Статті в журналах: "Metropolitan fringes"

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Bianchini, Leonardo, Rosanna Salvia, Giovanni Quaranta, Gianluca Egidi, Luca Salvati, and Alvaro Marucci. "Forest Transition and Metropolitan Transformations in Developed Countries: Interpreting Apparent and Latent Dynamics with Local Regression Models." Land 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010012.

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Metropolitan fringes in Southern Europe preserve, under different territorial contexts, natural habitats, relict woodlands, and mixed agro-forest systems acting as a sink of biodiversity and ecosystem services in ecologically vulnerable landscapes. Clarifying territorial and socioeconomic processes that underlie land-use change in metropolitan regions is relevant for forest conservation policies. At the same time, long-term dynamics of fringe forests in the northern Mediterranean basin have been demonstrated to be rather mixed, with deforestation up to the 1950s and a subsequent recovery more evident in recent decades. The present study makes use of Forest Transition Theory (FTT) to examine spatial processes of forest loss and expansion in metropolitan Rome, Central Italy, through local regressions elaborating two diachronic land-use maps that span more than 80 years (1936–2018) representative of different socioeconomic and ecological conditions. Our study evaluates the turnaround from net forest area loss to net forest area gain, considering together the predictions of the FTT and those of the City Life Cycle (CLC) theory that provides a classical description of the functioning of metropolitan cycles. The empirical findings of our study document a moderate increase in forest cover depending on the forestation of previously abandoned cropland as a consequence of tighter levels of land protection. Natural and human-driven expansion of small and isolated forest nuclei along fringe land was demonstrated to fuel a polycentric expansion of woodlands. The results of a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) reveal the importance of metropolitan growth in long-term forest expansion. Forest–urban dynamics reflect together settlement sprawl and increased forest disturbance. The contemporary expansion of fringe residential settlements and peri-urban forests into relict agricultural landscapes claims for a renewed land management that may reconnect town planning, reducing the intrinsic risks associated with fringe woodlands (e.g., wildfires) with environmental policies preserving the ecological functionality of diversified agro-forest systems.

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Razin, E. "Municipal Reform in the Tel Aviv Metropolis: Metropolitan Government or Metropolitan Cooperation?" Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 14, no. 1 (March 1996): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c140039.

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In this paper the influence of macrosocietal shifts on municipal reforms in metropolitan areas, as reflected by the cyclic swing from periods of increased efforts to rationalize metropolitan governance to periods of acceptance and promotion of a fragmented pattern, is demonstrated. An analogy between the changes in industrial organization and municipal organization is suggested. The paper is focused on Israel's economic core region—the Tel Aviv metropolis—with surveys of reports of commissions dealing with municipal reforms and of boundary commissions assessing claims for municipal boundary changes between 1960 and 1993. A unique feature of Tel Aviv is the region's past failure to implement proposals for major rationalization during a period when such reforms were common in countries with similar political systems. This failure was a result of specific political and geographical factors that counterbalanced the broad processes that supported reform. The subsequent period of economic stagnation weakened prospects for comprehensive reforms. Renewed growth in the 1990s has intensified pressures for municipal change but has not been associated with the comeback of old notions of metropolitan government. Rather, flexible modes of cooperation and coordination appear to be preferred, priority being given to reorganizing local government in the urban—rural fringes of the metropolis rather than dealing with the inner parts of the metropolis.

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Abrantes, Patrícia, Eduarda Marques da Costa, Margarida Queirós, Miguel Padeiro, and Guilhem Mousselin. "Lezíria do Tejo: Agriculture and urban sprawl on the Lisbon metropolitan fringes." Cahiers Agricultures 22, no. 6 (November 2013): 526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/agr.2013.0669.

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Laukaitytė-Malžinskienė, Giedrė I. "METROPOLITAN CENTRES. URBAN FRINGE LANDSCAPE PROTECTION AND PLANNING / METROPOLINIŲ CENTRŲ PRIEMIESČIO KRAŠTOVAIZDŽIO APSAUGOS IR PLANAVIMO KLAUSIMAI." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 36, no. 2 (July 3, 2012): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2012.697718.

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The paper considers requirements of the European Landscape Convention as well as obligations of Lithuania in the field of implementation of such requirements. Furthermore, it discusses advancing general and concrete political and legal tools, which are imposed on the national landscape protection, regulation and planning. Landscape protection is proposed to orient towards protection and maintenance of characteristic features, while sustainable development is achieved via landscape planning. The important problems of metropolitan centre fringe landscape formation are analysed. While preparing general plans of cities and district municipalities, district landscape plans give insufficient attention to preservation of landscape characteristics. That is the reason tools for integrated landscape protection and urban development have been proposed in the paper as well as ways for their implementation into the national planning practice. With the help of these tools, land proprietors and urban planners will better understand the influence of proposed decisions on landscape and determine the most suitable urban development forms in the metropolitan fringes. Sustained metropolitan fringe development should be supported by the criterion of landscape protection. It has to implement life quality aspirations of people living both in cities and districts. Santrauka Svarstomi Europos kraštovaizdžio konvencijoje keliami reikalavimai, Lietuvos įsipareigojimai juos įgyvendinti tobulinant bendro ir konkretaus pobūdžio politines ir teisines priemones, skirtas šalies kraštovaizdžiui apsaugoti, tvarkyti ir planuoti. Straipsnyje kraštovaizdžio apsaugą siūloma orientuoti į būdingų kraštovaizdžio ypatybių išsaugojimą ir palaikymą, kai tvarios plėtros siekiama planuojant kraštovaizdį. Aptariamos opios metropolinių centrų priemiesčio kraštovaizdžio formavimo problemos. Rengiant miestų ir rajonų savivaldybių bendruosius planus, rajoninius Kraštovaizdžio planus, priemiesčio kraštovaizdžio charakterio išsaugojimo klausimai nepakankamai respektuojami, todėl siūlomas integruotų kraštovaizdžio apsaugos ir užstatymo plėtros priemonių sukūrimas ir jų įdiegimas į šalies planavimo praktiką. Taikydami šias priemones žemės valdytojai ir projektuotojai geriau suprastų siūlomų sprendinių poveikį kraštovaizdžiui, nustatytų tinkamiausias priemiesčio užstatymo formas, jas harmoningai įterpdami į kraštovaizdinį kontekstą. Kraštovaizdžio apsaugos kriterijumi paremta tvari priemiesčių plėtra turėtų tapti priemone, padedančia įgyvendinti tiek miesto, tiek rajono gyventojų gyvenimo kokybės siekius.

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Cao, Wei, Shenglu Zhou, Shaohua Wu, and Chaoye Song. "Factors influencing farmers' intentions for urban–rural harmony in metropolitan fringes and regional differences therein." Papers in Regional Science 99, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12477.

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Dombroski, Lucas Jordán. "Los territorios de asentamientos en el borde metropolitano de Buenos Aires, desde 1980 a la actualidad." Revista Urbano 23, no. 41 (May 31, 2020): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07183607.2020.23.41.05.

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Firman, Tommy, and Fikri Zul Fahmi. "The Privatization of Metropolitan Jakarta’s (Jabodetabek) Urban Fringes: The Early Stages of “Post-Suburbanization” in Indonesia." Journal of the American Planning Association 83, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2016.1249010.

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van Eeden, Amanda. "Small business perceptions in the central business district fringes of four metropolitan areas in South Africa." South African Geographical Journal 95, no. 2 (October 15, 2013): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2013.847797.

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9

Jones, Roy, and Tod Jones. "Antipodean Aftershocks: Group Settlement of Hebridean and non-Hebridean Britons in Western Australia following World War One." Northern Scotland 11, no. 2 (November 2020): 188–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nor.2020.0221.

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In the speech in which the phrase ‘land fit for heroes’ was coined, Lloyd George proclaimed ‘(l)et us make victory the motive power to link the old land up in such measure that it will be nearer the sunshine than ever before … it will lift those who have been living in the dark places to a plateau where they will get the rays of the sun’. This speech conflated the issues of the ‘debt of honour’ and the provision of land to those who had served. These ideals had ramifications throughout the British Empire. Here we proffer two Antipodean examples: the national Soldier Settlement Scheme in New Zealand and the Imperial Group Settlement of British migrants in Western Australia and, specifically, the fate and the legacy of a Group of Gaelic speaking Outer Hebrideans who relocated to a site which is now in the outer fringes of metropolitan Perth.

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Kenny, Nicolas. "Je Cherche Fortune: Identity, Counterculture, and Profit in Fin-de-siècle Montmartre." Articles 32, no. 2 (May 24, 2013): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1015714ar.

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This paper examines the Parisian neighbourhood of Montmartre during the 1880s and 1890s. Isolating themselves on a hilltop to the north of the city, a defiant community of painters and poets left the busy macadam below to position themselves physically and symbolically at the apex of anti-bourgeois, countercultural sentiment. Known for its subversive character, Montmartre's legacy appealed to these passionate and creative youths, and their appropriation of a semi-rural district on the fringes of the metropolitan centre of modernity symbolized their desire to escape stifling cultural traditions. Particularly revealing are the ways in which their art and literature represented at once a deeply interior questioning of identity as well as a loosely unified movement of cultural protest. By the turn of the 20th century, many of these artists and writers had been tamed by the commercialization of their nonconformity, but Montmartre remains a powerful site for the memory of its influential social and cultural transgressions.

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Fard, Haniyeh Razavivand. "Urbanization and Informal Settlement Challenges: Case Study Tehran Metropolitan City." Open House International 43, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2018-b0011.

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Increase in the population rate and the extent of urbanization in the last two centuries resulted in the concentration of the population around the growth poles. A large portion of this population lives in the peripheries of the large cities in informal settlements under inappropriate situations specifically in developing countries. Iran is one the countries that has severely experienced this problem since 1930s. Iranian cities are some of the biggest cities of Middle East to have been developed unequally, because of various factors including in-migration, unevenly distribution of resources, insufficient state policies and the local authorities haven't been successful on tackling the problem yet. The overconcentration of population in some major cities of the country is the result of centralization of main industrial and economic poles around these centers which leads to the immigration of unemployed people to these cities. Thus, this issue has a great impact on the unequal expansion of major cities. Tehran, as the largest and the most urbanized city of the country, absorb a large percentage of national resources and magnetizes many people with various socio-economic background. However, the polarized system of the city offers chances for those who can adjust themselves to the system, while the others that cannot afford living in the city boundaries, reside in the city fringes in substandard living conditions. Therefore, in Iran the inequalities between urban and rural, gradually has altered to inequalities within cities and the trend is more significant in some major cities including Tehran, Mashhad, Shiraz, Tabriz, Isfahan and many other cities. Furthermore, it is more challenging in the case of Tehran, when its population during 1920s and 1970s increased to thirteen times by the pace of rapid development, centralization and capital flow. So, the city has expanded around its periphery specifically towards south and west. This process accelerated between 1970s and 2000s by implementing new legislation and master plans, and as a result, Tehran converted to Tehran Metropolis Region which is multi-center comprised of the central core which is the Tehran city, main access roads and other cores around which are the centers of residential and work concentration, reliant on the main city economically. This kind of urban sprawl is has accompanied with break in urban structure and fading urban sustainability as well as population movements and formation of spontaneous settlements which is the pressuring problem in cities of newly developing countries.

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Colantoni, Andrea, Ilaria Zambon, Maria Gras, Enrico Maria Mosconi, Alessandra Stefanoni, and Luca Salvati. "Clustering or Scattering? The Spatial Distribution of Cropland in a Metropolitan Region, 1960–2010." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 23, 2018): 2584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072584.

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This article presents empirical results of a multivariate analysis run with the aim to identify (apparent and latent) socioeconomic transformations that shape the distribution pattern of cropland in a metropolitan region of southern Europe (Athens, Greece) over a sufficiently long time interval spanning from 1960 to 2010. The study area is representative of monocentric cities expanding in an unregulated fashion and experiencing sequential cycles of economic growth and recession. Percent share of cropland in total municipal area increased moderately over time. A non-linear relationship with the distance from downtown Athens was also observed, indicating that the highest rates of cropland were observed at a distance ranging between 20 and 30 km from the inner city. A multivariate regression was run by decade at each municipality of the study area using 11 predictors with the aim to identify the factors most associated with cropland decline along urban fringes. Distance from downtown Athens, soil and climate quality, population growth rate, and competing land use were the most relevant factors correlated with cropland expansion (or decline) in the study area. Competing land use was particularly important for cropland decline in a first urbanization phase (1960–1980), while population growth rate—and hence an increased human pressure—was positively associated with agricultural areas in a subsequent phase (1990–2010). In these regards, per capita urban land had a non-linear spatial behavior, being correlated negatively with cropland in 1960 and 1970 and positively in 2010, possibly indicating a moderate change from a monocentric model towards a more dispersed metropolitan configuration impacting distribution of agricultural areas. Empirical findings of this study suggest that effective strategies supporting peri-urban agriculture require a comprehensive knowledge of the local socioeconomic context and relevant biophysical conditions—specifically focusing on the dominant soil and climate attributes.

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Bianchini, Leonardo, Alvaro Marucci, Adele Sateriano, Valerio Di Stefano, Riccardo Alemanno, and Andrea Colantoni. "Urbanization and Long-Term Forest Dynamics in a Metropolitan Region of Southern Europe (1936–2018)." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 12164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112164.

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Although peri-urban landscapes in Southern Europe still preserve a relatively high level of biodiversity in relict natural places, urban expansion is progressively consuming agricultural land and, in some cases, forest cover. This phenomenon has (direct and indirect) environmental implications, both positive and negative. The present study contributes to clarifying the intrinsic nexus between long-term urban expansion and forest dynamics in a representative Mediterranean city based on diachronic land-use maps. We discuss some counterintuitive results of urbanization as far as forest expansion, wildfire risk, and biodiversity conservation are concerned. Forest dynamics were investigated at two time intervals (1936–1974 and 1974–2018) representing distinctive socioeconomic contexts in the Rome metropolitan area in Central Italy. Additionally, the spatial relationship between forest cover and urban growth was evaluated using settlement density as a target variable. All over the study area, forest cover grew moderately over time (from 18.3% to 19.9% in the total landscape), and decreased along the urban gradient (i.e., with settlement density) more rapidly in 2018 than in 1936. The diversification of forest types (Shannon H index) was higher in areas with medium-density settlements, indicating a tendency towards more heterogeneous and mixed structures in rural and peri-urban woods that undergo rising human pressure. The dominance of a given forest type (Simpson’s D index) was higher at high settlement density areas. Evenness (Pielou’s J index) was the highest at low settlement density areas. The long-term assessment of land-use dynamics in metropolitan fringes enriched with a spatially explicit analysis of forest types may inform regional planning and environmental conservation, which could delineate appropriate strategies for sustainable land management in Southern European cities.

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Commerçon, Nicole. "Emploi public et logiques territoriales aux marges d'un espace métropolisé / Employment and territorial logics on the fringes of a metropolitan space." Revue de géographie de Lyon 74, no. 2 (1999): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/geoca.1999.4946.

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Monzani, Josette Alves de Souza, and Mario Sergio Righetti. "O corpóreo e a erupção da bestialidade em Carne e Sozinho Contra Todos, de Gaspar Noé // The bodily and the eruption of bestiality in Meat and I Stand Alone, by Gaspar Noé." Contemporânea Revista de Comunicação e Cultura 16, no. 3 (February 6, 2019): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/contemporanea.v16i3.25975.

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Resumo: Procura-se apontar de que modo os procedimentos estéticos do diretor franco-argentino Gaspar Noé acabam por realizar uma proposta de cinematografia radical que estabelece uma tensão no compartilhamento sensorial entre o corpo da tela, o corpo da câmera e o corpo do espectador. Carne (1991) e Sozinho Contra Todos (1998) narram a história de vida do Açougueiro, um cidadão à margem da sociedade metropolitana francesa, marcada por represamentos afetivos que o comprimem e levam a cometer ações bestiais marcadas por ‘enganos’, equívocos que o prejudicarão para sempre.O corpo cinematográfico de Noé faz uso da imagem e do som hápticos, trilhando um caminho batailleano - através da transgressão, da sensorialidade e da experimentação do abjeto -, e através deles busca induzir no espectador o que denominamos afeto carnal e corporeidade imanente como forma de pontuar as questões sociais e éticas propostas pelo diretor. Abstract: It is tried to point out how the aesthetic procedures of the French-Argentine director Gaspar Noé end up making a proposal of radical cinematography that establishes a tension in the sensorial sharing among the body of the screen, the body of the camera and the body of the spectator. Meat (1991) and I Stand Alone (1998) chronicle the life history of the Butcher, a citizen on the fringes of French metropolitan society, marked by affective imprisonments that compel him to commit bestial actions marked by ‘mistakes’, mistakes that will do him harm forever. The cinematographic body of Noé makes use of haptic image and sound, traversing a Bataillean path - through transgression, sensoriality and experimentation of the abject - and by them seeks to induce in the viewer what we call carnal affection and immanent corporeity as a way of punctuating the social and ethical questions proposed by the director.

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Krishnaveni, K. S., and P. P. Anilkumar. "MANAGING URBAN SPRAWL USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W11 (February 14, 2020): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w11-59-2020.

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Abstract. Indian cities, like several other developing cities around the world, are urbanizing at an alarming rate. This unprecedented and uncontrolled urbanization may result in urban sprawl, which is characterized by low-density impervious surfaces, often clumsy, extends along the fringes of metropolitan areas with unbelievable pace, disperse, auto-dependent with environmentally and socially impacting characteristics. The ill-effects of urban sprawl in developing countries scenario is a bit complicated compared to that of developed countries because of uncontrolled population growth and haphazard urbanization. This paper attempts to investigate the capabilities of remote sensing and GIS techniques in understanding the urban sprawl phenomenon in a better way compared to time- consuming conventional methods. An overview of the enormous potential of remote sensing and GIS techniques in mapping and monitoring the Spatio-temporal patterns urban sprawl is dealt with here. The spatial pattern and dynamics of the urban sprawl of Kozhikode Metropolitan Area (KMA, Kerala, India) during the period from 1991 to 2018 using the integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS are attempted here. Index derived Built-up Index (IDBI) which is a thematic index-based index (combination of Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)) is used for the rapid and automated extraction of built-up features from the time series satellite imageries. The extracted built-up areas of each year are then used for Shannon’s entropy calculations, which is a method for the quantification of urban sprawl. The results of IDBI and Shannon’s entropy analysis highlight the fact that there occurs an alarming increase in the built-up areal extent from 1991 to 2018. The urban planning authorities can make use of these techniques of built-up area extraction and urban sprawl analysis for effective city planning and sprawl control.

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Ray, Aditya. "IT-Oriented Infrastructural Development, Urban Co-Dependencies, and the Reconfiguration of Everyday Politics in Pune, India." Urban Planning 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v5i4.3506.

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Existing scholarship on postcolonial urbanisms has judiciously analysed the role played by the state and private capital in the expansion of global information-technology clusters and exclusive high-tech knowledge enclaves that have emerged across different metropolitan fringes in India and in the wider global South. However, much of this scholarship has focused primarily on the antagonisms wrought by the ‘expulsion’ of local rural populations from their lands and livelihoods, at the hands of the neoliberal state and global capitalist elites. In contrast, there is not enough research on how diverse local communities and subaltern actors emerge in place, and help organise, support and sustain these modern infrastructural spaces well after the initial moment of their establishment. Citing this important gap in our knowledge, this article argues for the need to move beyond some of the adversarial accounts associated with the overarching logics of postcolonial capitalist accumulation and new suburban development in the global South, to focus instead on the complex ‘afterlives’ of these modern high-tech suburban spaces. Drawing on ethnographic data from Pune city in Western India, and an emerging IT and IT-enabled services (IT and ITeS) outsourcing hub, the article reveals that contrary to popular perceptions of high-tech clusters as sovereign spaces for transnational capital, these sites are, in fact, constitutive of their multiple ‘outsides’—which include diverse forms of informal and illegal economies and labour. To evidence these claims, the article highlights different examples of ‘urban co-dependencies’ which have in situ emerged in Pune’s new urban fringes, to meet the growing gaps in demand of essential public services in these areas. The article then proceeds to show how Pune’s local micro-political cultures, including the numerous instances of territorial conflict and collaboration between so-called elites and subaltern actors at the local level, continue to ‘co-shape’ the typologies and the temporalities of local land use, planning and development that takes place in India’s new urban fringes. This paper attempts to expand this discussion in digital geographies by exploring their interaction with uneven urban development and planning in cities of the global South. At the centre of its enquiry are ‘high-tech’ urban clusters located at the fringes of Pune (a Tier-2 metro city in western India), that include several large and small, highly securitised software technology parks, associated industrial zones, glitzy shopping malls and luxury residential condominiums, bordered by an ever-shrinking reservoir of vacant and un-built ‘village’ land. Instead of cataloguing the genealogy and evolution of ‘technology-parks’ or ‘knowledge corridors’ as ‘spaces of sovereign exception’ (Gonzalez-Vicente, 2019), this paper theorises large urban IT-clusters in Indian cities as constitutive of ‘a multiplicity of normative orders’ (Mezzadra and Neilsen, 2019, p.152), which intersect with the multiplicity of economic actors, labour forms and practices – whether they be formal or informal, legal or illegal, sustained or provisional. Through this, the paper emphasises the need to emplace these global infrastructural spaces and zones within a grassroots conception of co-dependent urbanisation and highlight rootedness of these modern infrastructural spaces or zones within urban social networks, territorial collaborations and contestations among heterogeneous urban actors and their everyday micropolitics.

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Clerici, Maria Antonietta. "Moving towards repolarisation? The population trajectories of medium-sized towns in Lower Lombardy, Italy (2010‒2020)." GeoScape 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geosc-2022-0003.

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Abstract Although medium-sized towns are key components in the polycentric structuring of regional spaces, their evolutionary pathways are less clear than those of cities. This paper considers a set of four medium-sized towns with provincial capital status located in the southern zone of Lombardy, on the fringes of a densely urbanised area dominated by Milan. The population trajectories of these towns and their agglomerations (firstand second-belt municipalities) are investigated in the decade from 2010 to 2020, with a descriptive analysis. The research resulted in three main findings: 1) even in a challenging economic climate, the population trends of the towns considered were affected by proximity to the vibrant Milan metropolitan area; 2) all the towns have gone down the route of reurbanisation, but the suburbanisation process is still ongoing and very intense, especially for the Italian population; 3) there are gaps between cores and belts in terms of population distribution by age group and land take intensity, resulting in differing drives for population concentration or deconcentration. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • Medium-sized towns that are more able to “work together as part of a network” enjoy greater population vitality. • Medium-sized towns are not a unitary group: even in an area featuring similar structural characteristics, their evolutionary dynamics differ, calling for place-based policies. • A drive for population deconcentration is under way in agglomerations linked to medium-sized towns, powered by certain population groups, which could adversely affect the quest for a sustainable development model.

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Snapp, J. Russell. "An Enlightened Empire: Scottish and Irish Imperial Reformers in the Age of the American Revolution." Albion 33, no. 3 (2001): 388–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053197.

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In January 1773, Lord Dartmouth, the Secretary of State for the colonies, received a letter urging him to appoint no more Scots or Irishmen to offices in America. While the author claimed that, as a “Cosmopolite” he had no vulgar “national Prejudices,” he declared that “the English, particularly the Americans,” had conceived such Prejudices against the Scots and Irish, that it is great Impolicy to nominate them for governors or for any Employ in America….” One cannot know exactly what public relations disasters might have inspired this strong advice. Nevertheless, recent changes in both the United Kingdom and the empire at large had clearly heightened age-old English prejudices against these “alien” groups. Never before had so many Scots and Irishmen held public office in Britain and its colonies, and Scottish merchants were making considerable inroads in imperial trade at the expense of their English counterparts. However, jealousy on account of this new-found power does not completely explain the widespread animus against these groups. Many Englishmen and Anglo-Americans also perceived that Scots and Irishmen approached imperial government in ways that threatened English liberty. While it would be going too far to accept the contemporary English notion that Scots, and indeed most non-Englishmen, were “tinctured with notions of despotism,” this stereotype points toward the reality that officials from the fringes of the British Isles took a new approach to imperial government: they emphasized metropolitan authority while, at the same time, regarding the Crown's diverse subjects from a cosmopolitan perspective.

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Chen, Xiangming, Lan Wang, and Ratoola Kundu. "Localizing the Production of Global Cities: A Comparison of New Town Developments around Shanghai and Kolkata." City & Community 8, no. 4 (December 2009): 433–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01301.x.

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This article investigates the role played by the state in the production and management of urban space vis–à–vis global agents of change. the proliferation of new towns and special economic zones as urban restructuring strategies in rapidly developing countries like China and India are receiving much attention from the scholarly community, documenting and interrogating urban transitions from centralized planning to more participatory and often privatized modes of decentralized planning. This article seeks to tease out the kinds of relationships between the state and other urban development actors it entails, ranging from conflict to collaboration, from protest to partnerships, and from contestation to collaboration. in the Shanghai Metropolitan context, we focus on Anting New Town and Songjiang New City as two cases for understanding the relative power of the municipal government, global capital, professional planning, and the limited influence of local residents in the process and outcome of large–scale suburban development. as a comparison, we focus on the West Bengal State government's role in the development of two new townships (Rajarhat New Town and the Kolkata West International City) on the fringes of the existing core city of Kolkata (Calcutta), India. Drawing on a number of secondary sources such as development plans, newspaper articles, field–based observations, and informal discussions and interviews with official town planners, architects, and private planners, our goal is to compare and contrast the two strategies foregrounding the practices and the relationship of the state to the forces of privatization and globalization, to local grassroots actors and the precarious as well as multifarious ways in which it seeks to constantly negotiate with the dynamics of development. It seeks to answer: what kind of challenges does the state face in reorganizing the urban? Who are the other actors involved in the negotiations and exclusions, contestations, and collaborations? What are the new sociospatial, economic, and political boundaries and contents of the spaces produced?

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21

Pacione, Michael. "Development pressure in the metropolitan fringe." Land Development Studies 7, no. 2 (May 1990): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640829008724001.

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Cameron, Adrian J. "The shelf space and strategic placement of healthy and discretionary foods in urban, urban-fringe and rural/non-metropolitan Australian supermarkets." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 03 (November 16, 2017): 593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003019.

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AbstractObjectiveSupermarkets are a key influence on eating behaviours, but it is unknown if the promotion of food within stores varies on a geographic gradient from urban, to urban-fringe and non-metropolitan areas. The present study aimed to assess the shelf space and strategic placement of healthy and discretionary foods in each of urban, urban-fringe and non-metropolitan Australian supermarkets.Design/SettingIn-store audits were conducted in stores from one of the two major Australian supermarket chains in urban (n19), urban-fringe (n20) and non-metropolitan (n26) areas of Victoria. These audits examined selected food items (crisps/chips, chocolate, confectionery, soft drinks/sodas, fruits and vegetables) and measured the shelf space and the proportion of end-of-aisle and cash register displays containing these products. Store size was measured as the sum of aisle length. Differences in the supermarket food environment with respect to location were assessed, before and after adjustment for neighbourhood socio-economic position.ResultsThe strategic placement of discretionary foods was commonly observed in all supermarkets. Adjusting for store size (larger in urban-fringe and rural areas), urban stores had greater shelf space devoted to fruits and vegetables, and less checkouts with soft drinks, than urban-fringe and rural/non-metropolitan areas. Differences remained following adjustment for neighbourhood socio-economic position. No clear pattern was observed for end-of-aisle displays, or the placement of chocolate and confectionery at checkouts.ConclusionsThe shelf space of healthy and discretionary foods in urban-fringe and rural stores parallels the prevalence of overweight and obesity in these areas. Interventions in urban-fringe and rural stores targeting the shelf space of healthy foods and the placement of soft drinks at key displays may be useful obesity prevention initiatives.

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23

Zhou, Yuquan, Xiong He, and Bahram Zikirya. "Boba Shop, Coffee Shop, and Urban Vitality and Development—A Spatial Association and Temporal Analysis of Major Cities in China from the Standpoint of Nighttime Light." Remote Sensing 15, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15040903.

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Nighttime light (NTL) is a critical indicator of urban vitality and development. Using NTL as a representation of urban vitality and development, the study explores how different fresh-made beverage shops, namely boba and coffee shops, proxy various facets of urban vitality and development in four megacities in China. Existing studies mostly discuss urban vitality as a broad concept and seldom investigate the diverse urban vitality and development represented by different indicators. This study selects Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen as case study regions and explores (1) their urban vitality pattern represented by NTL. (2) the heterogeneous spatial distribution of boba and coffee shops; (3) how boba and coffee shops represent urban vitality differently; and (4) how boba and coffee shops portray the economy and population growth aspect of urban development differently. We acquired NTL data from remote sensing images to measure urban vitality and development. Cross-sectionally, the majority of urban vitality and development represented by NTL concentrates in urban centers. The distribution of coffee shops assimilates the spatial pattern of urban vitality represented by NTL while boba shops have a greater spatial extent in metropolitan fringes. Longitudinally, from 2012 to 2020, the global and local bivariate Moran’s I analysis between NTL and beverage shops shows that the coffee shops capture urban vitality and development better than boba shops in Beijing, while the pattern is reversed in Guangzhou and Shenzhen. Examining the evolving spatial dynamics between beverage shops’ growth and urban development using bivariate Moran’s I and Getis–Ord Gi/Mann–Kendall emerging hot spot analysis, we found that the locations with the most intense economic growth have seen the most spatial expansion of coffee shops. In contrast, those with the fastest population growth have seen the greatest spatial development of boba businesses. These results indicate that coffee shops represent the economic aspect of urban vitality while boba shops emphasize the population growth aspects. By examining the dynamic spatio–temporal relationship between small beverage shops and urban vitality and development represented by NTL data, this study broadens the usage of remote sensing data in urban studies and expands on previous research and offers insights for urban planners and geographers to reference when choosing indicators of urban vitality and growth.

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Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, Rares, Alvaro Marucci, Rosanna Salvia, Giovanni Quaranta, Adele Sateriano, Massimo Cecchini, and Leonardo Bianchini. "Caring of the Fringe? Mediterranean Desertification between Peri-Urban Ecology and Socioeconomics." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031426.

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This commentary debates on the role of multiple socioeconomic drivers of fringe land degradation (including, but not limited to, population and social dynamics, economic polarization, and developmental policies), as a novel contribution to the desertification assessment in Southern European metropolitan regions, a recognized hotspot of desertification at the global scale. Expanding rapidly all over the world, metropolitan regions are a geographical space where land degradation drivers and processes assume typical relationships that require further research supporting dedicated policy strategies. To assure a better comprehension of the environmental-economic nexus at the base of land degradation in peri-urban areas, we provided a classification of relevant socioeconomic and territorial dimensions in both macro-scale and micro-scale degradation processes. We also identified the related (contextual) factors that determine an increased risk of desertification in metropolitan regions. Micro-scale factors, such as agricultural prices and off-farm employment, reflect some potential causes of fringe land degradation, with a mostly local and on-site role. Technological change, agricultural prices, and household income influence land vulnerability, but their impact on fringe land degradation was less investigated and supposed to be quite moderate in most cases. Macro-scale factors such as population density, rural poverty, and environmental policies—being extensively studied on a qualitative base—were taken as important drivers of fringe land degradation, although their impact still remains undefined. Regional disparities in land resource distribution, rural poverty, and unsustainable management of environmental resources like soil and water were indirect consequences of land degradation in peri-urban districts. Based on a comparative review of theoretical and empirical findings, strategies mitigating degradation of fringe land and reducing desertification risk in potentially affected metropolitan regions were finally discussed for the Northern Mediterranean basin and generalized to other socioeconomic contexts.

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Peters, Gary. "Wines and Vines on the Metropolitan Fringe." Focus on Geography 45, no. 2 (June 1998): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8535.1998.tb00112.x.

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26

Maitland, Robert, and Peter Newman. "Developing metropolitan tourism on the fringe of central London." International Journal of Tourism Research 6, no. 5 (2004): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.496.

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Dalil, Saeed, Barend Wind, Abolfazl Meshkini, and Jafar Javan. "Narratives of Home on the Fringe of Tehran: The Case of Shahriar County." Journal of Persianate Studies 13, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 222–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18747167-bja10010.

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Abstract This paper focuses on the notion of home as a narrative of one’s lived experience that clashes with planners’ understanding of housing and housing policies, using as a case study Shahriar County, located on the western fringe of the metropolitan area of Tehran. Following Heidegger, the feeling of home is a fundamental aspect of human existence. From this perspective, housing policies and spatial planning impact the sense of home in a geographical context. The empirical analysis is based on an overview of institutional changes since the Islamic Revolution in 1979, and interviews with inhabitants of Shahriar. The results indicate that Iran has developed a particular form of neoliberal, speculative model of urban development, in which urban segregation and seclusion and uneven regional development are noteworthy. Consequently, the sense of home is structurally undermined on the metropolitan fringe, generating a feeling of living on the edge of the world.

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Browder, John, James Bohland, and Joseph Scarpaci. "Patterns of Development on the Metropolitan Fringe: Urban Fringe Expansion in Bangkok, Jakarta, and Santiago." Journal of the American Planning Association 61, no. 3 (September 30, 1995): 310–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944369508975645.

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29

Heathcott, J. "Manufacturing Suburbs: Building Work and Home on the Metropolitan Fringe." Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-2-4-112.

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30

Makowska-Iskierka, Marzena. "Spatial and morphological effects of tourism urbanisation in the Łódź Metropolitan Area." Turyzm/Tourism 23, no. 2 (October 8, 2014): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tour-2013-0009.

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The article presents the effects of urbanisation that took place from 1979 to 2004, on the space of tourism areas in the rural-urban fringe of the Łódź Metropolitan Area. The study concerns morphological changes, i.e. land use, land plot development, as well as the technological and social infrastructure of 24 destinations.

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Kato, Haruka, and Atsushi Takizawa. "Impact of the Urban Exodus Triggered by the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Shrinking Cities of the Osaka Metropolitan Area." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031601.

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This study aims to clarify the impact of the urban exodus triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic on shrinking cities in the Osaka metropolitan area, where a declining population is caused by population aging. Analyzing the Osaka metropolitan area enables us to clarify how cities are shrinking due to the urban exodus. This study analyzed the monthly population data of three types of municipalities: ordinance-designed/regional hub cities, ordinary cities, and towns/villages. In conclusion, the study clarified that population change due to the urban exodus occurred in the ordinance-designed/regional hub and ordinary cities from summer to autumn 2020. The most significant population increases occurred in the municipalities in the Osaka metropolitan fringe area, which are located more than 30 km away from the center of the Osaka metropolitan area. The conclusion is important because the population increased not only in the ordinance-designed cities but also in the ordinance-designed/regional hub cities, unlike the rest of the metropolitan area. The result is the new insights unique to the Osaka metropolitan area that this study clarified. The urban exodus contributes to the need for the local governments of shrinking cities to maintain the urban services necessary for people’s daily lives.

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Egidi, Gianluca, Rares Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, Sirio Cividino, Giovanni Quaranta, Luca Salvati, and Andrea Colantoni. "Rural in Town: Traditional Agriculture, Population Trends, and Long-Term Urban Expansion in Metropolitan Rome." Land 9, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9020053.

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Mediterranean regions have experienced a shift from accelerated urban growth typical of a post-industrial phase to a more recent spatial delocalization of population and economic activities reflecting discontinuous settlement expansion, land take, and the abandonment of cultivated areas around central cities. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of land-use, settlement, and demographic indicators, the present study explores urban growth and population density over a sufficiently long time period in a metropolitan region of Southern Europe (Rome, Italy). Local-scale population trends were compared with the evolution of the primary sector (workers in agriculture, number of farms, cultivated land) between 1951 and 2011. Our results indicate non-linear growth waves alternating compact and discontinuous expansion shaping fringe land. The future development of metropolitan regions is increasingly dependent on the relationship between urban diffusion and economic viability of peri-urban agriculture. Crop abandonment and land take rates increase in local contexts where peri-urban agriculture rapidly declines. Policies managing ex-urban development and promoting the recovery of fringe soils are increasingly required to contain the expansion of dispersed settlements and preserve relict agricultural systems from land conversion to urban use.

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Kato, Haruka. "Effect of Walkability on Urban Sustainability in the Osaka Metropolitan Fringe Area." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 9248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219248.

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This study aimed to clarify the effect of walkability on urban sustainability, according to the types of residential clusters in the Osaka Metropolitan fringe area. For this purpose, this study analyzed the statistical causal relationship between the Walkability Index and the Ecological Footprint to Biocapacity (EF/BC) ratio of each residential cluster. The EF/BC ratio is the ratio of the ecological footprint of the biocapacity of the residential clusters. As a result, the effect of walkability on urban sustainability was clarified depending upon the types of residential clusters in the Osaka Metropolitan fringe area. Specifically, it was found that the Walkability Index negatively affects the EF/BC ratio in the sprawl cluster. This suggests that, in the sprawl cluster, active efforts to improve the Walkability Index can contribute to the realization of SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda). However, Walkability Index has a strong positive effect on the EF/BC ratio in the old new-town cluster, etc. For the residential clusters, the results of this study suggested that there is a necessity to improve urban sustainability through approaches other than improving Walkability.

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34

McCann, L. D. (Lawrence Douglas). "Manufacturing Suburbs: Building Work and Home on the Metropolitan Fringe (review)." Canadian Historical Review 87, no. 1 (2006): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/can.2006.0025.

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35

Lapping, Mark B. "When City and Country Collide: Managing Growth in the Metropolitan Fringe." Journal of Rural Studies 16, no. 3 (July 2000): 397–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0743-0167(99)00046-7.

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36

McIntosh, Gordon. "Reuse of urban wastewaters in developing fringe areas of metropolitan adelaide." Desalination 106, no. 1-3 (August 1996): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(96)00130-0.

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37

Douglass, John, Ronald I. Dorn, and Brian Gootee. "A large landslide on the urban fringe of metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona." Geomorphology 65, no. 3-4 (February 2005): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.09.022.

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38

Yaro, Robert D. "When City and Country Collide: Managing Growth at the Metropolitan Fringe." Journal of Planning Education and Research 19, no. 2 (December 1999): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x9901900213.

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39

Gabiot, Éric, and Éric Dufrêne. "Première mention de Nomada barcelonensis Cockerell, 1917 pour la France (Hymenoptera : Apidae : Nomadinae)." Osmia 9 (December 30, 2021): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47446/osmia9.11.

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First mention of Nomada barcelonensis Cockerell, 1917 for France (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Nomadinae) . - The authors relate here the discovery within Mediterranean fringe of metropolitan France, in the Var department, of a species of Nomada so far only known from Spain: Nomada barcelonensis Cockerell,1917. The ecology, biology and morphological description allowing its determination are presented as well as the conditions of capture of the specimen.

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40

Pawlak, Halina. "Attitudes toward newcomers from the city. The case of urban-rural fringe of Krakow." Miscellanea Geographica 22, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2018-0004.

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Abstract Rural-urban areas are currently characterised by a high rate of economic development. One of the results of these changes is the inflow of urban populations, who are very different from the indigenous inhabitants. In spite of the move to a rural environment, they often preserve their customs and urban life styles; while, on the other hand, the indigenous inhabitants of rural areas tend to present traditional attitudes towards life. They are strongly attached to their land and identify with their place of residence. The author focuses on the attitudes expressed toward newcomers from Krakow and other metropolitan cities by the inhabitants of selected municipalities within the Krakow Metropolitan Area (KOM). The attitudes toward styles, ways of life, values, as well as preferences brought by the urban population were investigated.

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Wan, Yiliang, Chuxiong Deng, Tao Wu, Rui Jin, Pengfei Chen, and Rong Kou. "Quantifying the Spatial Integration Patterns of Urban Agglomerations along an Inter-City Gradient." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 5000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11185000.

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Understanding the integration process of urban agglomeration is essential for sustainable regional development and urban planning. However, few studies have analyzed the spatial integration patterns of metropolitan regions according to the impacts of landscape ecology along rail transit corridors. This study performed a comprehensive inter-city gradient analysis using landscape metrics and radar charts in order to determine the integration characteristics of an urban agglomeration. Specifically, we analyzed the evolution of spatial heterogeneity and functional landscapes along gradient transects in the Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan (CZT) metropolitan region during the period of 1995–2015. Four landscape functional zones (urban center, urban area, urban–rural fringe, and green core) were identified based on a cluster analysis of landscape composition, connectivity, and fragmentation. The landscape metric NP/LPI (number of patches/largest patch index) was proposed to identify the urban–rural fringe, which revealed that the CZT region exhibited a more aggregated form, characterized by a single-core, continuous development, and the compression of green space. The integration of cities has resulted in continued compression and fragmentation of ecological space. Therefore, strategies for controlling urban expansion should be adopted for sustainable urban development. The proposed method can be used to quantify the integration characteristics of urban agglomerations, providing scientific support for urban landscape planning.

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42

Willis, Ian. "Imaginings on Sydney’s Edge: Myth, Mourning and Memory in a Fringe Community." Sydney Journal 4, no. 1 (October 21, 2013): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/sj.v4i1.2804.

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Sydney’s metropolitan fringe is a theatre for the creation and loss of collective memories, cultural myths and community grieving around cultural icons, traditions and rituals. European settlement took the dreaming of the Aborigines and then had its own dreaming removed by an invasion from the east in the form of Sydney’s urban growth. The re-making of place in and around the fringe community of Camden illustrates the destruction and re-construction of cultural landscapes. Locals dream of retaining the aesthetics of an inter-war country town and in doing so have created an illusion of a historical myth of a ‘country town idyll’. In the new suburbs of Oran Park, Mt Annan and Harrington Park urbanites have invaded the area drawn by developer spin, which promised to fulfil hopes and dreams and never really lives up to the hype. Unfulfilled expectations mean that Sydney’s rural-urban fringe is a zone of transition where waves of invasion and succession have created perceptions of reality and all that is left is imaginings.

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43

Alió, Maria àngels, Liliana Fracasso, and Sandra Estrella. "Ecoplanning and Environmental Reform in a Metropolitan Fringe: Sant SadurnÍ D'anoia, Catalonia*." Geographical Review 102, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2012.00145.x.

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44

Gao, Chunliu, and Li Cheng. "Tourism-driven rural spatial restructuring in the metropolitan fringe: An empirical observation." Land Use Policy 95 (June 2020): 104609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104609.

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45

Saizen, Izuru, Kei Mizuno, and Shintaro Kobayashi. "Effects of land-use master plans in the metropolitan fringe of Japan." Landscape and Urban Planning 78, no. 4 (November 2006): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.12.002.

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46

Fagan, Bob. "INDUSTRIAL RESTRUCTURING AND THE METROPOLITAN FRINGE: GROWTH AND DISADVANTAGE IN WESTERN SYDNEY." Australian Planner 24, no. 1 (March 1986): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.1986.9657290.

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47

Higgins, Nicola. "Book Review: Manufacturing suburbs: building work and home on the metropolitan fringe." cultural geographies 13, no. 4 (October 2006): 626–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147447400601300411.

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Siu, Vivian W., William E. Lambert, Rongwei Fu, Teresa A. Hillier, Mark Bosworth, and Yvonne L. Michael. "Built Environment and Its Influences on Walking among Older Women: Use of Standardized Geographic Units to Define Urban Forms." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/203141.

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Consensus is lacking on specific and policy-relevant measures of neighborhood attributes that may affect health outcomes. To address this limitation, we created small standardized geographic units measuring the transit, commercial, and park area access, intersection, and population density for the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. Cluster analysis was used to identify six unique urban forms: central city, city periphery, suburb, urban fringe with poor commercial access, urban fringe with pool park access, and satellite city. The urban form information was linkable to the detailed physical activity, health, and socio-demographic data of 2,005 older women without the use of administrative boundaries. Evaluation of the relationship between urban forms and walking behavior indicates that older women residing in city center were more likely to walk than those living in city periphery, suburb communities, and urban fringe with poor commercial access; however, these women were not significantly more likely to walk compared to those residing in urban fringe with poor park access or satellite city. Utility of small standardized geographic units and clusters to measure and define built environment support research investigating the impact of built environment and health. The findings may inform environmental/policy interventions that shape communities and promote active living.

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Uriyalita, Fitroh, Jamali Syahrodi, and Sumanta. "EVALUASI PROGRAM INDONESIA PINTAR (PIP) TELAAH TENTANG AKSESIBILITAS, PENCEGAHAN DAN PENANGGULANGAN ANAK PUTUS SEKOLAH DI WILAYAH URBAN FRINGE HARJAMUKTI, CIREBON." Edum Journal 3, no. 2 (November 10, 2020): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31943/edumjournal.v3i2.69.

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Meskipun termasuk salah satu kawasan yang tergabung dalam mega proyek Metropolitan Cirebon Raya (MCR), Kecamatan Harjamukti tetap memiliki pekerjaan rumah untuk mengentaskan angka putus sekolah yang tinggi, terutama di wilayah pinggiran kota (urban fringe) bersama permasalahan multidimensi yang menyertai di dalamnya. Mulai dari rendahnya kesadaran akan arti pentingnya pendidikan, ekonomi, doktrin pemimpin kharitsmatik, sampai dengan kasus perundungan antarsiswa yang ditemukan di sana. Penelitian yang menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif sekaligus juga model evaluasi bebas tujuan (goal free evaluation) ini menggambarkan hasil evaluasi program serta menganalisis dampaknya secara integratif. Terutama untuk mengkaji tentang bagaimana Program Indonesia Pintar (PIP) yang dikelola di wilayah urban fringe Kecamatan Harjamukti ini mampu memperluas akses pendidikan yang layak, mencegah anak putus sekolah dan mengakomodir kebutuhan bagi anak-anak yang terlanjur sudah putus sekolah. Sehingga keterlibatan pemerintah, swasta dan masyarakat terutama dalam menjalankan aktivitas berdaya melalui empat pusat kegiatan belajar mengajar (PKBM) di Kecamatan Harjamukti.

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50

Cross, Bradley. "Lewis, Robert, ed. Manufacturing Suburbs: Building Work and Home on the Metropolitan Fringe." Urban History Review 34, no. 1 (September 2005): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1016058ar.

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