Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Micro-and millisecond delay"

In this paper, we proposed large-scale optical tunnel switching networks based on the Torus topology network with WSS (Wavelength Selective Switch) for future big data applications. All nodes of the large-scale optical tunnel switching networks use WSS switch modules, and the communications between nodes use multiple λs (wavelengths), where a tunnel is established with a wavelength which can be reused. The widely used MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) and LCoS (Liquid Crystal on Silicon) technologies are all millisecond-level switching speeds, so the frame size of the optical frame switch is very large, and this will reduce switching performance. Therefore, they are only suitable for optical tunnel switching networks design, but are not suitable for optical frame switch design. This multi-plane Torus topology network architecture not only increases network throughput, but also has fault tolerance to increase network reliability. When the traffic is changed, the number of tunnels between nodes can be scheduled in time to balance the load traffic and avoid traffic loss. Therefore, it can not only schedule the number of tunnels in time to balance the load traffic, in order to avoid traffic loss, but also because the channel is fixedly established, this does not generate any buffer delay, and this because of the transmission using optical transmission unlimited speed, so it is a good choice for future big data applications that require high speed, high bandwidth and low latency.

Structural dynamics is a subject of a recent interest in solid state physics and a challenge for modern X-ray crystallography. Time-dependent response of solids to an external perturbation on atomic, mesoscopic and macroscopic length scales is the key to understanding many physical properties. We present the data-acquisition system (Gorfman et al., 2013) (DAQ) for X-ray diffraction study of repetitive micro- or millisecond dynamics in a broad range of materials (Gorfman, 2014) under cyclic perturbation. The DAQ operates on the principle of a multichannel analyser: it collects pulses from a single-photon-counting detector and resorts them between 10000 channels. Each channel corresponds to a certain time delay relative to the beginning of a latest perturbation cycle. The width of a channel (temporal resolution of the experiment) can be as small as 10 ns. We investigated atomic, strain and domain dynamics in SrxBa1-xNb2O6 single crystals: SBN50 (x=0.5, uniaxial ferroelectric) and SBN61(x=0.61, uniaxial relaxor ferroelectric). The experiments questioned the reason for large piezoelectric effect in uniaxial ferroelectrics where 1800(inversion) domains are present, while non-1800domains are absent. We applied triangular electric field (Figure 1) of variable frequencies and variable strengths. The time and electric field dependence of a set of Bragg rocking curves were followed: intensities, positions and peak widths were analysed giving access to atomic, strain and domain dynamics under external electric field. Figure 1. Left: contour plot of a -5 9 7 Bragg rocking curves from SBN50 single crystal collected under dynamically applied sub-coercive electric field. Right: dynamics of the peak position as a function of applied electric field, showing non-linear and hysteretic behaviour.

A spatially periodic voltage was used to create a dielectrophoresis induced periodic micro wrinkle deformation on the surface of a liquid film. Optical Coherence Tomography provided the equilibrium wrinkle profile at submicron accuracy. The dynamic wrinkle amplitude was derived from optical diffraction analysis during sub-millisecond wrinkle formation and decay, after abruptly increasing or reducing the voltage, respectively. The decay time constant closely followed the film thickness dependence expected for surface tension driven viscous levelling. Modelling of the system using numerical solution of the Stokes flow equations with electrostatic forcing predicted that wrinkle formation was faster than decay, in accord with observations.

Recent success at X-ray free-electron lasers has led to serial crystallography experiments staging a comeback at synchrotron sources as well. With crystal lifetimes typically in the millisecond range and the latest-generation detector technologies with high framing rates up to 1 kHz, fast sample exchange has become the bottleneck for such experiments. A micro-patterned chip has been developed from single-crystalline silicon, which acts as a sample holder for up to several thousand microcrystals at a very low background level. The crystals can be easily loaded onto the chip and excess mother liquor can be efficiently removed. Dehydration of the crystals is prevented by keeping them in a stream of humidified air during data collection. Further sealing of the sample holder, for example with Kapton, is not required. Room-temperature data collection from insulin crystals loaded onto the chip proves the applicability of the chip for macromolecular crystallography. Subsequent structure refinements reveal no radiation-damage-induced structural changes for insulin crystals up to a dose of 565.6 kGy, even though the total diffraction power of the crystals has on average decreased to 19.1% of its initial value for the same dose. A decay of the diffracting power by half is observed for a dose ofD1/2= 147.5 ± 19.1 kGy, which is about 1/300 of the dose before crystals show a similar decay at cryogenic temperatures.