were taken using purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected using various techniques: structured interview, questionnaire, observation and content analysis or archive analysis. Data were later analyzed using four stages, namely data reduction, classification, data presentation and verification.</p>

Small micro business is a business that is very helpful in various aspects of the Indonesian economy. In Padang city has various types of SME businesses. One of them is Catering. The development of catering business in this city is very rapid because of the many interests of the community to use these services. As a result, competition arises between businesses which shows a significant impact on the catering business so that each of these businesses must be able to create their own market by creating a Brand for their catering business. The purpose of this study is to analyze the system to create E-Branding with the concept of CRM (Customer Relationship Management). The results of this study are the creation of E-Branding Catering, which has benefits as a form of actualizing the character of SME Catering businesses and supporting marketing and increasing competitiveness.Keywords: Brands, customer releationship management, Catering, small medium enterprise, e-branding

Entrepreneurial activities are important factors in creating and increasing employment opportunities and fuelling economic growth. Entrepreneurship is an important source of job creation and opening career opportunities for both women and men. However, women are less likely to have successful enterprises or businesses than men. This paper is aimed at assessing women entrepreneurship in Nigeria: their present state of involvement in comparison to the male entrepreneurs, their challenges, contributions and performance in the formal and informal business sector of the economy. The paper employed the descriptive method of analysis. An inductive methodology involving observation, collection of secondary data and the analysis of such data was employed. To this end, a lot was devoted to the presentation and analysis of data obtained from the Small and Medium Enterprise Development Agency of Nigeria, the National Bureau of Statistics and the Federal Office of Statistics. It was discovered that women participate more in the micro business (informal sector) constituting 42.1% of the ownership structure. Their performance constitutes 13.57% in the formal sector as against the male entrepreneurs at 86.43%. Their poor performance and contribution are a result of the constraints they face. It was also discovered that their performance was higher in the Trade and Agricultural Sector in 1997 but higher in the Education and Service Sector by 2012. Among others, it is recommended that good practice in supporting women entrepreneurship should be initiated by the government in the form of training courses, advisory services or creating awareness campaigns.

PurposeInnovation is regarded as a crucial determinant of growth and development in South Africa, and small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) have been earmarked as instruments for the achievement of the socio-economic goals and innovation as set out in the National Development Plan. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of innovation on SMME performance in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis was conducted using the quantile regression technique to examine the effect of innovation on the performance of firms at different sales levels. Data from the World Bank's enterprise survey was used for the analysis.FindingsThe results of the empirical analysis showed that R & D expenditures have a positive and significant effect on performance for firms with higher sales (high growth or larger firms). There is evidence that the introduction of new products/services promotes performance for low growth/ smaller firms.Practical implicationsThe empirical results imply that innovation is crucial for SMMEs’ development and growth. However, smaller/low growth firms are not able to spend on R & D due to a lack of funds which could be the reason for their low survival rate. More support needs to be provided to smaller firms with lower sales growth, given the large financial outlay required for R & D expenditures. Despite the lack of funding for R & D expenditure, smaller firms are encouraged to introduce new products and methods of production that do not require major financial outlays.Originality/valueThere is scant empirical evidence on the impact of innovation on firm performance in South Africa. Most studies investigate the challenges faced by SMMEs and the different types of innovation approaches used by firms. Furthermore, the study employs the quantile regression approach which highlights the effect of innovation on firms of different sizes.

Effective management at the level of the authorities is not possible if they are able to intelligently form their own unified system, which is recognized for the improvement of the main tasks of management. The very formation of the system of management of financial and economical bakery-free, as well as the combination of the different elements can be seen, In the event of a failure to comply with the provisions of this Law, the Company shall be entitled to the following services: Reinforced media and its interoperable resources as a whole – an indispensable skill for the effective and efficient conduct of the business in the eyes of other economic minds. A global crisis in the wake of the pandemic has made it possible for everyone to make his or her own adjustments in the life of a sustainable enterprise, without neglecting the fact that the great enterprise is small – everyone has compelled. In such minds, it is important to properly take management decisions and to take to my attention every situation in the world, the need to know the importance of the ability to implement and overcome problems in the management of activity. It is also important to instill respect for this by understanding financial and economic baking without baking in the growth of an influx of microeconomic and macroeconomic exhibits. It is important to see at the moment, which is the most important, or it is more understandable that there are investments in the form of clear strategic management decisions, which in their turn can lead to the bankroll, including the development of infrastructure and the growth of financial independence. Encourage a clear strategy of development, based on the analysis of ostentatious macro- and micro-economic factors, and the correct assessment of their investment – at the moment, which is the basis for the selection of next steps in development. Press, the state can not impose financial pidtrimku financial sector, and not to carry out politechnichnyh reforms, which can date the ability to reduce the situation and possible development, to create in the minds of crisis. It is in such minds that one should be able to know about such situations, that one should be able to show respect to the people of financial and economic bakery, and that one should develop all possibilities for the development of new factors. At the statue of the applied promotional partnership "Trest Zhytlobud-1" Boulevard held a financial and economic breakthrough of the company for an additional PEST-analysis.

IntroductionThis paper is concerned with recent attempts to develop the creative economy in rural Scotland. Research shows that the creative economy is far from self-organising, and that an appropriate institutional landscape is important to its development (Andersson and Henrekson). In Scotland, there is a proliferation of support mechanisms – from those designed to help creative entrepreneurs improve their business, management, or technical expertise, to infrastructure projects, to collective capacity-building. In rural Scotland, this support landscape is particularly cluttered. This article tackles the question: How do rural creative entrepreneurs negotiate this complex funding and support landscape, and how do they aid the development of the rural creative economy ‘from below’? From Creative Industries to the Creative EconomyThe creative industries have been central to the UK’s economic growth strategy since the 1990s. According to the Centre for Economics and Business Research the creative industries contributed £5.9bn to the economy in 2013 (CEBR 17). In the last five years there have been significant improvements in ICTs, leading to growth in digital creative production, distribution, and consumption. The established creative industries, along with the nascent ‘digital industries’ are often grouped together as a separate economic sector – the ‘creative economy’ (Nesta A Manifesto for the Creative Economy).Given its close association with creative city discourses (see Florida 2002), research on the creative economy remains overwhelmingly urban-focused. As a result of this urban bias, the rural creative economy is under-researched. Bell and Jayne (209) note that in the last decade a small body of academic work on the rural creative economy has emerged (Harvey et al.; White). In particular, the Australian context has generated a wealth of discussion as regards national and regional attempts to develop the rural creative economy, the contribution of ‘creativity’ to rural economic and social development, sustainability and resilience, and the role that individual creative practitioners play in developing the rural creative economy (see Argent et al.; Gibson, Gibson and Connell; Waitt and Gibson).In the absence of suitable infrastructure, such as: adequate transport infrastructure, broadband and mobile phone connectivity, workspaces and business support, it often falls to rural creative practitioners themselves to ‘patch the gaps’ in the institutional infrastructure. This paper is concerned with the ways in which rural creative practitioners attempt to contribute to the development of the creative economy ‘from below’. ICTs have great potential to benefit rural areas in this respect, by “connecting people and places, businesses and services” (Townsend et al. Enhanced Broadband Access 581).The Scottish InfrastructureSince 1998, cultural policy has been devolved to Scotland, and has fallen under the control of the Scottish Government and Parliament. In an earlier examination of a Scottish creative business support agency, I noted that the Scottish Government has adopted a creative industries development strategy broadly in line with that coming out of Westminster, and subsequently taken up worldwide, and that the Scottish institutional infrastructure is extremely complex (Schlesinger et al.). Crucially, the idea of ‘intervention’, or, the availability of a draw-down programme of funding and support that will help creative practitioners develop a business from their talent, is key (Schlesinger).The main funder for Scottish artists and creative practitioners is Creative Scotland, who distribute money from the Scottish Government and the National Lottery. Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE) also offer funding and support for creative practitioners working in the Highlands and Islands region. Further general business support may be drawn down from Business Gateway (who work Scotland-wide but are not creative-industries specific), or Scottish Enterprise (who work Scotland-wide, are not creative-industries specific, and are concerned with businesses turning over more than £250,000 p.a.). Additionally, creative-sector specific advice and support may be sought from Cultural Enterprise Office (based in Glasgow and primarily serving the Central Belt), Creative Edinburgh, Dundee or Stirling (creative networks that serve their respective cities), the Creative Arts and Business Network (based in Dumfries, serving the Borders), and Emergents (based in Inverness, dealing with rural craftspeople and authors).MethodologyThe article draws on material gathered as part of three research projects, all concerned with the current support landscape for creative practitioners in Scotland. The first, ‘Supporting Creative Business’ was funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, the second, ‘Towards a model of support for the rural creative industries’ was funded by the University of Glasgow and the third, ‘The effects of improved communications technology of rural creative entrepreneurs’ funded by CREATe, the Research Council's UK Centre for the Study of Copyright and New Business Models in the Creative Economy.In all three cases, the research was theoretically and practically informed by the multi-sited ethnographies of cultural, creative and media work conducted by Moeran (Ethnography at Work, The Business of Ethnography) and Mould et al. Whilst the methodology for all three of my projects was ethnography, the methods utilised included interviews (n=23) – with interviewees drawn from across rural Scotland – participant and non-participant observation, and media and document analysis. Interviewees and study sites were accessed via snowball sampling, which was enabled by the measure of continuity between the three projects. This paper draws primarily on interview material and ethnographic ‘vignettes’. All individuals cited in the paper are anonymised in line with the University of Glasgow’s ethics guidelines.Cities, Creativity, and ‘Buzz’As noted earlier, cities are seen as the driving force behind the creative industries; and accordingly, much of the institutional infrastructure that supports the rural creative industries is modelled on urban systems of intervention. Cities are seen as breeding grounds for creativity by virtue of what Storper and Venables call their ‘buzz’ – consider, for example, the sheer numbers of creative practitioners that congregate in cities, the presence of art schools, work spaces and so on. Several of the creative practitioners I spoke to identified the lack of ‘buzz’ as one key difference between working in cities and working from rural places:It can be isolating out here. There are days when I miss art school, and my peers. I really valued their support and just the general chit chat and news. […] And having everything on your doorstep. (Visual artist, Argyll)Of course, rural creatives didn’t equate the ‘buzz’ of activity in cities with personal or professional creative success. Rather, they felt that developing a creative business was made easier by the fact that most funders and support agencies were based in Scotland’s Central Belt. The creatives resident there were able to take advantage of that proximity and the relationships that it enabled them to build, but also, the institutional landscape was supplemented by the creative ‘buzz’, which was difficult to quantify and impossible to replicate in rural areas.Negotiating the Funding and Support LandscapeI spoke to rural creative practitioners about whether the institutional infrastructure – in this case, relevant policy at national and UK level, funding and support agencies, membership bodies etcetera – was adequate. A common perspective was that the institutional infrastructure was extremely complex, which acted as a barrier for creatives seeking funding and support:Everything works ok, the problem is that there’s so many different places to go to for advice, and so many different criteria that you have to meet if you wanted funding, and what’s your first port of call, and it’s just too complicated. I feel that as a rural artist I fall between the cracks […] am I a creative business, a rural creative business, or just a rural business? (Craftsperson, Shetland) Interviewees suggested that there were ‘gaps’ in the institutional infrastructure, caused not by the lack of appropriate policy, funders, or support agencies but rather by their proliferation and a sense of confusion about who to approach. Furthermore, funding agencies such as Creative Scotland have, in recent years, come under fire for the complexity of their funding and support systems:They have simplified their application process, but I just can’t be bothered trying to get anything out of Creative Scotland at the moment. I don’t find their support that useful and they directed me to Cultural Enterprise Office when I asked for advice on filling in the form and tailoring the application, and CEO were just so pushed for time, I couldn’t get a Skype with them. The issue with getting funding from anywhere is the teeny tiny likelihood of getting money, coupled with how time-consuming the application process is. So for now, I’m just trying to be self-sufficient without asking for any development funds. But I am not sure how sustainable that is. (Craftsperson, Skye, interview) There was a sense that ‘what works’ to enable urban creative practitioners to develop their practice is not necessarily sufficient to help rural creatives. Because most policymakers, funders and support bodies are based in the Central Belt, rural creatives feel that the challenges they face are poorly understood. One arts administrator summed up why, statingthe problem is that people in the Central Belt don’t get what we’re dealing with up here, unless they’ve actually lived here. The remoteness, poor transport links, internet and mobile access […] it impacts on your ability to develop your business. If I want to attend a course, some organisations will pay travel and accommodation. But they don’t account for the fact that if I travel from Eigg, I’ll need to work around the ferry times, which might mean two extra nights’ accommodation plus the cost of travel … we’re excluded from opportunities because of our location. (Arts administrator, the Small Isles) A further issue identified by several participants in this research is that funding and support agencies Scotland-wide tend to work to standardised definitions of the creative industries that privilege high-growth sectors (see Luckman). This led to many heritage and craft businesses feeling excluded. One local authority stakeholder told me,exactly what the creative industries are, well that might be obvious on paper but real life is a bit more complicated. Where do we put a craftsperson whose craft work is done in her spare time but pays just enough to stop her needing a second job? How do we tell people like this, who say they are in the creative industries, that they aren’t actually according to this criteria or that criteria? (Local authority stakeholder, Shetland, interview)Creating Virtual ‘Buzz’? The Potential of ICTsAccording to 2015 OFCOM figures (10-12), in rural Scotland 85.9% of households can receive broadband, and 6.3% can receive superfast. The Scottish Government’s ambition is to deliver superfast broadband to up to 90 per cent of premises in Scotland by March 2016, and to extend this to 95 per cent by 2017. Whilst the current landscape as regards broadband provision is far from ideal, there are signs that improved provision is profoundly affecting the way that rural creatives develop their practice, and the way they engage with the institutional infrastructure set up to support them.At an industry event run by HIE in July 2015, a diverse panel of rural creatives spoke of how they exploited the possibilities associated with improved ICTs in order to offset some of the aforementioned problems of working from rural and remote areas. As the event was conducted under Chatham House rules, the following is adapted from field notes,It was clear from the panel and the Q&A that followed that improved ICTs meant that creatives could access training and support in new ways–online courses and training materials, webinars, and one-on-one Skype coaching, training and mentoring. Whilst of course most people would prefer face-to-face contact in this respect, the willingness of training providers to offer online solutions was appreciated, and most of the creatives on the panel (and many in the audience) had taken advantage of these partial solutions. The rural creatives on the panel also detailed the tactics that they used in order to ‘patch the gaps’ in the institutional infrastructure:There were four things that emerged from the panel discussion, Q&A and subsequent conversations I had on how technology benefited rural creatives: peer support, proximity to decision-makers, marketing and sales, and heritage and provenance.In terms of peer support, the panel felt that improved connectivity allowed them to access ‘virtual’ peer support through the internet. This was particularly important in terms of seeking advice regarding funding, business support and training, generating new creative ideas, and seeking emotional support from others who were familiar with the strains of running a creative business.Rural creatives found that social media (in particular) meant that they had a closer relationship with ‘distant’ decision-makers. They felt able to join events via livestreaming, and took advantage of hash tagging to take part in events, ‘policy hacks’ and consultations. Attendees I spoke to also mentioned that prominent Government ministers and other decision-makers had a strong Twitter presence and made it clear that they were at times ‘open’ to direct communication. In this way, rural creatives felt that they could ‘make their voices heard’ in new ways.In terms of marketing and sales, panel members found social media invaluable in terms of building online ‘presence’. All of the panel members sold services and products through dedicated websites (and noted that improved broadband speeds and 3G meant that these websites were increasingly sophisticated, allowing them to upload photographs and video clips, or act as client ‘portals’), however they also sought out other local creatives, or creatives working in the same sector in order to build visible networks on social media such as Instagram, Twitter and Facebook. This echoes an interview I conducted with a designer from Orkney, who suggested that these online networks allowed designers to build a rapport with customers, but also to showcase their products and build virtual ‘buzz’ around their work (and the work of others) in the hope their designs would be picked up by bloggers, the fashion press and stylists.The designer on the panel also noted that social media allowed her to showcase the provenance of her products. As she spoke I checked her Twitter and Instagram feeds, as well as the feeds of other designers she was linked to; a large part of their ‘advertising’ through these channels entailed giving followers an insight into life on the islands. The visual nature of these media also allowed them to document how local histories of making had influenced their practice, and how their rural location had influenced their work. It struck me that this was a really effective way to capture consumers’ imaginations. As we can see, improved ICTs had a substantial impact on rural creatives’ practice. Not only did several of the panel members suggest that improved ICTs changed the nature of the products that they could produce (by enabling them to buy in different materials and tools, and cultivate longer and more complex supply chains), they also noted that improved ICTs enabled them to cultivate new markets, to build stronger networks and to participate more fully in discussions with ‘distant’ policymakers and decision makers. Furthermore, ICTs were seen as acting as a proxy for ‘buzz’ for rural creatives, that is, face-to-face communication was still preferred, but savvy use of ICTs went some way to mitigating the problems of a rural location. This extends Storper and Venables’s conceptualisation of the idea, which understands ‘buzz’ as the often-intangible benefits of face-to-face contact.Problematically however, as Townsend et al. state, “rural isolation is amplified by the technological landscape, with rural communities facing problems both in terms of broadband access technologies and willingness or ability of residents to adopt these” (Enhanced Broadband Access 5). As such, the development activities of rural creatives are hampered by poor provision and a slow ‘roll out’ of broadband and mobile coverage. ConclusionsThis paper is concerned with recent attempts to develop the rural creative economy in Scotland. The paper can be read in relation to a small but expanding body of work that seeks to understand the distinctive formation of the rural creative industries across Europe and elsewhere (Bell and Jayne), and how these can best be developed and supported (White). Recent, targeted intervention in the rural creative industries speaks to concerns about the emergence of a ‘two tier’ Europe, with remote and sparsely-populated rural regions with narrow economic bases falling behind more resilient cities and city-regions (Markusen and Gadwa; Wiggering et al.), yet exactly how the rural creative industries function and can be further developed is an underdeveloped research area.In order to contribute to this body of work, this paper has sketched out some of the problems associated with recent attempts to develop the creative economy in rural Scotland. On a Scotland-wide scale, there is a proliferation of policies, funding bodies, and support agencies designed to organise and regulate the creative economy. In rural areas, there is also an ‘overlap’ between Scotland-wide bodies and rural-specific bodies, meaning that many rural creatives feel as if they ‘fall through the cracks’ in terms of funding and support. Additionally, rural creatives noted that Central Belt-based funders and support agencies struggled to fully understand the difficulties associated with making a living from a rural location.The sense of being distant from decision makers and isolated in terms of practice meant that many rural creatives took it upon themselves to develop the creative economy ‘from below’. The creatives that I spoke to had an array of ‘tactics’ that they used, some of which I have detailed here. In this short paper I have focused on one issue articulated within interviews – the idea of exploiting ICTs in order to build stronger networks between creatives and between creatives and decision makers within funding bodies and support agencies. Problematically, however, it was recognised that these creative-led initiatives could only do so much to mitigate the effects of a cluttered, piecemeal funding and support landscape.My research suggests that as it stands, ‘importing’ models from urban contexts is alienating and frustrating for rural creatives and targeted, rural-specific intervention is required. Research demonstrates that creative practitioners often seek to bring about social and cultural impact through their work, rather than engaging in creative activities merely for economic gain (McRobbie Be Creative, Rethinking Creative Economies; Waitt and Gibson). Whilst this is true of creatives in both urban and rural areas, my research suggests that this is particularly important to rural creatives, who see themselves as contributing economically, social and culturally to the development of the communities within which they are embedded (see Duxbury and Campbell; Harvey et al.). ‘Joined up’ support for this broad-based set of aims would greatly benefit rural creatives and maximise the potential of the rural creative industries.ReferencesAndersson, Martin, and Magnus Henrekson. "Local Competiveness Fostered through Local Institutions for Entrepreneurship." Research Institute on Industrial Economics Work Paper Series (2014), 0-57. Argent, Neil, Matthew Tonts, Roy Jones and John Holmes. “A Creativity-Led Rural Renaissance? Amenity-Led Migration, the Creative Turn and the Uneven Development of Rural Australia.” Applied Geography 44 (2013): 88-98.Bell, David, and Mark Jayne. "The Creative Countryside: Policy and Practice in the UK Rural Cultural Economy." Journal of Rural Studies 26.3 (2010): 209-18.Centre for Economic and Business Research. The Contribution of the Arts and Culture to the National Economy. London: CEBR, 2013. 1-13.Duxbury, Nancy, and Heather Campbell. “Developing and Revitalizing Rural Communities through Arts and Culture.” Small Cities Imprint 3.1 (2011): 1-7.Florida, Richard. The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. London: Basic Books, 2002.Gibson, Chris. “Cultural Economy: Achievements, Divergences, Future Prospects.” Geographical Research 50.3 (2012): 282-290.Gibson, Chris, and Jason Connell. “The Role of Festivals in Drought-Affected Australian Communities.” Event Management 19.4 (2015): 445-459.Harvey, David, Harriet Hawkins, and Nicola Thomas. "Thinking Creative Clusters beyond the City: People, Places and Networks." Geoforum 43.3 (2012): 529-39.Luckman, Susan. 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This paper examines the manner of reconciling the concepts of Public Administration as a discipline and the contemporary actual realities in the Philippines as carried out by the National College of Public Administration and Governance of the University of the Philippines, Diliman. As a center of academic excellence and bestowed with the mandate of advancing nation-building into which utterance of identity is an implicit element, there is no other academic institution where expectations to advance the development of a ‘grounded’ public policy is so high than the said College. The paper studies the research direction of the NCPAG vis a vis its role in strengthening Philippine Public Administration both as discipline and praxis by developing approaches that are culturally and socially grounded in the Philippine society. The paper however limited its scrutiny to the epistemological element of the researches. Through content analysis, the article analyzed the theoretical frameworks used in the dissertations covered by the study and tries to answer the question of whether or not there is an attempt to develop, let alone to utilize in its analysis of phenomena, an indigenous theory. Initial results of the study had been juxtaposed to the academic orientation, research interests, and history of the College. References Books: Abueva, J. (1995). The Presidency and the Nation-State. In P. Tapales & N. Pilar (Eds.), Public Administration by the Year 2000: Looking Back into the Future (pp. 575-582). Quezon City: College of Public Administration. Abueva, J. (2007). From IPA to NCPAG: Some Reflections. In C. Alfiler (Ed.), Public Administration plus Governance: Assessing the Past, Addressing the Future (pp. 675-684). Quezon City: National College of Public Administration and Governance. Alfiler, M. C. Public Administration plus Governance: Assessing the Past, Addressing the Future. 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An Assessment of the Administrative Capability of Local Governments in the National Capital Region in Implementing the Gender Mainstreaming Policy. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Abdon Jr., N.B. (November 2000). Religiosity, Ethical Practice and Performance: The Case of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Abdulrachman, S.M. (June 1991). The Relationship Between Religious Beliefs and Public Responsibility: A Case Study Among Maranao Muslim Public Administrators. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Alcid, R.G. (March 2007). E-Governance Perspective to Strengthen the Policy and Institutional Framework for ICT in the Philippines. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Ati, M.P. (December 1996). Process Assessment of the Implementation of Integrated Approach to Local Development Management in Davao City. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Bajao, A.R. (2009). Philippine Counterinsurgency Programs From Marcos to Arroyo: A Study in National Security Administration. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Bambalan, G.C. (2005). Elements of Sustainability in Philippine Forest Governance: An Analysis of the Community-Based Forest Management and Integrated Forest Management Programs in Isabela, Quirino, Aurora, and Negros Oriental, Philippines. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Bautista-Cruz, C. (April 2007). Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Disaster Reduction: The Cases of the Local Governments of Marikina, Pasig, and Pateros. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Boceta, N.M. (March 2003). The Development and Regulatory Functions of the Philippine Coconut Authority: 1973-2000. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Buendia, E.E. (May 2001). Democratizing Governance in the Philippines: Redefining and measuring the State of People’s Participation in Governance. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Caraan, H.S. (2010). Public-Private Sectors’ Role in the Clean Administration of Labor Justice: Transforming a Problematic Confluence into a Confluent Solution. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Carmona, C.V. (November 2003). Judicial Review of Economic Policies: Implications on Policymaking and Implementation. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Clavejo, L.A. (April 2008). Strategies for Crisis Management: The Responses of China to SARS and Avian Flu Pandemics and Lessons for the Philippines. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Co, E.A. (July 1997). Management Policy Formulation: The Generics Act of 1988. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Cuaresma, J.C. (April 13, 2008). Institutionalization of Geographic Information System for RPTA in Seven Philippine Local Government Units: Enabling and Hindering Factors. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Dimzon, C. (October 2003). An Evaluation of the Pre-Departure Orientation Seminar Program for Women Overseas Household Workers: Implications for Good Governance. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. De Vera III, J.E. (July 1999). A Comparative Study of Policy Decisions on Population Management in Selected Local Legislative Bodies in Pangasinan and Cebu. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Domingo, M.Z. (November 2004). Good Governance of Civil Society Organizations and the Role of Boards. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Domingo-Almase, A.D. (March 2007). A Saga of Administrative Thought in Presidential Rhetoric: An Analysis of the State of the Nation Addresses and Speeches of Philippine Presidents, 1935-2006. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Doncillo, H.V. (June 1995). Beneficiaries and Business Sector Participation, Administrative Capability and Effectiveness of a Solid Waste Management Service: The Case of Metro Cebu. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Dumrichob, S. (June 1990). An Assessment of a Rural Employment Program: The Case of the Program for Rural Employment Creation in Thailand. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Eclar, V.B. (April 1991). Analysis of Policies and Factors Affecting Successful Commercialization of Technologies. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Espinoza-Abadingo, L.M. (April 1990).The Administration of Elections in the Philippines: A Study of the Commission on Elections. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Ferrer, O.P. (May 2006). Community Governance: Understanding Community Processes and Initiatives. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Francisco, R.B. (March 2007). Sound Development Management in Urban Renewal and Slum Upgrading: The Case of National Government Center (West Side) Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Gaffud, R.B. (March 1995). Strengthening Market Leverage of People’s Enterprise and Promoting Self-Reliance: A Framework for Collaboration Between Cooperatives and Local Governments. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Garcia, J.G. (November 1995). Academe-Based Extension Services for Agricultural Development: A Study of the Administration of a Comprehensive UPLB Project. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Garcia Jr., M.F. (November 1995). Reorganization of the Philippine Fisheries Research System. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Gavino Jr., J.C. (1992). A Critical Study of the Regulation of the Telephone Utility: Some Options for Policy Development. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Genato-Rebullida, M.G. (April 1990). Church Development Perspective: Policy Formulation and Implementation. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Gonzales, B.V. (2009). The Development Promise of Corporate Social Responsibility in Education: Energy Development Corporation’s Role in Improving School Performance. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Gonzales, E. (1972-1990). The Philippine Agrarian Reform Program. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Hofer, D.K. (April 2005). Local Government Unit Bond Flotation for Financing Development in the Philippine Setting: Case Studies and Vital Lessons Learned. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Imdad, M.P. (2010). Dynamics and Perspectives of Aid Management in the Philippines: Achievements, Challenges, and the Way Forward. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Jimenez, G.P. (2005). Selected Credit Programs for Farmer-Based Postharvest Enterprise: An Assessment. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Lamarca, F.J. (April 1992). The Tobacco Contract Growing Project of the National Tobacco Administration in the Province of La Union: An Assessment of Administrative Capability, Participation, Trading Practices and Effectiveness. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Legaspi, P.E. (March 1990). The Genesis, Viability, and Effectiveness of Community Organizations: The Case of Pangasinan Credit Cooperatives. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Legayada, B.L. (October 1992). Career Advancement of Women Managers in the Philippine Bureaucracy: A Case Study of Region VI. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Librea, R.C. (January 2010). Mainstreaming Human Rights-Based Approach in Selected Development and Governance Projects. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Macaayong, H.W. (May 1992). Small and Medium Enterprises Development: A Study on Program Administration and Effectiveness in the Province of Lanao Del Sur. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Mallari, N.H. (1994). Political Economy of Philippine Public Enterprises. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Maxino-Yorobe, G.A. (November 1995). Administrative Factors in Agricultural R and D Projects. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Legaspi, P.E. (March 1990). The Genesis, Viability, and Effectiveness of Community Organizations: The Case of Pangasinan Credit Cooperatives. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Morato, E.A. (2004). Policies and Strategies for Promoting Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Moreno, F. (2004). Good Governance in Microcredit Strategy for Poverty Reduction: Focus on Western Mindanao. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Navarro, R.L. (April 1992). Public-Private Partnership in Development Administration: GO-NGO Collaboration in Agricultural Development. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Noval, M.G. (June 1994). Measuring and Accessing the Quality, Equity, and Efficiency of Public Hospitals in the Philippines. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Ogbinar, E.R. (1990). The Role of Government in the Development of the Philippine Maritime Industry and in the Promotion of Maritime Safety. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Oguejiofor, A.C. (March 2010). Challenges to Microfinance as a Poverty Reduction Strategy: Evidences from the Philippines. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Ortiz, J.I. (March 2002). Participatory Development Planning; The Bondoc Development Program Experience. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Paje, R.P. (June 1999). Decentralizing Philippine Environment and Natural Resources Management: An Analysis of the Devolution of Community-Based Upland Development Programs. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Panganiban, E.M. (1990). Toward a Democratic-Efficient Framework of Local Government in the Philippines: Some Policy Criteria. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Prakash, I.G. (October 2006). Partnership Among Government, Private Sector and Civil Society: Improving Services in the Philippine Disability Sector. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Pujiono (1998). An Assessment of the Administrative Capability for Disaster Preparedness of Three Municipalities. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Reyes, D. (June 1995). A Search for Heritage. An Analysis of Trends and Content of Public Administration Literature at UP College of Public Administration, 1952-1992. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Reyes, J.C. (June 1993). Administration for Research Utilization: An Analysis of Five Agricultural Research Organizations. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Reyes, R.E. (October 2008). Corporate Governance and the Clark Development Corporation: A Case Study. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Rodriguez, A.S. (October 2001). An Operational Model to Institutionalize Knowledge Management in the Philippines: Lessons on Knowledge Management Practices From the 5th Countryn Programme for Children. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Rodriguez, M.P. (June 2002). A Privatized Corporation in Transition: A Study of Organization Culture. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Salvosa, C.R. (April 2007). Assessing Governance Performance of Selected Primary Cooperatives in the Philippines. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Sam, R.A. (2002). Farmers’ Cooperatives in Conflict-Ridden Areas: The Maguindanao Experience. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Sanchez, L.V. (July 1990). The Katarungang Pambarangay: Justice at the Grassroots. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Serrano, C.P. (June 1990). The Administrative Capacity of the Iskolar ng Bayan Program (STFAP): An early evaluation. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Serrano, D.J. (July 2005). Dynamics of Policy Formulation: The Passage of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Serrona, E.R. (October 1992). The Northern Samar Integrated Rural Development Project: A Study in Rural Development Administration. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Sonsri, G. (October 2005). Analysis of Motivational Factors Influencing the Performance of Municipal Government Employees in Public Service Delivery: The Case of Two Selected Metropolitan Municipalities in Thailand. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Subramanian, K.S. (June 1993). Financial Administration of Indian Railways. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Swaminathan, R. (July 1993). State Interventions in Integrated Urban Development: A Study of the Program, Resource, and Institutional Dimensions of Two ADB Assisted Projects in Indonesia. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Tabion, G.S. (March 1993). The Capability of the Barangay as a Management Unit to Absorb Devolved Functions: Case Studies of 15 Barangays in the Province of Tarlac. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Tabunda Jr., C.C. (2010). The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program: The Experiences of Three Municipalities in Cavite – Challenges and Future Directions. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Tanggol, S.D. (November 1992). Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: Towards a More Effective, Responsive, and Implementable Policy. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Tigno, J.V. (October 2003). Governance and Public Policy in the Philippines: RA 8042 and the Deregulation of the Overseas Employment Sector. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Torres, J.I. (April 2007). Socially Responsible Improvements in Working Conditions: Implications on Policy and Programs. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Villamejor-Mendoza, M.V. (October 2003). Regulation in the Philippine Electricity Industry: Lessons of the Past and Implications on Governance. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines. Electronic Source: NCPAG. (n.d.). National College of Public Administration and Governance History. Retrieved November 30, 2019, from http://www.ncpag.up.edu.ph