Статті в журналах: "Microbial antagonists"

1

Trisawa, I. M., Dyah Manohara, Deciyanto Soetopo, and Siswanto. "In vitro antagonistic activity of soil microbes isolated from oil palm to Ganoderma zonatum." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 974, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/974/1/012052.

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Abstract Ganoderma zonatum is the causal agent of basal stem rot of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) in Riau. The research objective was to explore and select soil microbial antagonists to Ganoderma zonatum. Soil samples were taken from the non/rhizosphere of 27 oil palm plants in Kampar and Siak Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia, in 2018-2019. The soil microbes were grown on Potatoes Dextrose Agar for fungus and Tryptic Soy Agar for the bacterium. The antagonist was measured by a dual culture method. The colony diameter of G. zonatum the (dual) culture was measured to assess the inhibition potency of the potential microbial antagonists. The soil microbial collected was 138 isolates, including 58 of Trichoderma spp. and 80 of bacteria. The inhibition against the isolated soil microbes to G. zonatum growth ranged from 46-74% for Trichoderma spp. and 0-86% for the bacterium. Seven isolates of Trichoderma spp and 13 of bacterial inhibited G. zonatum growth >70%, have potential as biocontrol agents. Two isolates that showed the most potential as antagonists, i.e Trichoderma harzianum (AC2, rhizosphere) and Burkholderia gladioli (N1, non-rhizosphere) could be developed for further as microbial antagonists.

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Kurdish, I. K. "PROSPECTS FOR MICROBIAL ANTAGONISTS USE IN PROTECTION OF AGROECOSYSTEMS FROM PHYTOPATHOGENES." Agriciltural microbiology 13 (August 19, 2011): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.13.23-41.

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Thepapercoverstheanalysisoftherelationshipofmicroorganisms – antagonists and pathogens in agroecosystems which is an important factor of plant diseases prevalence control. Among the studied microorganisms the most important antagonist of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi in agricoenosis were the representatives of the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Trichoderma, Chaetomium and some other microorganisms. Several studied strains-antagonists were selected as the basis or as the perspective ones for the production of microbial preparations for pathogens control in agroecosystems and improvement of plants productivity.

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HAYASHI, KENICHI, MOTOAKI NISHIKAWA, ICHIRO ARAMORI, SUMIO KIYOTO, and MASAKUNI OKUHARA. "Tachykinin Antagonists Screening from Microbial Origin." Journal of Antibiotics 49, no. 1 (1996): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.49.110.

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Almuslimawi, Alaa, Borbála Kuchár, Susana Navas, György Turóczi, and Katalin Posta. "The Effect of Combined Application of Biocontrol Microorganisms and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Plant Growth and Yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)." Agriculture 14, no. 5 (May 16, 2024): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050768.

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Sustainable plant production requires less use of synthetic chemicals in plant nutrition and protection. Microbial products are among the most promising substitutes for chemicals. With the increasing popularity and availability of such products, it has become obligatory to use different microbes together. The effect of this has been tested in several studies, but their results have sometimes been contradictory depending on the microbial strains tested and the mode of application. We tested the effect of two commercially available antagonists and Funneliformis mosseae alone and in combination on tomato. Mycorrhizal treatment increased plant growth and yield, both alone and combined with the antagonists; however, mycorrhizal root colonization was not influenced by the antagonist. This treatment also led to a slight decrease in the occurrence of Trichoderma spp. on tomato roots but did not impede the colonization of roots by the applied Trichoderma strain. Our result confirmed that Trichoderma asperellum (T34) and Streptomyces griseoviridis (K61) can be safely combined with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), namely with F. mosseae.

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Pusey, P. L., and E. A. Curry. "Temperature and Pomaceous Flower Age Related to Colonization by Erwinia amylovora and Antagonists." Phytopathology® 94, no. 8 (August 2004): 901–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.8.901.

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Fire blight of apple and pear is initiated by epiphytic populations of Erwinia amylovora on flower stigmas. Predicting this disease and managing it with microbial antagonists depends on an understanding of bacterial colonization on stigmas. Detached ‘Manchurian’ crab apple flowers were inoculated with E. amylovora and subjected to a range of constant temperatures or various fluctuating temperature regimes. Results may have application to disease risk assessment systems such as the Cougarblight model, which now are based on in vitro growth of the pathogen. In other experiments, detached crab apple flowers and attached ‘Gala’ apple flowers were maintained at different temperatures for various periods before inoculation with E. amylovora or antagonists (Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 and Pantoea agglomerans strains C9-1 and E325). Maximum stigma age supporting bacterial multiplication decreased as temperature increased, and was reduced by pollination. Stigmas were receptive to bacteria at ages older than previously reported, probably due to less interference from indigenous organisms. The study revealed antagonist limitations that possibly affect field performance (e.g., the inability of strain A506 to grow on relatively old stigmas conducive to the pathogen). Such deficiencies could be overcome by selecting other antagonists or using antagonist mixtures in the orchard.

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陈, 嘉敏. "Research Development of Microbial Antagonists against Plant Disease." Advances in Microbiology 06, no. 02 (2017): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/amb.2017.62005.

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Gálvez, Antonio, Hikmate Abriouel, Nabil Benomar, and Rosario Lucas. "Microbial antagonists to food-borne pathogens and biocontrol." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 21, no. 2 (April 2010): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2010.01.005.

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Rohrlack, Thomas. "Low temperatures can promote cyanobacterial bloom formation by providing refuge from microbial antagonists." AIMS Microbiology 4, no. 2 (2018): 304–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2018.2.304.

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BORA, POPY, and L. C. BORA. "Revisiting non-chemical modes of diseases and pests management in tea (Camellia sinensis): A review." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i1.120819.

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Tea [Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze] like any other perennial plantation crop is subjected to loss in biomass yield and functional quality, once exposed to beyond economic thresholds of diseases and pests load. A battery of diseases and pests are reported to badly affect the tea industry of India. Microbial antagonists and botanicals emerged as two most vibrant via-media of addressing tea diseases and pests amongst non-chemical modes, in a manner, closest to residue free production system. Authors revisited the use of microbial antagonists and botanicals through comprehensive updated analysis of breakthroughs recorded in the success of microbial antagonists-and botanicals mediated diseases and pests management in tea. Our efforts also portrays the futuristic viewpoints in terms of developments of commercial formulations of botanicals using their bioactive compounds, consortium of bioagents and fortification of botanicals with bioagents through area wide field response studies in the back drop of growing demand of organic tea, the most pressing developmental issue of tea industry.

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Pajcin, Ivana, Vanja Vlajkov, Dragoljub Cvetkovic, Maja Ignjatov, Mila Grahovac, Damjan Vucurovic, and Jovana Grahovac. "Selection of antagonists for biocontrol of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 51 (2020): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt2051181p.

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Xanthomonas euvesicatoria is a worldwide causer of pepper bacterial spot, a bacterial plant disease responsible for massive losses of fresh pepper fruits. Considering the current problems in management of bacterial plant diseases, biological control using antagonistic microbial strains with high potential for plant pathogens suppression emerges as a possible solution. The aim of this study was to select suitable antagonists for suppression of X. euvesicatoria among the bacteria, yeast and fungi from the genera Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces and Trichoderma, based on in vitro antimicrobial activity testing using the diffusion disc method. The results of this study have revealed that cultivation broth samples of the antagonists Lactobacillus MK3 and Trichoderma reseii QM 9414, as well as supernatant samples of the antagonist Pseudomonas aeruginosa I128, have showed significant potential to be applied in biological control of X. euvesicatoria. Further research would be required to formulate suitable cultivation medium and optimize bioprocess conditions for production of the proposed pepper bacterial spot biocontrol agents.

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Dinu, Sorina. ""BIOCONTROL OF POSTHARVEST FUNGAL DISEASES BY MICROBIAL ANTAGONISTS - minireview"." Romanian Journal for Plant Protection 15 (September 5, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54574/rjpp.15.01.

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This papersummarizes the data on use of antagonistic microorganisms as biocontrol agents against fungal phytopathogensthat affects postharvest fruits and vegetables. The useof synthetic fungicides has been the dominant control strategy for diseases caused by fungi.However, their excessive and inappropriate use in intensive agriculture has created problemsthat have led to environmental contamination, considerable residues in agricultural products, andphytopathogen resistance. Therefore, there is a need to generate alternatives that are safe, ecological,and economically viable to face this problem. Inhibition of phytopathogen in fruit/vegetableutilizing antagonistic microorganisms as biological control agents (BCA) could represent aviable and environmentally safe alternative to synthetic fungicides.

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12

Barakat, I., N. Chtaina, M. E. Guilli, and B. Ezzahiri. "Bioefficacy of microbial antagonists against Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 896, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/896/1/012062.

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Abstract From our previous research of bio-control agents of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici as an alternative to chemical control, one strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and one strain of Trichoderma harzianum showed high antagonistic potential in vitro and in vivo as a foliar treatment on potted plants under greenhouse. The present work aimed to evaluate the antagonistic potential of these two strains of microorganisms in seed treatment. The results obtained showed that the two antagonists can reduce the severity of the disease assessed at three growth stages of the two wheat cultivars. B. amyloliquefaciens I3 reduced the severity of septoria leaf blotch by 56% and 58% compared to the checks on Aguilal and Karim respectively at the flag leaf stage, while in the case of T. harzianum A, this rate was 54% on Aguilal and 55% on Karim. These results suggest that the antagonistic potential is due to a distant mechanism of action such as induced systemic resistance. The viability tests of the two antagonists on coated seeds stored at 4 °C showed that they were viable after twelve months of conservation and preserved their antagonistic potential against Z. tritici.

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Alizadeh, Mehrdad, Yalda Vasebi, and Naser Safaie. "Microbial antagonists against plant pathogens in Iran: A review." Open Agriculture 5, no. 1 (August 3, 2020): 404–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0031.

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AbstractThe purpose of this article was to give a comprehensive review of the published research works on biological control of different fungal, bacterial, and nematode plant diseases in Iran from 1992 to 2018. Plant pathogens cause economical loss in many agricultural products in Iran. In an attempt to prevent these serious losses, chemical control measures have usually been applied to reduce diseases in farms, gardens, and greenhouses. In recent decades, using the biological control against plant diseases has been considered as a beneficial and alternative method to chemical control due to its potential in integrated plant disease management as well as the increasing yield in an eco-friendly manner. Based on the reported studies, various species of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus were the most common biocontrol agents with the ability to control the wide range of plant pathogens in Iran from lab to the greenhouse and field conditions.

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Reyes, Maria Eloisa Q., Kenneth G. Rohrbach, and Robert E. Paull. "Microbial antagonists control postharvest black rot of pineapple fruit." Postharvest Biology and Technology 33, no. 2 (August 2004): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2004.02.003.

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15

Rodriguez-Kabana, R., G. Morgan-Jones, and I. Chet. "Biological control of nematodes: Soil amendments and microbial antagonists." Plant and Soil 100, no. 1-3 (February 1987): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02370944.

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16

Fenta, Lamenew, Habtamu Mekonnen, and Negash Kabtimer. "The Exploitation of Microbial Antagonists against Postharvest Plant Pathogens." Microorganisms 11, no. 4 (April 16, 2023): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11041044.

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Postharvest disease management is vital to increase the quality and productivity of crops. As part of crop disease protection, people used different agrochemicals and agricultural practices to manage postharvest diseases. However, the widespread use of agrochemicals in pest and disease control has detrimental effects on consumer health, the environment, and fruit quality. To date, different approaches are being used to manage postharvest diseases. The use of microorganisms to control postharvest disease is becoming an eco-friendly and environmentally sounds approach. There are many known and reported biocontrol agents, including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. Nevertheless, despite the abundance of publications on biocontrol agents, the use of biocontrol in sustainable agriculture requires substantial research, effective adoption, and comprehension of the interactions between plants, pathogens, and the environment. To accomplish this, this review made an effort to locate and summarize earlier publications on the function of microbial biocontrol agents against postharvest crop diseases. Additionally, this review aims to investigate biocontrol mechanisms, their modes of operation, potential future applications for bioagents, as well as difficulties encountered during the commercialization process.

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17

Pusey, P. L. "Effect of Nectar on Microbial Antagonists Evaluated for Use in Control of Fire Blight of Pome Fruits." Phytopathology® 89, no. 1 (January 1999): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.1.39.

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Under warm, dry conditions, Erwinia amylovora can become established in relatively high populations on apple (Malus domestica) or pear (Pyrus communis) flower stigmas, and subsequent wet conditions facilitate its movement to the flower hypanthium where infection generally is initiated through the nectarthodes. Research on biological control of fire blight has focused mainly on the flower stigma, and knowledge is lacking regarding the effect of nectar on microbial antagonists in the flower hypanthium. The biocontrol agents Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 and Pantoea agglomerans strain C9-1 were cultured in a basal liquid medium with various concentrations (0 to 50% total sugar) of sucrose or synthetic nectar (sucrose/glucose/fructose, 2:1:1). Strain A506 showed less growth and lower survival than strain C9-1 at high sugar levels, and A506 was less effective than C9-1 as a preemptive antagonist of E. amylovora in high-sugar media. Both antagonist strains were less tolerant to high sugar levels than E. amylovora (strain Ea153). The same bacteria were cultured in a medium with 25% total sugar consisting of various proportions of sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and growth response correlated strongly with solute potential. When 28 microbial strains were cultured in synthetic nectar (25% total sugar) and ranked based on growth, strains clustered according to taxonomic group. Yeasts were most osmotolerant, followed by strains of E. amylovora, Pantoea agglomerans, Bacillus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. Further studies done in planta are necessary to determine whether osmotolerance of antagonists is advantageous in the biological control of fire blight.

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Khan, N. I., D. A. Schisler, M. J. Boehm, P. J. Slininger, and R. J. Bothast. "Selection and Evaluation of Microorganisms for Biocontrol of Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat Incited by Gibberella zeae." Plant Disease 85, no. 12 (December 2001): 1253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.12.1253.

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Gibberella zeae incites Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease that causes extensive yield and quality losses to wheat and barley. Of over 700 microbial strains obtained from wheat anthers, 54 were able to utilize tartaric acid as a carbon source when the compound was supplied as choline bitartrate in liquid culture. Four tartaric acid-utilizing and three nonutilizing strains reduced FHB in initial tests and were selected for further assays. Antagonists were effective against three different isolates of G. zeae when single wheat florets were inoculated with pathogen and antagonist inoculum. All seven antagonists increased 100-kernel weight when applied simultaneously with G. zeae isolate Z3639 (P ≤ 0.05). Bacillus strains AS 43.3 and AS 43.4 and Cryptococcus strain OH 182.9 reduced disease severity by >77, 93, and 56%, respectively. Five antagonists increased 100-kernel weight of plants inoculated with G. zeae isolate DAOM 180378. All antagonists except one increased 100-kernel weight, and four of seven antagonists reduced disease severity (P ≤ 0.05) when tested against G. zeae isolate Fg-9-96. In spray-inoculation experiments, Bacillus strains AS 43.3 and AS 43.4 and Cryptococcus strains OH 71.4 and OH 182.9 reduced disease severity, regardless of the sequence, timing, and concentration of inoculum application (P ≤ 0.05), though 100-kernel weight did not always increase when antagonists were applied 4 h after inoculum of G. zeae. Overall, 4 of 54 isolates that utilized tartaric acid in vitro were effective against G. zeae versus only 3 of 170 isolates tested that did not utilize tartaric acid (P ≤ 0.05, χ-square test of goodness of fit), demonstrating the potential benefit of prescreening candidate antagonists of FHB for their ability to utilize tartaric acid. Biological control shows promise as part of an integrated pest management program for managing FHB.

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Bora, Popy, L. C. Bora, and P. C. Deka. "Efficacy of Substrate Based Bioformulation of Microbial Antagonists in the Management of Bacterial Disease of some Solanaceous Vegetables in Assam." Journal of Biological Control 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jbc/30/1/6459.

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A study was undertaken to explore effective organic substrate-based bioformulation using virulent cells of antagonists Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma viride during 2010-13. Three organic substrates, viz. vermicompost, farm yard manure and mustard oil cake (MOC) were compared for mass multiplication of the antagonists. All the substrate based antagonists showed effective results in suppression of bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum Yabuchi et al.) incidence in vegetable crops tomato, brinjal and chill. Quantitative aspect of population dynamics of the antagonists at different days of storage was made to evaluate the shelflife of the biopesticide and found that the antagonists maintained a steady population count upto 180 days of storage at room temperature. The combination of vermicompost P. fluorescens, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and mannitol showed best shelf-life as it maintained highest population recovery of P. fluorescens and B. subtillis at different days of storage. The combination of MOC, T. viride, CMC and mannitol showed best shelf-life in case of T. viride and maintained highest population recovery of the antagonist at different days of storage. Application of the substrate based bioformulations as combination of seed treatment, root application, soil application at transplanting and soil application at 30 days after transplanting showed minimum wilt incidence and maximum yield in tomato, brinjal and chilli. Maximum disease reduction (81.85%) was shown by bioformulation comprising P. fluorescens with vermicompost as substrate followed by T. viride with MOC as substrate (79.07%). Following the trend of reduction in disease incidence, yield was maximum in tomato (36.0 t/ ha), when the crop was treated with vermicompost based P. fluorescens followed by treatment with MOC based T. viride (33.35 t/ha). Yield of brinjal (27.60 t/ha) and chilli (26.30 t/ha) was similarly maximum when bioformulation of vermicompost based P. fluorescens was applied.

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SCHUENZEL, KAREN M., and MARK A. HARRISON. "Microbial Antagonists of Foodborne Pathogens on Fresh, Minimally Processed Vegetables." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 1909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.12.1909.

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On many types of raw or minimally processed foods, the bacterial microbiota is often composed of mixed species. The activities of one bacterial species may influence the growth and activities of others that are present. The objective of this project was to evaluate the microbial composition of fresh and minimally processed vegetables to determine if naturally occurring bacteria on produce are competitive with or antagonistic to potentially encountered pathogens. Naturally occurring bacteria were obtained from ready-to-eat salad vegetables on four occasions to allow for seasonal variation. Minimally processed vegetables were sampled at various stages in their processing from raw vegetables to packaged products. Some portions were analyzed microbiologically within 24 h, while other portions were stored refrigerated and analyzed after 72 h. Microbiological analysis was conducted for bacterial enumeration and to obtain isolates. An agar spot method was used to screen isolates for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 27664, Escherichia coli O157:H7 E009, Listeria monocytogenes LCDC 81–861, and Salmonella Montevideo. Of the 1,180 isolates screened for inhibitory activity, 37 (3.22%) were found to have various degrees of inhibitory activity against at least one test pathogen. Many isolates showed inhibitory activity against all four pathogens. The isolates with the most extensive inhibition were removed from finished lettuce piece shreds. Of the 37 inhibitory isolates, 34 (91.9%) were gram negative. All isolates with inhibitory activity are able to multiply at both 4 and 10°C.

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Zimmerman, Guy A., Thomas M. McIntyre, Stephen M. Prescott, and Diana M. Stafforini. "Platelet-activating factor: antagonists, terminators, molecular mimics, and microbial opportunism." Journal of Internal Medicine 239, no. 6 (June 1996): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.1996.496832000.x.

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De Costa, D. M., S. S. T. Samarasinghe, H. R. D. Dias, and D. M. N. Dissanayake. "Control of rice sheath blight by phyllosphere epiphytic microbial antagonists." Phytoparasitica 36, no. 1 (February 2008): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02980748.

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23

Mamphogoro, Tshifhiwa Paris, Casper Nyaradzai Kamutando, Martin Makgose Maboko, Olayinka Ayobami Aiyegoro, and Olubukola Oluranti Babalola. "Epiphytic Bacteria from Sweet Pepper Antagonistic In Vitro to Ralstonia solanacearum BD 261, a Causative Agent of Bacterial Wilt." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091947.

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Biological control of plant pathogens, particularly using microbial antagonists, is posited as the most effective, environmentally-safe, and sustainable strategy to manage plant diseases. However, the roles of antagonists in controlling bacterial wilt, a disease caused by the most devastating and widely distributed pathogen of sweet peppers (i.e., R. solanacearum), are poorly understood. Here, amplicon sequencing and several microbial function assays were used to depict the identities and the potential antagonistic functions of bacteria isolated from 80 red and green sweet pepper fruit samples, grown under hydroponic and open soil conditions, with some plants, fungicide-treated while others were untreated. Amplicon sequencing revealed the following bacterial strains: Bacillus cereus strain HRT7.7, Enterobacter hormaechei strain SRU4.4, Paenibacillus polymyxa strain SRT9.1, and Serratia marcescens strain SGT5.3, as potential antagonists of R. solanacearum. Optimization studies with different carbon and nitrogen sources revealed that maximum inhibition of the pathogen was produced at 3% (w/v) starch and 2,5% (w/v) tryptone at pH 7 and 30 °C. The mode of action exhibited by the antagonistic isolates includes the production of lytic enzymes (i.e., cellulase and protease enzymes) and siderophores, as well as solubilization of phosphate. Overall, the results demonstrated that the maximum antimicrobial activity of bacterial antagonists could only be achieved under specific environmental conditions (e.g., available carbon and nitrogen sources, pH, and temperature levels), and that bacterial antagonists can also indirectly promote crop growth and development through nutrient cycling and siderophore production.

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Fernández-Villa, Aguilar, and Rojo. "Folic Acid Antagonists: Antimicrobial and Immunomodulating Mechanisms and Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20 (October 9, 2019): 4996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204996.

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: Bacterial, protozoan and other microbial infections share an accelerated metabolic rate. In order to ensure a proper functioning of cell replication and proteins and nucleic acids synthesis processes, folate metabolism rate is also increased in these cases. For this reason, folic acid antagonists have been used since their discovery to treat different kinds of microbial infections, taking advantage of this metabolic difference when compared with human cells. However, resistances to these compounds have emerged since then and only combined therapies are currently used in clinic. In addition, some of these compounds have been found to have an immunomodulatory behavior that allows clinicians using them as anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an updated state-of-the-art on the use of antifolates as antibacterial and immunomodulating agents in the clinical setting, as well as to present their action mechanisms and currently investigated biomedical applications.

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Rossmann, Bettina, Henry Müller, Kornelia Smalla, Samuel Mpiira, John Baptist Tumuhairwe, Charles Staver, and Gabriele Berg. "Banana-Associated Microbial Communities in Uganda Are Highly Diverse but Dominated by Enterobacteriaceae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 14 (May 4, 2012): 4933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00772-12.

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ABSTRACTBananas are among the most widely consumed foods in the world. In Uganda, the country with the second largest banana production in the world, bananas are the most important staple food. The objective of this study was to analyze banana-associated microorganisms and to select efficient antagonists against fungal pathogens which are responsible for substantial yield losses. We studied the structure and function of microbial communities (endosphere, rhizosphere, and soil) obtained from three different traditional farms in Uganda by cultivation-independent (PCR-SSCP fingerprints of 16S rRNA/ITS genes, pyrosequencing of enterobacterial 16S rRNA gene fragments, quantitative PCR, fluorescencein situhybridization coupled with confocal laser scanning microscopy, and PCR-based detection of broad-host-range plasmids and sulfonamide resistance genes) and cultivation-dependent methods. The results showed microhabitat-specific microbial communities that were significant across sites and treatments. Furthermore, all microhabitats contained a high number and broad spectrum of indigenous antagonists toward identified fungal pathogens. While bacterial antagonists were found to be enriched in banana plants, fungal antagonists were less abundant and mainly found in soil. The banana stem endosphere was the habitat with the highest bacterial counts (up to 109gene copy numbers g−1). Here, enterics were found to be enhanced in abundance and diversity; they provided one-third of the bacteria and were identified by pyrosequencing with 14 genera, including not only potential human (Escherichia,Klebsiella,Salmonella, andYersiniaspp.) and plant (Pectobacteriumspp.) pathogens but also disease-suppressive bacteria (Serratiaspp.). The dominant role of enterics can be explained by the permanent nature and vegetative propagation of banana and the amendments of human, as well as animal, manure in these traditional cultivations.

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., Imran Ali Siddiqui. "Effect of Microbial Antagonists on in vitro Growth of Pythium aphanidermatum." Journal of Biological Sciences 1, no. 4 (March 15, 2001): 224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2001.224.226.

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Yamunarani, K., S. Sangeetha, K. Chitra, K. Dhanalakshmi, and V. Dhanushkodi. "Microbial Interactions in the Management of Groundnut Stem Rot." Journal of Advances in Microbiology 24, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2023/v23i12785.

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Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil seed crop in the world belonging to the Leguminosae family. It is one of the essential food and cash crops of our country. In India, a large number of diseases attack groundnut [1]. Among soil borne diseases, stem rot or white mold caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. [2] is an important disease causing significant yield losses in several groundnut growing countries (Mehan et al., 1994). Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is a destructive soil borne fungal pathogen of oil seed crop in India. Different practices are recommended for management of groundnut stem rot such as deep summer ploughing, destruction of plant debris, crop rotation with jowar and bajra, seed treatment with carbendazim or captan or mancozeb or tebuconazole, soil drenching with hexaconazole, application of ammonium sulphate or calcium ammonium nitrate instead of urea and application of gypsum at flowering stage. Further, no single treatment is full proof and disease continues to cause losses in farmers’ fields. Biological control offers an interesting alternative to fungicides for sustainable management of soil borne diseases. Biocontrol is a non-chemical measure, could be effective as chemical control by various techniques. Among the techniques, the mixture of antagonists was studied to enchance the control efficacy. In most studies, the involvement of only mechanism of biological control is demonstrated. Involvement of more than one mechanism has been reported in only a few systems. Use of several biocontrol agents with several mechanisms of control fits in well with the concepts of integrated disease management, in which several means of disease suppression are applied concurrently. When single or more means of mechanisms are not effective, the others may compensate for the former absence. The present study, involved three major bacterial antagonists viz., Streptomyces violaceusniger, Streptomyces exfoliatus and Pseudomonas fluorescens to find out the effective dose of mixtures. The different doses from 10-1 to 10-5 were studied, the dose 10-1 of Streptomyces violaceusniger have more efficiency of 86.70, than S. exfoliatus. The efficacy of Streptomyces violaceusniger with combination of other antagonists were tested and found that, the mixture of Streptomyces violaceusniger and P. fluorescens have synergistic activity than any other combinations which have synergistic factor greater than one.

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Zhimo, V. Yeka, Antonio Biasi, Ajay Kumar, Oleg Feygenberg, Shoshana Salim, Silvana Vero, Michael Wisniewski, and Samir Droby. "Yeasts and Bacterial Consortia from Kefir Grains Are Effective Biocontrol Agents of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits." Microorganisms 8, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030428.

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Fungal pathogens in fruits and vegetables cause significant losses during handling, transportation, and storage. Biological control with microbial antagonists replacing the use of chemical fungicides is a major approach in postharvest disease control, and several products based on single antagonists have been developed but have limitations related to reduced and inconsistent performance under commercial conditions. One possible approach to enhance the biocontrol efficacy is to broaden the spectrum of the antagonistic action by employing compatible microbial consortia. Here, we explore commercial kefir grains, a natural probiotic microbial consortium, by culture-dependent and metagenomic approaches and observed a rich diversity of co-existing yeasts and bacterial population. We report effective inhibition of the postharvest pathogen Penicillium expansum on apple by using the grains in its fresh commercial and milk-activated forms. We observed few candidate bacteria and yeasts from the kefir grains that grew together over successive enrichment cycles, and these mixed fermentation cultures showed enhanced biocontrol activities as compared to the fresh commercial or milk-activated grains. We also report several individual species of bacteria and yeasts with biocontrol activities against Penicillium rots on apple and grapefruit. These species with antagonistic properties could be further exploited to develop a synthetic consortium to achieve enhanced antagonistic effects against a wide range of postharvest pathogens.

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Heydari, Asghar, and Mohammad Pessarakli. "A Review on Biological Control of Fungal Plant Pathogens Using Microbial Antagonists." Journal of Biological Sciences 10, no. 4 (May 1, 2010): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2010.273.290.

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Bochow, H. "USE OF MICROBIAL ANTAGONISTS TO CONTROL SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS IN GREENHOUSE CROPS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 255 (October 1989): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.255.32.

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Alka Gupta. "IMPORTANT BIOCONTROL TRAITS OF MICROBIAL ANTAGONISTS OF LEAF ROT DISEASE OF COCONUT." CORD 19, no. 01 (June 1, 2003): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v19i01.368.

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Leaf rot disease of coconut, which occurs superimposed on root (wilt) disease of coconut in about 65 % of the cases, is an important disease prevalent in Kerala State of India. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Exserohilum rostratum are the main fungal pathogens of the disease, which disfigure the leaves and reduce yield substantially. Several biocontrol agents have been identified which reduce the disease development by these fungal pathogens. Pseudomonas spp. exhibit a host of mechanisms, which act in concert to bring about biocontrol activity. Bacillus spp. work mainly through production of antibiotics and other non-volatile metabolites. Mycoparasitism was the main contributing factor for actinomycetes group.

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SWADLING, IAIN R., and PETER JEFFRIES. "Isolation of Microbial Antagonists for Biocontrol of Grey Mould Disease of Strawberries." Biocontrol Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (March 1996): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583159650039584.

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Kleespies, Regina G., Claudia Ritter, Gisbert Zimmermann, Frank Burghause, Simon Feiertag, and Andreas Leclerque. "A survey of microbial antagonists of Agriotes wireworms from Germany and Italy." Journal of Pest Science 86, no. 1 (June 14, 2012): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-012-0447-9.

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Elango, Santhoshinii, Yumkhaibam Sonia Shahni, Rajkumari Padamini, Sanjay Hazarika, R. Wongamthing, Sourav Oraon, Chandan Kumar Panigrahi, Anil Kumar, and R. Thangaraj. "Harnessing Microbial Antagonists for Biological Control of Plant Pathogens: A Global Perspective." Microbiology Research Journal International 34, no. 5 (May 2, 2024): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2024/v34i51442.

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Reducing agricultural production inputs while maintaining a lucrative yield of high-quality goods is becoming more and more necessary as a result of the global sustainability agenda. Plant diseases pose a significant threat to productivity and product quality, yet many times there are no adequate measures available to control them. Consequently, research on substitute methods of crop protection has been mandated and has garnered significant interest from scholars around. A number of biological control agents (BCAs), including Bacillus, Pantoea, Streptomyces, Trichoderma, Clonostachys, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and specific yeasts, have been screened. Of these alternatives, biological controls through beneficial microorganisms have gained significant importance. BCAs, at the very least, support other sustainable disease management strategies like disease resistance and offer chances to control illnesses for whom alternative strategies are unfeasible or unobtainable. It is reasonable to anticipate that BCAs will be used more often to manage agricultural diseases in environmentally friendly ways.

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Gardner, P. A., J. F. Angus, P. T. W. Wong, and G. D. Pitson. "A comparison of six methods to control take-all in wheat." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 8 (1998): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98050.

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Take-all is a root disease of wheat caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt). The most common method of control, growing wheat after a break crop, is not always feasible. This study compared the use of a break crop with 5 alternative control methods in a series of field experiments in south-eastern Australia. The methods of control tested were: (1) fungicide added to fertiliser; (2) soil fumigation with methyl bromide; (3) applied chloride; (4) seed treatment with microbial antagonists; (5) a prior brassica break crop; and (6) a 12-month-long fallow. Eight experiments were conducted over 2 years but not all treatments were included in each experiment. The most successful control methods were growing wheat after a brassica break crop or a long fallow. Both methods gave 72% yield increases over wheat growing after wheat. None of the other methods gave consistent, significant, or profitable yield increases or disease control. The mean yield increases in the year of application were 8% for the fungicide, 6% for microbial antagonists, 4% for chloride, and 7% for fumigation. The probable reason that fungicide and microbial antagonists were ineffective was that they were localised in the furrow where they were applied, whereas roots became infected in the inter-row space. Probable reasons that chloride was ineffective were that the background soil chloride levels were generally above the responsive range, and that roots became infected with take-all after the chloride was leached from the topsoil. The limitation of fumigation was that it suppressed natural antagonists of the Ggt, apparently leading to reinfection at higher levels than before. There was also evidence of Ggt re-infection in the second year after break crops, leading to an apparent ‘boomerang’ effect. Take-all inocula at the sites were measured in pre-sowing soil bioassays, whereas disease incidence was determined in seedlings and as ‘whiteheads’ as crops approached maturity. The only consistent pattern among the measurements was low disease incidence after break crops and the long fallow. Otherwise, there were low correlations between the 3 sets of measurements, suggesting that environmental changes after the soil bioassay and seedling assessment played critical roles in the progress of the disease.

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Ahmad, Iftikhar, David Malloch, and John Bissett. "Influence of the bioherbicide phosphinothricin on interactions between phytopathogens and their antagonists." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1750–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-187.

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Phosphinothricin is a microbial toxin currently under development as a selective weed killer in the cultivation of transgenic plants engineered to resist its presence. Here it is shown that phosphinothricin is inhibitory to antagonistic soil microorganisms including Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas flourescens, and many species of Trichoderma. Phosphinothricin was also inhibitory to the phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In contrast, phytopathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium aphanidermatum were highly resistant to phosphinothricin. In pathogen–antagonist challenges, species of Trichoderma that parasitize F. oxysporum and P. aphanidermatum were eliminated when phosphinothricin was added to the growth media. Similarly, the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens to exclude Pythium aphanidermatum was markedly affected by the presence of phosphinothricin in the media. The dominance equilibrium between Trichoderma species and the bacterium Bacillus subtilis was influenced in favor of the former at 0 and 5 mM concentrations of the herbicide and in favor of the latter at 1 mM concentrations. Pseudomonas fluorescens was unable to exclude Trichoderma species regardless of the phosphinothricin concentration in the media. Key words: phosphinothricin, pathogens, fungi, bacteria, antagonists, biocontrol.

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37

Kallimanis, Panagiotis, Ioanna Chinou, Angeliki Panagiotopoulou, Anatoly A. Soshilov, Guochun He, Michael S. Denison, and Prokopios Magiatis. "Rosmarinus officinalis L. Leaf Extracts and Their Metabolites Inhibit the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Activation In Vitro and in Human Keratinocytes: Potential Impact on Inflammatory Skin Diseases and Skin Cancer." Molecules 27, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 2499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27082499.

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Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation by environmental agents and microbial metabolites is potentially implicated in a series of skin diseases. Hence, it would be very important to identify natural compounds that could inhibit the AhR activation by ligands of microbial origin as 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), indirubin (IND) and pityriazepin (PZ) or the prototype ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Five different dry Rosmarinus officinalis L. extracts (ROEs) were assayed for their activities as antagonists of AhR ligand binding with guinea pig cytosol in the presence of [3H]TCDD. The methanolic ROE was further assayed towards CYP1A1 mRNA induction using RT-PCR in human keratinocytes against TCDD, FICZ, PZ, and IND. The isolated metabolites, carnosic acid, carnosol, 7-O-methyl-epi-rosmanol, 4′,7-O-dimethylapigenin, and betulinic acid, were assayed for their agonist and antagonist activity in the presence and absence of TCDD using the gel retardation assay (GRA). All assayed ROE extracts showed similar dose-dependent activities with almost complete inhibition of AhR activation by TCDD at 100 ppm. The methanol ROE at 10 ppm showed 99%, 50%, 90%, and 85% inhibition against TCDD, FICZ, IND, and PZ, respectively, in human keratinocytes. Most assayed metabolites exhibited dose-dependent antagonist activity. ROEs inhibit AhR activation by TCDD and by the Malassezia metabolites FICZ, PZ, and IND. Hence, ROE could be useful for the prevention or treatment of skin diseases mediated by activation of AhR.

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Kim, Ji-Won, Yunju Jeong, Jun Sik Yoon, Geun Eog Ji, and Sung-Hwan Park. "Influence of proton pump inhibitor or rebamipide use on gut microbiota of rheumatoid arthritis patients." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 224.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.224.18.

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Abstract Objective Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) commonly use gastrointestinal (GI) protective drugs for treatment and prevention of peptic ulcer disease. However, how these drugs affect gut microbiota is unknown in RA patients. The objective of this study was to examine the gut microbiota of RA patients according to their use of GI protective drugs, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2-receptor antagonists, and rebamipide. Methods Fecal samples were obtained from 15 healthy controls (HCs) and 32 RA patients who were receiving PPI, H2-receptor antagonist, or rebamipide. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the fecal samples and 16S rRNA sequencing was performed. Microbial composition and function were analyzed using QIIME and PICRUSt. Results RA patients showed reduced diversity and altered composition of the gut microbiota compared with HCs. Gut microbiota of RA patients receiving acid-suppressing drugs, particularly PPI, was distinct from that of RA patients receiving rebamipide (PPI versus rebamipide, p=0.005). Streptococcus was enriched in RA patients receiving PPI, whereas Clostridium bolteae was enriched in RA patients receiving rebamipide. Gut microbiota of PPI-users was highly expressing the microbial functional pathway involved in virulence factors production. This featured microbial function was positively correlated with the relative abundance of Streptococcus, the differentially abundant taxa of PPI-users. Conclusions Gut microbiota of RA patients receiving PPI was distinguished from those receiving rebamipide. Enriched virulent function in gut microbiota of PPI-users suggests that PPIs should not be overprescribed in RA patients.

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Nayak, Swarajya Laxmi, Shruti Sethi, R. R. Sharma, Dinesh Singh, and Surender Singh. "Improved control on decay and postharvest quality deterioration of strawberry by microbial antagonists." Indian Journal of Horticulture 76, no. 3 (2019): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0112.2019.00079.3.

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JOHNSTON, MICHAEL A., MARK A. HARRISON, and RUTH A. MORROW. "Microbial Antagonists of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Fresh-Cut Lettuce and Spinach." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 7 (July 1, 2009): 1569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.7.1569.

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Fresh-cut lettuce and spinach can become contaminated with pathogens at numerous points from the field to the retail market. Natural microflora present on fresh produce may help reduce the pathogen load. The objective of this study was to isolate natural microflora from fresh-cut iceberg lettuce and baby spinach and to determine whether these bacteria were antagonistic toward Escherichia coli O157:H7. Samples were collected under conditions that mimicked actual practices between production and retail sale. Evidence of naturally occurring microorganisms on fresh lettuce (295 isolates) and spinach (200 isolates) and of possible antagonistic activity toward E. coli O157:H7 was documented. Inhibitory activity by several isolates was due to either acid production or antimicrobial peptides. Bacteria with inhibitory activity were isolated from every step in the processing and handling of the fresh-cut iceberg lettuce and baby spinach.

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Di Francesco, A., C. Martini, and M. Mari. "Biological control of postharvest diseases by microbial antagonists: how many mechanisms of action?" European Journal of Plant Pathology 145, no. 4 (January 21, 2016): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-016-0867-0.

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Benttoumi, Nawal, Mariantonietta Colagiero, Samira Sellami, Houda Boureghda, Abdelaziz Keddad, and Aurelio Ciancio. "Diversity of Nematode Microbial Antagonists from Algeria Shows Occurrence of Nematotoxic Trichoderma spp." Plants 9, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9080941.

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Fungi and bacteria associated to phytoparasitic nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and Meloidogyne spp. in Algeria were identified and characterized. Trichoderma spp. showed the highest prevalence in the cysts of G. rostochiensis. A number of isolates were identified through PCR amplification and the sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-2 and Rpb2 gene regions. The most represented species were T. harzianum and T. afroharzianum. The latter and T. hirsutum were reported for the first time in Algeria. Fusarium spp., including F. oxysporum and F. solani, comprised a second group of fungi found in cysts. Taxa associated to females of Meloidogyne spp. included T. harzianum, Fusarium spp. and other hyphomycetes. To assess the efficacy of Trichoderma spp., two assays were carried out in vitro with the culture filtrates of two T. afroharzianum and T. harzianum isolates, to check their toxicity versus the second stage juveniles of M. incognita. After 24–48 h exposure, a mortality significantly higher than the control was observed for both filtrates at 1% dilutions. The TRI genes involved in the production of trichothecenes were also amplified with the PCR from some Trichoderma spp. isolates and sequenced, supporting a putative role in nematode toxicity. Bacteria isolated from the cysts of G. rostochiensis included Brucella, Rhizobium, Stenotrophomonas and Bacillus spp., identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The potential of the microbial isolates identified and their mechanisms of action are discussed, as part of a sustainable nematode management strategy.

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Apazhev, A. K., Y. A. Shekikhachev, L. M. Hazhmetov, E. N. Didanova, and Kh G. Kurzhiev. "Ensuring the environmental safety of food when using biological products in the protection of cabbage agrocenosis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 022054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/981/2/022054.

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Abstract The use of chemical means of protecting plants from diseases and pests to increase yields and improve the presentation of the product leads to negative consequences. The main one is the accumulation of chemical residues in products and the release of resistant forms of pathogens. The use of microbial antagonists that suppress the development of phytopathogenic fungi is considered as an alternative method of plant protection. Biological preparations for suppressing plant diseases are based on antagonist microorganisms, hyperparasites, and biota metabolites. An increase in the share of biological protection and a decrease in the share of the use of agrochemicals in the plant protection system contributes to the improvement of the socio-ecological situation. The search for technological methods for reducing the frequency of treatments is especially important for the cabbage culture. In this regard, this article evaluates the effectiveness of biological products in protecting cabbage agrocenosis and increasing productivity.

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Puspita Sari, Gracela Nanda, Arlyna B. Pustika, Chimayatus Solichah, Danar Wicaksono, Setyorini Widyayanti, Sudarmaji, and Kiki Yolanda. "The effect of antagonistic microbial and seed bulb-size on fusarium wilt and yield of shallot." E3S Web of Conferences 467 (2023): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346701006.

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The effort to suppress the development of fusarium wilt disease is by a consortium of antagonistic microbes. This study aimed to determine the effect of microbial consortium and bulb size on the development of fusarium wilt disease and the effect on plant resistance of small bulbs to fusarium wilt. This research was conducted on coastal land, Sri Gading Village, Sanden District, Bantul Regency. The experiment used a split-plot with 2 factors : seed treatment and bulb size with 8 treatments. The factors include K1U1: Consortia microbial and small bulbs, K1U2: Consortia microbial and medium bulbs, K1U3: Consortia microbial and big bulbs, K1U4: Consortia microbial and mixed bulbs, K2U1: Without consortia microbial and small bulbs, K2U2: Without consortia microbial and medium bulbs, K2U3: Without consortia microbial and big bulbs, K2U4: Without consortia microbial and mixed bulbs. Data were analyzed statistically SAS (Statistical Analysis System) ANOVA 5% and further tested with DMRT (Duncan's Multiple Distance Test) at the 5% level of significance. The percentage data which is not normally distributed are transformed to transformation arcsin√x. The results showed there was no interaction between the use of microbial consortium and bulb size on the development of fusarium wilt disease and yield of shallot. The giving of consortium antagonists could not increase plant resistance to fusarium wilt and yield. The decline in production is generally related to climate change which has an impact on increasing plant diseases. There is a need for cultivation adaptation in dealing with the effects of climate change.

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de Moura Rodrigues, Dorian, Norinne Lacerda-Queiroz, Isabelle Couillin, and Nicolas Riteau. "STING Targeting in Lung Diseases." Cells 11, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 3483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11213483.

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The cGAS–STING pathway displays important functions in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity following the detection of microbial and host-derived DNA. Here, we briefly summarize biological functions of STING and review recent literature highlighting its important contribution in the context of respiratory diseases. Over the last years, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of STING activation, which has favored the development of STING agonists or antagonists with potential therapeutic benefits. Antagonists might alleviate STING-associated chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Furthermore, pharmacological activation of STING displays strong antiviral properties, as recently shown in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. STING agonists also elicit potent stimulatory activities when used as an adjuvant promoting antitumor responses and vaccines efficacy.

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Ruiz, Pedro J., Hideki Garren, David L. Hirschberg, Annette M. Langer-Gould, Mia Levite, Marcela V. Karpuj, Scott Southwood, Alessandro Sette, Paul Conlon, and Lawrence Steinman. "Microbial Epitopes Act as Altered Peptide Ligands to Prevent Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis." Journal of Experimental Medicine 189, no. 8 (April 19, 1999): 1275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.189.8.1275.

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Molecular mimicry refers to structural homologies between a self-protein and a microbial protein. A major epitope of myelin basic protein (MBP), p87–99 (VHFFKNIVTPRTP), induces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). VHFFK contains the major residues for binding of this self-molecule to T cell receptor (TCR) and to the major histocompatibility complex. Peptides from papilloma virus strains containing the motif VHFFK induce EAE. A peptide from human papilloma virus type 40 (HPV 40) containing VHFFR, and one from HPV 32 containing VHFFH, prevented EAE. A sequence from Bacillus subtilis (RKVVTDFFKNIPQRI) also prevented EAE. T cell lines, producing IL-4 and specific for these microbial peptides, suppressed EAE. Thus, microbial peptides, differing from the core motif of the self-antigen, MBPp87–99, function as altered peptide ligands, and behave as TCR antagonists, in the modulation of autoimmune disease.

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Miranda, Kathryn, William J. Becker, Philip Brandon Busbee, Lorenzo Menzel, Nicholas Dopkins, Prakash S. Nagarkatti, and Mitzi Nagarkatti. "Cannabinoid receptor 1 blockade attenuates metabolic inflammation and gut microbial dysbiosis during high-fat diet-induced obesity." Journal of Immunology 200, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2018): 117.31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.117.31.

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Abstract The endocannabinoid (eCB) system regulates a variety of physiological processes including inflammation and metabolism. Obesity is characterized by overactivation of the eCB system, chronic low-grade inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and gut microbial dysbiosis. Blockade of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) ameliorates obesity, however CB1-mediated immune-microbial interactions have not been extensively explored. In the current study, antagonists and genetic ablation of CB1 were used in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity to determine the role of CB1 in modulating inflammation, metabolism, and the gut microbiome. As expected, CB1−/− mice were resistant to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced weight gain and metabolic inflammation was significantly less in CB1−/− mice when compared to wild-type (WT) controls. Lamina propria lymphocytes from CB1−/− mice did not display a Th1 induction after HFD feeding whereas WT mice fed HFD had elevated CD4+T-bet+ cells compared to WT mice fed low-fat diet. Decreased colonic inflammation indicated CB1-dependent alterations in the gut microbiome may contribute to a decreased obese phenotype. Similarly, WT obese mice treated with the CB1 antagonist AM251 experienced weight loss, decreased inflammation, and improvement in metabolic parameters. Interrogation of the gut microbiome by 16S metagenomics revealed CB1-dependent alterations in abundance of bacteria belonging to the Clostridiales order. In addition, functional predictions by PICRUSt analysis revealed decreased abundance of operational taxonomic units belonging to bacterial metabolism and membrane transport pathways. Together these data suggest CB1 regulates metabolism by shaping the immune response and gut microbial community.

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Sellitto, Vincenzo Michele, Severino Zara, Fabio Fracchetti, Vittorio Capozzi, and Tiziana Nardi. "Microbial Biocontrol as an Alternative to Synthetic Fungicides: Boundaries between Pre- and Postharvest Applications on Vegetables and Fruits." Fermentation 7, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7020060.

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From a ‘farm to fork’ perspective, there are several phases in the production chain of fruits and vegetables in which undesired microbial contaminations can attack foodstuff. In managing these diseases, harvest is a crucial point for shifting the intervention criteria. While in preharvest, pest management consists of tailored agricultural practices, in postharvest, the contaminations are treated using specific (bio)technological approaches (physical, chemical, biological). Some issues connect the ‘pre’ and ‘post’, aligning some problems and possible solution. The colonisation of undesired microorganisms in preharvest can affect the postharvest quality, influencing crop production, yield and storage. Postharvest practices can ‘amplify’ the contamination, favouring microbial spread and provoking injures of the product, which can sustain microbial growth. In this context, microbial biocontrol is a biological strategy receiving increasing interest as sustainable innovation. Microbial-based biotools can find application both to control plant diseases and to reduce contaminations on the product, and therefore, can be considered biocontrol solutions in preharvest or in postharvest. Numerous microbial antagonists (fungi, yeasts and bacteria) can be used in the field and during storage, as reported by laboratory and industrial-scale studies. This review aims to examine the main microbial-based tools potentially representing sustainable bioprotective biotechnologies, focusing on the biotools that overtake the boundaries between pre- and postharvest applications protecting quality against microbial decay.

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Kusstatscher, Peter, Tomislav Cernava, Karsten Harms, Johann Maier, Herbert Eigner, Gabriele Berg, and Christin Zachow. "Disease Incidence in Sugar Beet Fields Is Correlated with Microbial Diversity and Distinct Biological Markers." Phytobiomes Journal 3, no. 1 (January 2019): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-01-19-0008-r.

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Sugar beets (Beta vulgaris), which are one of the major sources for sugar, alternative energy, and fuel, are affected by several fungal pathogens at harvest time. In order to identify correlations between the microbiome of field-grown sugar beets and their health status before harvest, we studied 2,200 antifungal antagonists together with 73 amplicon datasets obtained with 16S rRNA gene fragments as well as the fungal internal transcribed spacer region in samples from 13 different field sites in Austria and Germany. Overall, a substantial loss of microbial diversity (bacteriome H’: 8 versus 6.5; mycobiome H’: 4.5 versus 3.5) as well as a substantially different taxonomic composition was observed in root rot-affected sugar beets when compared with healthy beets. The Gram-positive Lactobacillales as well as distinct fungal taxa such as Candida, Penicillium, and Fusarium were identified as indicators of root rot on the microbiome level. In contrast, higher microbial diversity as well as distinct fungal genera assigned to Vishniacozyma and Plectosphaerella were associated with the microbiome of healthy plants. The taxonomic shifts in the fungal microbiome were accompanied by trophic specialization; pathotrophic and symbiotrophic fungi were replaced by saprotrophic fungi in diseased sugar beets. Moreover, samples with high proportions of antagonistic bacteria were not vulnerable to shifts in the fungal microbiome. The overall findings show implications between microbial antagonists and plant health as well as key taxa that are indicative for the health status in beets. They provide the basis for the development of improved disease management systems and preventive counteractions.

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Pusey, P. Lawrence, Virginia O. Stockwell, and Mark Mazzola. "Epiphytic Bacteria and Yeasts on Apple Blossoms and Their Potential as Antagonists of Erwinia amylovora." Phytopathology® 99, no. 5 (May 2009): 571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-5-0571.

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Apple blossoms were sampled for indigenous epiphytic populations of culturable microorganisms during different stages of bloom at two locations in central Washington State and one site in Corvallis, OR. Frequencies and population sizes of bacteria on stigmas of apple were lower in Washington than at Corvallis, where average relative humidity was higher and possibly favored greater colonization; however, bacteria at Corvallis were mainly pseudomonads, whereas those in Washington were diverse, composed of several genera. In Washington, yeast as well as bacteria were isolated from both stigmatic and hypanthial surfaces. Sampled blossoms were processed immediately to assess microbial populations, or after a 24-h incubation at 28°C and high relative humidity, which broadened the range of detectable taxa evaluated as potential antagonists. Identifications were based on fatty acid methyl ester profiles and rDNA sequence analyses. Yeasts or yeastlike organisms were detected at frequencies similar to or greater than bacteria, particularly in hypanthia. When microbial isolates were tested for their capacity to suppress Erwinia amylovora on stigmas of detached crab apple flowers, many were ineffective. The best antagonists were the bacteria Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas spp. and a few yeasts identified as Cryptococcus spp. Further evaluation of these taxa on flowers could lead to the discovery of additional biocontrol agents for fire blight.

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