Дисертації з теми "Méthodes d'appariement"
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Nguyen, Van Thanh. "Problèmes de transport partiel optimal et d'appariement avec contrainte." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0052.
Повний текст джерелаThe manuscript deals with the mathematical and numerical analysis of the optimal partial transport and optimal constrained matching problems. These two problems bring out new unknown quantities, called active submeasures. For the optimal partial transport with Finsler distance costs, we introduce equivalent formulations characterizing active submeasures, Kantorovich potential and optimal flow. In particular, the PDE of optimality condition allows to show the uniqueness of active submeasures. We then study in detail numerical approximations for which the convergence of discretization and numerical simulations are provided. For Lagrangian costs, we derive and justify rigorously characterizations of solution as well as equivalent formulations. Numerical examples are also given. The rest of the thesis presents the study of the optimal constrained matching with the Euclidean distance cost. This problem has a different behaviour compared to the partial transport. The uniqueness of solution and equivalent formulations are studied under geometric condition. The convergence of discretization and numerical examples are also indicated. The main tools which we use in the thesis are some combinations of PDE techniques, optimal transport theory and Fenchel--Rockafellar dual theory. For numerical computation, we make use of augmented Lagrangian methods
Chirita, Raluca-Ioana. "Développement de nouvelles méthodes séparatives compatibles avec une détection par spectrométrie de masse et par électrochimie pour l'analyse de traces de catécholamines et molécules apparentées." Thesis, Orléans, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ORLE2043/document.
Повний текст джерелаAs neurotransmitters, catecholamines play an important role in the control and regulation of numerous brain functions. They are also believed to be implicated in different neurodegenerative disorders. First an ion pairing chromatography method using nonafluoropentanoic acid as volatile ion paring agent was developed on the new generation of C18 columns (monolith and fused core). This method is compatible with MS detection in positive ionization mode. Secondly an HILIC method was optimized using different commercially available HILIC supports, they can be classified as follows: neutral (diol, amide, and cyano bounded), positively charged (amino, triazole bounded), negatively charged (bare silica as wholly porous particles or fused core particles columns) and zwitterionic (sulfobetaine bounded). Our studies lead us to a better understanding of the HILIC retention mechanism and also to the selection of the most appropriated column for catecholamine analysis. Only the HILIC system was compatible with both positive and negative ionization modes. The two chromatographic systems were then compared in terms of resolution, efficiency, detection and quantification limits (LOD/LOQ), calibration linearity and repeatability. The LODs obtained were in the range of 1-100 ng.mL-1. A simple pre-concentration method using Oasis HLB and PGC solid phase extraction cartridges has been optimized in order to enhance the LODs. Finally the optimized SPE-LC-MS/MS method has been applied to the identification of these compounds present in brain extracts
Hodé, Fabrice. "La méthode Galaxie : une méthode d'appariement d'images cérébrales et un outil de mesures et de comparaison." Compiègne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998COMPD113.
Повний текст джерелаPalomares, Jean-Louis. "Une nouvelle méthode d'appariement de points d'intérêt pour la mise en correspondance d'images." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00786054.
Повний текст джерелаZabrocki, Léo. "Improving the Design of Studies on the Acute Health Effects of Air Pollution." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022EHES0041.
Повний текст джерелаThe goal of this thesis is to improve the design of observational studies on the acute health effects of air pollution.In the first chapter jointly written with Anna Alari and Tarik Benmarhnia, we advocate using matching procedures to enhance the design stage of studies exploiting changes in wind directions as instrumental variables. We show that observed confounders are imbalanced across wind directions and that the common support of the data is small. An outcome regression analysis might therefore suffer from interpolation and extrapolation biases. Using a sensitivity analysis, we also provide quantitative evidence that the estimated effects of wind directions on air pollutant concentrations seem robust to the presence of hidden bias. Our approach could be relevant for similar strategies based on binary instruments such as thermal inversions or public transport strikes.In the second chapter co-authored with Marion Leroutier and Marie-Abèle Bind, we study the impact of cruise traffic on air pollution in Marseille. With a pair-matching algorithm designed for time series data, we create hypothetical randomized experiments and estimate the change in air pollution caused by a short-term increase in cruise traffic. We also rely on randomization-inference—a mode of inference which is not based on large-sample approximation and is distribution-free—to compute confidence intervals. We find that cruise vessels’ arrivals increase city-level concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter. Our results suggest that well-designed hypothetical randomized experiments provide a principled approach to better understand the negative externalities of maritime traffic.In the third chapter, Vincent Bagilet and I explain that the combination of publication bias for statistically significant results and low statistical power could lead to inflated estimates on the short-term health effects of air pollution. We first gather a unique corpus of estimates and standard errors of all available articles found in the standard epidemiology and economics literatures. Using statistical power calculations, we show that at least half of the literature could have a power below 80% and produce estimates that are two times too large. We then run simulations based on real data to identify which parameters of research designs affect statistical power. We find that the number of exogenous shocks and cases of a health outcome are key drivers of power. These results matter since many studies exploit rare exogenous shocks and focus on subgroups such as children and the elderly. At the end of the paper, we provide several recommendations to take into account this highly important but overlooked issue.The fourth chapter is an extension and generalization of the third chapter. To avoid confounding, quasi-experimental studies focus on specific sources of treatment variation. This could lead to a reduction in statistical power. Yet, published estimates can overestimate true effects sizes when power is low. Using fake data simulations, Vincent Bagilet and I show that for all causal inference methods, there could be a trade-off between confounding and exaggerating true effect sizes due to a loss in power. We discuss how power calculations and sensitivity analysis could help take this trade-off into account
Agullo, Marie-Hélène. "Modèle d'appariement et marché local du travail : théorie et applications empiriques." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX32038.
Повний текст джерелаHariti, Mohamed. "Une méthode rapide d'appariement d'images stéréoscopiques : application à la perception de l'environnement d'un véhicule routier." Besançon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BESA2032.
Повний текст джерелаPassive stereo vision is a well known approach for recovering 3-D information from two or more images of a scene observed from different viewpoints. The key problem in this approach is the matching process, which is difficult to solve and computationally expensive. In the robot vision domain, this problem is generally simplified by making hypotheses about the type of objects being observed and their visual environment so that structural features, such as corners or vertical straight lines, can be more or less easily extracted. Unfortunately, setting-up a conventional stereo vision system on board a moving vehicle for real-time obstacle detection is difficult because, in the road environment, the features are too numerous to allow a reliable matching within an acceptable computer time. In this thesis, we propose a new method to achieve real-time edge stereo matching. A procedure is first applied to extract edges from the left and right linear images. Each edge is characterized by its position in the image, the magnitude and the sign of the gradient. Based on a global searching approach, the stereo matching method consists in affecting a score to each pair of edges, which respects the position and slope constraints. This score represents the matching quality of a pair of edges. It is calculated thanks to a voting process, which is based on three global constraints : uniqueness, ordering and smoothness constraints. We present afterwards a procedure for weighting the scores of the possible matches by using the gradient magnitudes of the edges. The weight affected to each pair of edges is calculated by comparing their gradient magnitude. This comparison supposes that important weights are affected to the pairs of edges for which the gradient magnitudes are close (and vice-versa). Finally, we propose another way for making use of the gradient magnitudes of the edges to perform stereo matching. It consists in matching edges at different levels, from significant edges to less significant ones. At each level, the process starts by selecting significant edges with respect to their gradient magnitude. The selected edges are then matched and the obtained pairs are used as reference pairs for matching less significant edges in the next level. [. . . ]
Vouillot, Françoise. "Représentations et préférences scolaires et professionnelles : étude de la stratégie d'appariement soi-prototype." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05H071.
Повний текст джерелаThis research looks into how a cognitive process (self-prototype matching) works th help explain vocational and educational preferences. The author quotes two modelms: the preferences selection and seriation model (huteau, 1982) and the self-prototype matching model as derived from self-concept theories (cantor and al,1985). The core hypothesis lays on the idea that educational and vocational representations must agree with how one thinks about typical persons (prototypes) who study or work in such fields one is interested in. Preference would then come from a correct congruence between self image and prototype. Two experiments (by means of inventories and q. Sort) were led on a 2500 sample of french high school students, to study how self-prototype matching functions and what role it plays in those student's preferences selection. Globally, the results show that the self-prototype matching process does intervene in the selection of such preferences, but, also, some variables put limits on it : the degree of prestige and suitability given to the sex of the project and the sex and school situation of the students
Maillard-Adamiak, Bénédicte. "Chômage structurel et difficultés d'appariement : Analyse théorique et application à la France." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL12007/document.
Повний текст джерелаSince the nineties, the French labour market combines high levels of vacancies with high levels of unemployment. This worrying fact is the starting point of this thesis running two aims: checking that high levels of vacancies and high levels of unemployment are the consequences of a declining matching efficiency of the French labour market, and showing that this declining matching efficiency is the result of a structural mismatch between labour supply and demand. We therefore estimate (on monthly regional data, covering the period 1990:3 to 1995:2) a matching function by the method of the stochastic frontiers, method usually applied to measure the degree of efficiency of production units. Then, breaking with the practice of the standard indicators of structural unemployment, we estimate (on annual data, covering the period 1968 to 2000) an employment function enclosing an implicit Beveridge curve. We derived four main results. First, the average matching efficiency decreased clearly in the early nineties. Second, as one would expect, the regional matching efficiencies were negatively correlated to the regional unemployment rates. Third, skill mismatch played an important role in the declining matching efficiency. Fourth, the role played by regional mismatch was less significant
Dao, Duy Duc. "Approximation de Hartree-Fock pour les noyaux déformés avec un potentiel général à 2-corps et corrélations d'appariement avec une interaction résiduelle cohérente." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0245.
Повний текст джерелаIn this work, we have developed the Hartree-Fock (HF) approximation in momentum space for deformed nuclei with a general nucleon-nucleon (NN) potential. The structure of such a potential has been investigated in momentum space from its symmetries. Its constructions has been realized in a tensorial separable momentum-spin-isospin representation. Moreover, to treat low-momentum interactions, we have implemented the Similarity Renormalization Group approach. Three momentum representations have been studied: the plane-wave, the partial-wave and the confined plane-wave. The numerical implementation has been validated against an existing HF-Skyrme code in the harmonic oscillator basis. We have found that the confined plane-wave basis provides many advantages over the two others, namely: flexible construction of symmetry-adapted bases, efficient calculation of matrix elements (nuclear, Coulomb and center of mass kinetic correction) and optimization in ressources (time and memory). This basis is characterized by two parameters: the confinement box size (cube) which can be essentially related to the nuclear radius and a single-particle momentum cut-off which is directly linked to the cut-off in relative momentum of the interaction. Bulk properties of some spherical and deformed even-even nuclei in the mass region A < 100 have been calculated with recently developed NN potentials. The resulting residual interaction has been derived to study pairing correlations within the Highly Truncated Diagonalization Approach (HTDA). In particular, the question of the convergence with the model space has been addressed
Ebran, Jean-Paul. "Description relativiste de l’état fondamental des noyaux atomiques par l’approche du champ moyen auto-cohérent, incluant la déformation et la superfluidité." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112352.
Повний текст джерелаThe present work deals with the development of a relativistic Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approach in axial symmetry (RHFBz). The relevance of a covariant framework is not imposed by the need for relativistic nuclear kinematics. Rather, it is linked to the physics encoded in the Lorentz symmetries. Some nuclear properties naturally emerge in a relativistic approach: spin-orbit potential, pseudo-spin symmetry, nuclear magnetism, saturation mechanism od nuclear matter … Nucleons are treated as Dirac spinor while their in-medium interactions are described through the exchange of effective meson fields. The dynamics of these degrees od freedom is specified by a phenomenological Lagrangian. Its minimization leads to the model equations. The exact treatment of the exchange terms allows to construct a more complete energy density functional in comparison to those involved in RMF (relativistic mean field). It also allows to include the pion degree of freedom, which contributes to the tensor force. The RHFBz approach is illustrated through the description of carbon, neon and magnesium isotopes
Laouénan, Morgane. "Essays in ethnic discrimination in labor markets." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1092.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation aims at contributing to the debate on the origins of ethnic discrimination by focusing on the population of African immigrants in France, and of African-Americans in the United States. More specifically, by analyzing French and US microeconomic data, it identifies the existence of discrimination based on the principle of employers' and consumers' tastes, and their impact on the weakening of the economic situation of these two discriminated groups. It establishes the importance of consumer discrimination and suggests that it is essential to understand the origins of ethnic discrimination in order to introduce efficient public policies to overcome this phenomenon. The first chapter provides a descriptive analysis of the access to customer-contact jobs for employed individuals based on their geographic origin. It reveals a lower access for immigrants in France, and African immigrants in particular, everything else being constant. In order to analyze whether consumer discrimination plays a part in this under-representation, the second chapter builds a test strategy to disentangle consumer from employer discrimination. The existence of consumer discrimination against African immigrants is then proved using the French census. Using the aforementioned test strategy, the third chapter reveals the presence of this source of discrimination against African-Americans in the US
Bonleu, Antoine. "Housing market regulation and labor market regulation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM2009/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe first contribution studies the complementarities between the strength of social networks and the stringency of procedural formalism. While procedural formalism increases the cost of legal dispute resolution between landlords and tenants, social networks allow conflicts to be solved without recourse to justice. Procedural formalism is thus a way to provide a market advantage to local individuals embedded in dense local social networks at the expense of nonlocal agents without access to such networks.The second contribution deals with the importance of the sun on the demand for regulation in the rental market. Southern European countries with good climate amenities are attractive by their mildness of life. This potential immigration increases the pressure on the rental market. To reduce it, individuals in Southern Europe develop complementarities between social capital and local regulations. This strategy explains a Mediterranean equilibrium characterized by high levels of local social capital and procedural formalism. Conversely, the lack of attractiveness of countries with low climate amenities leads to an Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian equilibrium with opposite features.The third contribution explains the support for labor market regulation by the presence of regulations on the rental market. When the rental market is very regulated, landlords screen applicants with regard to their ability to pay the rent. Protecting regular jobs offers a second-best technology to sort workers, thereby increasing the rental market size. We provide a model where non-employed workers demand protected jobs despite unemployment and the share of short-term jobs increase
Koné, Noukignon. "L'accès des ménages abidjanais aux services de collecte des déchets : 3 essais d'évaluation des bénéfices." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR097.
Повний текст джерелаThe increase in amount of household wastes in Abidjan is an enormous strain on the environment and on the health of local populations.Support from international institutions such as the World Bank and the presence of many actors (State, international institutions and local actors) have not prevented the persistence of the waste management problem in Abidjan. In this thesis, we analyse the conditions and implications of households for improved waste collection service in Abidjan. For this, we conducted a contingent valuation survey (willingness to pay). By using a discrete choice (probit) model, we were able to highlight the link between household characteristics and their willingness to participate in improved waste management. We have demonstrated a link between access to waste collection services and improved latrines. This result is in line with the SDGs, which advocate integrated sanitation management.At first, the determinants of the demand turned out for an informal service were identified. The wealth index, the gender, the duration of storage of the garbage, the fact that the household considers the diseases as being the major problem bound to waste, are the factors which explain the recourse to a service of pre-collection of their garbage. Besides, this recourse generates, according to the results of the modelling, quantifiable socioeconomic profits in terms of socioeconomic and human development in the first hand and on the other hand, in terms of solutions of financing of the sector by the implementation of an incentive tax. Finally, by using the hedonic price method, which applied to our survey data, we identified a positive relationship between the basic attachments of a dwelling such as access to water, electricity and latrines and the price of rents. On the other hand, the low quality of the current garbage collection service would explain its no-influence on the rental price of housing
Tran, Viet Nhan Hao. "Restauration de la symétrie de parité intrinsèque dans les noyaux atomiques à partir d'approches de type champ moyen plus corrélations." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14016/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis has been concerned with the restoration of the left-right symmetry broken in some instances. This has been achieved in the framework of the Higher Tamm-Dancoff Approximation (HTDA) proposed by the Bordeaux group to treat correlations in an explicitly particle-number conserving microscopic approach. The parity-projected calculations performed within a PAV (projection after variation) method using a generalized Wick's theorem due to Löwdin has appeared to be a very well-suited frame. It has been implemented within a simple model approach. This has been proposed to clear out some difficulties appearing when one uses an Energy Density Functional approach with an energy density functional issued from an underlying Skyrme interaction. As a result we obtain a fairly good global agreement of our results with previous ones issuing from an HFB approach or its HF+BCS limit, for some heavy nuclei exhibiting a stable octupole deformation or at least a remarkable smoothness for this collective mode. As another result, we have shown that the projection on a positive parity solution is able to reduce the second fission barrier height by about 1 MeV
Koh, Meng hock. "Fission-barriers and energy spectra of odd-mass actinide nuclei in self-consistent mean-field calculations." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0208/document.
Повний текст джерелаWhile there have been numerous microscopic calculations on fission barriers of even-even compoundnuclei, there are however, relatively few such work dedicated to odd-mass nuclei. This is dueto the complications posed by the breaking of the time-reversal symmetry at the mean-field leveldue to the presence of an unpaired nucleon. In order to circumvent this difficulty, previous fission barriercalculations of odd-mass nuclei have been performed by neglecting the effect of time-reversalsymmetry breaking. This work aims to improve on the description of fission barriers as well asthe spectroscopic properties of ground and fission-isomeric state, of some odd-mass actinide nucleiby taking the effect of time-reversal symmetry breaking into account. This has been perfomedwithin a Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-plus-BCS framework with blocking, where the BCS formalism hasbeen adapted to accomodate this symmetry breaking. The Skyrme nucleon-nucleon effective forcehas been used with various sets of parameters (SIII, SkM*, SLy5*). The residual pairing interactionhas been approximated by seniority forces whose neutron and proton parameters have beenfitted to reproduce the odd-even mass differences of some actinide nuclei. The low-lying rotationalband-head energies evaluated within the Bohr-Mottelson unified model have been determined forfour well-deformed odd-nuclei (235U, 239Pu, 237Np, 241Am) yielding a good qualitative agreementto the data for odd-neutron nuclei. The agreement was significantly less good for the odd-protonnuclei, possibly due to the use of the Slater approximation for the exchange Coulomb interaction.The deformation energies of two odd-neutron nuclei (235U and 239Pu) have been calculated forsome single-particle configurations up to a point beyond the outer fission-barrier. Axial symmetrynuclear shape has been assumed while a breaking of the left-right (or intrinsic parity) symmetryhas been allowed around the outer fission-barrier. The fission-barrier heights of such odd-neutronnuclei depend significantly on the particle configurations. A special attention has been paid tothe very important rotational correction to deformation energies. In particular, the correction ofthe moment of inertia calculated from the usual Belyaev expression was considered. Overall, aqualitative agreement with available data on fission-barrier heights for the considered odd-neutronnuclei and their even neighbours has been obtained
Nguyen, Van thanh. "Problèmes de transport partiel optimal et d'appariement avec contrainte." Thesis, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0052/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe manuscript deals with the mathematical and numerical analysis of the optimal partial transport and optimal constrained matching problems. These two problems bring out new unknown quantities, called active submeasures. For the optimal partial transport with Finsler distance costs, we introduce equivalent formulations characterizing active submeasures, Kantorovich potential and optimal flow. In particular, the PDE of optimality condition allows to show the uniqueness of active submeasures. We then study in detail numerical approximations for which the convergence of discretization and numerical simulations are provided. For Lagrangian costs, we derive and justify rigorously characterizations of solution as well as equivalent formulations. Numerical examples are also given. The rest of the thesis presents the study of the optimal constrained matching with the Euclidean distance cost. This problem has a different behaviour compared to the partial transport. The uniqueness of solution and equivalent formulations are studied under geometric condition. The convergence of discretization and numerical examples are also indicated. The main tools which we use in the thesis are some combinations of PDE techniques, optimal transport theory and Fenchel--Rockafellar dual theory. For numerical computation, we make use of augmented Lagrangian methods
Bellemain, Eva. ""Genetics of the Scandinavian brown bear (Ursus arctos): implication for biology and conservation"." Phd thesis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00122944.
Повний текст джерелаLes méthodes non invasives sont de plus en plus utilisées en génétique des populations car elles ne nécessitent pas la manipulation ni le dérangement de l'animal étudié et sont particulièrement recommendabls pour l'étude des populations en danger d'extinction. Cependant, l'ADN extrait de ce type d'échantillons, tels que poils ou fèces, est en général dégradé et/ou en faible quantité, ce qui peut conduire à des erreurs de génotypage. Dans le but d'accroître la qualité et quantité de l'extrait d'ADN, nous avons mis au point une métode PCR (polymerase chain reaction) en deux étapes (“multiplex pre-amplification”). Cette méthode a été testée sur différentes espèces et, en comparaison avec une approche PCR conventionnelle, a permis d'améliorer l'amplification d'ADN et de diminuer le taux d'erreur. Pour amplifier plus spécifiquement l'ADN à partir d'échantillons non invasifs d'ours brun, nous avons également défini de nouvelles amorces microsatellites ainsi qu'un marqueur de sexe spécifique, et combiné une PCR en nid avec la méthode “multiplex pre-amplification”. Ces nouvelles approches peuvent être transposées à d'autres espèces pour lesquelles les méthodes conventionnelles ne sont pas appropriées à cause d'une faible quantité/qualité d'ADN.
Les erreurs de génotypage sont un sujet « tabou » dans les études de génétique des populations, malgré leur incidence dans la plupart des jeux de données et le biais qu'elles peuvent causer dans l'interprétation des résultats. Nous avons considéré quatre cas d'étude représentant une large variété d'investigations en génétique des populations, pour détecter les erreurs de génotypage et identifier leurs causes. Dans ces jeux de données, le taux d'erreur estimé variait de 0.8% à 2.6% , selon l'organisme étudié et le marqueur utilisé. Les sources d'erreur principales étaient les pertes d'allèles pour les microsatellites et les différences d'intensité de pics pour les AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism), ainsi que des erreurs d'origine humaine dans les deux cas. Nous présentons des suggestions pour limiter et quantifier les erreurs de génotypage à chaque étape du processus et recommandons le report systématique du taux d'erreur dans les études de génétique des populations.
Les analyses de parenté basées sur les génotypes multilocus sont largement utilisées pour estimer les succès reproducteurs, les appariements et la fitness dans les populations naturelles. Les approches proposées sont basées sur des estimations du maximum de vraisemblance ou des inférences Bayésiennes et restent en général assez théoriques et difficiles à appliquer pour les biologistes. Il existe un réel manque de logiciels capables de considérer plusieurs générations d'individus et permettant la détermination des deux parents sans hypothèse à priori. Le logiciel PARENTE, que nous avons développé, détermine les maternités, paternités ou les deux parents simultanément, basé sur la compatibilité des génotypes multilocus (marqueurs diploïdes codominants) et des dates de naissance et de mort des individus (si disponibles). Ce logiciel calcule également la probabilité de parenté à partir des fréquences alléliques, du taux d'échantillonnage de la population et du taux d'erreur de génotypage.
Les estimations de taille de population sont essentielles pour la bonne gestion et conservation des espèces. Cependant, de manière générale, peu d'études évaluent la précision des estimations obtenues. Nous avons, dans un premier temps, comparé quatre estimateurs de taille de population, basés sur des méthodes génétiques non invasives. Deux méthodes utilisaient des indices de raréfaction et deux étaient basées sur des estimateurs de capture-marquage-recapture (CMR). Au total, 1904 fèces d'ours bruns ont été collectés sur deux années consécutives sur le terrain (49 000-km2 en Suède centrale). Les estimations variaient de 378 à 572 ours en 2001 et de 273 à 433 ours en 2002, selon l‘estimateur utilisé. La détermination d'une taille de population minimale obtenue à partir de données de radio-télémétrie nous a permis de conclure que l'estimation donnée par une des méthodes de CMR était la plus précise. Cet estimateur incluait une hétérogénéité et une variation temporelle dans les probabilités de détection, ce qui paraissait réaliste dans notre échantillonnage. Deuxièmement, nous avons évalué la fiabilité de trois méthodes de terrain traditionnelles en comparaison avec la méthode génétique la plus performante, dans une aire d'étude plus réduite (7 328-km2). Les trois méthodes de terrain tendaient à sous-estimer la taille de population ; la méthode génétique paraissait être la plus exacte. Nous avons conclu qu'environ 550 (482-648) ours étaient présents dans l'aire de 49 000-km2 et 223 (188-282) ours étaient présents dans l'aire de 7 328-km2. Nous suggérons que la population d'ours a atteint une densité de saturation dans l'aire centrale et disperse à présent sur les bords de cette aire centrale. Une analyse en termes de coûts/bénéfices a démontré que la méthode génétique était moins onéreuse que la méthode de terrain la plus fiable. De plus, elle est préférable d'un point de vue éthique. En conclusion, nous recommandons l'utilisation de méthodes génétiques basées sur un principe de CMR, pour estimer les tailles de population sur de larges aires. Nous insistons sur l'importance d'un effort d'échantillonnage adéquat et, en cas d'échantillonnage biaisé, nous conseillons le calibrage avec des estimations indépendantes, si possible. Nous recommandons La collecte d'un nombre d'échantillons supérieur de 2,5 à 3 fois le nombre « présumé » d'animaux. Ces études ont également confirmé que la gestion actuelle de la population d'ours a été bénéfique et que cette population est actuellement dans un bon statut de conservation.
La connaissance des systèmes d'appariement est importante dans la compréhension de la sélection naturelle. Nous avons étudié deux aspects majeurs du système d'appariement de l'ours brun : les stratégies d'appariement employées par les deux sexes en relation avec l'infanticide sexuellement sélectionné (SSI) et la sélection du partenaire par la femelle. L'infanticide, le meurtre de jeunes non sevrés, peut être considéré comme sexuellement sélectionné si les trois conditions suivantes sont réunies : i) l'infanticide réduit le délai du prochain oestrus de la femelle ; ii) le mâle commettant l'infanticide n'est pas le père des jeunes tués ; iii) le mâle commettant l'infanticide produit la portée suivante de la femelle. Nous avons documenté huit cas d'infanticide sur le terrain. A partir d'observations et d'échantillons collectés sur sites, nous avons vérifié que les trois conditions pour le SSI étaient vérifiées. Cela suggère que le SSI pourrait être une stratégie adaptative pour le mâle chez ce carnivore non social. Contrairement aux espèces sociales où les mâles immigrants tuent les jeunes, la plupart des mâles commettant l'infanticide étaient résidents chez les ours scandinaves. Ceci implique qu'ils sont capables de différencier leurs propres jeunes des jeunes non apparentés, probablement en reconnaissant les femelles avec lesquelles ils se sont accouplés l'année précédente. De plus, nous avons démontré génétiquement un minimum de 14.5% de paternités multiples (28% pour les portées de 3 jeunes ou plus). La promiscuité des femelles, dans le but de confondre les paternités, pourrait donc être une contre-stratégie adaptative pour éviter le SSI. D'autre part, nous avons évalué sur quels critères les femelles ours bruns sélectionnaient leur partenaire reproductif. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que les femelles pourraient faire face à un dilemme: soit choisir un partenaire de bonne qualité d'un point de vue phénotypique, comme suggéré par les théories de choix du partenaire, soit s'accoupler avec des mâles susceptibles de commettre l'infanticide l'année suivante, c'est à dire les plus proches géographiquement. Nous avons conclu que les femelles sélectionnaient significativement les mâles les plus proches mais aussi les plus hétérozygotes, les plus gros et les plus âgés. Nous suggérons que les femelles ours s'accouplent avec les mâles les plus proches comme contre-stratégie au SSI et exercent un choix post-copulatoire du partenaire reproducteur, basé sur des critères morphologiques tels qu'une large taille corporelle, ou sur des critères de statut de dominance, reflétant la qualité génétique du mâle.