Книги з теми "Methodological limits"
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1
Mayorova, Elena. Judicial-ecological examination. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1031595.
Анотація:
The manual includes a modern interpretation of the concept of judicial expertise, and the theoretical basis of forensic and ecological examination, containing a description of its subject, the definition of the scope of the tasks and the objects of expert research. Considered in detail the procedural and organisational issues of appointment and production of forensic-ecological expertise, order of registration of the conclusion outlined the limits of its use in the process of proof. Presents current methodological and conceptual apparatus of the system of examination of this kind, the problems of information support of expert studies.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
Addressed to the bachelors of science areas of training associated with the assessment of the ecological state of the environment.
2
Peshkova, (Belogorceva), Svetlana Miroshnik, Sergey Zapol'skiy, Sergey Shohin, Ekaterina Kudryashova, Evgeniy Belikov, Andrey Ivanyuzhenko, et al. Sources and forms of law in modern financial and legal science. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1898398.
Анотація:
The monograph is devoted to the most urgent problems of the theory of sources and forms of financial law that require a new understanding in modern legal reality. The work was prepared by well-known scientists in the field of financial law science.
Special attention is paid to the content and limits of constitutional regulation of financial legal relations, constitutional norm control, the history of the formation of forms and sources of financial law, methodologically significant categories of financial law.
The problems of establishing legal institutions and sub—branches of financial law, as well as complex legal entities - banking law, insurance law, currency law - in regulatory legal acts are investigated.
The issues of formation of sources of legal regulation of money circulation and settlements, banking activities are considered.
The issues of sources of international financial law are revealed and the correlation of national and international financial and legal regulation is determined.
It is intended for researchers of research organizations, university professors, practitioners, students of law and financial universities, as well as anyone interested in the subject of financial and legal science.
3
Boland, Lawrence A. Limits of equilibrium methodology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0008.
Анотація:
This chapter uses a dialogue between an ‘inquisitive student’ and an ‘economics teacher’ to expose a fundamental problem with how economics is taught at the introductory level. It illustrates the need to address the questions of equilibrium stability (does an equilibrium return if disturbed) and methodological individualism (the requirement that in an explanation of social events, ‘things don’t decide; only people do’). It also illustrates the inadequacy of what is taught in beginning economics classes. Specifically, if one has to assume the presence of an equilibrium to make any policy point, the validity of the point is always open to the criticism that it might not correspond to reality.
4
Gottfredson, Michael, and Travis Hirschi. Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190069797.001.0001.
Анотація:
Modern Control Theory and the Limits of Criminal Justice updates and extends the authors’ classic general theory of crime (sometimes referred to as “self-control theory”). In Part I, contemporary evidence about the theory is summarized. Research from criminology, psychology, economics, education, and public health substantially supports the lifelong influence of self control as a significant cause of problem behaviors, including delinquency and crime, substance abuse, school problems, many forms of accidents, employment instability, and many poor health outcomes. Contemporary evidence is supportive of the theory’s focus on early socialization for creation of higher levels of self control and other dimensions of the theory, including the roles of self control, age and the generality or versatility of problem behaviors, as well as the connections between self control and later teen and adult problem behaviors. The book provides methodological assessments of research on the theory, contrasting the control theory perspective with other developmental perspectives in criminology. The role of opportunity, the relationship between self and social control theory, and the role of motivation are addressed. In Part II, control theory is taken to be a valid theory and is used to explore the role of criminal sanctions, especially policing and prisons, and policies about immigration, as methods to impact crime. Modern control theory provides an explanation for the general lack of effectiveness of formal, state sanctions on crime and instead provides substantial justification for prevention of delinquency and crime by a focus on childhood. The theory effectively demonstrates the limits of criminal sanctions and the connection between higher levels of self control and positive life-course outcomes.
5
Ran, Hirschl. 4 From Comparative Constitutional Law to Comparative Constitutional Studies. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198714514.003.0005.
Анотація:
The chapter argues for an interdisciplinary approach to comparative constitutional inquiry that is methodologically and substantively preferable to doctrinal accounts. It suggests that for historical, analytical, and methodological reasons, maintaining the disciplinary divide between comparative constitutional law and other closely related disciplines that study various aspects of the same constitutional phenomena, artificially and unnecessarily limits our horizons and restricts the questions asked as well as the answers provided. Traditional disciplinary boundaries, both substantive and methodological, between comparative (public) law and the social sciences continue to impede the development of comparative constitutional studies as an ambitious, coherent, and theoretically advanced area of inquiry. By engaging in a dialogue with the social sciences, and political science in particular, comparative constitutional inquiries would go beyond the traditional realms of judicial review to consider extrajudicial factors such as judicial behaviour, the origins of constitutional change, constitutional design, and the real-life effects of constitutional jurisprudence.
6
Boland, Lawrence A. Building models of price dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0014.
Анотація:
This chapter introduces Part III of the book, addressing methodological issues involved in overcoming the limitations of equilibrium models discussed earlier. This chapter returns to the beginning with Arrow’s 1959 article and explores the need for an equilibrium model to explain the process whereby prices are adjusted to reach the equilibrium, and explores whether the approach of that article can overcome the limits of equilibrium models. It discusses exogenous convergence to equilibrium with forced learning and endogenous convergence to equilibrium with autonomous learning. It considers whether there can be closure through posited ignorance. It ends with a discussion of the problem of presuming the viability of the psychologistic version of methodological individualism.
7
Boland, Lawrence A. Recognizing knowledge and learning in equilibrium models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0007.
Анотація:
This chapter introduces Part II, discussing the limits of equilibrium models. This chapter discusses how the recognition of time and information within models results in the need to deal with expectations explicitly. This leads to the problem of explaining nature of a decision maker’s knowledge – is it quantity-based or quality based. That is, is knowledge like wealth or like health. The chapter also provides a discussion of the main property that every neoclassical equilibrium must provide. Specifically, an equilibrium model’s explanation of economic events must not violate methodological individualism. The chapter criticizes the presumption that methodological individualism must be compatibility with a psychology-based model of the individual decision maker. Using a psychology-based model of the individual can undermine the idea of completely free choice, which was the original appeal of the equilibrium models.
8
Symons, John. Brute Facts about Emergence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758600.003.0010.
Анотація:
This chapter explores the relationship between the concept of emergence, the goal of theoretical completeness, and the Principle of Sufficient Reason. Samuel Alexander and C. D. Broad argued for limits to the power of scientific explanation. Chemical explanation played a central role in their thinking. After Schrödinger’s work in the 1920s their examples seem to fall flat. However, there are more general lessons from the emergentists that need to be explored. There are cases where we know that explanation of some phenomenon is impossible. What are the implications of known limits to the explanatory power of science, and the apparent ineliminability of brute facts for emergence? One lesson drawn here is that we must embrace a methodological rather than a metaphysical conception of the Principle of Sufficient Reason.
9
Frank, David M. Making Uncertainties Explicit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190467715.003.0005.
Анотація:
According to Richard Jeffrey’s value-free ideal, scientists should avoid making value judgments about inductive risks by offering explicit representations of scientific uncertainty to decision-makers, who can use these to make decisions according to their own values. Some philosophers have responded by arguing that higher-order inductive risks arise in the process of producing representations of uncertainty. This chapter explores this line of argument and its limits, arguing that the Jeffreyan value-free ideal is achievable in contexts where methodological decisions introduce minimal higher-order uncertainty and where communications of uncertainty are unlikely to be manipulated or misunderstood by scientists or decision-makers. This chapter illustrates the limits of the Jeffreyan ideal with reference to climate science and argues that the context of climate science is not conducive to the Jeffreyan ideal, so the argument that climate modeling is value-laden due to higher-order inductive risks withstands recent criticisms.
10
Boland, Lawrence A. Building models of non-clearing markets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0015.
Анотація:
This chapter examines the extent to which Keynesian models can overcome the limits of equilibrium models without violating the methodological individualism that is required in all neoclassical equilibrium models. This chapter discusses an approach that involves a generalized version of Keynesian liquidity preference due to John Hicks. It goes beyond financial liquidity by recognizing the possible desirability of deliberate excess capacity. The generalized version involves endogenously deliberate disequilibria during which participants with incomplete knowledge of the market’s future are understood not to use all their resources, but to keep some in reserve thereby allowing flexibility in dealing with unforeseen circumstances.
11
Anker, Elizabeth S., and Bernadette Meyler. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456368.003.0001.
Анотація:
While law and literature represents one of the most enduring sites of interdisciplinary inquiry, the field has recently expanded in a wide range of exciting new directions. Since its inception, law and literature has inspired taxonomies of the field, and the Introduction evaluates the limits and merits of those existing categorical schemes. It assesses frequent critiques of law and literature, while developing a framework for conceptualizing the many methodological and other innovations transforming the field. In particular, it emphasizes five new directions, considering the influence of history and political theory, efforts to globalize the field, the broadening of focus beyond legal texts along with changes in legal hermeneutics, attempts to transcend suspicion and critique, and new work on the imagination.
12
Nyman, Jonna. Introducing the Energy Security Paradox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820444.003.0001.
Анотація:
Chapter 1 introduces the book. It begins by outlining the puzzle through a discussion of existing debates on energy security and their limits, emphasizing the importance of considering what it means to understand energy as a security issue. It places this discussion in the contemporary geological context of the Anthropocene, to illustrate the importance of asking these kinds of ‘bigger picture’ questions. It then develops the framework of the energy security paradox to highlight the broader, overlooked consequences of contemporary energy security politics. It then outlines the methodological starting point through a discussion of what it means to study security as practice and detailing the empirical analysis undertaken. It ends with a brief overview of existing debates on energy security and an overview of the contents of the book.
13
Forlenza, Rosario. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817444.003.0001.
Анотація:
The Introduction presents an outline of the book, its sources and empirical material, and its theoretical and methodological approach, which rests on the key concept of meaning formation in liminality. Following the social and cultural anthropology of Arnold van Gennep and Victor Turner, liminality refers to a period of transition during which the normal limits to thought, self-understanding, and behavior are relaxed, opening the way to novelty and imagination and generating new meanings, ideas, and consciousness. Lived experiences in liminal times generate horizons of expectations, beliefs, and attitudes that transform social and political identities and shape the emergence of a new political order. The anthropological approach advanced here suggests that the constitution of a political subjectivity, at the collective as well at the individual level, occurs mainly through experiences and results in fundamental changes in consciousness.
14
Deluermoz, Quentin, and Pierre Singaravelou. A Past of Possibilities. Translated by Stephen W. Sawyer. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300227543.001.0001.
Анотація:
What if history, as we know it, had run another course? Touching on alternate histories of the future and the past, or uchronias, this book encourages deeper consideration of watershed moments in the course of history. Wide-ranging in scope, it examines the Boxer Rebellion in China, the 1848 revolution in France, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, and integrates science fiction, history, historiography, sociology, anthropology, and film. In probing the genre of literature and history that is fascinated with hypotheticals surrounding key points in history, the book reaches beyond a mere reimagining of history, exploring the limits and potentials of the futures past. From the most bizarre fiction to serious scientific hypothesis, the book provides a survey of the uses of counterfactual histories, methodological issues on the possible in social sciences, and practical proposals for using alternate histories in research and the wider public.
15
Roberts, Anthea. Project Design. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696412.003.0002.
Анотація:
This chapter introduces some of the study’s main concepts. It situates this study within a growing body of comparative international law scholarship and describes how international law should be understood as a transnational legal field, drawing on concepts from sociology. It explains why the study focuses on academics and textbooks, and examines “elite” law schools from the five permanent members of the Security Council, along with what these approaches highlight and obscure. It introduces concepts that are important for the study, including: nationalizing, denationalizing, and westernizing influences; notions of the core, semiperiphery, and periphery; and English as international law’s lingua franca. Finally, it highlights some methodological points and limits, including that the study does not attempt to distinguish between factors that reflect and reinforce different understandings of and approaches to international law and that it largely captures a snapshot in time rather than providing a full historical overview.
16
Hemerijck, Anton. The Uses of Affordable Social Investment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0035.
Анотація:
The final chapter concludes with five contemporary ‘uses’ of social investment, in full recognition of limits underscored by critics. The first ‘use’ of social investment therefore concerns its ‘paradigmatic’ bearings. To what extent does social investment represent a distinct policy paradigm for twenty-first-century welfare capitalism? A second ‘use’ relates to paradigm change, in the sense of theoretical progress inspiring interdisciplinary methodological innovation, in particular with respect to the empirical assessment of well-being ‘returns’ on social investment. The third more practical ‘use’ covers the identification of virtuous social investment policy mixes of ‘stocks’, ‘flows’, and ‘buffers’. The fourth ‘use’ is geographically confined to the European conundrum of overcoming the fiscal austerity to make way for social investment reform, as means to reignite socioeconomic convergence, at least for the Eurozone. The more general final use of social investment bears on the ‘politics of social investment’ in the aftermath of the financial crisis.
17
Lorino, Philippe. Habits. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753216.003.0003.
Анотація:
This chapter presents a brief historical survey of action theorizing in organization research. Although central in the life of organizations, situated action has gradually been set aside by the mainstream of management and organization research as a theoretical object and a managerial issue, and replaced by the paradigm of information processing. The chapter illustrates the paradigm’s limits with two short case studies, setting out the pragmatist theory of action and its fundamental concept of “habit.” For pragmatists, meaningful action is the only way for human beings to be present in the world. They reject the “mind-first” view, where action is preceded and molded by “pure” thought, rooted in the idealist thought/action dualism. They reject the “stimulus–response” model and view habit as strictly dispositional and relational, compatible with situated meaning-making. They establish a constitutive link between belief and habit, thought and action. Their approach poses specific methodological and managerial challenges.
18
CDC's National Immunization Survey: Methodological problems limit survey's utility : report to the Honorable Dale Bumpers, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (441 G St., NW, Rm. LM, Washington 20548): U.S. General Accounting Office, 1996.
19
Fawcett, Paul, Matthew Flinders, Colin Hay, and Matthew Wood, eds. Anti-Politics, Depoliticization, and Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748977.001.0001.
Анотація:
There is a growing body of evidence pointing towards rising levels of public dissatisfaction with the formal political process. Depoliticization refers to a more discrete range of contemporary strategies politicians employ that tend to remove or displace the potential for choice, collective agency, and deliberation. This book examines the relationship between these trends of dissatisfaction and displacement, as understood within the broader shift towards governance. It brings together a number of contributions from scholars who have a varied range of concerns but who nevertheless share a common interest in developing the concept of depoliticization through their engagement with a set of theoretical, conceptual, methodological, and empirical questions. The contributions in this volume explore these questions from a variety of different perspectives by using a number of different empirical examples and case studies from both within the nation state and from other regional, global, and multilevel arenas. In this context, this volume examines the limits and potential of depoliticization as a concept and its contribution to the larger and more established literatures on governance and anti-politics.
20
Boynton, Eric, and Peter Capretto, eds. Trauma and Transcendence. Fordham University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823280261.001.0001.
Анотація:
Within the humanities, specifically in the past decade, trauma theory has become a robust site of interdisciplinary work. Trauma resonates with scholars in and across disciplines and has become a trope with a distinctive significance. The scope of scholarship on trauma has always been challenged by the temporal, affective, and corporeal dimensions of trauma itself, yet it has recently been rendered all the more complex by theoretical and methodological issues that have emerged for these disciplines in their attempts to think trauma. This volume gathers scholars in a variety of disciplines to meet the challenge of how to think trauma in light of its burgeoning interdisciplinarity, and often its theoretical splintering. From distinctive disciplinary vectors, the work of philosophers, social theorists, philosophical psychologists and theologians consider the limits and prospects of theory when thinking trauma and transcendence. By bringing together scholars at the intersections of trauma, social theory, and especially the continental philosophy of religion, this volume draws attention to the increasing challenge of deciding whether trauma’s transcendent, evental, or unassimilable quality is being wielded as a defense of traumatic experience against reductionism, or whether it is promulgated as a form of obscurantism.
21
Porfírio, Luciana Cristina, and Iara Santana dos Santos. Ensinando com tecnologias digitais nos primeiros anos escolares. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-426-5.
Анотація:
The study sought to investigate the limits and possibilities of the use of TDIC as pedagogical resources for the teaching and learning process in the early years of elementary school from a broad literature focused on its use as a tool for teaching work in which the importance of using TDIC in the early years of elementary school and in the initial and continuing training of teachers. To this end, the methodology used in the research were bibliographic sources of qualitative nature from the socialhistorical cultural perspective, i.e., one that seeks to understand a given phenomenon from a given context, establishing a dialogical relationship between the individual, the society and their historical and cultural processes. It presents a descriptive account of the methodological process developed, by which it could be concluded that the TDIC is already part of people’s daily lives and the school has the cultural function of teaching the so-called digital students - those born in the midst of the TDIC culture. From the mobilized literature it was also evident that, although the TDIC are used to enhance teaching and learning, there is a lack in the teacher’s curriculum training courses and also in the school’s infrastructure to the insertion and integration of those technologies in the school culture.
22
Breilh, Jaime. Critical Epidemiology and the People's Health. Edited by Nancy Krieger. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190492786.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book provides a groundbreaking approach to critical epidemiology for understanding the complexity of the health process and studying the social determination of health. It presents a powerful critique of Cartesian health sciences; the flaws of the “functional health determinants” model; and reductionist approaches to health statistics, qualitative research, and conventional health geography. It is a consolidated and well-sustained text that explains the role of social–gender–ethnic relations in the reproduction of health inequity, proposing a new paradigm with indispensible concepts and methodological means to develop a new understanding of health as a socially determined and distributed process. It combines the strengths of scientific traditions of the North and South to bring forward a new understanding and application of qualitative and quantitative (statistical) evidence that goes beyond the limits of conventional epidemiology—public and population health. The book presents alternative conceptions and tools for constructing deep prevention. It provides a neo-humanist conception of the role of health and life sciences that assumes critical, intercultural, and transdisciplinary thinking as a fundamental tool beyond the limiting elitist framework of positivist reasoning. It is an important source of fresh ideas and practical instruments for teaching, research, and agency, based on a renewed conception of the relation between nature, society, health, and environmental problems.
23
Sherwood, Yvonne, ed. The Bible and Feminism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722618.001.0001.
Анотація:
This groundbreaking book breaks with established canons and resists some of the stereotypes of feminist biblical studies. A wide range of contributors—from the Netherlands, Germany, Norway, East Africa, South Africa, Argentina, Israel, Hong Kong, the US, the UK, and Iran—showcase new methodological and theoretical movements such as feminist materialisms; intersectionality; postidentitarian ?nomadic? politics; gender archaeology; lived religion; and theories of the human and the posthuman. They engage a range of social and political issues, including migration and xenophobia; divorce and family law; abortion; ?pinkwashing?; the neoliberal university; the second amendment; AIDS and sexual trafficking; Tianamen Square and 9/11; and the politics of ?the veil?. Foundational figures in feminist biblical studies work alongside new voices and contributors from a range of disciplines in conversations with the Bible that go well beyond the expected canon-within-the-canon assumed to be of interest to feminist biblical scholars. Moving beyond the limits of a text-orientated model of reading, they look at how biblical texts were actualized in the lives of religious revolutionaries, such as Joanna Southcott and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. In important interventions—made all the more urgent in the context of the Trump presidency and Brexit—they make biblical traditions speak to gun legislation, immigration, the politics of abortion, and Roe v. Wade.
24
Browning, Christopher S., Pertti Joenniemi, and Brent J. Steele. Vicarious Identity in International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526385.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book theorizes and problematizes the politics of vicarious identity in international relations, where vicarious identity refers to processes of “living through the other.” While prevalent and recognized in family and social settings, the presence and significance of vicarious identification in international relations has been overlooked. Vicarious identification offers the prospect of bolstering narratives of self-identity and appropriating a sense of reflected glory and enhanced self-esteem, but insofar as it may mask and be a response to emergent anxieties, inadequacies, and weaknesses it also entails vulnerabilities. The book explores both its attraction and potential pitfalls, theorizing these in the context of emerging literatures on ontological security, status, and self-esteem, highlighting both its constitutive practices and normative limits and providing a methodological grounding for identifying and studying the phenomenon in world politics. Vicarious identification and vicarious identity promotion are shown to be politically salient and efficacious across a range of scales, from the international politics of the everyday evident, for instance, in practices associated with (militarized) nationalism, through to interstate relations. In regard to this latter the book provides case analyses of vicarious identification in relations between the United States and Israel, the UK–US special relationship, and between Denmark and the United States, and it develops a framework for anticipating the conditions under which states may be more or less tempted into vicarious identification with others.
25
Gerritsen, Anne, and Giorgio Riello, eds. Writing Material Culture History. 2nd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350105256.
Анотація:
Writing Material Culture History examines the methodologies currently used in the historical study of material culture. Touching on archaeology, anthropology, art history and literary studies, the book provides history students with a fundamental understanding of the relationship between artefacts and historical narratives. The role of museums, the impact of the digital age and the representations of objects in public history are just some of the issues addressed in a book that brings together distinguished scholars from around the world. This new edition includes: * A new wide-ranging introduction highlighting the role of material culture in the modern period and presenting recent contributions to the field. * A more balanced and easy-to-use structure, including 9 methodological chapters and 20 'object in focus' chapters consisting of case studies for classroom discussion. * 5 fresh 'object in focus' chapters showing greater engagement with 20th century material culture, non-European artefacts (particularly in relation to issues of power, indigenity and repatriation of objects), architecture (with pieces on industrial heritage in Europe and on heritage destruction in China) and the definitions and limits of material culture as a discipline. * Expanded online resources to help students navigate the museums/institutions holding key artefacts. * Historiographical updates and revisions throughout the text. Focusing on the global dimension of material culture and bridging the gap between the early modern and modern periods, Writing Material Culture History is an essential tool for helping students understand the potential of objects to re-cast established historical narratives in new and exciting ways.
26
Roberts, Robert C. Emotions Research and Religious Experience. Edited by John Corrigan. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170214.003.0028.
Анотація:
Inquiry aims at information, understanding, and insight. Research is inquiry that is methodologically self-conscious, systematic, and sustained, and focused on particular well-formulated questions. As such, research strategies are highly specific to subject matter. This article clarifies the concept of research into religious emotions and presents examples that illustrate the ways religious emotions can be investigated. It proposes a conception of research in this field and comments on the value and limits of the various kinds of research and their relations to one another. In addition to emotions, objects of research include behavior, physiological emotions, culture and history, and normative religious emotions.
27
Cumming, Sean, and Chris Riddoch. Physical activity, physical fitness, and health: current concepts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0024.
Анотація:
Despite the widespread acceptance that physical activity is generally beneficial for children’s health and improvements in the quantity and quality of evidence supporting this position, our understanding remains limited. Methodological and conceptual discrepancies still exist, including a lack of clear consensus in how to define and assess physical activity in children, a limited consideration of concurrent factors such as growth and maturation, and a general failure to address the potential interactions of biological, psychological, and social variables. As such, Chapter 24 attemps to distil the available information with a view to establishing absolute recommendations for activity and/or fitness levels that are optimal for health in children.
28
McLevey, John, Allyson Stokes, and Amelia Howard. Bourdieu’s Uneven Influence on Anglophone Canadian Sociology. Edited by Thomas Medvetz and Jeffrey J. Sallaz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357192.013.4.
Анотація:
Pierre Bourdieu is one of the most influential and widely cited figures in anglophone Canadian sociology. Since the first decade of the twenty-first century, in particular, his theories have guided research in areas such as the sociology of culture, education, social theory, social networks, and social capital. This chapter presents a content analysis of journal articles to better understand Bourdieu’s influence on anglophone Canadian sociology. Many citations to Bourdieu are ritualistic and occasionally are characterized by misreadings. Furthermore, interpretations and applications of Bourdieu’s ideas have been limited by a methodological division of labor. Quantitative research has primarily been concerned with cultural and social capital, with qualitative and historical research placing more emphasis on habitus and fields. The authors suggest several ways to expand the engagement with Bourdieu’s work, and to move beyond the current methodological division of labor.
29
Sapiro, Gisèle. Field Theory from a Transnational Perspective. Edited by Thomas Medvetz and Jeffrey J. Sallaz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357192.013.7.
Анотація:
This chapter provides a new reading of field theory from a transnational perspective in light of the criticism taking issue with its alleged “methodological nationalism.” The field is an abstract concept that allows for the methodological autonomization of a space of activity defined in relational terms, provided that this autonomization is historically and sociologically grounded. As a result, fields are not necessarily limited to the perimeters of the nation-state. After reviewing the process of differentiation of fields and the phenomena of dependence and embeddedness, the chapter addresses the phenomena of nationalization and the role of the state in the formation of fields, then analyzes different modes and strategies of internationalization in relation to the structure of international power struggles, and to the tensions between state, market, and field borders. Finally, indicators of the emergence of transnational fields are proposed. In conclusion, the chapter comes back to the question of comparativism.
30
Schneider, Tsim D., and Lee M. Panich, eds. Archaeologies of Indigenous Presence. University Press of Florida, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813069159.001.0001.
Анотація:
Archaeologies of Indigenous Presence advances new perspectives on the archaeology of colonialism in North America. Chapters prepared by archaeologists, tribal scholars, and heritage managers re-evaluate the theoretical and methodological approaches that have served to limit ways of seeing and understanding the persistence of Indigenous communities in the wake of Euroamerican contact and colonization. Perspectives from multiple regions of the continent critically evaluate the often taken-for-granted recording practices, interpretation, chronology building, and other cornerstones of Americanist archaeology. Taken together, the contributors advance new approaches for documenting histories of presence among postcontact Indigenous communities through advances in archaeological concepts, field methods, and collaboration with Native communities.
31
Sydow, Jörg, Arnold Windeler, Gordon Müller-Seitz, and Knut Lange. Path constitution analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796978.003.0013.
Анотація:
Jörg Sydow, Arnold Windeler, Gordon Müller-Seitz, and Knut Lange develop an unconventional analytic approach called path constitution analysis (PCA). This integrates the concepts of path dependence and path creation, which have attracted limited methodological attention although they are widely applied for explanatory purposes. Path dependence in particular highlights the role of small triggering events and self-reinforcing processes, leading to unintentional lock-in as one outcome gains momentum. Path dependence emphasizes the role of history and context, while path creation in contrast emphasizes the proactive role of agency. PCA is described as a comprehensive methodology for exploring constellations of multiple actors, on multiple levels of analysis, with a process perspective. In addition to dependence and creation, PCA explores path defence, extension, dissolution, renewal, and breaking. For the guidance of other researchers, the chapter presents a methodological template based on a longitudinal case study of a novel technological path in the semiconductors sector.
32
Thompson, Amanda L., and Molly A. Gardner. Gender Considerations in Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer (DRAFT). Edited by Youngmee Kim and Matthew J. Loscalzo. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190462253.003.0009.
Анотація:
Literature on adolescents and young adults (AYA) with cancer has largely focused on the biopsychosocial challenges of this developmental period, with limited attention paid to the role of gender or to gender differences in adjustment and outcomes. Differences have been found in the self-reported needs of AYA patients both during and after treatment, as well as in the information received regarding fertility preservation, psychological distress, positive growth, and benefit-finding and the role of social support in adjustment. Methodological limitations, however, impact our ability to draw robust conclusions about the role of gender in psychosocial adjustment and outcomes among AYAs with cancer. We present the limited research on gender in AYA patients and survivors, highlight significant gaps in the literature, provide recommendations for future research, and suggest early implications for clinical care.
33
Segraves, R. Taylor. Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy for Sexual Dysfunctions. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0022.
Анотація:
Well-controlled, double-blind, multisite investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for the treatment of erectile problems of mixed etiologies. A large number of studies affirm that serotonergic antidepressants delay ejaculation in men with premature ejaculation. Similarly, studies have demonstrated the efficacy of transdermal testosterone therapy in restoring sexual function in women after oophorectomy. There is suggestive evidence of the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of sexual dysfunction in both sexes. However, the number and methodological rigor of such studies are limited and the effect sizes tend to be smaller than studies of pharmacological therapies.
34
Mendes-Flohr, Paul. Jewish Philosophy and Theology. Edited by Martin Goodman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0030.
Анотація:
The academic study of Jewish philosophy and theology is bedevilled by definitional and methodological ambiguities. There are scholars who hold that the very concept of Jewish philosophy is dubious. For if by its nature philosophy addresses universal truth-claims, then it cannot be modified by any delimiting national, ethnic, or religious attribute. The multivalent character of the concept of Jewish thought, designed to complement the rather circumscribed notion of Jewish philosophy, eventually led to the establishment at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem of two separate but parallel departments: the Department of Jewish Philosophy and Kabbalah, and the Department of the History of Jewish Thought. The former tended to limit its purview to medieval sources, emphasizing rigorous philological and text-critical methods. The latter had a pronounced preference for the methods of intellectual history and had a larger thematic scope.
35
Hardy, Bruce W. Candidate Traits and Political Choice. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.017.
Анотація:
What role do presidential candidate character traits play in vote decisions? To some, the answer is obvious as campaigns, journalists, pundits, and voters frequently differentiate presidential candidates in terms of their personal qualities—traits are deemed important. On the other hand, past research suggests that, while candidate character traits are short term forces, they hold relatively limited in influence on vote preference. However, theoretical and methodological limitations may have hindered past research ability to detect the true influence of character traits in voter decisions. This author reviews past literature, offers a clear conceptualization of candidate character traits, presents ways in which trait may influence vote choice, and suggests areas for future research.
36
Hardy, Bruce W. Candidate Traits and Political Choice. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.017_update_001.
Анотація:
What role do presidential candidate character traits play in vote decisions? To some, the answer is obvious as campaigns, journalists, pundits, and voters frequently differentiate presidential candidates in terms of their personal qualities—traits are deemed important. On the other hand, past research suggests that, while candidate character traits are short term forces, they hold relatively limited in influence on vote preference. However, theoretical and methodological limitations may have hindered past research ability to detect the true influence of character traits in voter decisions. This author reviews past literature, offers a clear conceptualization of candidate character traits, presents ways in which trait may influence vote choice, and suggests areas for future research.
37
Epstein, Lee, and Jack Knight. The Economic Analysis of Judicial Behavior. Edited by Lee Epstein and Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.24.
Анотація:
In the analysis of judicial behavior, “economics” has multiple meanings. Some studies emphasize the economic consequences of judicial decisions while others employ the concepts and tools of economic analysis to explain those decisions. Here we focus on studies proceeding from the assumption of rationality (regardless of their methodological approach). Even with this limited focus, the range of substantive topics is impressive. There are many ways to splice and dice them but six stand out: (1) the judge: motivations, careers and performance; (2) selection and retention of judges; (3) opinions and precedent; (4) collegial courts; (5) the hierarchy of justice; and (6) external actors. For each we synthesize the literature and offer directions for future work.
38
Lally, John, and James H. MacCabe. Epidemiology, impact, and predictors of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198828761.003.0004.
Анотація:
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is a disabling psychotic disorder that affects approximately 30% of those diagnosed with schizophrenia. In a significant proportion (about 70%) of patients with TRS, their illness is treatment-resistant from onset (early or primary treatment resistance), whilst, in the remainder, treatment resistance develops during the course of illness (late or secondary treatment resistance). TRS is associated with reduced quality of life and increased social and economic burden. Multiple sociodemographic, clinical, and biological risk factors have been assessed in relation to TRS, but their interpretation remains limited owing to methodological variation, lack of replicability, and a paucity of longitudinal studies. This chapter will review the epidemiology, societal and economic burden, and risk factors associated with TRS.
39
Balanzá-Martínez, Vicent, Sofia Brissos, Maria Lacruz, and Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos. Pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder: impact on neurocognition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0025.
Анотація:
Neurocognitive dysfunction is a core feature of bipolar disorder (BD), which may be further compounded by several clinical factors, such as medications. There is growing interest on the potential impact of pharmacotherapy (lithium, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, and other) on neurocognition. This chapter summarizes a critical, descriptive update of the literature, mostly focused on human data. Based on current studies, medication-associated neurocognitive side effects cannot be clearly distinguished from those intrinsic to BD. Moreover, available research is limited by several methodological flaws. We suggest some likely profitable directions to move the field forward, as well as several recommendations to manage cognitive deficits in clinical practice. The neurocognitive impact of medications used to treat BD clearly warrants further, higher-quality research.
40
Macauley, Robert C. Research in Palliative Care (DRAFT). Edited by Robert C. Macauley. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199313945.003.0017.
Анотація:
There exists a dearth of empirical research in palliative care, both due to limited funding and also methodological hurdles. Some have questioned the appropriateness of doing research with palliative care patients, based on the vulnerability caused by the nature of their illness. But despite this added vulnerability, such patients may well be able to offer informed consent, and without quality research the field will not grow in its ability to provide optimal care to patients. Researchers also need to identify reliable and valid metrics for quality care, which can be challenging given the subjective nature of many measures (such as symptoms) and the treatment preferences that can vary from individual to individual.
41
Jordash, Wayne. The Role of Advocates in Developing International Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272654.003.0027.
Анотація:
As this chapter explains, legal scholars occupy a uniquely educative place in the international arena. Some, such as William Schabas, have extended their scholarship into the courtroom as international adjudicative mechanisms have expanded their reach. Not only are these new and proliferating judicial mechanisms involved in the making (and not only the clarification) of the law, but advocates who appear before them are freed from methodological strictures that might otherwise limit their action and ability to argue for normative change. This intellectual freedom to use the law but look beyond it and support arguments by reference to other worldly disciplines is a peculiarly vital contribution to the development of the law and the advancement of society. For the new breed of eminent scholars such as Schabas, this unfettered advocacy may well turn out to be their most enduring contribution to the development of international law.
42
Petts, David. Christianity in Roman Britain. Edited by Martin Millett, Louise Revell, and Alison Moore. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.036.
Анотація:
Although there is limited evidence for pre-Constantinian Christianity in Roman Britain, it is clear that in the fourth century ad the early church became increasingly widespread, partly owing to the influence of the Roman state. The archaeological evidence for this includes personal items bearing potential Christian imagery, possible liturgical fonts or basins, church structures and putative Christian burial traditions. The wider relationship between Christianity and contemporary pagan religious traditions are explored, and this chapter reviews this surviving material evidence and draws out evidence for regional variation in the adoption of Christianity. More generally, some of the wider practical and methodological issues involved in understanding the archaeology of Roman Christianity in Britain are examined, considering how easy it is to unproblematically identify evidence for Christian practice within late Roman Britain.
43
Boon-Kuo, Louise. Visible Policing Subjects and Low Visibility Policing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814887.003.0007.
Анотація:
This chapter argues that street-based migration policing in Australia is the site of two important dynamics in contemporary practices of racialization. It explores migration policing as a process that racializes the putatively race-neutral legal categories of citizenship and unlawful non-citizenship. Immigration status checks of both citizens and non-citizens reveal how assumptions about ethnicity have informed whether a person is stopped on the street, how investigations into identity and citizenship have been conducted, and whether a person is detained under immigration laws. This chapter also briefly explores the limited oversight over migration policing as a practice which props up the myth of legal racial neutrality. Thinking through these practices, this chapter raises questions about how race is formed and obscured through the low visibility of migration policing and the methodological implications for migration and policing research.
44
Cho, Wendy Tam, and Charles F. Manski. Cross‐Level/Ecological Inference. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0024.
Анотація:
This article reports the main methodological approaches to the statistical problem. It describes the fundamental indeterminacy of the problem. It also provides a framework that coherently binds the variety of approaches that have been proposed to address this problem. Then, an overview of these various approaches and their respective contributions are mentioned. The ecological inference problem within the literature of partial identification and the recent work generalizing the use of logical bounds on possible solutions as an identification region for the general r × c problem are explained. It finally covers some admonitions about this fascinating problem that has enthralled decades of scholars from varied disciplines. The analysis by Duncan and Davis made clear that aggregate data only partially reveal the structure of individual behaviour. However, their contribution has largely been viewed as limited and an appreciation for the idea of bounds or an identification region has yet to fully emerge.
45
Zamboanga, Byron L., Cara C. Tomaso, and P. Priscilla Lui. Acculturation and Alcohol Use Among Hispanic and Asian American College Students. Edited by Seth J. Schwartz and Jennifer Unger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.013.19.
Анотація:
Many college students, are susceptible to alcohol use and related problems, including Hispanic and Asian Americans. A potential factor contributing to this risk is acculturation, which can be defined as the process of psychological, behavioral, social, and cultural change and adaptation that occurs when individuals or groups from different cultural backgrounds come in contact. This chapter provides a narrative review of the literature examining acculturation and alcohol use among these populations. One key theme to emerge from this review is that the exact direction of the association between these variables is unclear and therefore should be considered with caution. While the existing evidence is relatively limited, gender and, to some extent, ethnic group membership appear to moderate the association between acculturation and alcohol use. Several methodological issues pertaining to the study of acculturation, future research directions, and implications for intervention and prevention are discussed.
46
Goff, Philip. The Reality of Consciousness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677015.003.0001.
Анотація:
This chapter presents the “big picture” approach of this book. It argues that the reality of consciousness is a datum in its own right, a starting point for metaphysical enquiry that sits alongside the data of observation and experiments. This perspective is defended against neuro-fundamentalism (the view that the only way to make progress in explaining consciousness is to do more neuroscience) and methodological naturalism (the view that we should look to—and only to—the third-person scientific method to tell us what reality is like). This partly involves attributing the success of the physical sciences to the fact that Galileo limited its domain of enquiry, by supposing that the sensory qualities are not in the physical world. Finally, the two views that are the focus of the book—physicalism and Russellian monsim—are introduced, and the main claims that will be made about them are articulated.
47
Ong, Anthony D., Taylor Standiford, and Saarang Deshpande. Hope and Stress Resilience. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.26.
Анотація:
A sizeable literature has implicated hopelessness in the phenomenological experience of various mood disorders, vulnerability to psychopathology, and overall poor psychological functioning. By contrast, how hope contributes to resilience and well-being has been understudied. This systematic review integrates findings from cross-sectional, longitudinal, ambulatory, and experimental studies that investigate the impact of hope and well-being outcomes in both healthy and clinical populations. Although the literature is not without theoretical gaps and methodological inconsistencies, the pattern of findings suggests that aggregate or trait measures of hope provide the most consistent evidence of a direct association between hope and well-being in healthy and clinical populations. More limited empirical data exists on the protective effects of hope. The chapter concludes that more rigorous and theoretically informed research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn about the possible beneficial impact of hope on well-being.
48
Graham, Carol. Subjective Well-Being in Economics. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.14.
Анотація:
Subjective well-being in economics relies on more expansive notions of utility than do conventional economics approaches and provides metrics to assess the income and nonincome dimensions of well-being. The metrics are well suited to questions where revealed preferences provide limited information, such as the welfare effects of macroeconomic arrangements individuals are powerless to change, and on behaviors that result from lack of choice or addiction and self-control problems. Current scholarship distinguishes between hedonic well-being, which encompasses daily experience and quality of life, and evaluative well-being, which encompasses well-being over the life course, including opportunity and life fulfillment (eudemonia). Some research aims to understand the causal properties of subjective well-being, and finds that higher levels are associated with better health, labor market performance, and willingness to invest in the future. Despite the contribution this approach can make and the efforts of a number of governments to utilize it, methodological challenges remain.
49
Neudert, Lisa-Maria N. Germany. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.003.0008.
Анотація:
As concerns over misinformation, political bots, and the impact of social media on public discourse manifest in Germany, this chapter explores the role of computational propaganda in and around German politics. The research sheds light on how algorithms, automation, and big data are leveraged to manipulate the German public, presenting real-time social media data and rich evidence from interviews with a wide range of German Internet experts—bot developers, policymakers, cyberwarfare specialists, victims of automated attacks, and social media moderators. In addition, the chapter examines how the ongoing public debate surrounding the threats of right-wing political currents and foreign election interference in the Federal Election 2017 has created sentiments of concern and fear. Imposed regulation, multi-stakeholder actionism, and sustained media attention remain unsubstantiated by empirical findings of computational propaganda. The chapter provides an in-depth analysis of social media discourse during the German parliamentary election 2016. Pioneering the methodological assessment of the magnitude of automation and junk news, the author finds limited evidence of computational propaganda in Germany. The author concludes that the impact of computational propaganda, nonetheless, is substantial in Germany, promoting a dispersed civic debate, political vigilance, and restrictive countermeasures that leave a deep imprint on the freedom and openness of the public discourse in Germany.
50
Anderson, C. W. Apostles of Certainty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492335.001.0001.
Анотація:
Apostles of Certainty: Data Journalism and the Politics of Doubt traces the way American journalists have made use of quantitative information in their news reporting from the early twentieth century to the present day. In so doing, it examines changing notions of journalistic objectivity and truth telling, particularly as these have evolved alongside social science disciplines such as political science and sociology. Apostles of Certainty uses methodological techniques pioneered in science and technology studies to link the study of newsroom ontologies and epistemologies to a broader analysis of how public knowledge is produced and distributed in the digital age. Though largely historical, the book also sheds light on politics and media in the twenty-first century, with findings that speak to current public conversations around so-called post-truth and the spread of fake news. The book concludes that, viewed over the long term, journalistic reporting in the United States has improved in its accuracy, subtlety, and professional self-certainty, but we have not witnessed a simultaneous improvement in the conduct of US political discourse. In part this is because political journalism only influences politics to a limited degree. To the degree it does have an impact on the political process, the book argues that data-oriented journalism plays a largely tribal and aesthetic role and divides Americans into empirical “tribes” based in part on the perceived elitism of data-based reporting.