Дисертації з теми "Micro-Macro models"
Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Micro-Macro models.
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Micro-Macro models".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
1
Dias, Fernandes Lucas. "From micro to macro : spatial models in molecular and evolutionary biology." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=229716.
Анотація:
The characteristics of space and the movement of agents are intrinsic elements which are fundamental to any class of biological problems. From the diffusion properties of small and macromolecules in the cytoplasm, to the migration patterns of populations in a macroecological perspective, it is now clear that a full understanding of the different phenomena requires further insights not only on how the different elements interact, but on the different ways they are distributed in space, according to the proper spatial scales for each problem. This work analyzes three different classes of biological problems, focusing on the role played by space in understanding the phenomena from a theoretical perspective. First, we investigate the clustering of mechanosensitive channels on bacterial membranes and how their spatial distribution can lead to collective behaviour, significantly altering their functions. Second, we study protein production, trying to understand how particular properties on ribosomes' diffusion are linked with specific features of the translation process. Finally, on a very different scale, we explore spatial patterns' formation on a coevolutionary problem, where the interaction between two species is site-dependent. We approach these problems with different analytical and numerical techniques, revealing new biological aspects and providing novel views on current discussions in each field. We believe our results reinforce the importance of theoretical approaches to Biology and how space can significantly change many of these models.
2
Göktepe, Serdar. "Micro-macro approaches to rubbery and glassy polymers : predictive micromechanically-based models and simulations." Stuttgart Institut für Mechanik (Bauwesen) der Universität Stuttgart, 2007. http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2007/3342/.
3
Gauntt, Stephen Byron. "Micro-chamber filling experiments for validation of macro models with applications in capillary driven microfluidics." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2538.
4
Tian, Kun. "Essays on price rigidity in the UK : evidence from micro data and implications for macro models." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/49986/.
Анотація:
This study consists of three individual essays which all shed light on assessing the price rigidity by using price micro data in the UK. The relevant implications for macro models are also discussed in each essay respectively. The first essay gives a unified framework a la Dixon (2012) to gauge the price rigidity from three perspectives: frequency, hazard function and distribution across firms. On average, the monthly frequency of consumer price change is 19% between 1996 and 2007. Sales and substitutions will significantly affect the frequency of consumer price change. The frequency of consumer price change varies considerable across sectors. The fraction of price changes which are decreasing is about 40%. The hazard function is downward sloping with 12-month spike. The censoring and sampling issues in the estimation of hazard function are discussed thoroughly. The distribution across firms is derived from estimated hazard function, which is consistent with the frequency of price changes. Two benchmark sticky price models are calibrated and simulated. Furthermore, a multiple Calvo and multiple menu costs model are also simulated, based on the empirical finding in micro data. The simulation results suggest that introducing heterogeneity into sticky price models can improve models' fitness in respect to matching micro evidence. The second essay mainly focus on "the monthly frequency of price changes", which is a prominent feature of many studies of the CPI micro-data. In this essay, we see how much the frequency ties down the behavior of price-setters ("firms") in steady-state in terms of the average length of price-spells across firms. We are able to divide an upper and lower bound for the mean duration of price-spells averaged across firms. We use the UK CPI data at the aggregate and sectoral level and find that the actual mean is about twice the theoretical minimum consistent with the observed frequency. We estimate the distribution using the hazard function and find that although the estimated hazard differs significantly from the Calvo distribution, the means and medians are similar. However, despite the micro differences, we find that the artificial Calvo distributions generated using the sectoral frequencies result in very similar impulse responses to the estimated hazards when used in the Smets-Wouters (2003) model. The third essay examines the behavior of individual producer prices in the UK. A number of stylized facts about price setting behavior are uncovered. A time-varying Ss model is set up in a way that is consistent with the stylized facts obtained from the UK PPI data. A duration model (semiparametric survival analysis model) is built in line with the time-varying Ss model. This duration model is estimated by controlling for observed and unobserved heterogeneity across firms. The estimation results suggest that the increase in the inflation rate will significantly increase the hazard rate of price change. The other factors considered in the model will also affect the hazard rate of price change, while in different magnitude.
5
Göktepe, Serdar [Verfasser]. "Micro-macro approaches to rubbery and glassy polymers : predictive micromechanically-based models and simulations / vorgelegt von Serdar Göktepe." Stuttgart : Inst. für Mechanik (Bauwesen), 2007. http://d-nb.info/99705350X/34.
6
Jonsson, Gabriel, Louise Fredriksson, and Miljevic Rebecca Lööv. "Exploring how Barriers to Circular Business Models can be Overcome on a Macro and Micro Level : -a Swedish Textile Industry Perspective." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49143.
Анотація:
Background: The resource demanding textile industry has long been linked to the linear economy, an economy contributing to negative effects on the environment. However, there is an alternative to the linear economy, namely the circular economy. In a circular economy, a closed-loop design is promoted in order to eliminate the negative effects of the linear economy. However, in the context of the Swedish textile industry, there is a lack of case studies on the topic and especially regarding experienced barriers to a circular business model as well as drivers and enablers needed to overcome these barriers. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to support the development of the Sustainable Development Goal 12: sustainable production and consumption. This is done through exploring the experienced barriers to circular business models among companies in the Swedish textile industry at a macro and micro level, but also drivers and enablers in order to overcome these barriers. Method: This research follows an interpretivist view and an inductive approach based on a cross-case analysis of five companies. The research is qualitative and semi-structured interviews were conducted with open questions. The identified themes were analysed and interpreted with a careful awareness of the trustworthiness and ethical considerations. Conclusion: The result showed five barriers which appeared to be the most common across the companies. Namely, technological un-readiness, circularity costs, market unacceptance, financial shortage and knowledge gap. For these barriers, possible solutions in the form of drivers and enablers were identified. According to the findings, the identified drivers and enablers which have the greatest potential of positive impact on the barriers were as follows: knowledge sharing, collaboration, regulatory changes, more research and refocus of efforts
7
PANSINI, ROSARIA VEGA. "Lo studio dell'impatto delle politiche sulla distribuzione del reddito in una prospettiva micro-macro. Il caso del Vietnam." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/228.
Анотація:
Obiettivo di questo lavoro è studiare i fattori socio-economici responsabili del cambiamento nella distribuzione del reddito dovuto a un cambiamento nel contesto politico di riferimento, in Vietnam durante il periodo delle riforme. La metodologia adottata analizza i cambiamenti nella distribuzione del reddito sia a livello micro che a livello macro. A livello micro, l'analisi indaga sulle caratteristiche individuali e familiari da cui dipende il livello e la distribuzione della spesa. E' possibile inoltre valutare gli effetti diretti di cambiamenti nel quadro politico di riferimento. Il livello macro di analisi consente di individuare le caratteristiche strutturali della disuguaglianza nella distribuzione del reddito personale e di isolare anche gli effetti indiretti delle politiche. Gli strumenti analitici selezionati in questo studio sono un modello supply-driven, rappresentato da un modello di microsimulazione e un modello demand-driven, costituito dalla Matrice di Contabilità Sociale. In particolare, il modello di microsimulazione ha consentito la derivazione di una distribuzione controfattuale e la disaggregazione della variazione della disuguaglianza in Vietnam in: effetto di prezzo, effetto di una variazione della componente non osservata dei salari, effetto dovuto a cambiamenti nelle scelte occupazioni e effetti dovuti a cambiamenti nella popolazione. Utilizzando una nuova metodologia di scomposizione ad un livello microscopico dei moltiplicatori derivati dalla SAM, è stato possibile derivare e isolare tutti gli effetti diretti e indiretti di uno shock esogeno sulla distribuzione personale del reddito.The aim of this work is to investigate the socio-economic factors that affect in income distribution changes caused by changes in the policy framework in Vietnam during the period of reforms. The adopted methodology analyzes policy induced changes in income distribution both at the micro and the macro level. At the micro level, the analysis of inequality can help identifying the socio-economic factors affecting the level of household expenditure and its distribution and evaluating direct effects of policies. The macro level identifies the structural characteristics of inequality and evaluates also the indirect effects of policies on the personal income distribution. The two analytical tools have been selected have been a supply driven model represented by the microsimulation model and a demand driven model, constituted by the Social Accounting Matrix. The microsimulation model allowed deriving a counterfactual distribution of income and disaggregating change in the Vietnamese income inequality into four effects: price effect, effect of a change in the unobservable component of wages, occupational choice effect and population effect. Using a new technique of decomposition of SAM-based multipliers in 'microscopic' detail, the macro model allowed deriving all the direct and indirect effects of an exogenous shock to personal income distribution.
8
PANSINI, ROSARIA VEGA. "Lo studio dell'impatto delle politiche sulla distribuzione del reddito in una prospettiva micro-macro. Il caso del Vietnam." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/228.
Анотація:
Obiettivo di questo lavoro è studiare i fattori socio-economici responsabili del cambiamento nella distribuzione del reddito dovuto a un cambiamento nel contesto politico di riferimento, in Vietnam durante il periodo delle riforme. La metodologia adottata analizza i cambiamenti nella distribuzione del reddito sia a livello micro che a livello macro. A livello micro, l'analisi indaga sulle caratteristiche individuali e familiari da cui dipende il livello e la distribuzione della spesa. E' possibile inoltre valutare gli effetti diretti di cambiamenti nel quadro politico di riferimento. Il livello macro di analisi consente di individuare le caratteristiche strutturali della disuguaglianza nella distribuzione del reddito personale e di isolare anche gli effetti indiretti delle politiche. Gli strumenti analitici selezionati in questo studio sono un modello supply-driven, rappresentato da un modello di microsimulazione e un modello demand-driven, costituito dalla Matrice di Contabilità Sociale. In particolare, il modello di microsimulazione ha consentito la derivazione di una distribuzione controfattuale e la disaggregazione della variazione della disuguaglianza in Vietnam in: effetto di prezzo, effetto di una variazione della componente non osservata dei salari, effetto dovuto a cambiamenti nelle scelte occupazioni e effetti dovuti a cambiamenti nella popolazione. Utilizzando una nuova metodologia di scomposizione ad un livello microscopico dei moltiplicatori derivati dalla SAM, è stato possibile derivare e isolare tutti gli effetti diretti e indiretti di uno shock esogeno sulla distribuzione personale del reddito.The aim of this work is to investigate the socio-economic factors that affect in income distribution changes caused by changes in the policy framework in Vietnam during the period of reforms. The adopted methodology analyzes policy induced changes in income distribution both at the micro and the macro level. At the micro level, the analysis of inequality can help identifying the socio-economic factors affecting the level of household expenditure and its distribution and evaluating direct effects of policies. The macro level identifies the structural characteristics of inequality and evaluates also the indirect effects of policies on the personal income distribution. The two analytical tools have been selected have been a supply driven model represented by the microsimulation model and a demand driven model, constituted by the Social Accounting Matrix. The microsimulation model allowed deriving a counterfactual distribution of income and disaggregating change in the Vietnamese income inequality into four effects: price effect, effect of a change in the unobservable component of wages, occupational choice effect and population effect. Using a new technique of decomposition of SAM-based multipliers in 'microscopic' detail, the macro model allowed deriving all the direct and indirect effects of an exogenous shock to personal income distribution.
9
Eisman, Elyktra. "GIS-integrated mathematical modeling of social phenomena at macro- and micro- levels—a multivariate geographically-weighted regression model for identifying locations vulnerable to hosting terrorist safe-houses: France as case study." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2261.
Анотація:
Adaptability and invisibility are hallmarks of modern terrorism, and keeping pace with its dynamic nature presents a serious challenge for societies throughout the world. Innovations in computer science have incorporated applied mathematics to develop a wide array of predictive models to support the variety of approaches to counterterrorism. Predictive models are usually designed to forecast the location of attacks. Although this may protect individual structures or locations, it does not reduce the threat—it merely changes the target. While predictive models dedicated to events or social relationships receive much attention where the mathematical and social science communities intersect, models dedicated to terrorist locations such as safe-houses (rather than their targets or training sites) are rare and possibly nonexistent. At the time of this research, there were no publically available models designed to predict locations where violent extremists are likely to reside. This research uses France as a case study to present a complex systems model that incorporates multiple quantitative, qualitative and geospatial variables that differ in terms of scale, weight, and type. Though many of these variables are recognized by specialists in security studies, there remains controversy with respect to their relative importance, degree of interaction, and interdependence. Additionally, some of the variables proposed in this research are not generally recognized as drivers, yet they warrant examination based on their potential role within a complex system. This research tested multiple regression models and determined that geographically-weighted regression analysis produced the most accurate result to accommodate non-stationary coefficient behavior, demonstrating that geographic variables are critical to understanding and predicting the phenomenon of terrorism. This dissertation presents a flexible prototypical model that can be refined and applied to other regions to inform stakeholders such as policy-makers and law enforcement in their efforts to improve national security and enhance quality-of-life.
10
Švéda, Pavel. "Simulátor dopravy na pozemních komunikacích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-237189.
Анотація:
This Master's Thesis deals with the possibilities for the practical usage of traffic simulations as tools for seeking solutions to various kinds of problems such as road traffic flow, the environmental impact of traffic, etc. It contains a description of the basic terms in the area of traffic simulation models, advantages of their practical usage, and furthermore, it describes the basic general methods of and attitudes to the most commonly used traffic simulations. In the second part, the analysis and the design of an original micro traffic simulator are included. Finally, the traffic simulator is implemented and tested on a real traffic situation.
11
Caruel, Marie. "Thermomechanical characterization and modeling of shape memory alloys - application on 26at%Nb-Ti." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPAST146.
Анотація:
Le comportement des alliages à mémoire de forme est piloté par une transformation de phase solide-solide du premier ordre se développant aux échelles microscopiques (échelle du grain ou sub-grain). Grâce à leur comportement atypique (propriété mémoire de forme et pseudo-élasticité), ils sont le candidat privilégié de nombreuses applications. La famille la plus utilisée aujourd'hui est celle des alliages binaires nickel-titane en proportion stœchiométrique. Leur grande capacité pseudo-élastique (déformation réversible de 5% à 10 %) a permis leur utilisation massive dans le domaine du médical. Aujourd'hui, les études montrent que le nickel est toxique pour l'homme, avec une augmentation du risque de cancers. Les alliages NiTi présentent d'autre part une raideur mécanique trop élevée. Les alliages binaires de niobium-titane peuvent constituer une alternative intéressante.La mise en place d'essais de caractérisations thermo-mécaniques micro-macro est nécessaire afin de mieux comprendre leur comportement. L'objectif ensuite est de proposer une modélisation adaptée, capable de reproduire au mieux le comportement de ces alliages tout en assurant une identification simple des paramètres matériauxThe behaviour of shape memory alloys is driven by a first-order solid-solid phase transformation taking place at microscopic scales (grain or sub-grain scale). Thanks to their atypical behaviour (shape memory and pseudo-elastic capacities), they are the privileged candidate for many applications. The family most widely used today is that of binary nickel-titanium alloys in stoichiometric proportions. Their high pseudo-elastic capacity (reversible strain from 5% to 10%) has led to their widespread use in the medical field. Today, studies show that nickel is toxic to humans, with an increased risk of cancer. NiTi alloys exhibit a too high mechanical stiffness. Niobium-titanium binary alloys can be a promising alternative.Micro-macro thermo-mechanical characterisation tests need to be developed to gain a better understanding of their behaviour. The next objective is to propose a suitable model capable of reproducing the behaviour of these alloys as closely as possible, while ensuring simple identification of the material parameters
12
VIALE, NICOLA. "A new flat jack test for evaluating shear properties on unreinforced masonry." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2846617.
13
Johansson, Annelie. "Claims Reserving on Macro- and Micro-Level." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173113.
Анотація:
Three methods for claims reserving are compared on two data sets. The first two methods are the commonly used chain ladder method that uses aggregated payments and the relatively new method, double chain ladder, that apart from the payments data also uses the number of reported claims. The third method is more advanced, data on micro-level is needed such as the reporting delay and the number of payment periods for every single claim. The two data sets that are used consist of claims with typically shorter and longer settlement time, respectively. The questions considered are if you can gain anything from using a method that is more advanced than the chain ladder method and if the gain differs from the two data sets. The methods are compared by simulating the reserves distributions as well as comparing the point estimates of the reserve with the real out-of-sample reserve. The results show that there is no gain in using the micro-level method considered. The double chain lad- der method on the other hand performs better than the chain ladder method. The difference between the two data sets is that the reserve in the data set with longer settlement times is harder to estimate, but no difference can be seen when it comes to method choice.Tre reservsättningsmetoder jämförs på två dataset. De första två metoderna är den välkända chain ladder-metoden som använder sig av aggregerade utbetalningar samt den relativt nya metoden double chain ladder som förutom utbetalningarna använder sig av antalet anmälda skador. Den tredje metoden baseras på mikro-nivå och kräver information om varje enskild skada, såsom anmälningstid och antalet utbetalningsperioder. De två dataseten som används är ett som innehåller skador med typiskt kortare avvecklingstider och ett som innehåller skador med typiskt längre avvecklingstider. Frågorna som behandlas är om man vinner något på att använda en mer avancerad metod än chain ladder och om det skiljer sig åt mellan dataseten. Metoderna jämförs genom simulering av reserven, men också genom att jämföra punktskattningar med den verkliga reserven. Resultaten visar att man I detta fall inte vinner något på att använda mikro-metoden. Double chain ladder å andra sidan presterar bättre än chain ladder. Skillnaden mellan de två dataseten är att det är svårare att estimera reserven när avvecklingstiden är längre, men ingen skillnad ses när det gäller val av metod
14
Louis, Maryse. "Migration-development nexus : macro and micro empirical evidence." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1084/document.
Анотація:
Cette thèse examine la relation complexe et la causalité entre la migration et le développement, sujet d'actualité vus les flux croissants de migrants et les transferts de fonds privés. La revue de la littérature théorique et empirique montre la complexité de cette relation, et l’absence de consensus dégagé par les travaux menés sur les causes et les effets de la migration sur le développement. Sur les causes de migration, une première estimation empirique montre qu’elle fait partie intégrante du processus de développement et n’est donc pas une simple conséquence de faibles niveaux de développement: le niveau de développement des pays d'origine s’accroissant, les aspirations et les capabilités des populations augmentent et si celles-ci font face à l'absence d’opportunités, elles vont migrer à condition d’en avoir les capabilités (compétences requises, moyens financiers, politiques de migration, etc.). Concernant l’impact de la migration, une deuxième estimation empirique montre un effet positif sur le développement via les transferts privés. Les modèles indiquent que leur contribution se fait à travers deux principaux canaux, l'investissement en capital et le capital humain (éducation et santé), lesquels sont susceptibles de permettre un développement à long terme des pays d'origine. Au niveau micro, une troisième série de modèles étudie le mécanisme de cet impact au niveau de ménages, à partir du cas de l'Egypte. Ces modèles confirment l'importance des transferts privés sur les niveaux d'éducation et de santé dans les ménages qui les reçoivent. Ces résultats sont censés contribuer à la compréhension de cette relation complexe entre migration et développementThis thesis is concerned with the causal and complex relation between migration and development. A timely subject, especially with increasing flows of migrants and the remittances these migrants send home. Both the theoretical and empirical literature reviews address the complexity of this relation but consensuses on the causes and impacts of migration on development are generally inconclusive. On the causes of migration, our first empirical estimation shows that migration is part of the development process and not a simple result of its low levels: the increasing development level of the home countries increase the aspirations and capabilities of their populations and if these are faced with lack of opportunities at home, individuals seek migration provided they have the right capabilities (skills required, financial means, migration policies, etc.). On the impact of migration, our second empirical estimation gives evidence of a positive impact through remittances on the development of the home countries. The models show the positive contributions of remittances towards development through two main channels: capital investment and human capital (education and health). These two channels are believed to achieve long-term development of the home countries. At the micro level, we look at the mechanism of this impact at the household level, addressing the case study of Egypt. Our third models give evidence of the importance of these remittances in increasing both education and health status of the recipients’ households’. These findings are believed to make a contribution towards the understanding of this complex relation between migration and development
15
GAGLIARDINI, ELISA. "Essays on internal migration determinants. From a macro to a micro approach." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266706.
Анотація:
Italy has a long history of internal migration. The arguments addressed by the researchers in the last century cover two main questions: where migrants go, and who they are. This thesis focuses on these aspects using two different approaches.
The first study is based on a macro-approach. By means of a spatial gravity model, we investigate the determinants of internal migration using bilateral flows across Italian regions in the period 2000-2013. We address the issue of cross-regional dependence arising from the existence of regional spillovers by including spatial lags of the explanatory variables. The main results indicate the importance of spatial dependency induced by neighbouring regions at origin, and at destination. Interesting results are found for two different sub-sample of population: foreigners and Italians.
The second study focuses on individuals’ behaviour. Weighted logit models of the probability that an individual changes his or her region of residence from one year to the next over the 2011–2012 periods are estimated using Labour Force Survey data. Our results show that alongside strictly economic determinants, migration choices are driven by a large set of personal, professional, and family characteristics.
16
Daqaq, Mohammed F. "Adaptation of Nontraditional Control Techniques to Nonlinear Micro and Macro Mechanical Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28466.
Анотація:
We investigate the implementation of nontraditional open-loop and closed-loop control techniques to systems at the micro and macro scales. At the macro level, we consider a quay-side container crane. It is known that the United States relies on ocean transportation for 95% of cargo tonnage that moves in and out of the country. Each year over six million loaded marine containers enter U.S. ports. Current growth predictions indicate that container cargo will quadruple in the next twenty years. To cope with this rapid growth, we develop a novel open-loop input-shaping control technique to mitigate payload oscillations on quay-side container cranes. The proposed approach is suitable for automated crane operations, does not require any alterations to the existing crane structure, uses the maximum crane capabilities, and is based on an accurate two-dimensional four-bar-mechanism model of a container crane. The shaped commands are based on a nonlinear approximation of the two-dimensional model frequency and, unlike traditional input-shaping techniques, our approach can account for large hoisting operations. For operator-in-the-loop crane operations, we develop a closed-loop nonlinear delayed-position feedback controller. Key features of this controller are that it: does not require major modifications to the existing crane structure, accounts for motion inversion delays, rejects external disturbances, and is superimposed on the crane operator commands. To validate the controllers, we construct a 1:10 scale model of a 65-ton quay-side container crane. The facility consists of a 7-meter track, 3.5-meter hoisting cables, a trolley, a traverse motor, two hoisting motors, and a 50-pound payload. Using this setup, we demonstrated the effectiveness of the controllers in mitigating payload oscillations in both of the open-loop and closed-loop modes of operation.
At the micro level, we consider a micro optical device known as the torsional micromirror. This device has a tremendous number of industrial and consumer market applications including optical switching, light scanning, digital displays, etc. To analyze this device, we develop a comprehensive model of an electrically actuated torsional mirror. Using a Galerkin expansion, we develop a reduced-order model of the mirror and verify it against experimental data. We investigate the accuracy of representing the mirror using a two-degrees-of-freedom lumped-mass model. We conclude that, under normal operating conditions, the statics and dynamics of the mirror can be accurately represented by the simplified lumped-mass system. We utilize the lumped-mass model to study and analyze the nonlinear dynamics of torsional micromirrors subjected to combined DC and resonant AC excitations. The analysis is aimed at enhancing the performance of micromirrors used for scanning applications by providing better insight into the effects of system parameters on the microscanner's optimal design and performance. Examining the characteristics of the mirror response, we found that, for a certain DC voltage range, a two-to-one internal resonance might be activated between the first two modes. Due to this internal resonance, the mirror exhibits complex dynamic behavior. This behavior results in undesirable vibrations that can be detrimental to the scanner performance.
Torsional micromirrors are currently being implemented to provide all-optical switching in fiber optic networks. Traditional switching techniques are based on converting the optical signal into electrical signal and back into optical signal before it can be switched into another fiber. This reduces the rate of data transfer substantially. To realize fast all-optical switching, we enhance the transient dynamic characteristics and performance of torsional micromirrors by developing a novel technique for preshaping the voltage commands applied to activate the mirror. This new approach is the first to effectively account for inherent nonlinearities, damping effects, and the energy of the significant higher modes. Using this technique, we are able to realize very fast switching operations with minimal settling time and almost zero overshoot.Ph. D.
17
Lam, Louisa Mei Chun. "A micro-macro sense-making model for knowledge creation and utilization in healthcare organizations." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/e883e736-b60e-408d-9dc4-c89095e97dce.
Анотація:
The purpose of this research is to study how new knowledge is created, used, and shared at both micro- and macro- levels in healthcare organizations so as understand how this can improve evidence-based practice and provide new roles for information professionals to better EBM and clinical decision-making. Using Dervin's SMM as the primary research framework, supplemented with Snowden's Cynefin Framework for data analysis, the results demonstrated that individual knowledge was created in the gap-bridging process as the sense-making moment. Situation movement state and gap-bridging strategies were two predictors for knowledge creation. The knowledge gaps were identified and a wide range of gap-bridging strategies were employed to cross the gaps and create new knowledge. This micro process of knowledge creation is linked to the organizational level thorough knowledge sharing. This whole process of knowledge creation, utilization and sharing were mapped into a new micro-macro sense-making model, showing all the barriers and enablers identified in this research. These findings have filled the missing gaps in the literature and answered the long-standing question of how new knowledge is created in organizations. These findings would be able to shed new light to the practice of EBM. Some possible ways are to shift the attention to the use of medical knowledge, place more emphasis to the use of case-based reasoning approach, develop personalized medicine, and raise the importance of narratives in clinical practice. The new roles for information professionals in support for KM include: 1) the provision of different case-based reasoning systems; 2) use of IT tools in KM to assist clinicians to make sense of the situation; 3) taking user-centered verbing approach to organize knowledge sources; 4) building up expertise network; 5) use of narratives and storytelling for knowledge sharing; 6) engaging in virtual communities of practice; and 7) equipping library space to facilitate learning.
18
Lyon, Scott M. "The pseudo-rigid-body model for dynamic predictions of macro and micro compliant mechanisms /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2003. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd219.pdf.
19
Lyon, Scott Marvin. "The Pseudo-Rigid-Body Model for Dynamic Predictions of Macro and Micro Compliant Mechanisms." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/82.
Анотація:
This work discusses the dynamic predictions of compliant mechanisms using the Pseudo-Rigid-Body model (PRBM). In order to improve the number of mechanisms that can be modeled, this research develops and identifies several key concepts in the behavior of beam segments where both ends are fixed to a rigid body (fixed-fixed flexible segments). A model is presented, and several examples are discussed. The dynamic behavior of several compliant segments is predicted using the PRBM and the results are compared to finite element analysis and experimental results. Details are presented as to the transient behavior of a typical uniform rectangular cross section beam. The results of this study are extended and applied to compliant planar mechanisms. It is shown by comparison with finite element analysis and experimental results that the PRBM is a good model of the physical system's dynamic behavior. The method is also demonstrated for use with compliant microelectromechanical (MEMS) systems.
20
Azihary, Mahamoud. "Ajustement structurel, transformation socio-economique et pauvrete : un modele micro-macro applique a l'ile maurice." Paris, EHESS, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995EHES0072.
Анотація:
Un modele micro-macro combinant un sous-modele macroeconomique et un sous-modele microeconomique d'equilibre general calculable a ete utilise pour examiner les effets de politiques economiques contrefactuelles dans le cadre de la stabilisation et de l'ajustement structurel a l'ile maurice entre 1981 et 1987. Il apparait que d'une part, l'introduction d'une selectivite dans l'application des programmes orthodoxes permet de s'adapter aux structures socio-economiques afin de controler le niveau de la pauvrete dans la recherche des equilibres financiers, et d'autre part, l'accumulation de capital humain pourrait etre l'element cle ayant permis de lever a l'ile maurice la dichotomie observee dans la plupart des pays d'afrique subsaharienne entre ces programmes orthodoxes et les objectifs de long terme d'un developpement fonde sur la transformation socio-economiqueA micro-macro model combining a macroeconomic sub-model with a computable general equilibrium microeconomic sub-model has been used to assess the effects of some counterfactual economic policies during the stabilization and structural adjustment period in mauritius (1981-1987). It is shown that on the one hand, selectivity in the implementation of the orthodox programmes enables one to adapt to the socio-economic structures in order to control the level of poverty while seeking to achieve financial balances, and on the other hand, human capital accumulation might be the key element that permitted to raise in mauritius the dichotomy observed in most of the subsaharan african countries between orthodox programmes and the long run objectives of a development based on socio-economic transformation
21
Gholami, Mohammad Sadegh. "Development of innovative passive polyurethane foam with higher absorption and/or insulation performance." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10532.
Анотація:
Les mousses de polyuréthane (PU) hautement poreuses sont largement utilisées dans différentes
industries pour dissiper l’énergie des ondes sonores et vibratoires. La propagation
des ondes acoustiques dans ces matériaux poroélastiques est décrite à partir d’un ensemble
de paramètres physiques connus sous le nom de paramètres de Biot (pour les matériaux
isotropes, ils sont composés de 5 paramètres non acoustiques et de 4 paramètres mécaniques).
Il est bien connu que les propriétés macroscopiques dépendent intrinsèquement
des propriétés de la microstructure de la mousse. Ainsi, une compréhension claire des corrélations
entre la structure interne des mousses de PU et leurs paramètres de Biot ainsi
que la contribution de chaque paramètre, soit microscopique ou macroscopique, sur l’indicateur
vibroacoustique désiré est d’un intérêt majeur au stade précoce de la conception et
de l’optimisation de ces matériaux poroélastiques. Le développement d’un modèle micromacro
qui corrèle les propriétés de la microstructure aux paramètres macroscopiques de
Biot est donc nécessaire.
Récemment, un modèle qui corrèle les propriétés de la microstructure des mousses PU
hautement poreuses à leurs propriétés non acoustiques a été présenté par Doutres et coll.
[24, 25]. Dans cette étude, les propriétés de la microstructure (dimensions de la cellule et
taux de réticulation) sont d’abord caractérisées par un microscope électronique à balayage
(SEM). Ensuite, l’effet du taux de réticulation (mesurant le pourcentage de fenêtres ouvertes),
de la taille des cellules et de la densité relative sur les propriétés mécaniques de
la mousse de polyuréthane a été élucidé à l’aide d’un modèle numérique. Se basant sur
ce modèle, un modelé analytique existant, qui corrèle les propriétés de la microstructure
de mousses PU entièrement réticulées à ses propriétés mécaniques, a été revu et corrigé
pour tenir compte de l’effet important du taux de réticulation. En combinant le modèle
de Doutres avec le modèle mécanique développé dans cette thèse, un modèle micro-macro
complet est ainsi obtenu. Utilisant ce modèle, l’impact de la variabilité de la microstructure
et la contribution de chacun des paramètres microstructuraux à la réponse vibroacoustique
ont été étudiés utilisant une méthode d’analyse de sensibilité globale (FAST). La méthode
FAST a été utilisée pour identifier l’impact de la microstructure sur, premièrement, les
paramètres de Biot-Allard et, deuxièmement, sur les indicateurs vibroacoustiques (absorption
et perte par transmission) des mousses de polyuréthane poroélastiques. Une fois les
modèles micro-macro et la contribution des propriétés de la microstructure connus, la
performance vibroacoustique de la mousse a été optimisée. Ainsi nous avons testé numériquement
la performance acoustique de mousses homogènes et de mousses graduellement
structurées (variation de propriétés suivant l’épaisseur de la mousse). Cette étude ouvre
ainsi de nouvelles portes pour concevoir des mousses PU innovantes avec une microstructure
modifiée et des performances vibroacoustique améliorées.Abstract : Highly porous polyurethane (PU) foams are widely used in different industries to dissipate the energy of sound and vibration waves. Propagation of acoustic waves in such poroelastic materials is explained based on a set of physical parameters known as the Biot's parameters (for isotropic materials these are comprised of 5 non-acoustical parameters and 4 mechanical parameters). These macroscopic properties are inherently dependent on the microstructure properties of the foam. Hence, a clear understanding of correlations between the internal structure of PU foams and their Biot's parameters and the contribution of each parameter, either microscopic or macroscopic, to classical vibro-acoustic indicators is of utmost interest at the early stage of design and optimization of such poroelastic materials. In consequence, a micro macro model that correlates microstructure properties to macroscopic Biot's parameters is needed. Recently, a model that correlates the microstructure properties of highly porous PU foams to their non-acoustical properties was presented by~\citet{Doutres2011,Doutres2013}. In this study, micro-structure properties (strut length, strut thickness, and open pore content) are first characterized using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Then, a numerical study is performed to elucidate the effect of open pore content (known as reticulation rate), cell size, and relative density on the mechanical properties of polyurethane foam. Based on this study, an existing analytical model~\cite{Gong2005} that correlates fully reticulated unit cell microstructure properties of PU foams to its mechanical properties is corrected and updated to account for these important parameters. Combined with Doutres’ model, the proposed extension lead to a full micro-macro model for predicting the acoustic performance of PU foams from its microstructure. Using this model, the contribution of the unit cell parameters and effect of their variability on classical vibro-acoustic indicators (absorption and transmission loss) is investigated using a global sensitivity analysis method (FAST). The FAST method is used to identify the impact of microstructure role on, first, the Biot-Allard parameters and, second, on vibro-acoustical indicators of poroelastic polyurethane foams. Based on this sensitivity analysis study, the developed micro-macro model, is used to design both optimum homogeneous foam and functionally graded foams (properties optimally varnish along the thickness of the foam) targeting specific in absorption and/or transmission loss problems. This study opens thus a new door to design innovative PU foams with modified micro-structure and improved vibro-acoustical performance.
22
Mufti, Mohammed H. A. "An integrative model of macro and micro level factors affecting budgetary control : a cross-cultural study." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/262c666c-c78c-4013-95f3-1630313f4d4c.
Анотація:
The effect of budgetary participation on managers' performance and satisfaction has received a considerable amount of attention over the past three decades. Accounting literature has witnessed many contributions that attempted to check the nature of these two relationships and to investigate the variables which may have clear or hidden effects on them. Researchers went beyond accounting literature to study organisational and psychological theories and adopted some dimensions from each and tested these dimensions on those relationships. Scholars found different organisational variables (e. g. organisation size, environment uncertainty, technology, information asymmetry) and also behavioural. variables (e. g. locus of control, budget goals difficulty and clarity, motivation, slack) which affected the relationship between budgetary participation and both managers' performance and satisfaction. Culture has been also used as a possible contingent variable which may play a role in this conflicting area. Behavioural accounting research witnessed many efforts which investigated the effect of culture on budget-related behaviour. Nevertheless, the results were inconclusive. Prompted by the inconsistent results reported in the previous work, this study was designed to provide more insight for this area through three main purposes: 0 Constructing an integrative model which consists of eighteen variables which have been frequently used in the previous work. 0 Testing the proposed model using sample of managers from different cultures. 0 Testing the proposed model using two analytical approaches "moderating and intervening". Twenty eight hypotheses were used to develop the proposed model. Some hypotheses have been replicated, whereas others have been developed because they receivedli ttle attentioni n the previouss tudiesU. K and SaudiA rabiaw erec hosena s sitest o test the proposedm odelb ecauseth ey arec ulturallyd ifferent.I n SaudiA rabia two sampleso f managersS audi( locals) and Arab (non-locals)w ere also used.T he purposeo f usingt wo samplesin SaudiA rabiaw ast o seew hethero r not the resultso f the proposedm odel within the single countrya re different betweenl ocals and nonlocals. The results of this study showed that both macro and micro level variables interact with budgetary participation affecting managers' performance and satisfaction. The results have highlighted the importance of using an integrative model as a way to reconcile the contradictory results reported in the previous work. With respect to the culture, the results provided evidence that budgetary control practices are different between UK and Saudi Arabia in some aspects, whereas no cultural differences were observed in others. For example the results showed that the effect environment uncertainty on budgetary participation, and the effect of budgetary participation on managers' satisfaction are culturally independent. The results of the proposed model showed that some relationships (e. g. the effect of leadership style on budget emphasis) are different between locals and non-locals within the single country. The results of this study also provided evidence that the contradictions in the previous work could be reconciled by using the appropriate analytical approach. Some hypotheses were supported using the moderating approach whereas others were supported using the intervening approach. Therefore, this study showed that these two approaches are complementary and both should be used either to support or reject a hypothesis.
23
Tabbah, Ghada. "L'adhésion du Liban à l'OMC : une évaluation d'impact ex ante macro et micro économique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD038/document.
Анотація:
Bien que la littérature théorique et empirique étudiant les effets de l’OMC et d’une libéralisation commerciale sur les performances économiques des pays et sur le bien-être soit riche, il existe une absence de consensus quant aux liens commerce-croissance-pauvreté. Les liens ne sont ni simples, ni automatiques et requièrent d’être traités avec précaution, tout en prenant en compte les spécificités nationales et le contexte particulier de chaque pays. D’où l’attention particulière apportée à l’économie libanaise, une économie en reconstruction, caractérisée entre autres par un déficit commercial chronique et engagée depuis 1999 dans le deuxième plus long processus d’adhésion à l’OMC, qui semble loin d’être achevé. Pour examiner les impacts potentiels de l’adhésion du pays à l’OMC sur les grandeurs macroéconomiques, un modèle d’équilibre général calculable dynamique est employé, et différents scénarios sont simulés. L’analyse en équilibre général est combinée avec une analyse de micro-simulation comptable, évaluant les impacts micro-économiques sur les différentes catégories des ménages. Les résultats suggèrent que l’adhésion du pays à l’OMC entraînerait une évolution plus favorable des grandeurs macro-économiques par rapport au scénario de base (surtout lorsqu’un mécanisme d’augmentation de la productivité totale des facteurs entre en jeu). Une adhésion permettrait également une baisse de la pauvreté et des inégalités, en améliorant la situation des travailleurs non qualifiésAlthough the theoretical and empirical literature studying the effects of the WTO and trade liberalization on the economic performance of countries and the well-being is rich, it remains that there is a lack of consensus on the links trade-growth-poverty. The links are neither simple nor automatic and require to be treated with caution, and to take into account national specificities and the particular context of each country. Hence the special attention given to the Lebanese economy, characterized among others by a chronic trade deficit, and by the second longest WTO accession process, which dates from 1999 and seems far from over. To examine the impacts of Lebanon’s accession to the WTO on macroeconomic variables, a dynamic CGE model is used, and different scenarios are simulated. Using a sequential approach, the general equilibrium analysis is combined with a microsimulation analysis, evaluating the micro-economic impacts on different categories of households, poverty and inequality. The results suggest that the country's accession to the WTO leads to a more favorable economic performances compared to the baseline scenario (especially when the mechanism of the increase in total factor productivity is put into play). It also allows a reduction in poverty and inequality, by improving the situation of unskilled workers
24
Faure, Gérôme. "Couplage micro/hydro pour la simulation d’ondes de choc et de détonation." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1063/document.
Анотація:
Cette thèse étudie des modèles mésoscopiques adaptés à la simulation d'ondes de choc et de détonation dans des fluides. Ces phénomènes mettent en jeu des processus complexes et nécessitent des systèmes de taille suffisante pour les observer. L'enjeu est ainsi de gagner en échelle par rapport aux méthodes microscopiques, précises mais coûteuses, tout en conservant les propriétés essentielles. Dans cette optique, le développement de méthodes multi-échelles couplant différentes résolutions au sein d'une même simulation permet d'adopter une description plus fine dans certaines régions. Nous étudions plus particulièrement la SDPD (Smoothed Dissipative Particle Dynamics) qui couple une discrétisation particulaire des équations de Navier-Stokes et des fluctuations thermiques variant avec la résolution. La reformulation de la SDPD en termes d'énergie interne, en plus de la position et de la quantité de mouvement, permet de rapprocher structurellement la SDPD et la DPDE (Dissipative Particle Dynamics with Energy conservation). Des schémas numériques conçus pour la DPDE sont adaptés à la SDPD afin d'assurer la conservation de l'énergie et la stabilité de la dynamique. Nous étudions également les propriétés statistiques de la SDPD et établissons des estimateurs de la température et de la pression. La cohérence multi-échelle de laSDPD est démontrée par des simulations à l’équilibre et pour des ondes de choc et nous proposons un couplage entre la SDPD à différentes résolutions. Enfin, la pertinence physique de la méthode est illustrée par la simulation d’ondes de détonation et d’éjection de matièreThis thesis studies mesoscopic models adapted to the simulation of shock and detonation waves in fluids. These phenomena require systems sufficiently large to observe the complex processes occurring in this context. The aim is thus to increase the accessible time and length scales of microscopic methods, accurate but expensive, while preserving their essential properties. To this end, the multiscale coupling of methods at different resolutions allows to finely describe a specific region, limiting the computational cost. In particular, we study Smoothed Dissipative Particle Dynamics (SDPD) which couples a particle discretization of the Navier-Stokes equations and thermal fluctuations that scale consistently with the resolution. The SDPD equations are reformulated in terms of internal energies, which increases the structural similarity with Dissipative Particle Dynamics with Energy conservation (DPDE). We adapt numerical schemes for DPDE to the context of SDPD in order to ensure energy conservation and stability. We study the statistical properties of SDPD and determine estimators for temperature and pressure. The size consistency in SDPD is established for equilibrium and shock waves, which leads us to propose a multiscale coupling of SDPD at different resolutions. Finally, its physical relevance is illustrated by simulating micro-jetting and detonation waves
25
Gupta, Sujata. "Carbon dioxide abatement in an empirical model of the Indian economy : an integration of micro and macro analysis." Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309510.
26
Al, chanti Dawood. "Analyse Automatique des Macro et Micro Expressions Faciales : Détection et Reconnaissance par Machine Learning." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT058.
Анотація:
L’analyse automatique des expressions faciales représente à l’heure actuelle une problématique importante associée à de multiples applications telles que la reconnaissance de visages ou encore les interactions homme machine. Dans cette thèse, nous nous attaquons au problème de la reconnaissance d’expressions faciales à partir d’une image ou d’une séquence d’images. Nous abordons le problème sous trois angles.Tout d’abord, nous étudions les macro-expressions faciales et nous proposons de comparer l’efficacité de trois descripteurs différents. Cela conduit au développement d’un algorithme de reconnaissance d’expressions basé sur des descripteurs bas niveau encodés dans un modèle de type sac de mots, puis d’un algorithme basé sur des descripteurs de moyen niveau associés à une représentation éparse et enfin d’un algorithme d’apprentissage profond tenant compte de descripteurs haut niveau. Notre objectif lors de la comparaison de ces trois algorithmes est de trouver la représentation des informations de visages la plus discriminante pour reconnaitre des expressions faciales en étant donc capable de s’affranchir des sources de variabilités que sont les facteurs de variabilité intrinsèques tels que l’apparence du visage ou la manière de réaliser une expression donnée et les facteurs de variabilité extrinsèques tels que les variations d’illumination, de pose, d’échelle, de résolution, de bruit ou d’occultations. Nous examinons aussi l’apport de descripteurs spatio-temporels capables de prendre en compte des informations dynamiques utiles pour séparer les classes ambigües.La grosse limitation des méthodes de classification supervisée est qu’elles sont très coûteuses en termes de labélisation de données. Afin de s’affranchir en partie de cette limitation, nous avons étudié dans un second temps, comment utiliser des méthodes de transfert d’apprentissage de manière à essayer d’étendre les modèles appris sur un ensemble donné de classes d’émotions à des expressions inconnues du processus d’apprentissage. Ainsi nous nous sommes intéressés à l’adaptation de domaine et à l’apprentissage avec peu ou pas de données labélisées. La méthode proposée nous permet de traiter des données non labélisées provenant de distributions différentes de celles du domaine source de l’apprentissage ou encore des données qui ne concernent pas les mêmes labels mais qui partagent le même contexte. Le transfert de connaissance s’appuie sur un apprentissage euclidien et des réseaux de neurones convolutifs de manière à définir une fonction de mise en correspondance entre les informations visuelles provenant des expressions faciales et un espace sémantique issu d’un modèle de langage naturel.Dans un troisième temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la reconnaissance des micro-expressions faciales. Nous proposons un algorithme destiné à localiser ces micro-expressions dans une séquence d’images depuis l’image initiale (onset image) jusqu’à l’image finale (offset image) et à déterminer les régions des images qui sont affectées par les micro-déformations associées aux micro-expressions. Le problème est abordé sous un angle de détection d’anomalies ce qui se justifie par le fait que les déformations engendrées par les micro-expressions sont a priori un phénomène plus rare que celles produites par toutes les autres causes de déformation du visage telles que les macro-expressions, les clignements des yeux, les mouvements de la tête… Ainsi nous proposons un réseau de neurones auto-encodeur récurrent destiné à capturer les changements spatiaux et temporels associés à toutes les déformations du visage autres que celles dues aux micro-expressions. Ensuite, nous apprenons un modèle statistique basé sur un mélange de gaussiennes afin d’estimer la densité de probabilité de ces déformations autres que celles dues aux micro-expressions.Tous nos algorithmes sont testés et évalués sur des bases d’expressions faciales actées et/ou spontanéesFacial expression analysis is an important problem in many biometric tasks, such as face recognition, face animation, affective computing and human computer interface. In this thesis, we aim at analyzing facial expressions of a face using images and video sequences. We divided the problem into three leading parts.First, we study Macro Facial Expressions for Emotion Recognition and we propose three different levels of feature representations. Low-level feature through a Bag of Visual Word model, mid-level feature through Sparse Representation and hierarchical features through a Deep Learning based method. The objective of doing this is to find the most effective and efficient representation that contains distinctive information of expressions and that overcomes various challenges coming from: 1) intrinsic factors such as appearance and expressiveness variability and 2) extrinsic factors such as illumination, pose, scale and imaging parameters, e.g., resolution, focus, imaging, noise. Then, we incorporate the time dimension to extract spatio-temporal features with the objective to describe subtle feature deformations to discriminate ambiguous classes.Second, we direct our research toward transfer learning, where we aim at Adapting Facial Expression Category Models to New Domains and Tasks. Thus we study domain adaptation and zero shot learning for developing a method that solves the two tasks jointly. Our method is suitable for unlabelled target datasets coming from different data distributions than the source domain and for unlabelled target datasets with different label distributions but sharing the same context as the source domain. Therefore, to permit knowledge transfer between domains and tasks, we use Euclidean learning and Convolutional Neural Networks to design a mapping function that map the visual information coming from facial expressions into a semantic space coming from a Natural Language model that encodes the visual attribute description or use the label information. The consistency between the two subspaces is maximized by aligning them using the visual feature distribution.Third, we study Micro Facial Expression Detection. We propose an algorithm to spot micro-expression segments including the onset and offset frames and to spatially pinpoint in each image space the regions involved in the micro-facial muscle movements. The problem is formulated into Anomaly Detection due to the fact that micro-expressions occur infrequently and thus leading to few data generation compared to natural facial behaviours. In this manner, first, we propose a deep Recurrent Convolutional Auto-Encoder to capture spatial and motion feature changes of natural facial behaviours. Then, a statistical based model for estimating the probability density function of normal facial behaviours while associating a discriminating score to spot micro-expressions is learned based on a Gaussian Mixture Model. Finally, an adaptive thresholding technique for identifying micro expressions from natural facial behaviour is proposed.Our algorithms are tested over deliberate and spontaneous facial expression benchmarks
27
Silva, Vera Lúcia da. "Um modelo para sistemas multiagentes baseado na teoria de sistemas sociais para o estudo do problema da ligação micro-macro." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2008. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=594.
Анотація:
O problema da ligação micro-macro vem sendo pesquisado pelas áreas de Sociologia e Simulação Social Baseada em Agentes (SSBA). Em ambas as áreas de pesquisa, as soluções propostas permanecem em aberto para discussões e contestações. Na área de SSBA, os trabalhos encontrados que abordam o problema da ligação micro-macro apresentam-se em estágio inicial de desenvolvimento, e apenas uma pequena parcela dos seus elementos constituintes foi estruturada. Desta forma, ainda não há um modelo que permita entender, de forma completa e explícita, a ligação micro-macro e a formação de sistemas sociais. Esta pesquisa vem contribuir para a área de SSBA, propondo um modelo para Sistemas Multiagentes (SMA), que explicite a formação de sistemas sociais, a partir das interações entre agentes, mapeando os caminhos da emergência de macro-fenômenos em uma perspectiva micro-para-macro. O modelo proposto está baseado em uma série de elementos da Teoria de Sistemas Sociais de Niklas Luhmann e em conceitos da área de SSBA. Para propiciar a verificação e posterior validação do modelo computacional proposto, o mesmo foi aplicado à modelagem da formação de um sistema social. O estudo de caso simula a emergência do sistema social Clima Organizacional em empresas, por meio das interações entre os agentes. Os resultados das simulações mostraram que o modelo proposto fornece a base para que a análise de simulações sociais seja realizada de maneira mais objetiva, por considerar um modelo computacional formalmente bem definido. O modelo propicia elementos conceituais e sistêmicos para auxiliar no entendimento da formação de fenômenos emergentes em sistemas sociais, utilizando como base a Teoria de Sistemas Sociais de Niklas Luhmann, e pode ser considerado apropriado para explicar a formação de sistemas sociais e explicitar a ligação micro-para-macro.
28
Nyumuyo, Wisdom Winston. "The Environment to Invest in Marketing and Processing of Cocoa : The Case of Ghana; MBA-thesis in marketing." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Business and Economic Studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-6764.
Анотація:
Purpose: This research work is to discuss the various forces/ factors that affect the business environment of Ghana which impacts investing in marketing and processing of cocoa beans in Ghana. In order to determine or classify Ghana as an attractive destination or otherwise to invest in cocoa marketing and processing there is the need to discuss the prevailing macro business environmental forces which little is known about to investors, managers and policy makers in cocoa trade. These mentioned parties have been under increasing pressures to assess the various forces prevailing in Ghana before considering investing in cocoa marketing and processing in Ghana. The work therefore looks as the various macro environmental factors Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Physical Environment and Legal (PESTEL) forces in Ghana’s business environment which impacts cocoa marketing and processing which makes Ghana an attractive base or otherwise to invest in cocoa marketing and processing.
Research Questions: The specific questions that the research aims at solving are as follows: what are the external and environmental forces that will influence investing in cocoa marketing and processing in Ghana? Is Ghana a safe and attractive base to invest in cocoa marketing and processing?
Research method: In carrying this research I made use of both secondary and primary data. Primary data was gathered through face interviews and administrating questionnaires to illicit response from stakeholders in Ghana’s cocoa. The paper also presents a review of literature on PESTEL which has influence or features in Ghana’s business environment which are important in cocoa marketing and processing.
Research Findings: Empirical findings and review of PESTEL model reported in the work suggests that the PESTEL will impact on the strategy of organizations and policy makers who are into cocoa marketing and processing. Also gives suggestions on how the various environmental forces (PESTEL) will be applied to further improve upon the business environment which makes marketing and processing of cocoa in Ghana attractive.
Research Implications and Limitations: The discussions and analyses of the macro environmental forces prevailing in Ghana’s business environment which impacts cocoa marketing produces a frame work to analyze current threats and opportunities in Ghana’s business environment which impacts cocoa marketing and processing for people contemplating on investing in marketing and processing of cocoa in Ghana as well as other practical lessons for policy makers in cocoa. The work overlooks the micro environmental forces in Ghana that impacts cocoa marketing and processing. Further research into such area will help give an understanding of the micro factors that impact the business environment of Ghana. Also the work has a limited empirical data base as most information gathered were inconsistent and unreliable which raises concerns about investment information. These have been minimized thro3ugh cross checks with primary data.
29
De, Lauretis Simona. "Modélisation des impacts énergie/carbone de changements de modes de vie. Une prospective macro-micro fondée sur les emplois du temps." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA022/document.
Анотація:
Les ménages sont responsables d’une part significative des consommations d’énergie et des émissions de CO2, en particulier si l’on tient compte des consommations d’énergie et des émissions indirectes liées aux processus de production des biens et services consommés. Plusieurs travaux scientifiques et recommandations d’organisations gouvernementales et d’associations non-gouvernementales soulignent que des modifications des modes de consommations seront sans doute nécessaires pour atteindre les objectifs climatiques fixés aujourd’hui. Notre thèse propose une méthode d’analyse prospective de changements de mode de vie, qui permet d’en estimer les impacts macro-économiques ainsi que ceux sur les consommations d’énergie et les émissions de CO2, tout en tenant compte de l'hétérogénéité des ménages en matière de comportements et de consommations d'énergie. Notre méthode explore les modes de consommation des ménages de manière fine, en prenant en considération le lien entre emplois du temps et consommations. En effet, les choix de consommation sont soumis non seulement à des contraintes de budget, mais également à des contraintes qui dérivent du temps à disposition et qui ne sont jamais prises en compte dans la prospective macro- économique. Nous construisons une base de données détaillant emplois du temps, dépenses et consommations d’énergie des ménages français et nous l’articulons à un modèle de prospective économique énergie-émissions par un processus de repondération itératif. Nous illustrons la portée de cet outil à travers l’analyse de trois scénarios, centrés respectivement sur la diffusion de nouvelles formes de mobilité (covoiturage et autopartage), la généralisation des achats en ligne et le retour vers le faire soi-même en matière d'alimentation. Pour les trois scénarios nous observons des réductions des consommations d’énergie et des émissions de CO2. Par exemple, les émissions totales diminuent de 2,3% en 2050 dans le scénario sur la mobilitéHousehold energy consumption represents a significant share of final energy use, especially when both direct and embodied energy are taken into account. Several academic studies, as well as the recommendations of the United Nations and of non-governmental organisations, suggest that a shift in consumption patterns will be necessary to achieve sustainable development. The aim of our research is to analyse long-term scenarios of changes in lifestyle. We propose a methodology that allows to analyse the macro-economic impacts of these changes, as well as the impacts on energy use and CO2 emissions, while taking into account the heterogeneity of behaviours and energy consumptions among households. Consumption choices do not derive solely from monetary considerations but they are influenced by several factors. One binding constraint, never taken into account in macro-economic energy modelling, is the available time. For this reason, our analysis considers time use data in addition to expenditure and energy use data. We build a data base that combines time use, expenditure and energy consumption data for French households, which provides detailed information about household consumption patterns. Then, for scenario analyses, we link the data base with an Energy-EconomyEmissions model, using an iteration process based on a reweighting technique. We illustrate the methodology by exploring three areas of change in consumption patterns: cooking habits, ecommerce and shared transport (carpooling and car sharing). We obtain CO2 emissions reductions in all scenarios. As an example, emissions decrease by 2.3% by 2050 in the scenario focusing on transport
30
Williams, Richmond Paul Bowen. "Towards a strategic transcultural model of leadership that enhances Koinonia in urban Southern Africa." Thesis, Full-text available online as a .pdf file, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23874.
Анотація:
The research conducted was done on the basis of providing an initial platform or starting point for insight and discussion into what a strategic transcultural model of leadership might look like which was relevant to the early 21st Century Christian context in the cities of Southern Africa. A strategic transcultural leader is essentially a transformational leader who exhibits an ability beyond the norm in being able to cross socio-political barriers and thus inspiring the multicultural dynamic, while also honouring the individual cultures represented. In order to study strategic transcultural leadership models a strong leadership angle was taken, which employed investigating six leaders, three political and three Christian as to the structures, styles, values, transcultural abilities and Christian/political beliefs and/or philosophies they employed. The thesis poses the problem of urban unrest in the cities of Southern Africa. The problem of an influx into the cities, of the many different ethnicities and tribes from throughout Southern Africa and the pressures this has caused is briefly alluded to. This problem has been further exacerbated in South Africa by the arrival of many peoples from throughout Africa, south of the Sahara seeking their fortune without having to leave the African Subcontinent, and in Zimbabwe by the political policies of the Zimbabwean government, over land and in clearing away her unapproved urban high-density housing, and her informal business and white farming sectors of the economy. With these issues in mind, there is a need for strategic transcultural leadership to address these and other issues of unrest. The examples of Mandela and De Klerk as transformational leaders, inspire hope, that the vacuum of strategic transcultural leadership seen in Africa at large and specifically in relation to Southern Africa can be met, as is noted by the progress made in recent years in the arena of transformational leadership which the Group of eight and the United Nations and others allude to. While this is true, there are still problems in relation to the political decision-making within South African, as seen by Mbeki’s stance in the past on HIV-AIDS, and Zimbabwe’s woes. The stage is set from a missiological and historical perspective by looking at multicultural models of leadership in the Early Church with specific reference to Paul and the Antiochan model he used as a prototype. The Jerusalem Church is mentioned as a bi-cultural model, which has significant use outside of large urban environs. However it was the Pauline-Antiochan model that provided a platform, in the later use of a synthetic-semiotic model, to deduce or synthesis a transcultural model. Paul’s model of leadership was analysed specifically in relation to the five elements already noted (structures, styles, etc.) and is particularly useful as a model as Paul himself provides firstly an insight into a man of bi-cultural heritage yet someone who was empire-conscious. Paul was able to uphold both the cultural distinctive or uniqueness of both the Greek and Jew (noting Paul’s use of both Hebraic and Hellenistic styles of the diatribe for example) as well as the universal, in that he was empire-conscious which played into his Kingdom perspective. Secondly he provides a reasonable grounds for understanding that if the belief system of the individual is changed on one of its most fundamental levels – allegiance – then given time the macro-cultural identity of a nation, even empire can be significantly altered. He was able to do this primarily because the Graeco-Roman Empire had a common linguafranca in Greek, and the Christian community – as the followers of the Way became known as – had an ethos of reconciliation, enhancing the multicultural and one also of inclusivity (for example a worship style that encompasses both Jewish and local expressions) enhancing the particular. In declaring the One God of Israel and Jesus Christ – Messiah, as the only true Kyrios, Paul replaced the Emperor and the whole Greek pantheon of the Gods with the one true God and Father of us all, and his one and only Son.< /p> The three political leaders – Moshoeshoe, Smuts and Mandela – and the three Christian leaders – Mutendi, Cassidy and Tutu – are investigated in terms of the five elements (structures, styles, values etc.) that comprise the model of leadership. Each of these leaders in turn made a lasting contribution to national and/or tribal change. After looking at the six leadership models an initial conceptual framework for a multicultural model of leadership is outlined. However, in order to bring significant current postmodern/neo-African/tribal/multicultural paradigms of thought and the associated socio-political forces and philosophies of the day, to bear on the evolving model, these were specifically highlighted and brought into the process of synthesizing a model. Lastly once all these inputs are brought together in a tabulated framework, and the evolving multicultural model is screened against three known working scenarios, and further synthesized such that the refined model was then called a strategic transcultural model of leadership. Before this can be achieved however, various North American multicultural models posited were looked at in a literary review, which served to reinforce the understanding of the need to balance the universal and the particular aspects of culture. In refining a strategic transcultural model, the thesis next attempted to address the problem of developing a national macro-cultural identity. A strict delineation in a postmodern era between Church and State was considered to be not only unnecessary but a modern myth, also noting that the State mirrors the Church in many of the problems of community and identity. Thus the meso-level of the Church provided key insights into the macro-level of the State. An argument all along was posed for not just orchestrating a macro-culture based on multiculturalism, nor in just upholding the micro-cultural individual identities at the expense of participation in a national framework and beyond this the global village, but an argument was made for a both/and scenario. In doing this the thesis sought to address both the macro-cultural and individual cultural identities at every level and in every element of the model of leadership. The plausibility of the argument for today was based on the prevalence of a language of choice – in most cases English – and an ethos of reconciliation and inclusivity for which Madiba and Tutu among others have set the standard. A final picture of a community based on both was posited for reflection, a picture that John paints where the great heavenly host (mirroring the macro-level of the Kingdom) is contrasted with the micro-level of a people made up “from every tribe and language and people and nation” (Rev 5:9).Thesis (PhD (Science of Religion and Missiology))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Science of Religion and Missiology
PhD
Unrestricted
31
Parker, Don James. "A study of the macro to micro process of persuasion for advertising in context towards a meso dominant logic model of consumer behaviour." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2014. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/a-study-of-the-macro-to-micro-process-of-persuasion-for-advertising-in-context-towards-a-meso-dominant-logic-model-of-consumer-behaviour(8a76c8ce-2301-4134-9d8b-489af0136500).html.
Анотація:
This thesis gains an insight into advertising and integrated marketing communications with an exploration of the relationships between advertisers and consumers at the meso level of interface between the two groups. As an initial investigation into advertising and integrated marketing communications and its relationships to consumers’ behaviour, the inquiry develops by exploring an alternative lineage of interpretive consumer research. The two areas of focus emerging from the literature review are the concepts of manufacturing consent (Herman and Chomsky, 2002) as the macro advertiser/sender level of behaviour and the concept of motivational behaviour research (Tadajewski, 2006) as the micro consumer/receiver level of behaviour. The study utilises a mixed methods research design to explore the interface between advertisers and consumers. From the analysis of the commonalites and variances within the data, a mapping of behaviour between the two groups presented a new and unexpected set of interactions. Interactions that reflect the Foundation Premises within the work of Vargo and Lush (2008) by developing an emergent conceptual model.
32
Sissa, G. "FROM MICRO BEHAVIORS TO MACRO EFFECTS - AGENT BASED MODELING OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS SPREAD AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE CONSUMPTION OF A LIMITED RESOURCE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/233328.
Анотація:
This research starts from an overview of the many aspects that link ICT - and related activities - to the environment, with particular reference to software development.
We introduce an interdisciplinary framework to delineate boundaries, overlaps, and relations between different areas of science that underlie the interactions outlined.
We then identified some conceptual tools that allow us to introduce the key concept of the research, namely environmental awareness and the mechanisms of its spread.
The concepts that are derived from this interdisciplinary and intersectorial excursus are mainly those of social influence in the spread of ideas, the formation of social norms, agent based modeling, the emergence of collective phenomena from individual behavior, and of the socio-technical systems.
The methodological approach followed here is based on the observation that while most people generally agree that environmental sustainability is a general objective worth achieving, at the specific level the consumption of finite resources is not sustainable. This leads to the conclusion that any behavioral change towards sustainability must be based on environmental awareness at the individual, collective, and institutional level. The research objectives consisted in identifying the underlying mechanisms of human behaviours in limited resource consumption, in order to define a conceptual model able not only to describe them but also to analyze if and when scenarios of sustainable behavior may be emerging.
The operating result is an agent-based model (ABM) that simulates how environmental awareness spreads in a system whose unsustainable consumption should be reduced and how both social influence and empowering technology play a role in determining social norms of sustainability. The examples given relate mainly to the use of energy, but the conceptual model is not limited to that resource.
SAM4SN (Spread of Awareness Model for Social Norm) is an ABM that may allow other researchers to conduct experiments in socio-technical innovation for environmental goals and to understand the responsibilities and consequences of human behavior on environmental sustainability in various institutions, including informal ones.
One of the main findings of the research is the ability of the model to provide some monitoring indicators able to foresee if the system will achieve the goal of reducing the limited resource, i.e. if it will reach sustainability. Such indicators, with the SAM4SN model, can be usefull tools in energy policy making.
33
Benoit, David. "Divers problèmes théoriques et numériques liés à la simulation de fluides non newtoniens." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1004/document.
Анотація:
Le chapitre 1 introduit les modèles et donne les principaux résultats obtenus. Dans le chapitre 2, on présente des simulations numériques d'un modèle macroscopique en deux dimensions. La méthode de discrétisation par éléments finis utilisée est décrite. Pour le cas test de l'écoulement autour d'un cylindre, les phénomènes en jeu dans les fluides vieillissants sont observés. Le chapitre 3 concerne l'étude mathématique de la version unidimensionnelle du système d'équations aux dérivées partielles utilisé pour les simulations. On montre que le problème est bien posé et on examine le comportement en temps long de la solution. Dans le dernier chapitre, des équations macroscopiques sont dérivées à partir d'une équation mésoscopique. L'analyse mathématique de cette équation mésoscopique est également menéeThis thesis is devoted to the modelling, the mathematical analysis and the simulation of non-Newtonian fluids. Some fluids in an intermediate liquid-solid phase are particularly considered: aging fluids. Modelling scales are macroscopic and mesoscopic. In Chapter 1, we introduce the models and give the main results obtained. In Chapter 2, we present numerical simulations of a macroscopic two-dimensional model. The finite element method used for discretization is described. For the flow past a cylinder test-case, phenomena at play in aging fluids are observed. The Chapter 3 contains a mathematical analysis of the one-dimensional version of the system of partial differential equations used for the simulations. We show well-posedness and investigate the longtime behaviour of the solution. In the last chapter, macroscopic equations are derived from a mesoscopic equation. The mathematical analysis of this mesoscopic equation is also carried out
34
Ewang, Bruce Ekane. "Estudo de fissuração em concreto armado com fibras e armadura convencional." Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-06122017-154223/.
Анотація:
Devido à fragilidade do concreto, o controle e combate da fissuração são de importância fundamental em estruturas de concreto armado. Uma maneira de melhorar as propriedades do concreto à tração é pelo emprego de fibras. A presente pesquisa é uma tentativa de fornecer diretrizes para o dimensionamento de estruturas de concreto armado com fibras, e armadura convencional sob condições de serviço. Apresenta-se inicialmente, um estudo do comportamento do material à tração. Um modelo probabilístico/micro-mecânico fundamentado na mecânica de fratura, e capaz de prever o comportamento pós-fissuração do compósito é apresentado. O modelo prevê a relação tensão-abertura de fissura do compósito levando em conta os seguintes micro-mecanismos: travejamento de agregado e fibras, a ruptura das fibras, os efeitos de: atrito local (snubbing effect), esmagamento da matriz, Cook-Gordon, e da pré-tração das fibras. Em nível estrutural, dois modelos macro-mecânicos são apresentados. O primeiro modelo tem premissa na teoria clássica de fissura, e o segundo na mecânica de dado. O primeiro modelo é ajustado para aplicação na previsão de espaçamento e aberturas de fissura em estruturas de concreto armado com fibras discretas e aleatoriamente dispostas. É demostrado que o modelo micro-mecânico pode alimentar perfeitamente o modelo macro-mecânico. Ensaios de tração com elementos de placas de argamassa com fibras armada com tela ou fios foram realizados. Os resultados teóricos previstos pelo modelo foram comparados com os obtidos do programa experimental, e mostram uma boa concordância, comprovando a validade do modelo apresentado.Due to the brittleness of concrete, the control and prevention of cracking in reinforced concrete structures are of prime importance. One way of improving the tensile properties of concrete is by the addition of fibres. The present research is a trial to provide guidelines for the design of fibre reinforced concrete structures under service loads. First of all, a study of the tensile behaviour of the composite material is presented. A probabilistic/fracture mechanics based micromechanical model, capable of predicting the poscracking behaviour of the material is presented. The model predicts the tensile stress-crack width relationship, accounting for the following micromechanisms: fibre and aggregate bridging, fibre rupture, local snubbing, matrix spalling, the Cook-Gordon interface effect, and fibre prestressing. At the structural level, two macromechanical models are presented. One is founded on the classical theory of cracking, while the other, a shear lag model, is founded on the continuum damage mechanics. The first model is adjusted for application to the prevision of crack width and crack spacing in fibre reinforced concrete structures with short discrete and randomly dispersed fibres. It is shown that the micromechanical model fits very well in the macrostructural model. Tensile tests with mortar specimens reinforced with continuous steel wires or meshes and PVA or polypropylene fibres were carried out. The theoretical results predicted by the model were compared with results obtained from the experimental program, and show very good agreement, confirming the validity of the theoretical model.
35
Johannesson, Christian. "Framgångsfaktorer i en svensk talangutvecklingsmiljö : En kvalitativ fallstudie av handbollens talangutvecklingsmiljö ur ett holistiskt ekologiskt perspektiv." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för idrottsvetenskap (ID), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-45574.
Анотація:
Genom att tillämpa en fallstudiedesign undersöker denna studie en talangutvecklingsmiljö inom lagidrotten handboll. Studiens syfte är att studera den interaktion och dynamiska process som sker mellan spelare, tränare och andra signifikanta personer i en svensk talangutvecklingsmiljö. Studiens teoretiska ramverk är Henrikens (2010) modeller för att studera framgångsrika talangutvecklingsmiljöer. Studien tillämpar en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi i form av intervjuer och dokumentanalys. Resultatet visar att det finns stora likheter mellan den undersökta handbollsmiljön och framgångsrika talangutvecklingsmiljöer från andra studier.By using a case study design this a talent development environment in the team sport of handball. The aim of the study is to examine the interaction and dynamic process between players, coaches and significant others in a Swedish talent development environment. The theoretical framework is Henriksen (2010) working models for studying talent development environment. This study has a qualitative research strategy in the form of interviews and document analysis. The results show similarities with the environment in the handball club and successful talent development environment from other case studies.
36
Riera, Elisabeth. "Vers une construction raisonnée d’une nouvelle génération de récifs artificiels : Analyses comparatives des facteurs intrinsèques favorisant leur colonisation de la micro à la macro-échelle." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ4001.
Анотація:
Les récifs artificiels sont des structures immergées posées délibérément sur le fond marin pour imiter certaines caractéristiques d’un habitat naturel, ils sont utilisés depuis des milliers d’années par les hommes dans le but d’améliorer leurs pratiques de pêches et depuis peu ils sont également employés pour la protection voire la restauration de certains habitats marins. Malgré ces divers objectifs, il réside encore un manque de fondements scientifiques pour déterminer la qualité de ces structures mises à l’eau afin d’en évaluer leur efficacité. Les présent travaux, focalisés sur l’étude de leurs caractéristiques intrinsèques, à savoir leurs matériaux et leurs structuresUn suivi conjugué du biofilm et du macrofouling sur différents substrats, complété par une analyse de leur contenu en métaux lourds a permis de mettre en évidence la qualité de certains substrats utilisé pour la construction de récifs artificiel. Le suivi simple du biofilm s’est révélé être un bon indicateur pour mettre en valeur ces différences de façon simple et rapide pour valider l’utilisation de tel ou tel substrat. Par ailleurs, la mise au point d’une méthode destinée à évaluer la complexité et l’hétérogénéité des récifs artificiels a permis de donner une classification pertinente des différentes structures existantes. Cette méthode standardisée permettra d’évaluer in situ l’influence des paramètres structuraux des récifs artificiels sur le recrutement, l’abondance, la distribution et/ou la diversité. Une première étude à l’échelle microscopique a permis de révéler l’influence de la structure du substrat à la fois sur l’abondance du biofilm et sur l’activité photosynthétique de ces communautés.L’ensemble de ces résultats permet d’offrir un cadre scientifique plus précis pour aborder la construction des récifs artificiels sur le choix de leurs matériaux et de leurs designs. De futures lignes directrices pourraient être émises afin d’optimiser l’efficacité de tout projet d’immersion de récifs artificielsArtificial reefs are submerged structures deliberately placed on the seabed to mimic some characteristics of a natural habitat, they have been used for thousands of years by fishermen to improve their fishing practices and recently they are also used for the protection or even the restoration of certain marine habitats. Despite these various objectives, there is still a lack of scientific fundaments for determining the quality of these submerged structures in order to assess their effectiveness. The present works, focused on the study of their intrinsic characteristics, namely their materials and their structures. A combined monitoring of the biofilm and the macrofouling on different substrates, supplemented by an analysis of their heavy metal content allowed to highlight the quality of certain substrates used for the construction of artificial reefs. Simple monitoring of the biofilm has proven to be an efficient indicator for highlighting these differences to validate the use of a particular substrate.In addition, the development of a method to assess the complexity and heterogeneity of artificial reefs has enabled us to give a relevant classification of the various existing structures. This standardized method will allow to assess in situ the influence of structural parameters of artificial reefs on recruitment, abundance, distribution and/or diversity. A first study at the microscopic scale revealed the influence of substrate structure on both the abundance of biofilm and the photosynthetic activity of these communities.A more precise scientific framework is now available to guide the construction of artificial reefs on the choice of materials and the design of artificial reef structures in order to optimize the effectiveness of artificial reef immersion project
37
Caldini-Queiros, Céline. "Analyse mathématique et numérique de modèles gyrocinétiques." Thesis, Besançon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BESA2013/document.
Анотація:
Cette thèse porte sur les équations gyro-cinétiques et traite un développement rigoureux deslimites de l'équation de Vlasov avec différents opérateurs de collision dans un champ magnétiquefort, ainsi que du développement de méthodes numériques.On commence par une étude de l'opérateur de moyenne. L'opérateur de moyenne a été développé parM. Bostan dans le cadre général d'une équation pour laquelle une partie du transport estfortement pénalisée. Puis, on applique ces résultats généraux aux deux régimes limites que nousétudions : le régime du rayon de Larmor fini et le régime centre-guide.On s'intéresse au calcul précis et explicite de la moyenne de l'opérateur de Fokker-Planck-Landau. On se place pour cela dans le cas du régime du rayon de Larmor fini. Avant de réaliserles calculs sur l'opérateur de Fokker-Planck-Landau, qui contient des convolutions et des termesde diffusion, il semble raisonnable de calculer la moyenne de l'opérateur de relaxation deBoltzmann, dont l'expression est plus simple.On se place ensuite dans le cas du régime centre-guide et on présente un schéma numérique basésur une décomposition micro-macro de la fonction de distribution des particules qui provientd'un travail en collaboration avec N. Crouseilles et M. Lemou. On obtient un schéma uniformémentconsistant avec le modèle continu, pour tout ordre du champ magnétique. Des simulationsnumériques, basées sur cette approche, ont été réalisées à l'aide d'un code de calcul 2D quel'on a développé durant cette thèse.On présente ensuite un projet réalisé dans le cadre du Cemracs 2012, consacré à la modélisationdes écoulements sanguins dans le réseau veineux cérébralThe main subject of this thesis is the gyro-kinetic equation. We present a rigourousdeveloppement of the Vlasov equation limits with different collision operator in a strongmagnetic field and numerical methods.We start with a study of the gyro-average operator. The average operator has been introduced byM. Bostan in the case of an equation where part of the transport is highly penalised. Then weapply our results at the two approximation we study : the finite Larmor radius approximation andthe guiding-center approximation.We first focus on the precise and explicit computation of the Fokker-Planck-Landau operatoraverage in the finite Larmor radius approximation. The Fokker-Planck-Landau operator containsconvolution and diffusion terms, it is then reasonable to first compute the average of theBoltzmann relaxation operator.We then focus on the guiding-center approximation and present a numerical scheme based on amicro-macro decomposition of the particles distribution fonction which comes from a joint workwith N. Crouseilles and M. Lemou. We obtain a scheme which is uniformly consistant with thecontinuous model for any order of the magnetic field. Numerical simulation based on thisapproach are presented.The last chapter of this thesis presents a project which was realised during the Cemracs 2012concerning the modelisation of blood flow in cerebral veins
38
Košut, Martin. "Podnikatelský plán pro rozvoj malé společnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377964.
Анотація:
This diploma thesis describes the creation of a business plan for a small company which deals mainly with the production of carbon-composite cylinders and shafts. The aim of the thesis is to find a conceptual solution how to ensure profitability of the company. The thesis describes methods of internal and strategic analysis and together with interviews with potential clients builds a probable financial plan and based on it offers conclusions.
39
Wang, Yunli. "Etude expérimentale et numérique des oscillations hydrodynamiques en milieux poreux partiellement saturés." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0127/document.
Анотація:
Cette thèse vise à étudier expérimentalement, analytiquement et numériquement, les conséquences de variations et d'oscillations hydrodynamiques à forte variabilité temporelle en milieux poreux partiellement saturés. Les problèmes que nous étudions comportent des surfaces libres tant à l'extérieur qu'à l'intérieur des milieux poreux, celles-ci étant définies comme des isosurfaces de pression d'eau égale à la pression atmosphérique (Pwater = Patm). Les différentes études expérimentales réalisées en laboratoire sont, respectivement : une expérience d'imbibition dans une boite à sable avec effets capillaires importants; la transmission d'oscillations de la surface libre à travers un massif sableux intercalaire dans un petit canal à houle (IMFT, Toulouse); l'étude de la dynamique et de la propagation des oscillations des niveaux d'eau dans un grand canal à houle (HYDRALAB, Barcelone), partiellement recouvert d'un fond sableux incliné, avec mesures de niveaux d'eau en pleine eau et sous le sable, et mesures du fond sableux (érosion/dépôts). Pour les études théoriques, nous avons développés des solutions analytiques linéarisées. Un exemple de problème traité analytiquement est: l'équation linéarisée de Dupuit-Boussinesq (D-B) transitoire à surface libre, en hypothèse d'écoulements plans et vidange/remplissage instantané : oscillations forcées, transmission et dissipation d'ondes à travers une boite à sable rectangulaire. Nous avons aussi développé une solution de l'équation faiblement non linéaire de Dupuit- Boussinesq (D-B) pour étudier le problème d'imbibition avec variation abrupte du niveau d'eau amont (suivi temporel du front de saturation). Nous avons pu étudier les différents types de problèmes transitoires liés aux expériences citées plus haut par simulation numérique. En particulier, nous avons simulé des écoulements partiellement saturés et insaturés, en coupe verticale, à l'aide d'un code de calcul (BIGFLOW 3D) qui résoud l'équation de Richards généralisée en régime transitoire. Nous avons ainsi étudié numériquement en régime non saturé, l'expérience d'imbibition dans un sable initialement sec à frontières verticales (IMFT sandbox), puis l'expérience de propagation d'ondes dans le grand canal à houle de Barcelone (laboratoire HYDRALAB) comportant une plage de sable inclinée, avec un couplage complètement intégré entre les zones micro-poreuse (sable) et “macro-poreuse” (pleine eau). Pour analyser les résultats de cette dernière expérience et les comparer aux simulations, nous avons utilisé plusieurs méthodes de traitement et d'analyse des signaux : analyse de Fourier (spectres de fréquences) ; ondelettes discrètes multi-résolution (Daubechies) ; analyses corrélatoires simple et croisée. Ces méthodes sont combinées avec des méthodes de préfiltrage pour estimer dérives et résidus (moyennes mobiles ; ondelettes multi-résolution). Cette analyse des signaux a permis de comprendre et quantifier la propagation à travers une plage de sable. Au total, les différentes approches de modélisation mis en oeuvre, associé à des procédures de calage en situation de couplage transitoire non linéaire ont permis de reproduire globalement les phénomènes de propagation de teneur en eau et de niveau d'eau dans les différentes configurations étudiéesThis thesis aims at investigating experimentally, analytically and numerically, the consequences of hydrodynamic variations and oscillations with high temporal variability in partially saturated porous media. The problems investigated in this work involve “free surfaces” both outside and inside the porous media, the free surface being defined as the “atmospheric” water pressure isosurface (Pwater = Patm). The laboratory experiments studied in this work are, respectively: Lateral imbibition in a dry sand box with significant capillary effects; Transmission of oscillations of the free surface through a vertical sand box placed in a small wave canal (IMFT, Toulouse); Dynamics of free surface oscillations and wave propagation in a large wave canal (HYDRALAB, Barcelona), partially covered with sand, with measurements of both open water and groundwater levels, and of sand topography (erosion / deposition). For theoretical studies, we have developed linearized analytical solutions. Here is a sample problem that was treated analytically in this work: The linearized equation of Dupuit-Boussinesq (DB) for transient free surface flow, assuming horizontal flow and instantaneous wetting/drainage of the unsaturated zone: forced oscillations, wave transmission and dissipation through a rectangular sandbox. We also developed a weakly nonlinear solution of the Dupuit-Boussinesq equation to study the sudden imbibition (temporal monitoring of the wetting front). We have studied the different types of transient flow problems related to the experiments cited above by numerical simulation. In particular, we have simulated unsaturated or partially saturated transient flows in vertical cross-section, using a computer code (BIGFLOW 3D) which solves a generalized version of Richards’ equation. Thus, using the Richards / BIGFLOW 3D model, we have studied numerically the experiment of unsaturated imbibition in a dry sand (IMFT sandbox), and then, with the same model, we have also studied the partially saturated wave propagation experiment in the large Barcelona wave canal (HYDRALAB laboratory), focusing on the sloping sandy beach, with coupling between the micro-porous zone (sand) and the “macro-porous” zone (open water). To interpret the results of the latter experiment and compare them to simulations, we use several methods of signal analyzis and signal processing, such as: Fourier analysis, discrete multi-resolution wavelets (Daubechies), auto and cross-correlation functions. These methods are combined with pre-filtering methods to estimate trends and residuals (moving averages; discrete wavelet analyses). This signal analyzis has allowed us to interpret and quantify water propagation phenomena through a sandy beach. To sum up, different modeling approaches, combined with model calibration procedures, were applied to transient nonlinear coupled flow problems. These approaches have allowed us to reproduce globally the water content distributions and water level propagation in the different configurations studied in this work
40
Shen, Wei-Ting, and 沈威廷. "A Macro-Micro Mixed Traffic Flow Models based on Cell Transmission Models and Cellular Automaton." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97c668.
Анотація:
碩士國立交通大學
運輸與物流管理學系
105
The macroscopic traffic flow models which account for the flow rate, density or speed of groups of vehicles on the roads, are advantageous to its high efficiency. On the contrary, the microscopic traffic flow models deal with the stimulation terms to spacing or relative speed between individual vehicles and respond to its acceleration or deceleration. The advantage of them lie in describing detailed vehicle behaviors and high accuracy. Therefore, it is necessary to be confronted with a trade-off between efficiency and accuracy when conducting mixed traffic flow models simulation. This study takes the prevailing mixed traffic of cars and motorcycles on urban streets as the background. Firstly, based on the mixed traffic cell transmission models (MCTM), proposed by C.W. Hsieh (2010), to simulate platoons of vehicles with traffic flow transference within segment cells to reduce simulation time. Secondly, based on the cellular automaton and microscopic lane changing principles in mixed traffic, proposed by Lan et al.(2009、2010), to simulate platoons of vehicles with parallel driving and lane changing behaviors in close proximity to the intersection. In order to make these two models stated above integrate properly, this study develops a macro-micro traffic flow models with a transmission interface design, which combines advantages over both models and takes characteristics of mixed traffic into consideration. Moreover, real data of mixed traffic on urban streets is collected. To obtain all the vehicle trajectories in the experimental segment and calculate numbers of vehicles in each cell at each time step through analyzing them. The proposed model in different scenarios is assumed and divided into seven kinds of macro-micro proportions. The efficiency index is measured by CPU time and accuracy index is by SMAPE values to validate the proposed model. This study puts emphasis on the simulation effectiveness of interfaces in different positions of the segment and tries to find out the best one. The results demonstrate that the macroscopic traffic flow models is conductive to reduce the simulation time and improve efficiency. The microscopic traffic flow models make for accuracy. Under a balanced of efficiency and accuracy, the best position of the interface measured by simulation effectiveness is thirty to sixty meters apart from the intersection. It is supposed to transfer the model from macroscopic to microscopic before the traffic flow is interrupted.
41
Chung, Chia-yuan, and 鍾嘉原. "The Application of Credit Risk Models on Asset Securitization－Considering the Micro and Macro Factors." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11739277781400853437.
42
Gajraj, Rhiad. "A Study of Drug Transport in the Vitreous Humor: Effect of Drug Size; Comparing Micro- and Macro-scale diffusion; Assessing Vitreous Models; and Obtaining In Vivo Data." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33202.
Анотація:
Treatment of vision impairing diseases involves drug transport through the vitreous humor. Diffusion cells were used to measure macro-scale (mutual) diffusivity (Dm) to understand how solute size affects diffusion through the vitreous humor of rabbit and porcine eyes. Solutes examined included timolol maleate, dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DMSP), sodium fluorescein, and FITC-dextrans (4, 40, and 150kDa). Diffusivity was inversely dependent on solute size. The Dm's of small solutes in the vitreous were 30 – 65% of that in PBS, while the Dm's of large solutes were 40 – 60% of that in PBS. Extrapolations to the human eye produced similar results using diffusivities based on either species. We used Diffusion Ordered NMR Spectroscopy to measure micro-scale (self) diffusivity (Ds) of DMSP through vitreous humor. The Ds and Dm were significantly different in PBS, but similar in vitreous. A method for obtaining in vivo imagery and data of vitreous fluorophore distribution is also presented.
43
BONFATTI, Andrea. "A micro-macro approach to commodity market analysis:risk, structural modelling and forecasting." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/396542.
Анотація:
Questo studio concerne l’analisi dei mercati delle materie prime da una prospettiva sia micro che macroeconomica e si compone di tre parti.
Nella prima parte vengono analizzate le strategie di gestione ex-ante del rischio, in particolare la selezione di un portafoglio diversificato di colture, messe in atto in paesi poveri da famiglie produttrici fortemente dipendenti per la loro sussistenza dalla produzione di materie prime agricole. A tal fine, viene specificato un modello di portafoglio da cui si ottengono stime strutturali dei parametri relativi alla tecnologia, al consumo e alle preferenze verso il rischio dei produttori. Il modello è stimato utilizzando dati longitudinali da un campione di produttori di caffè in Etiopia.
La seconda parte concerne la modellizzazione dei mercati delle materie prime in un contesto di aspettative razionali. L’attenzione è posta in particolare sulle colture pluriennali e viene specificato un modello globale per il mercato del cacao che incorpora la domanda di stoccaggio per fini speculativi. Dal modello strutturale si deriva una forma ridotta nelle variabili prezzo e stock, utilizzando due nuove variabili costruite per rappresentare eccessi di offerta di breve e lungo periodo. Viene quindi illustrata la derivazione analitica di restrizioni che emergono dall’utilizzo dell’ipotesi di aspettative razionali. Inoltre, viene proposta in un contesto deterministico un’analisi di equilibrio del mercato, utilizzando la soluzione in aspettative razionali del modello rispetto al variabile prezzo, al fine di studiare l’evoluzione del mercato in risposta a shock esogeni.
Nella terza parte, la forma ridotta nelle variabili prezzo e stock, derivata in precedenza da una versione di breve periodo del modello, viene stimata utilizzando dati annuali relativi al mercato del cacao e le restrizioni derivanti dall’ipotesi di aspettative razionali vengono testate. Le stime ottenute attraverso il metodo dei momenti generalizzato (GMM) vengono quindi confrontate con quelle ottenute da un modello vettoriale autoregressivo (VAR) che presenta una specificazione equivalente.This work concerns the analysis of primary commodity markets from both a micro and macro perspective and is composed of three parts. In the first part, we investigate how rural households in poor countries, depending for their livelihood on crop production, cope ex-ante with risk through a strategy of a diversified portfolio of crops. To this end, a portfolio model of production is set up from which structural estimates of risk preference and technology parameters are derived. The model is fit to longitudinal data from a sample of coffee producers in Ethiopia. The second part is concerned with the modelling of commodity markets within a rational expectations approach. A special emphasis is placed on perennial crops and a world model for the cocoa market is specified, accounting for speculative stockholding. From the structural model a solved form in price and stocks is derived, using two constructed variables capturing excess supply in the short and long term. The derivation of restrictions stemming from the hypothesized rational expectations by stockholders is then illustrated. Furthermore, an equilibrium analysis of the model is carried out using the price rational expectations solution, in order to investigate the qualitative response of the system to shocks. In the third part, the reduced form in price and stocks previously derived from a short-run version of the model is estimated using annual data on the cocoa market and the rational expectations restrictions are tested. The estimates obtained using the generalized method of moments (GMM) are then compared with those obtained from a restricted vector autoregressive (VAR) model presenting a matching specification.
44
Sun, Chen-An, and 孫晟安. "A Macro-Micro Model of Mixed Traffic Flow of Cars and Motorcycles." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38016193094323304329.
Анотація:
碩士國立交通大學
運輸與物流管理學系
101
In light of the level of details, three categories of traffic flow models: macroscopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic, are independently adopted for the trade-off between simulation accuracy and efficiency. The macroscopic models accounting for the behaviors of a group of vehicles are obviously more efficient but less accurate than the microscopic models which replicate the movements of individual vehicles. However, to replicate the traffic movement behaviors along a corridor containing segments with simple traffic behaviors and intersections with complex queuing, weaving and turning behaviors, it is rationale to use of macroscopic models to simulate traffic behaviors moving along segments and use of microscopic models to replicate traffic behaviors approaching intersections for compromising simulation accuracy and efficiency. However, how to determine the optimal location of the interface of macro- and microscopic models and how to design the interfacing mechanism to convert macroscopic flows into microscopic flows are at the heart of the integrated models, namely, the macro-micro models. Furthermore, to acknowledge the prevailing mixed traffics of cars and motorcycles on Asian urban streets, mixed macroscopic and microscopic models are considered. Based on these, this study attempts to develop a macro-micro model which can account for the mixed traffic condition in Taiwan. The novelties of the proposed macro-micro model are threefold: 1) Ability to convert upstream macroscopic traffic flow into downstream microscopic flow. 2) Consideration of the lateral drifts and transverse crossings of motorcycles by determining the jam density and free flow speed according to car-motorcycle density ratio. 3) Consideration of lane changing behaviors at the roads with more than three lanes. To calibrate and validate the proposed models, a video-taking of a three-lane urban street was conducted. Trajectories of all cars and motorcycles within the study segment (300m in length) and intersection were then frame by frame traced and recorded. The performances of the proposed model under various locations of the interface are compared. Accuracy index is measured by the SMAPE values between real and simulated second-flows of cars and motorcycles at different lanes and distances to the intersection. Efficiency index is of course measured by the simulation times. As expected, the closer to the intersection of the interface is, the higher efficiency but the lower accuracy it has. However, the improvement in efficiency and deterioration in accuracy is diminishing as the distance to the intersection decreases. Both flow of cars and motorcycles are well simulated. It is also found that the error rates of simulated motorcycle flows at different lanes are higher than those of simulated car flows. One of the reasons for that may be the influence of turning flow and parallel illegal parking. Furthermore, the error rates at the mid-road section are higher than at the intersection because the traffic flows are restricted by the signal control. The error rates of traffic flows in inner lanes are lower than those of outer lanes because of the prohibition of motorcycles in using the inner lane. Overall, the performance of the proposed model is promising.
45
Yu, Song-Hua, and 余松樺. "A Probabilistic Approach for Image Categorized Based on Macro and Micro Classification Model." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ddbjv3.
Анотація:
碩士義守大學
資訊工程學系
103
This issue of image classification has received much attention recently; however, to classify huge amount of images into different categories is hard. For each category, classification system should first analyze features of image, which is described by visual words, and then the classification model is constructed. Finally, a probabilistic classifier is proposed to effectively category images. The proposed algorithm is first collected training samples from the database, and extract image feature by visual patch. In addition, the patch divided into macro words and micro words according to patch content and then macro and micro visual dictionary is constructed. We then build classification models with representative and effective. Finally, the MAP based classifier is developed to classification image correctly. Simulation results show that the categorization scheme achieve surprising performance.
46
Rodrigues, Rita Vanessa Gouveia. "Transport modelling: macro and micro simulation for the studied case of Funchal." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.13/1032.
Анотація:
The work done in this thesis attempts to demonstrate the importance of using models that can predict and represent the mobility of our society. To answer the proposed challenges two models were examined, the first corresponds to macro simulation with the intention of finding a solution to the frequency of the bus company Horários do Funchal, responsible for transport in the city of Funchal, and some surrounding areas. Where based on a simplified model of the city it was possible to increase the frequency of journeys getting an overall reduction in costs.
The second model concerns the micro simulation of Avenida do Mar, where currently is being built a new roundabout (Praça da Autonomia), which connects with this avenue. Therefore it was proposed to study the impact on local traffic, and the implementation of new traffic lights for this purpose. Four possible situations in which was seen the possibility of increasing the number of lanes on the roundabout or the insertion of a bus lane were created. The results showed that having a roundabout with three lanes running is the best option because the waiting queues are minimal, and at environmental level this model will project fewer pollutants.
Thus, this thesis presents two possible methods of urban planning. Transport modelling is an area that is under constant development, the global goal is to encourage more and more the use of these models, and as such it is important to have more people to devote themselves to studying new ways of addressing current problems, so that we can have more accurate models and increasing their credibility.
47
Chang, Hui hsun, and 張惠絢. "The Reaserch of motor influence to Micro-macro model of the Historic Preservation in Taiwan." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06612046745136986998.
Анотація:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
93
At present Taiwan to correlation of law the Historic Preservation law is insufficient, but retention, the reconstruction regarding the historical site construction and uses again was already the social populace's universal mutual recognition, so the historical site recovering also one after another in accordance to lives. By reference, we know “motor “often use to build ancient construction, the motor which type is many, but the reference not to mentioned how to use and characteristic. Now we have to research about historical site repair, and have to understand how to use motor and it characteristics. We know glutinous rice used to military construction and official hall, and when often used soil to the mortar material on construction folk, and sludge output increase now in Taiwan, under a reject resources problem formulation research atmosphere, surges upward and the resources in the environmental protection consciousness is limited, only the water sludge high economic value resources and the again use is worth promoting. This research draws up take the mortar as the research object, records in the historical site mortar material from the literature, chooses the lime, the brook granulated substance, oyster shell powder, the red syrup and Rice husk ash(RHA) and so on five kind of materials, and the attempt increases after 800 ℃ high temperatures agglutinates only the water sludge, carries on the allocated proportion design, and carries on the compression-test, the endurance test and the microscopic analysis, expected can the affiliation by the experiment, understand six kind of materials best allocated proportion and characteristic, takes reference the historical site correlation recovering. Results of study indicate that both: 1. The syrup congeals the characteristic to cause the work enhancement 70~121%, the hydrated organization to be more compact, beneficial long-term intensity development. 2. Rice husk ash (RHA) characteristic promotion mortar early time compressive strength is 72% 56 th days intensities. 3. The water sludge circle spherical semblance is only similar to 【ball effect】, to increases the work and the plasticity has the help; C-S-H of colloid structure packing hole the continuous causes the hydro mass to be compact, promotion hydro mass later period intensity 508%. 4. The sugar mortar it creates the water-absorptive to be low 4%; The Rice husk ash (RHA) the water characteristic to enhance the water-absorptive; only the water sludge increases the mortar void volume, creates the water-absorptive rise 3%. 5. Maintains at air, the Rice husk ash (RHA) has good bears the alkali ability, the attrition rate compares other two to be low 1~4%, the sugar mortar tries the body to have very well bears the salty degree, the attrition rate reduces 1%; Was mad the dry only water sludge hydro mass resistance acid proof and bears the alkali ability all wet to raise tries the body to enhance 8~9%.
48
Azarsa, Peiman. "Determination of micro-meso-macro damage mechanisms in geopolymer concrete using non-destructive techniques." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/12561.
Анотація:
Cement-based concrete is one of the main construction materials that is widely used for many construction applications due to its strength, durability, reflectivity, and versatility. However, it is acknowledged that production of cement as a primary material of concrete releases 1.8 Gt carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment. It is estimated that one ton of cement production releases one ton of CO2 to the atmosphere. That is why, this work aims to create a concrete that could be an alternative to cement-based concrete.
Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is an eco-friendly construction material and an alternative to conventional concrete that is produced by reacting aluminate and silicate bearing constituents with a caustic activator (i.e. sodium-based or potassium-based). Both potassium and sodium have been considered as generally safe intergradient by the FDA, based upon the observance of several good manufacturing practice conditions of use. Theses activators are used in various application including concrete, food, as a stabilizer, and as a thickening agent. Moreover, these activators are also used in making soap, as an electrolyte in alkaline batteries and in electroplating, lithography, and paint and varnish removers. Medically, these activators are widely used in the wet mount preparation of various clinical specimens for microscopic visualization of fungi and fungal elements in skin, hair, nails, and even vaginal secretions, Currently, it was determined that these activators solution were found to be a safe and effective treatment of plane warts. Despite the developments in the studies relating to GPC made by various precursors such as fly-ash and slag in the literatures, the use of GPC made by fly-ash and bottom-ash has not been overly researched. In this study, attempts have been made to produce a unique mix proportion for Potassium-based GPC made by fly-ash and bottom-ash and investigate various mechanical properties of this type of GPC including elastic modulus, freeze-thaw resistance, heavy metal leach-ability and corrosion in both laboratory and real environmental conditions using Non-Destructive Tests (NDT)s.Graduate
2021-12-15
49
DI, TRAPANI FABIO. "Masonry infilled RC frames: Experimental results and development of predictive techniques for the assessment of seismic response." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2673116.
Анотація:
The issue of the influence of masonry infills within RC frames structures
have been widely investigated in the last decades by several researchers.
The large interest addressed to this topic depends on the actual
observation that when in presence of seismic events the response of framed
structures is strongly conditioned by the interaction with the infills, which
however are considered as non-structural elements and not included in the
models.
The influence of masonry infills in structural response is so much
relevant to affect not only the overall strength and the stiffness but it may
radically change the possible collapse mechanisms of the structural complex
under the effect of strong ground motions.
Infills panels may thus have a beneficial effect on the structural response,
being able in some cases to supply the lack of resistance of structures to
lateral actions, or an adverse contribution inducing unexpected and
dangerous non ductile collapse mechanisms.
However the studies carried out on this topic have demonstrated that,
independently from the beneficial or adverse contribution of masonry infills
on structural response, their presence cannot be neglected in structural
modelling both in design and verification phases.
As more deeply discussed in this thesis, several modelling approaches
have been developed to represent infill-frame interaction, going from
refined nonlinear FEM approaches to simplified equivalent strut models.
Especially the use of equivalent braced strut approach is pointed out in
this work because of its simplicity in and the low computational effort
required, which make this technique a predictive tool that is particularly
attractive to perform complex nonlinear analyses of large buildings.
As base reference of the modelling techniques developed in this thesis a
large experimental campaign has been carried out and is presented in
Chapter 2.
The experimental investigation dealt with the cyclic behaviour of RC
frame infilled with different kinds of masonry among the most employed in
the worldwide building traditions.
The results of this experimental campaign have been fundamental not
only to enlarge the experimental knowledge but also for the further
processes of calibration and comparison of the proposed models and
predictive strategies.
The research topics followed in this work regarded 3 fundamental
aspects of the infill-frame interaction problem. The first is the calibration of
the equivalent strut model, being able to overcome the difficulties in
identification of the hysteretic parameters required by the models available
in literature. The model makes use of a hysteretic “pivot” law needing few
mechanical parameters for the identification and based on geometric rules
rather than analytical. The study has shown that despite the simplicity of the
model, it is able to provide an adequate accuracy to represent the cyclic
hysteretic response of infilled frames.
A second topic investigated in this thesis regarded the issue of the local
interaction between infills and RC members. The panels are in fact able to
attract a large portion of the lateral actions during earthquakes that can be
however supported by the frame members if the latter have an adequate
transversal reinforcing. The equivalent strut approach is unable to provide
information about the additional shear demand arising on beams and
column ends, therefore the study was addressed to fill this predictive lack.
This was provided by means of a deep parametric study associated with
the results of a detailed nonlinear FE analysis. This allowed to define abcorrelation between a geometrical-mechanical parameter identifying the
infilled frame system and the shear demand on the beam and column
critical end sections.
The last topic was developed during a visiting period at University of
California - San Diego and regarded the updating of the equivalent strut model
able to predict simultaneously the in plane – out of plane response of an
infilled frame and the reciprocal damaging in when seismic events occur.
The equivalent struts have been modelled by means of fiber elements
with distributed plasticity, able to reproduce the arching mechanism
developed by the masonry panels confined by the RC frames in presence of
out of plane actions.
An identification procedure for the definition of an interacting in plane –
out of plane model has been developed and validated on experimental basis.
50
Mo, Jia-Hao, and 莫家豪. "Applying Hedonic Pricing Model on Housing Price from Both Micro and Macro Perspectives – In the Case of Taipei City." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ww3fyw.
Анотація:
碩士中華大學
建築與都市計畫學系碩士班
101
The hedonic pricing theory was established in 1974 and has been popularly used since. The wide computer access coverage and the discovery of potential variance that may be caused by using the traditional hedonic pricing method in recent years lead to a trend where the traditional hedonic pricing method is gradually being replaced by the multilevel modeling. The multilevel modeling is not only used in a wider range of applications, but can also proves analysis in terms of variables by level as well as interaction effects between these variables. An abundance of studies was carried out on house pricing using the hedonic pricing method in the past. The housing characteristics, however, were treated as independent and under homogeneous distributions in the past, where the characteristics on a micro level are in fact not independent to and may interfere with the characteristics on a macro level. In the case of auto-regression, the error may lead to biased evaluation results with an inaccurate conclusion drawn. This study applies hierarchical linear modeling on housing price in Taipei City to explore the relationship between dependent and independent variables by level, and the cross-level interaction effects. The results of testing show that the coefficient estimates of micro level explanatory variables of “floor area” and “housing age” both achieve outstanding performance of 5%. This means, for every 1 “Ping” (which is equivalent to approximately 3.305 square meter) increase in floor area, the housing price increases by NTD477,340; and for every 1 year increase in housing age, the housing price decreases by NTD71,860. The macro level variable of “disposable income of individuals” shows the cross-level interaction effect, indicating that this variable interacts with the micro level variable of “floor area”, where for every 1 Ping increase in floor area, the housing price increases by NTD477,340, but on a macro level, for every NTD1 increase in “disposable income of individuals”, the housing price changes increase to NTD799,430.