Дисертації з теми "Metropolitan Company"

Este estudo visa a demonstrar a importância da conscientização da gerência intermediária, por meio da educação ambiental, para atuar como agente multiplicador na implantação de um sistema de gestão ambiental (SGA) em uma companhia de trens metropolitanos. Opta-se como método o estudo de caso, com análise documental, observação nos setores de trabalho e aplicação de questionário. A pesquisa foi realizada na Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM), no período compreendido entre março de 2004 e novembro de 2005, durante etapa preparatória para implantação do SGA. A CPTM é uma empresa do Governo do Estado de São Paulo e é responsável pela operação do serviço de transporte coletivo sobre trilhos na região metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo. Os sujeitos da pesquisa são 36 agentes multiplicadores (gerência intermediária), divididos em 18 supervisores de manutenção, 02 supervisores de materiais e 16 chefes gerais de estações. Recebem treinamento sobre conceitos de conscientização ambiental, que aborda a legislação ambiental vigente no País e os principais aspectos e impactos ambientais gerados na CPTM. Depois do treinamento, repassam os conhecimentos adquiridos para as suas equipes, nas quais exercem papel de liderança. Decorridos nove meses, aplica-se um questionário para a gerência intermediária, abordando, entre outros aspectos, as atitudes e ações tomadas frente a questões ambientais. Entre os resultados significativos, destacam-se: (1) a evolução da atuação sobre o uso racional da água em 25%, da energia elétrica em 22,2% e do uso do papel em 19,4%; (2) 86,1% dos agentes multiplicadores notificaram, após repassarem o treinamento de meio ambiente, entre média e bastante mudança de atitude de suas equipes em relação às questões ambientais. Os resultados demonstram a eficácia de utilizar a gerência intermediária como agente multiplicador na implantação do sistema de gestão ambiental na CPTM.
This study has as its aim to show the importance of the awareness of the intermediary managership, through environmental education, to actuate as multiplying agent in the implantation of a environmental management system(SGA) at a company of metropolitan trains. As a method, the option is the study of occurrence, with documental analisis, watching the work sections and questionnaire application. The survey was realized at São Paulos Company of Metropolitan Trains(CPTM), in the period of time between March 2004 and November 2005, during preparatory stage for the implantation of the SGA. The CPTM is a company of São Paulos States government, and it is responsible for the operation of the collective transportation above railroads in the metropolitan region of the city of São Paulo. The surveyed were 36 multiplying agents(intermediary managership), divided in 18 maintenance supervisors, 02 of equipment and 16 general heads of stations. They receive training about concepts of environmental awareness, that covers the environmental legislation that is in force in the country ant the most important environmental aspects and impacts generated at CPTM. After the training, they impart the acquired knowledges to their teams, in which they perform the role of leadership. Nine months later, it is applied a questionnaire for the intermediary managership to answer, that covers, among other aspects, the attitudes and actions to be taken in face of environmental issues. Among the most significative results, these stand out: (1) the improvement in the rational use of water in 25%, for the use of electrical energy in 22,2% and for the use of paper in 19,4%; (2) 86,1% of the multiplying agents notified, after imparting the training about the environment, between average and a lot of change in the attitude of their teams facing environmental issues. The results show the efficacy of using the intermediary managership as multiplying agent in the implantation of a environmental managership system at CPTM.

The Metropolitan Railroad Company Site in Roxbury (Boston), Massachusetts, was first excavated in the late 1970s by staff of the Museum of Afro American History. Researchers recovered nearly 20,000 artifacts related to the site's life as a horsecar street railway station and carriage manufacturer from 1860 to 1891, its subsequent conversion into an electric street railway until around 1920, and finally its modern use as an automobile garage. Using the framework of behavioral archaeology, this project uses GIS-based spatial methods and newly collected documentary evidence to reexamine the site's assemblage of horse accoutrements and carriage manufacturing byproducts. Artifact distribution maps overlaid on detailed historic maps reveal that carriage manufacturing ceased concurrent with street railway electrification, but horse harness craftsmanship continued on to serve in new capacities, highlighting nuances in the narrative of technological change onsite and connecting the life histories of materials to historical actors involved with these transitions.

The paper deals with the description and analysis of public transport in major cities of the Russian Federation and the Czech Republic - Prague and Moscow. Attention is devoted mainly to the state, plans and prospects of development, investment and crime. Very interesting part is the history of public transportation in both cities. Based on the information gathered, the adequacy of public transport for both cities, the size of transport companies, financing of public transport have been evaluated. Chapter plans and prospects informes about the planned construction of new metro lines in Prague and Moscow, which will help to improve infrastructure in the suburban areas of mentioned cities.

El presente trabajo de tesis tiene como objetivo ser una ayuda para el emprendedor, orientándolo en la línea de crecimiento de su pequeña empresa al analizar la influencia del liderazgo del emprendedor en la etapa de crecimiento de la pequeña empresa exitosa en el sector servicios, en Lima Metropolitana. En el primer capítulo, se investiga y presenta el marco teórico, mismo que ayudará a darnos una idea del contexto en el que una pequeña empresa exitosa se mueve, describiendo como primer punto, a la empresa en el contexto actual y su ciclo de vida así como para entender en qué parte del mismo, se sitúa la presente investigación. De igual forma se incluirán conceptos tales como emprendedor y competencia, así como los tipos y características que estos tienen. El capítulo cierra con la descripción de los sectores económicos, con la finalidad de explicar el contexto en el que están inmersas las pequeñas empresas exitosas hoy en día. Todo ello para, así, finalmente, poder realizar la orientación consistente y precisa al emprendedor, inicialmente indicada. En el segundo capítulo, se explica la metodología y fuente de datos. Se lleva a cabo una investigación cualitativa del tipo descriptiva y explicativa, empleando un diseño de teoría fundamentada. Esta se realiza con el fin de comprobar el tipo de liderazgo que debe ser ejercido por el emprendedor en la etapa de crecimiento de su pequeña empresa exitosa. En el tercer capítulo, se recopila y analiza la información relevante obtenida en el trabajo de campo, de los segmentos definidos con la finalidad de dar respuesta a cada una de las preguntas de investigación propuestas. En el cuarto capítulo, se detallan los hallazgos y barreras encontradas a lo largo de todo el proceso de la presente investigación. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones finales tras revisar los resultados de la presente investigación, las cuales serán esenciales para que el emprendedor pueda tomar mejores decisiones y llegue a tener una empresa sostenible. Así mismo, el presente trabajo de investigación dará pautas a futuros tesistas para nuevas investigaciones.
This thesis work aims to be an aid for the entrepreneur to guide him in the line of growth of his small business by analyzing the influence of the entrepreneur's leadership in the growth stage of the successful small business in the service sector, in Lima Metropolitana. In the first chapter, the theoretical framework is investigated and presented. This framework will help us to give you an idea of the context in which a successful small business is immerse, it also describes the company in the current context and its life cycle, to understand in which part of the present investigation is located. Likewise, concepts such as entrepreneur and competence will be included, as well as the types and characteristics they have. The chapter closes with the description of the economic sectors, with the purpose of explaining the context in which current successful small businesses are immersed. All this in order to be able to carry out the consistent and precise orientation for the entrepreneur. In the second chapter, the methodology and data source is explained. A qualitative research of descriptive and explanatory type is carried out, using a grounded theory design. This is done in order to check the type of leadership that should be exercised by the entrepreneur in the growth stage of his successful small business. In the third chapter, the relevant information obtained in the fieldwork is collected and analyzed from the segments defined in order to answer each of the proposed research questions. The fourth chapter details the findings and barriers found throughout the entire process of the present investigation. Finally, the conclusions and final recommendations will be presented after reviewing the results of the present research, which will be essential for the entrepreneur to make better decisions in order to achieve a sustainable company. Likewise, the present research work will give guidelines to future thesis students for new research.
Tesis

Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
The morphological form of South African cities is deemed inefficient and fragmented. Much of the current structure has been shaped by i) the political history of the country, with major influences from the colonial and apartheid eras; and ii) suburban sprawl influenced by the use of private vehicles. This presents obstacles to the sustainable and equitable development of our cities. Since the 1990s, efforts have been made to change the development of the country in order to accommodate previously disenfranchised communities through processes of reconstruction and development. Among these efforts are policies and frameworks aimed at guiding the development and growth of cities. Among the many approaches that have been identified are land use strategies, with the central focus of promoting densification and intensification of urban development. Emphasis on densification in certain public transport corridors and decentralised nodes are in general regarded as urban restructuring elements necessary to transform South African cities into efficient and sustainable areas. However, analytical tools that can explore the possibilities and limits of public transport-orientated development are scarce at present. The University of Utrecht in the Netherlands has developed an analytical model referred to as the node-place model, which can be used to profile nodes and to determine their (re)development potential. This study makes a contribution towards efforts to support the densification concept in general and nodal intensification in particular by applying the node-place model to a selection of railway stations in the Cape Town metropolitan area in order to identify appropriate land use developments to enhance their potential. The model was found to be a useful mechanism for comparing nodes within a transport system for purposes of informing decisions regarding how the nodes should be developed. However, the model requires more accurate and disaggregated data than is generally available for the Cape Town area.

The contemporary urban development pattern in the United States is characterized by land consumptive nature of development, such as a sprawled development pattern. Out of concern that the social and environmental costs of this development pattern outweigh their benefits, cities, counties and states have created a wide range of policy instruments designed to manage urban growth and to protect open spaces from development. The present research deals with such strategies in three study areas namely Portland Metropolitan Area, OR; Montgomery County, MD; and Orange County, FL in order to find out if growth management strategies have been able to reduce sprawl and promote a compact form of development. Based mainly on secondary sources of information, the research evaluates the characteristics, effectiveness, strengths and weaknesses of selected growth management strategies employed in each of these areas and analyses their implications for promoting a compact form of development.

Suburban growth in the U.S. urban regions has been defined by large subdivisions of single-family detached units. This growth is made possible by the mobility supported by automobiles and an extensive highway network. These dispersed and highly automobile-dependent developments have generated a large body of work examining the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of suburban growth on cities. The particular debate that this study addresses is whether suburban residents are more energy intensive in their travel behavior than central city residents. If indeed suburban residents have needs that are not satisfied by the amenities around them, they may be traveling farther to access such services. However, if suburbs are becoming like cities with a wide range of services and amenities, travel might be contained and no different from the travel behavior of residents in central areas. This paper will compare the effects of long term suburban growth on travel behavior, energy consumption, and GHG emissions through a case study of neighborhoods in central Phoenix and the city of Gilbert, both in the Phoenix metropolitan region. Motorized travel patterns in these study areas will be generated using 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data by developing a four-step transportation demand model in TransCAD. Energy consumption and GHG emissions, including both Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) and Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) for each study area will be estimated based on the corresponding trip distribution results. The final normalized outcomes will not only be compared spatially between Phoenix and Gilbert within the same year, but also temporally between years 2001 and 2009 to determine how the differential land use changes in those places influenced travel. The results from this study reveal that suburban growth does have an impact on people's travel behaviors. As suburbs grew and diversified, the difference in travel behavior between people living in suburban and urban areas became smaller. In the case of shopping trips the average length of trips for suburban residents in 2009 was slightly shorter than that for central city residents. This convergence was substantially due to the faster growth in trip lengths for central city compared to suburban residents in the 8-year period. However, suburban residents continue to be more energy intensive in their travel behavior, as the effect of reduction in trip length is likely to be offset by the more intensive growth in trip frequency. Additionally, overall energy consumption has grown significantly in both study areas over the period of study.

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The system collects sewage from the city of Goiânia, capital of Goiás state, has more than 2500 km of collection network, which discharges into the sewer interceptors deployed on the banks of major watercourses in the city. About 82% of the population of this capital is serviced with sanitary sewer collection system, which the distance from the reality of the Metropolitan area of Goiânia, constituted the main city, Goiânia, comprising twelve municipal districts: Abadia de Goiás, Aparecida de Goiânia, Aragoiânia, Bela Vista de Goiás, Goianápolis, Goianira, Guapó, Hidrolândia, Nerópolis, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Senador de Goiás and Trindade. The Metropolitan area of Goiânia and the rest of the country lack accurate information about the constructive and maintenance aspects of individual systems of sanitary sewage treatment and sanitary sewage disposal, whether as a septic tank or as an onsite sewage facility. The quality and the number of on-site sewage cleaning service companies, their operational procedures, their workers conditions as well as their equipments are also unknown to people. Considering all that, the present work aims to evaluate the constructive and maintenance aspects of individual systems of sanitary sewage treatment and sanitary sewage disposal as well as to make a diagnosis of the performance of on-site sewage cleaning service companies that serve the Metropolitan area of Goiânia. All this information is essential to set corrective measures, plans and goals in order to minimize the impacts harmful to public health and to the environment as regards to the mud displayed by the on-site sewage cleaning service companies. All of the on-site sewage cleaning service companies that serve the Metropolitan area of Goiânia were identified and visited. As an addition to the useful information, 60 services displayed among different companies were closely watched. It was also determined the average percentage of the monthly treated flow related to the sludge displayed by the on-site sewage cleaning service companies inside the Sewage Treatment Plant of Goiânia. As a result it was verified that the correct use of the septic tank system, which is recommended by NBR 7227/93, is small compared to the house units demand not yet served by the plumbing sewage disposal system. As the users show little knowledge about the aforementioned system, the type of solution most used to sanitary sewage is still the cesspool. Few companies have environmental license, and most of them are classified as micro companies and have been in the market for over five years. Just one company was a market leader throughout 2008 and 2009. All companies have not been taking special care concerning both workers and equipments hygiene. Their truck fleet are in average 30 years old and all of them were adapted to receive the metallic tank and the liquid ring pump. The average month amount of sludge coming from sewage cleaning in the Sewage Treatment Station of Goiânia is small and does not alter the final flow quality. The Sewage Treatment Station of Goiânia daily receives an average of 28 trucks, being Friday the busiest day. Despite all companies are aware of the restrictions imposed by SANEAGO as regards to not receiving material other than sanitary sewage, 44% of them realize the collection, transport and final disposal in alternative places with industrial sludge which are clearly contaminated with chrome.
O sistema de coleta de esgoto sanitário da cidade de Goiânia, capital do estado de Goiás, conta com mais de 2.500 km de rede coletora, que descarrega os esgotos em interceptores implantados às margens dos principais cursos d água da cidade. Cerca de 82% da população dessa capital é atendida com rede coletora de esgoto sanitário, o que a distancia da realidade da Região Metropolitana de Goiânia (RMG), constituída da cidade principal, Goiânia, englobando mais doze municípios: Abadia de Goiás, Aparecida de Goiânia, Aragoiânia, Bela Vista de Goiás, Goianápolis, Goianira, Guapó, Hidrolândia, Nerópolis, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Senador Canedo e Trindade. Em todo o país, não se dispõe de informações precisas sobre os aspectos construtivos e de manutenção dos sistemas individuais de tratamento ou disposição de esgoto sanitário, seja na forma de tanque séptico ou de fossa rudimentar. Também são desconhecidas características qualitativas e quantitativas das empresas limpafossas, os procedimentos operacionais adotados, as condições de trabalho dos operários e dos equipamentos utilizados. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar os aspectos construtivos e de manutenção dos sistemas individuais de disposição ou de tratamento de esgotos sanitário e diagnosticar a atuação das empresas limpa-fossas que atendem a RMG. Essas informações são imprescindíveis para o estabelecimento de medidas corretivas, planejamento e metas que venham minimizar os impactos deletérios à saúde pública e ao meio ambiente referentes ao lodo disposto pelas empresas limpa-fossas. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de visitas in loco e entrevistas com 110 usuários de sistemas individuais de tratamento e disposição de esgotos sanitários distribuídos entre os 13 municípios da RMG. Posteriormente, foram identificadas e visitadas todas as empresas atuantes no ramo de serviços de limpa-fossas na RMG. Para complementação das informações necessárias, foi feito o acompanhamento de 60 atendimentos distribuídos entre todas as empresas. Foi determinado, ainda, o percentual médio da vazão mensal tratada referente ao lodo disposto pelas empresas limpa-fossas na Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Goiânia (ETE Goiânia). Como resultado, foi verificado que o uso correto do sistema tanque séptico, recomendado pela NBR 7229/93 é pequeno frente à demanda de domicílios ainda não atendidos por rede coletora de esgotos. A população usuária apresenta pouco conhecimento a respeito do referido sistema e a solução mais usada para a destinação dos esgotos sanitários ainda é a fossa rudimentar. Poucas empresas possuem licença ambiental, a maioria é classificada como microempresa e já atua no mercado por um período superior a 5 (cinco) anos. Uma empresa tem permanecido como líder no mercado da RMG durante o biênio 2008 e 2009. Entre todas as empresas, não há adoção de cuidados específicos com a higiene do trabalhador e com os equipamentos usados. A frota de caminhões apresenta idade média acima de 30 (trinta) anos, e todos eles foram adaptados para receber o tanque metálico e a bomba de anel líquido. O percentual médio mensal de lodo de limpa-fossa disposto na ETE Goiânia é pequeno, e não provoca alteração da qualidade do efluente final. A ETE recebe diariamente uma média de 28 caminhões, sendo a sexta-feira o dia mais movimentado. Apesar de todas as empresas estarem cientes das restrições estabelecidas pela empresa concessionária dos serviços de água e esgoto no Estado de Goiás (SANEAGO), para o recebimento de material com características diferentes de esgoto sanitário, 44% delas assumem a realização de coleta, transporte e disposição final em locais alternativos de lodo industrial, declaradamente contaminado com cromo

Para entender cuáles son las dificultades que afrontan las pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras y lograr una expansión internacional, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal identificar los factores que limitan el uso de la carta de crédito en el estrato empresarial de la pequeña empresa. Para ello se identificó cuatro factores limitantes relacionados al uso de la carta de crédito y basados en el marco teórico pre-configurado de la investigación, los cuales son: Altos precios, falta de conocimiento limitaciones en el acceso al sistema financiero burocracia en el trámite documentario y la informalidad en las pequeñas empresas la cual se volvió a replantear en el proceso de la investigación conviniendo en el factor burocracia en el tramite documentario Por tal motivo, se realizó una investigación cualitativa exploratoria, con diseño de teoría fundamentada, con la finalidad de recolectar información basada en los conocimientos, experiencias, vivencias y opiniones de 18 participantes. Con una muestra de 12 pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras y se realizaron 6 entrevistas a expertos. Asimismo, se pretende lograr un cambio en sus costumbres, hábitos actuales o decisiones en el tema de investigación. En primera instancia se planteó a través del plan de investigación tres factores importantes para la investigación. Sin embargo, al iniciar la validación de contenido, recopilación de información y según los resultados del programa Atlas, Ti, se identificó un factor fundamental que no había sido considerado al inicio la investigación, el factor altos precios en el uso de instrumentos financieros de comercio exterior “Carta de crédito”. Por tal motivo se determinó la existencia de cuatro factores y como objetivo principal conocer los factores que limitan el uso de las cartas de crédito en las pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras de Lima Metropolitana, 2019. Además, el planteamiento de la hipótesis inicial la cual es enfrentar las dificultades a las que se enfrentan las pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras para limitar el uso de la carta de crédito en sus operaciones de comercio exterior son la falta de conocimiento en los instrumentos financieros de comercio exterior, asimismo las barreras existentes para el acceso al financiamiento al sector MIPYMES. Los cuales han logrado hacer entender los obstáculos por los que atraviesan las empresas de este sector, finalmente, se han descrito las conclusiones y recomendaciones según el análisis de los resultados. Para el primer objetivo de la presente investigación; percepción sobre los costos de la carta de crédito que tienen las pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras de Lima Metropolitana, este factor es muy importante al momento de decidir el uso de este instrumento en sus operaciones internacionales, consideran que son altas las comisiones en su emisión, así como el tener una escasa información y asesoramiento para carta de crédito ha conllevado al poco uso de la carta de crédito. Sin embargo, este medio de pago internacional abre un número de oportunidades financieras, permitiendo estos beneficios reducir los costos en otros financiamientos, así como brindar seguridad y respaldo en sus transacciones comerciales internacionales. Por otro lado, el segundo objetivo de estudio, grado de conocimiento en el manejo de carta de crédito en las pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras de Lima Metropolitana, se confirma que existe una falta de conocimiento en cartas de crédito, así como la poca difusión que se da por parte de los funcionarios de las entidades bancarias en ofrecer la carta de crédito, a pesar que existen instituciones del estado que brindan información relacionada a la carta de crédito no es muy conocida por parte del segmento PYMES, así como el desconocimiento que se tiene respecto a las ventajas y beneficios por usar la carta de crédito. Para el tercer objetivo de estudio, sobre las dificultades por las que atraviesan las pequeñas empresas exportadoras e importadoras de Lima Metropolitana, se identificó barreras que presentan las instituciones financieras a las pequeñas empresas al solicitar una carta de crédito, como lo son: el exceso de garantías, pocos años de constitución, experiencia bancaria, falta de documentación financiera, conocimientos administrativos y financieros, alto porcentaje de informalidad, hacen que el sector pyme no accedan a un medio de pago más formal y seguro. Para el cuarto objetivo sobre los procesos administrativos por los que atraviesa la pequeña empresa exportadora de Lima Metropolitana para solicitar la carta de crédito, se confirma que existe trámites excesivos al solicitar un financiamiento con carta de crédito, según la presente investigación, existe controversia entre los especialistas y las pequeñas empresa, debido a que estos segmentos no concuerdan con la existencia de Burocracia en el trámite documentario, se deduce en la presente investigación las dificultades y molestias en el tramite documentario son de manera mayoritarias por el segmento pyme. Se recomienda la capacitación continua de las pequeñas empresas para lograr un correcto manejo empresarial y contar con información idónea para las instituciones financieras. Además, a las instituciones financieras, se les recomienda realizar cambios en las estrategias de negocio para el sector PYMES, así como la capacitación de los funcionarios bancarios en medios de pago internacional para lograr mayor frecuencia en el uso de esta herramienta. Adicionalmente, a los organismos del Estado, se les recomienda difundir, promover y fomentar los programas que mantienen con el Estado para el apoyo en el crecimiento de las pequeñas empresas exportadoras. Asimismo, se recomienda a las instituciones académicas y centros de formación realizar cursos y capacitaciones basados en las prácticas y vivencias de las PYMES peruanas, referidas a las barreras que enfrentan día a día.
In order to understand the difficulties faced by small exporting and importing companies and achieving international expansion, the main objective of this study is to identify the factors that limit the use of the letter of credit in the business stratum of small companies. For this, four limiting factors related to the use of the letter of credit were identified and based on the pre-established theoretical framework of the, which are: High prices, lack of knowledge, limitations in access to the financial system, bureaucracy in the documentary process and informality in small companies, which was reconsidered in the research process, agreeing on the bureaucracy factor in the documentary process For this reason, an exploratory qualitative research was carried out, with a grounded theory design, in order to collect information based on the knowledge, experiences, experiences and opinions of 18 participants. With a sample of 12 small exporting and importing companies and 6 interviews with experts. Likewise, it is intended to achieve a change in their customs, current habits or decisions in the research topic. In the first instance, three important factors for the investigation were raised through the research plan. However, when starting the content validation, information gathering and according to the results of the AtlasTi program, a fundamental factor was identified that had not been considered at the beginning of the investigation, the factor high prices in the use of financial instruments of commerce exterior "Letter of credit". For this reason, the existence of four factors was determined and as the main objective to know the factors that limit the use of letters of credit in small exporting and importing companies of Metropolitan Lima, 2019. In addition, the initial hypothesis statement which is facing the difficulties faced by small exporting and importing companies to limit the use of the letter of credit in their foreign trade operations are the lack of knowledge in foreign trade financial instruments, in addition to the existing barriers to access to the financing to the MIPYMES sector. Which have managed to understand the obstacles that companies in this sector face, finally, the conclusions and recommendations have been described according to the analysis of the results. For the first objective of the present investigation; Perception about the costs of the letter of credit that small exporting and importing companies of Metropolitan Lima have, this factor is very important when deciding to use this instrument in their international operations, they consider that the commissions in its issuance are high, as well as having little information and advice for letter of credit has led to little use of the letter of credit. However, this international payment method opens up a number of financial opportunities, allowing these benefits to reduce costs in other financing, as well as providing security and support in your international commercial transactions. On the other hand, the second objective of the study, degree of knowledge in the handling of letters of credit in small exporting and importing companies of Metropolitan Lima, confirms that there is a lack of knowledge in letters of credit, as well as the little diffusion that It is given by the officials of the banking entities in offering the letter of credit, although there are state institutions that provide information related to the letter of credit, it is not well known by the SME segment, as well as the ignorance that is has respect to the advantages and benefits of using the letter of credit. For the third objective of the study, on the difficulties faced by small exporting and importing companies of Metropolitan Lima, barriers that financial institutions present to small companies when requesting a letter of credit were identified, such as: excess of guarantees, few years of incorporation, banking experience, lack of financial documentation, administrative and financial knowledge, high percentage of informality, mean that the SME sector does not have access to a more formal and secure means of payment. For the fourth objective on the administrative processes that the small exporting company of Metropolitan Lima goes through to request the letter of credit, it is confirmed that there are excessive procedures when requesting financing with a letter of credit, according to the present investigation, there is controversy between the specialists and small companies, because these segments do not agree with the existence of bureaucracy in the documentary process, it is deduced in the present investigation the difficulties and inconveniences in the documentary process are in the majority by the SME segment. Continuous training for small businesses is recommended to achieve proper business management and have suitable information for financial institutions. In addition, financial institutions are recommended to make changes in business strategies for the SME sector, as well as training bank officials in international means of payment to achieve greater frequency in the use of this tool. Additionally, State agencies are recommended to disseminate, promote and encourage the programs they maintain with the State to support the growth of small exporting companies. Likewise, academic institutions and training centers are recommended to carry out courses and training based on the practices and experiences of Peruvian SMEs, referring to the barriers they face every day.
Tesis

La presente tesis tiene como objetivo determinar los factores que influyen en las exportaciones de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (MIPYMES) del sector textil y subsector confecciones de Lima Metropolitana. El estudio se enfoca en las MIPYMES exportadoras de la partida 6111 (Prendas y complementos de vestir, de punto, para bebés), ya que es uno de los sectores con mayor crecimiento en exportaciones durante los últimos 5 años. La investigación tiene un enfoque mixto, con una muestra conformada por 40 MIPYMES ubicadas en Lima Metropolitana. Al tener un diseño no experimental, se limitará a observar y analizar las variables. Para la obtención de la información necesaria, se aplicaron encuestas a la muestra detallada anteriormente y se realizaron entrevistas a 6 expertos del sector. Asimismo, se hizo referencia a tesis y papers publicados en distintos repositorios y revistas académicas. Los resultados obtenidos de las fases cualitativa y cuantitativas, comprueban que los factores formalización de la empresa, capacitación del talento humano, gestión de innovación y acceso a financiamiento, influyen positivamente en el desarrollo exportador de las MIPYMES de Lima Metropolitana.
This thesis aims to determine the factors that influence the exports of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the textile sector and clothing subsector of Metropolitan Lima. The study focuses on exporting MSMEs of the tariff heading 6111 (Knitwear and clothing accessories for babies), as it is one of the sectors with the highest growth in exports during the last 5 years. The research has a mixed focus, with a sample made up of 40 MSMEs located in Metropolitan Lima. By having a non-experimental design, it will simply observe and analyze the variables. To obtain the necessary information, surveys were applied to the sample detailed above and interviews were conducted with 6 experts from the sector. Likewise, references were made to thesis and papers published in different academic repositories and journals. The results obtained from the qualitative and quantitative phases, prove that the factors formalization of the company, training of human talent, innovation management and access to financing, positively influence the export development of the MSMEs of Metropolitan Lima.
Tesis

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1990.
Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 252-295).

Este projeto de investigação tem como objetivo principal a construção de um método de avaliação e o estudo dos riscos psicossociais nos trabalhadores do Metropolitano de Lisboa, E.P.E. para as categorias profissionais de maquinista, operador comercial e fiscal. O método de avaliação consiste num questionário composto por seis vertentes distintas nas quais são avaliados os riscos psicossociais, a perceção de stresse profissional, o absentismo, sintomas psicossomáticos, dados demográficos e uma pergunta de resposta aberta. As hipóteses teóricas formuladas foram que os riscos psicossociais não seriam percecionados da mesma forma por todos os trabalhadores e que diferenças existiriam entre os mesmos e que o facto de os trabalhadores exercerem funções no subsolo seria um risco psicossocial muito relevante. Através dos resultados obtidos foi possível corroborar ambas as hipóteses formuladas. Existem de facto diferenças entre os trabalhadores quanto à perceção dos riscos psicossociais e que varia consoante a categoria profissional ou a idade do trabalhador. O risco psicossocial “subsolo” revelou-se como sendo o fator mais negativo de todos os riscos estudados. Foram realizadas propostas de intervenção para a empresa com o objetivo de atenuar os efeitos negativos que os riscos psicossociais exercem nos trabalhadores. Estas intervenções incidem somente no trabalhador e não atendem à vertente organizacional do seu trabalho. Foi elaborada uma intervenção para cada categoria estudada. Este estudo-piloto afigura-se como um importante contributo para o estudo dos riscos psicossociais, especialmente devido à criação de um método de avaliação dos riscos psicossociais adaptado à realidade dos transportes subterrâneos.
Psychosocial risks in the workers of Lisbon’s subway company for three different professional categories: machinist, trader and tax. The assessment method has six different components that measure the psychosocial risks, perception of work stress, absenteeism, psychosomatic symptoms, demographics and an open response. The theoretical hypotheses were that the influence of psychosocial risks varies from one worker to another and which differences play a role in this factor and that underground work must play a major role as a psychosocial risk. The results support the two main assumptions made. There are differences in terms of worker’s psychosocial risk perception and it varies mainly according to the professional category or worker’s age. The “underground” psychosocial risk revealed itself has the most negative risk of all included in this study. Some interventions were proposed to the company in order to buffer the negative effect that the psychosocial risks impose on the workers. These interventions rely only on the worker and not the organizational aspect of his job. There is an intervention per professional category. This pilot-study is an important contribute to the study of psychosocial risks, mainly due to the creation of an assessment method adapted to the work characteristics of underground transportation