Дисертації з теми "Metals/metalloids"
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Robert, Josée. "Diffusion in molten metals and metalloids." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ37978.pdf.
Raulinaitis, Mindaugas. "Effects of Hydromechanical Lake Remediation on Distribution of Metals and Metalloids in Bottom Sediments." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20121227_090648-54420.
Nors hidromechaninio ežerų valymo darbai vykdomi jau daugelį metų, iki šiol nėra aišku, kaip pasikeičia ežero aplinkosauginė būklė po jo išvalymo, o Lietuvos ir kitų šalių mokslinėje literatūroje informacijos apie valymo sąlygotus metalų ir metaloidų pasiskirstymo dugno nuosėdose pokyčius yra stebėtinai mažai. Disertacijos tyrime buvo taikoma kompleksinė šių pokyčių vertinimo sistema, pasitelkiant ne tik išsamius geocheminius lauko ir laboratorinius tyrimus, bet ir matematinę statistinę analizę bei erdvinę duomenų prognozę ir interpoliaciją. Tyrimų ir analizės rezultatai parodė, kad hidromechaninis ežero valymas sąlygoja nagrinėjamų metalų ir metaloidų kiekių pokyčius ir jų persiskirstymą dugno nuosėdose, kuris yra savitas atskiriems cheminiams elementams, todėl siekiant nustatyti valymo darbų įtaką būtina naudoti indikatorius, leidžiančius įvertinti bendro, kumuliacinio nuosėdų užterštumo lygio pokyčius visų nagrinėjamų elementų atžvilgiu. Vieno iš tokių indikatorių – suminio užterštumo rodiklio Zd verčių statistinė analizė ir erdvinė interpoliacija leido ne tik nustatyti statistiškai patikimą hidromechaninio ežero valymo įtakotą metalų ir metaloidų pokyčių reikšmingumą naujai susiformavusiame paviršiniame dugno nuosėdų sluoksnyje, bet ir pademonstruoti erdvinį šių elementų perskirstymą dugno paviršiaus plote. Disertacijoje pateikiama informacija yra ypač aktuali vertinant Lietuvos ežerų būklę, planuojant ežerų dugno nuosėdų šalinimo darbus ir nustatant jų tikslingumą.
Felix, Villar Omar Ignacio. "Metals And Metalloids In Atmospheric Dust: Use Of Lead Isotopic Analysis For Source Apportionment." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338751.
Gibbon-Walsh, Kristopher Bryant. "Speciation of trace metals and metalloids in natural waters using the vibrating gold microwire electrode." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.569659.
Campbell, Robert Charles James. "Speciation of metals and metalloids in tobacco and tobacco smoke : implications for health and regulation." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5728.
Duval, Bastien. "Ecodynamics of trace metals and metalloids in Pyrenean lakes in relation to climate change and anthropogenic pressure." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU3046.
The management and conservation of Pyrenean high mountain lakes within the current context of climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressure require detailed knowledge of their biogeochemical functioning. In this doctoral thesis, five sampling campaigns were carried out (2017-2019) in more than 20 alpine lakes. The analysis of water samples allowed us to study the occurrence, the depth profiles, the geographical distribution and the seasonal trends of a large array of physico-chemical and biogeochemical parameters. Specifically, the cycle of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the fate of Potentially Harmful Trace Elements (PHTEs) were investigated. The mercury (Hg) was specially studied through the development of an analytical procedure for the measurement of trace concentrations in natural waters and through biogeochemical investigations on the distribution and the fate of Hg species in the water column, as well as in sediment archives.The new and robust procedure developed in this work to measure the total alkalinity (TA) and the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) allowed us to determine the other two parameters of the CO2 system, the pH and the fugacity of CO2 (fCO2). The bedrock characteristics of the watershed appear to be the most important parameters influencing the acid status of the studied lakes. Moreover, obtained fCO2 values indicate that lakes are sources of CO2 for the atmosphere.The measurement of various physico-chemical parameters allowed us to discriminate and classify the studied lakes according to their water geochemistry, highlighting the importance of the trophic status of the lakes, the geological background and the atmospheric inputs. The occurrence, sources and behaviour of the PHTEs were investigated with evidence of a contrast between geological and atmospheric inputs. Intensive monitoring revealed some PHTEs to be highly sensitive to environmental changes such as temperature and redox conditions.Monitoring natural concentrations of total Hg in aquatic systems remains a difficult challenge and there is a need for the development of low cost and easy handling analytical methods. The method for analysis of trace Hg concentrations developed and optimized in this work was successfully operational and exhibits a suitable limit of detection and an excellent reproducibility. Hg speciation results in the water column demonstrated the pristine state and the dynamic of the Pyrenean lakes. The homogeneity in the non-gaseous total Hg concentrations in the studied lakes confirmed the absence of local sources and the potential use of these ecosystems as sentinels of regional to global Hg contamination. While inorganic mercury (iHg) did not show seasonal variations, monomethylmercury(MMHg) was significantly higher in autumn 2018 and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) varied strongly within and among lakes. In-situ experiments confirmed the conditions that promote Hg methylation (stratified anoxic waters), demethylation and photoreduction (intense UV light).The historical Hg record in sediment archives highlighted temporal trends in Hg accumulation rates (HgARs) with a progressive increase since the 16th Century and the industrialization, mirroring the Hg production in Almadén mines (Southern Spain). Besides, Hg stable isotopes allow the identification of distinct anthropogenic sources as well as past climate variability.Overall, environmental changes in lake ecosystems, induced by either climatic conditions (temperature, light intensity) or anthropogenic pressure (atmospheric inputs, eutrophication, atmospheric CO2) are likely to produce significant impacts among CO2, specific PHTEs and Hg biogeochemical cycles in mountainous ecosystems
Peres, Sara Isabel de Carvalho. "Fitoestabilização de sedimentos contaminados por metais e metalóides." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7430.
Wastes of a former steel industry were deposited during 40 years on the left bank of the Coina River, an affluent of the Tagus River, near its estuary, creating a landfill that is connected to the river itself. Tides penetrate and exit the landfill, creating a periodic lagoon that shows resemblances to the salt marshes nearby, being colonized by salt marsh plants. This study aims: a) to evaluate the level of contamination of the lagoon by doing a biogeochemi-cal study, b) to evaluate the level of dispersion of the contaminants through a leaching assay, and c) to evaluate the capacity of Tamarix africana Poiret to be used in the phytostabilization of the contaminated sediment. The sediment is considered contaminated by As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. It also presents high con-centrations in Fe and Al. The contaminant chemical elements seem to be associated to the sediment phases (adsorbed, co-precipitated etc.), as the concentrations of the elements were very low in pore water and leachates, as well as in the river water. Salt marsh plants are able to uptake contaminants without showing signs of toxicity, being the contaminants mostly retained in the roots. Tamarix africana shows potential to be used for phytostabilization, but with caution, as this species can excrete contaminants by its leaves leading to the precipitation of salts.
Tapia, Joseline. "Sources, mobility and bioavailability of metals and metalloids in the mining and smelter impacted altiplanean city of Oruro, Bolivia." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00755310.
Archer, Jane Katherine. "Aqueous exposure and uptake of heavy metals and metalloids by communities living alongside the mining contaminated Rio Pilcomayo, Bolivia." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429948.
Tapia, Zamora Joseline Soledad. "Sources, Mobility and Bioavailability of Trace Metals and Metalloids in the Historically Mining and Smelter Impacted Altiplanean City of Oruro, Bolivia." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/102587.
Kubas, Adam [Verfasser], and K. [Akademischer Betreuer] Fink. "On the structure and reactivity of large complexes of metals and metalloids. A quantum chemical study / Adam Kubas. Betreuer: K. Fink." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1025114299/34.
Csavina, Janae Lynn. "Metal and Metalloid Contaminants in Atmospheric Aerosols from Mining Operations." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/242386.
Pittarello, Marco. "Evaluation of phytoremediation potential and phisiological response to accumulation of several metals and metalloids by Salix spp., Brassica juncea, Phragmites australis and Populus trichocarpa." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425329.
Introduzione generale L’attività di ricerca svolta nel triennio 2007-2009 si colloca nell’ambito della fitodepurazione. Con questo termine si identifica una serie di tecniche (fitoestrazione, fitostabilizzazione, fitovolatilizzazione) basate sull’impiego di specie vegetali diverse (l’elenco delle quali è in continua evoluzione) ma accomunate dalla capacità di sopravvivere su substrati contaminati da diversi inquinanti prodotti dall’attività umana e di interagire con il substrato in modo tale, a seconda dei casi, da depauperarne il contenuto di inquinanti accumulandoli nei propri organi e/o liberandoli nell’atmosfera attraverso l’evapotraspirazione fogliare, oppure impedendone la lisciviazione. L’attitudine ad un’azione di fitorimedio varia fortemente da specie a specie e all’interno della stessa specie in base al corredo genetico . Relativamente alla capacità di rimozione di metalli pesanti, sono state individuate due classi di specie accumulatrici: Iperaccumulatrici : sono specie tipiche di suoli metalliferi, in grado di portare a termine il proprio ciclo vitale senza manifestare sintomi di deperimento dovuti all’alta concentrazione di metalli (Baker et al., 2000). Per essere definita iperaccumulatrice, una specie deve rientrare nei seguenti limiti inferiori di bioaccumulo: 100 mg/Kg s.s. di Cd, 1000 mg/Kg s.s di Pb, 10000 mg/Kg s.s. di Zn ; i ranges per quanto riguarda l’arsenico non sono ancora stati ben definiti (Baker and Brooks 1989, Baker et al., 2000). Tra le specie iperaccumulatrici le più rappresentative sono quelle appartenenti al genere Thlaspi, Arabidopsis halleri e Viola calamarina, Astragalus spp oltre a diverse specie appartenenti alle famiglie delle Cariophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Brassicaceae e Cyperaceae. Per quanto riguarda l’iperaccumulo di arsenico spicca Pteris vittata. Il limite delle specie iperaccumulatrici è la scarsa produzione di biomassa. Accumulatrici: a questo gruppo appartengono specie, ad habitus sia erbaceo che arboreo, in grado di ottenere buone concentrazioni di metalli e metalloidi nei propri organi, pur non arrivando a livello delle iperaccumulatrici, e una buona produzione di biomassa. Fra esse sono state individuate Brassica juncea, e il genere Salix. Le caratteristiche di queste accumulatrici le rendono idonee a programmi di disinquinamento a breve e medio termine, soprattutto per suoli poco o mediamente inquinati. La possibilità di avere una considerevole produzione di biomassa permette di pensare, come seconda fase, al reimpiego di questa per la produzione di energia ed il recupero dei metalli pesanti di interesse industriale ((Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, 1992 ; Pullford and Dickinson 2004 ; Paulson et al 2003; French et al 2005; Ebbs et al 1997 ; Ebbs et al 1998). Il lavoro triennale, suddiviso in diverse fasi, come descritto in seguito, si propone di approfondire la conoscenza su alcune delle specie suddette , sia dal punto di vista della risposta fisiologica sia , con un taglio maggiormente applicativo, dal punto di vista della valutazione di performaces di bioaccumulo al fine di sostituire, ove possibile, tecniche di bonifica invasive e costose con la fitodepurazione che, nelle sue diverse applicazioni, si dimostra piu’ rispettosa del territorio, anche dal punto di vista estetico e considerevolmente piu’ vantaggiosa economicamente. Prove di valutazione della capacita’ di accumulare metalli pesanti da parte di quattro specie di Salice (Salix spp) , di Phragmites australis e Brassica juncea. Date queste premesse, in collaborazione col dipartimento I.M.A.G.E. della Facoltà di ingegneria dell'Università di Padova, nell’ambito del PRIN 2005 ““Risanamento di sedimenti marini, lagunari e fluviali” sono state messe a punto delle prove sperimentali finalizzate a comprendere le potenzialità di Salix spp, di Brassica juncea e Phragmites australis nel mettere in atto un'azione di fitorimedio su sedimenti provenienti dal dragaggio della laguna di Venezia nella zona di porto Marghera. Il campionamento dei fanghi è stato effettuato in quattro siti (canale industriale nord, due punti del canale industriale ovest, bacino dell'Evoluzione), quindi i campioni sono stati catalogati e caratterizzati. In vista dell’allestimento di possibili impianti finalizzati al fitorisanamento dei fanghi dragati dall’area di Porto Marghera, sono state allestite delle prove sperimentali con l’intento di definire le potenzialità fitoestrattive di Salix matsudana, S. babylonica, S. alba e S. fragilis, Phragmites australis e Brassica juncea e valutarne quindi l’idoneità ad essere messe a dimora su questi sedimenti, anche in base alla capacità di sopravvivenza ed alla produzione di biomassa. I campioni provenienti dai 4 siti, sono stati miscelati tra loro ed in rapporto 1:1 con della sabbia di fiume, sia per ottenere un substrato con valori omogenei relativamente alle concentrazioni di inquinanti, sia per aumentare la capacità drenante di un substrato altrimenti totalmente asfittico. Prova su mesocosmo : Dopo test preliminari che hanno evidenziato l’impossibilita’ di condurre prove, ceteris paribus, anche su Salix Babylonica, Fragilis ed Alba, su Thypha latifolia e su Zea Mais, sono state allestite 7 vasche (2 dedicate a Phragmites australis, 2 a Salix Matsudana e 2 a Brassica juncea ed una priva di vegetazione, della capienza di 50 L (riempite fino a 35 L) ciascuna, munite di un tubo per il drenaggio del percolato alla base. Sul fondo delle vasche è stato depositato uno strato di argilla espansa e l’ingresso del tubo è stato protetto dall’intasamento con un filtro Le talee di salice ed i semenzali di brassica sono state messe a dimora con un piccolo pane di terriccio universale al fine di attutire gli effetti dello stress da trapianto e di permettere all’apparato radicale di accrescersi a sufficienza prima di esplorare il sedimento contaminato, mentre i rizomi di Phragmites hanno attecchito a diretto contatto col substrato oggetto di analisi. Dopo due mesi dall’inizio della prova, ad una delle vasche ospitanti la Phragmites e’ stato addizionato il chelante EDTA. Prove in idroponica : prendendo come riferimento le concentrazioni di 5 tra metalli pesanti riscontrati nell’analisi dei campioni di percolato (Ni,Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb,) e la concentrazione media del Na (intorno a 0,2 M) sono state allestite degli allevamenti in coltura idroponica con talee, oltre che di S. matsudana, anche di S. alba, S. babylonica , S. fragilis e di Brassica juncea. Per quanto riguarda i salici, la soluzione contenente inizialmente una soluzione nutritiva di tipo hoagland, è stata arricchita dai suddetti 5 metalli, in concentrazione pari a quella riscontrata nelle acque di percolazione. Per ogni specie di salice è stato allestito un beacker di controllo con sola soluzione nutritiva, un becker con soluzione nutritiva, più i metalli ed uno con le caratteristiche precedenti più NaCl a concentrazioni crescenti (da 0,05 M fino a 0,2 M). Per le brassiche sono stati allestiti 5 becker con 40 piantine ciascuno. Un beacker di controllo con soluzione nutritiva, due con concetrazione di metalli pari a quella del percolato, due con concentrazione di metalli pari al percolato più NaCl 0,05 M (aumentato fino a 0,2 M nel corso di 3 settimane). Alla fine del periodo di trattamento sono state separate e pesate parte aerea ed apparato radicale dei semenzali e ne sono stati analizzati i contenuti in metalli e Na. Prove su microcosmi : sono state allestite 5 taniche da 20 L ciascuna, dotate di rubinetto alla base e sistemate in cella climatica, tutte dotate di uno strato drenante di ghiaino alla base, un orizzonte costituito solo da sedimento ed uno, quello più superficiale, di terriccio universale. Quattro taniche hanno ospitato ciascuna tre talee (una specie per ogni tanica) e otto piantine di Paspalum vaginatum, la quinta tre talee di S. Babylonica e otto piantine di Paspalum. L’insediamento delle talee e della graminacea è durato 50 giorni. Nella settimana successiva alla messa a dimora dei S. Babylonica nella quinta tanica è stato aggiunto l’ EDDS, un chelante che ha lo scopo di rendere più biodisponibili i metalli pesanti presenti nel substrato. Studio dell’approfondimento radicale dei salici : per verificare la capacità delle quattro specie di salice, di esplorare il sedimento contaminato sono state allestite 24 bottiglie in pet da 2 L, di cui 16 riempite con lo stesso contenuto delle taniche e 8 (due per specie) riempite con del terreno proveniente dall’Azienda Sperimentale “L. Toniolo”. In ogni bottiglia è stata messa a dimora una talea di salice (6 bottiglie per specie). Al termine dei 50 giorni di prova condotti in camera di crescita, è stata asportata la parte aerea della talea, le bottiglie sono state congelate e poi segate in tre parti corrispondenti alla sezione contenente il terriccio e a due parti conteneti il sedimento. Tutte le radici presenti sono state estratte , lavate e pesate e sottoposte a scansione digitale. Risultati : Phragmites : azione efficace del chelante EDTA per quanto riguarda l’accumulo di Cd, Ni, Pb Zn e Na nei fusti di Phragmites, mentre differenze significative nei rizomi sono state riscontrate solo per Pb e Na. Nessuna differenza in termini di biomassa prodotta. Il chelante ha reso maggiormente disponibile nella soluzione circolante Cu e Zn anche se le concentrazioni restano molto basse. Salici nelle taniche in cella climatica : gli accumuli a livello fogliare non mostrano differenze significative tra le quattro specie non trattate. Mentre l’EDDS incrementa le prestazioni del babylonica rispetto a se stesso ed alle altre specie per quanto riguarda Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn mentre riduce la concentrazione di Na. A livello di fusti la suddetta differenza si esplica nelle concentrazioni di Cu, Zn e Na; questi ultimi risultano maggiormente accumulati dal babylonica sia con che senza chelante. A livello radicale il babylonica risulta ancora uno dei migliori accumulatori del lotto per quanto riguarda Na, Zn e Cd. Nessuna differenza ne tra specie ne tra presenza/ assenza di chelante per quanto riguarda il Ni. In un confronto tra questi salici ed il matsudana cresciuto piu’ a lungo e in condizioni di T , umidita’ e fotoperiodo variabili, a livello fogliare il salice cresciuto in mesocosmo presenta valori di Na significativamente piu’ alti degli altri salici, seguito dal matsudana cresciuto in cella, a conferma dell’atitudine di questa specie a traslocare piu’ facilmente il Na nella chioma. Anche riguardo Cd e Ni il matsudana di campo denuncia tra i valori piu’ elevati assieme al babylonica trattato con EDDS. Nei fusti, per Na ,Pb e Ni ci sono differenze significative in favore del S. matsudana di campo. A livello radicale il S. matsudana cresciuto in mesocosmo presenta valori significativamente piu’ alti rispetto alle prove in cella climatica ad eccezione del Na. Le prove in idroponica confermano, a livello fogliare che l’accumulo di Na compete fortemente con l’uptake dei metalli, in particolare nei confronti di Cd, Ni, Pb e Zn ; piu’ sfumata invece l’azione competitiva verso il Cu. Da rilevare, a livello di fusti le migliori performances di S. babylonica per Cd, Cu, Zn e Ni, nonostante si rilevi nel contenpo il primato nell’accumulo di Na. Anche a livello radicale il babylonica accumula piu’ delle altre specie per quanto riguarda Cd, Ni Zn e Na. La prova sullo sviluppo radicale mostra, nella comparazione col rispettivo controllo, che l’apparato radicale di S. babylonica risulta il meno sofferente tra le quattro specie (in accordo quindi con i dati di accumulo), mentre comparando le quattro specie cresciute sul sedimento, il Salix alba risulta avere l’apparato piu’ sviluppato in profondita’ e con i diametri minori , segno questo che potrebbe essere considerato di minor sofferenza, come riscontrato anche da Vamerali et al. 2008. L’allevamento in idroponica di Brassica juncea evidenzia differenze significative tra l’accumulo di metalli in presenza di Na rispetto all’accumulo in assenza di quest’ultimo. Le performances di accumulo rispetto alle brassiche cresciute su fango sono nettamente migliori, anche in presenza di Na , a testimonianza del fatto che A) l’idroponica non offre termini di paragone affidabili rispetto alle condizioni di campo B) probabilmente intervengono altri fattori, come la carenza di nutrienti, a condizionare l’accumulo di metalli e la produzione di biomassa che risulta bassa anche per la precocita’ della fioritura, sintomo della condizione di stress. Interazione del selenato e del molibdato con il trasporto e l’assimilazione di solfato in Brassica juncea Recentemente e’ stato individuato in Arabidopsis un trasportare (MOT1) con elevata affinita’ per il Mo (Tomatsu et al., 2007), ma si ritiene che le piante assorbano Mo anche attraverso i trasportatori del S poiche’ i due anioni hanno caratteristiche simili e potrebbero competere nell’occupare il sito attivo degli stessi trasportatori (Dudev e Lim 2004; Alhendawi et al 2005). Una volta all’interno della cellula, Mo puo’ interferire col metabolismo dello S divenendo substrato per le reazioni catalizzate dall’ ATP sulfurilasi (APS), come accade per il Se ma, a differenza di quest’ultimo non si riscontra la formazione di prodotti contenenti Mo derivanti da questa reazione (Reuveny, 1977). A causa del significativo impatto che l’applicazione di fertilizzanti a base di S puo’ avere sulla distribuzione di Se e Mo e sul loro accumulo nelle piante (Shinmachi et al., 2010), si e’ cercato di capire, in questo lavoro,quale sia l’interazione tra l’uptake di S e il Se e Mo in Brassica juncea. A questo scopo semenzali di Brassica juncea sono stati allevati con differenti combinazioni di S e Se o S e Mo. Gli esperimenti sono stati condotti nel breve periodo (24h) poiche’ selenato e molibdato sono stati somministrati ad alte concentrazioni (200 µM), le stesse del solfato in condizioni di normale apporto di S. Sono state condotte analisi relative all’accumulo di S, Se e Mo e ai paramentri di crescita. L’indice di tolleranza (% del peso fresco sul controllo) e il rapporto radici/fusti denuncia un maggiore stress per le piante cresciute in carenza di zolfo e in presenza di Se e Mo. Se e Mo sono risultati maggiormente assorbiti in carenza di S. Sia per quanto riguarda lo S totale , sia riguardo al ssolfato, la competizione con Se e Mo si nota solo tra le 6 e le 24 h di trattamento, mentre nel brevissimo periodo (entro 1 h) non si apprezzano cambiamenti significativi nell’assorbimento di S. Studio dei potenziali effetti del Selenio sulla tolleranza allo stress idrico da parte di Brassica juncea e Stanleya pinnata . Talune specie accumulatrici di Se (Brassica spp, Stanleya spp, Astragalus spp.) usano questa peculiarita’ per difendersi dai predatori (Freeman et al., 2007; Galeas et al. 2007 ; ) e recentemente si e’ visto che Brassica juncea , a differenza di quello che succede per altri elementi tossici o potenzialmente tossici, accumula selenio in grandi quantita’ anche nei fiori e nei semi, avvalorando l’ipotesi, per certe specie o sottospecie o addirittura per alcune popolazioni in via di speciazione, di un adattamento evoluzionistico nell’uso del selenio contro parassiti e predatori erbivori (Quinn C. et al., dati non ancora pubblicati).Su queste due specie sono state condotte prove su substrato ghiaioso e in idroponica in presenza (20 µM) e in assenza di Selenato di sodio. Il deficit idrico e’ stato applicato prima su substrato ghiaioso attraverso la mancata irrigazione, poi in idroponica attraverso l’aggiunta di polietilenglicol (PEG 10000), un composto organico che altera il Ψ idrico della soluzione nutritiva. Nei due esperimenti condotti in idroponica il potenziale e’ stato portato fino a -1.3 / 1.6 Mpa. Dalla misurazione della capacita’ fotosintetica sotto stress idrico, della biomassa e del Ψ idrico fogliare nei diversi esperimenti, si e’ arrivati alla conclusione che non vi e’ una evidente azione positiva del Se nei riguardi della tolleranza allo stress idrico se non per quanto riguarda la condizione di controllo (non stress) e di stress lieve (-0.5/0.6 Mpa). Questa azione, pur non marcata, si esplica nell’aumento di biomassa superiore in piante trattate con selenato rispetto a quelle non trattate in accordo con quanto riscontrato per semenzali di Triticum aestivum (Yao Xiaoqin et al. ; 2009). Studio delle potenzialita’ di Astragalus racemosus (iperaccumulatore di Selenio) e Astragalus convallarius (non accumulatore) nel ruolo di accumulatori di Nichel, Molibdeno, Cromo, Vanadio, Tungsteno, Arsenico, Tellurio e Selenio. Il genere Astragalus comprende diverse specie distribuite in america centro settentrionale, alcune delle quali adattate a vivere su suoli seleniferi e quindi in grado di sviluppare un’elevata tolleranza al Se, divenendo cosi’ iperaccumulatrici (Cowgill, 1990). Arsenico, Nichel Cromo, Vanadio, Tellurio, Tungsteno e Molibdeno sono tutti elementi la cui concentrazione nell’ambiente e’ aumentata a causa dell’attivita’ umana ( Bamhart 1997 ; Zarchinas et al 2004 ; Zoller et al. 1973 ; Gott and McCarthy 1966 ; ) . e l’obiettivo di questo studio e’ capire se gli adattamenti fisiologici nei confronti dell’accumulo di Se siano efficaci anche nei confronti di altri metalli pesanti e metalloidi, in particolare Cromo e Tellurio che presentano caratteristiche steriche simili al Selenio. Queste due specie di Astragalus sono state fatte germinare in piastra petri e quindi fatte crescere in camera di crescita per 3 mesi su substrato di agargel piu’ Murashige & Skooge e addizionato con sali degli elementi sopra indicati dosati in concetrazioni differenti in base al loro grado di tossicita’ (affinche’ le piante potessero crescere ed accumulare metalli senza patirne la tossicita’ fino a morirne troppo precocemente). I risultati hanno dimostrato che non sempre la specie iperaccumulatrice di Selenio ha le caratteristiche per tollerare l’accumulo anche di altri elementi (A. Convallarius si e’ dimostrato piu’ tollerante nell’accumulo di Vanadio). Studio degli effetti del Rame nella fisiologia di Populus trichocarpa ed in particolare sull’attivita’ della proteina Laccasi, coinvolta nella formazione della parete cellulare. Il Rame e’ coinvolto come cofattore, nel funzionamento di diverse dismutasi (proteine che trasformano i ROS in H2O2) oltre che essere cofattore per il funzionamento delle laccasi (Pilon et al. 2006). Allevando in agargel e moltiplicando diversi cloni di Populus trichocarpa generati a partire dallo stesso callo, con due diverse concentrazioni di Cu (0.1 µM e 5 µM) si e’ voluto verificare attraverso analisi dell’attivita’ proteica (western blot e native gel) se e quanto due concentrazioni di rame (una prossima al limite inferiore che ne decreta la carenza ed una piuttosto elevata ma ben entro i limiti di tossicita’), influenzino l’omeostasi cellulare. Una volta verificato la diversa intensita’ dell’attivita’ delle proteine in questione (MnSOD, Cu/ZnSOD, FeSOD, CCS ecc. In base alla concentrazione di rame fornita, si e’ passato ad uno studio preliminare dell’espressione della Laccasi in base alle due diverse concentrazioni di rame. Poiche’ la laccasi necessita anch’essa del Cu come cofattore (4 ioni Cu ) e poiche’ in uno stato di carenza o prossimo alla carenza di rame, la cellula inibisce l’espressione di tutte le proteine che richiedono rame e che non sono strettamente necessarie alla fotosintesi come invece lo e’ la plastocianina, si e’ voluto verificare se la laccasi subisse esattamente questo destino. Sono stati quindi disegnati dei primers (sequenze innesco per amplificare col metodo PCR il DNA retrotrascritto da RNA) che contemplassero l’amplificazione della sequenza bersaglio dei microRNA (sequenze brevi di RNA che in coppia col complesso proteico RISC tagliano e quindi inattivano l’RNA messaggero) (Yamasaky et al. 2007; Abdel Ghani et al 2008) in modo da avere, dopo la corsa elettroforetica su gel di agarosio, bande di intensita’ diversa in base all’azione di downregulation operata o meno dalla pianta. I risultati preliminari mostrano diversi livelli di espressione per diversi tipi di laccasi analizzati presenti nel fusto e nelle foglie,
Thomas, Frank [Verfasser], Reinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Hensel, Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Bayer, and Alfred V. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hirner. "The capability of methanoarchaea to form methyl and hydride derivatives of metals and metalloids / Frank Thomas. Gutachter: Peter Bayer ; Alfred V. Hirner. Betreuer: Reinhard Hensel." Duisburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024457303/34.
Mehlhorn, Judith [Verfasser], and Britta [Akademischer Betreuer] Planer-Friedrich. "Characterization of binding mechanisms and mobility of metals and metalloids under the influence of increased carbon dioxide in mofette soils / Judith Mehlhorn ; Betreuer: Britta Planer-Friedrich." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1181188598/34.
Santos, Luiz Raimundo Seneterri Silva Rodrigues dos. "Determinação de elementos essenciais e contaminantes em amostras biológicas empregando espectrometria atômica." Instituto de Química, 2010. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/20275.
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O estudo de elementos essenciais e contaminantes nas amostras biológicas é de grande importância visto que a variação da concentração destes é um parâmetro para detecção de diversas doenças e distúrbios metabólicos provocados pela exposição a substâncias tóxicas e medicamentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor um método analítico visando avaliar o efeito da furosemida (diurético de alça) sobre a composição mineral (Mg, Cu, Fe, Se, Zn, Cd e Pb) em amostras biológicas (fígado, rim, coração, pulmão e soro) de ratos Wistar por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES). Para a decomposição das amostras foi utilizado um procedimento por via úmida, com adição de ácido nítrico e peróxido de hidrogênio, empregando forno de microondas com cavidade. As figuras analíticas de mérito (precisão, limites de detecção (LOD) e quantificação (LOQ) e efeito de matriz) foram determinadas para o procedimento proposto. A exatidão foi verificada com material de referência certificado fígado bovino NIST 1577b e por comparação com método de referência da AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). O procedimento proposto foi aplicado para avaliação dos efeitos da furosemida sobre a composição corporal de elementos essenciais e contaminantes de ratos Wistar. Os dados para Se, Cd e Pb foram abaixo do LOQ, sendo necessário a utilização de técnicas mais sensíveis como GF AAS e ICP-MS para a quantificação desses elementos em amostras biológicas. Em relação ao comportamento dos minerais nas amostras biológicas estudadas, o Cu, nas amostras biológicas dos ratos machos, este apresenta uma redução no fígado, rim e coração, mantendo-se constante no pulmão. Nas fêmeas há um aumento no fígado e redução no rim, coração e pulmão. Para o Fe, o comportamento é semelhante entre machos e fêmeas, com redução no fígado, rim e soro e aumento no coração e pulmão. O Mg apresenta uma constância no fígado e pulmão, redução no rim, coração e aumento no soro para machos, enquanto para fêmeas, em fígado e rim permanecem constantes e há redução no coração, pulmão e soro. Já o Zn reduz no fígado e rim dos machos e se mantém constante no coração e pulmão, sendo o inverso para as fêmeas. Foi encontrando como resultados uma extração dos elementos Mg, Cu e Zn em todos os tecidos biológicos estudados em uma magnitude de 16,8; 15,1 e 6,4 % para ratos machos e 13,0; 16,5 e 8,1 % para fêmeas, após a administração da furosemida em todos os animais estudados. O Fe apresentou um aumento de 21,8% e 5,1%, em todos os tecidos biológicos estudados, para ratos machos e fêmeas respectivamente, concluindo que a furosemida não traz prejuízos para a saúde com relação à perda de elementos essenciais
The study of essential elements and contaminants in biological samples is of great importance since the variation of the concentration of these is a parameter for the detection of various diseases and metabolic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances and medicines. The aim of this study was to propose an analytical method to evaluate the effect of furosemide (loop diuretic) on the mineral composition (Mg, Cu, Fe, Se, Zn, Cd and Pb) in biological samples (liver, kidney, heart, lung and serum) of rats by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES). For decomposition of the samples we used a procedure by wet, with the addition of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide, using a microwave cavity. The analytical figures of merit (precision, limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) and matrix effect) were determined for the proposed procedure. The accuracy was checked with certified reference material NIST 1577b bovine liver and by comparison with reference method AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). The proposed procedure was applied to assess the effects of furosemide on body composition of essential elements and contaminants in rats. The data for Se, Cd and Pb were below the LOQ, necessitating the use of more sensitive techniques such as GF AAS and ICP-MS for quantification of these elements in biological samples. As for the behavior of minerals in biological samples studied, the Cu in biological samples from male rats, this presents a reduction in the liver, kidney and heart, remaining constant in the lung. In females there is an increase in the liver and reduction in kidney, heart and lung. For Fe, the behavior is similar between males and females, with a reduction in the liver, kidney and serum and increased heart and lung. Magnesium has a constancy in the liver and lung, reduction in kidney, heart and an increase in serum for males as for females, liver and kidney remain constant and there is a reduction in heart, lung and serum. Already reduces the Zn in the liver and kidney of males and remained constant in the heart and lungs, and the converse for females. Was found as a result of the extraction elements Mg, Cu and Zn in all biological tissues studied in a magnitude of 16.8, 15.1 and 6.4% for males and 13.0, 16.5 and 8.1 % for females, after administration of furosemide in all animals studied. Fe showed an increase of 21.8% and 5.1% in all biological tissues studied, for males and females respectively, concluding that furosemide does not bring harm to health in relation to loss of essential elements
Resongles, Eléonore. "Etude de la contamination par les métaux et métalloïdes d’origine minière sur le bassin des Gardons : approche élémentaire (As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb, Tl, Zn) et isotopique (Sb, Zn)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20173/document.
The overall objective of this thesis was to improve understanding of the influence of former mining sites on metal (Cd, Hg, Tl, Pb, Zn) and metalloid (As, Sb) contamination of the downstream hydrosystem. A special care was given to antimony (Sb), its behavior in mining-impacted streams remains poorly known and its isotopic signature could be usefull to track sources and processes. The study site is the Gardon River watershed in the south-east of France which drains many abandoned mining sites (Pb, Zn, Sb, coal). Metal and metalloid enrichment was studied in current and historical sediments of the Gardon River watershed. A sedimentary archive was used to investigate past metal contamination history. The prevailing metal and metalloid sources in sediments were determined together with the potential mobility of these elements toward the aqueous phase. In addition, dissolved and particulate metal and metalloid concentration variations were studied during a flood event using a high temporal resolution sampling. Altogether, the results suggest that former mining sites of the Gardon River watershed contribute to metal and metalloid enrichment of the downstream hydrosystem, especially during floods. More specifically, antimony behavior was investigated in a tributary of the Gardon River which is impacted by acid mine drainage originating from the disused Carnoulès mine and antimony isotopic composition was determined in waters collected in the Gardon River watershed and in the Upper Orb River after developing a protocol for preconcentrating and purifying Sb. The results highlight the potential of antimony isotopes to track the origin of this element and the processes that it undergoes during its transfer in streams impacted by mine drainage
Brito, Geysa Barreto. "Distribuição de elementos essenciais e contaminantes em fanerógrama Halodule wrightii e macroalgas marinhas na Baía de Todos os Santos, Bahia, Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFBA, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10800.
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CAPES
As macroalgas estão sendo bastante utilizadas com êxito no monitoramento da qualidade ambiental. Diante da crescente contaminação na Baía de Todos os Santos (BTS), Bahia, Brasil, neste trabalho foram determinadas as concentrações de elementos traço, micro e macro em macroalgas e fanerógama marinhas coletadas em vários pontos da baía, visando estudar a distribuição dos elementos. As macroalgas estudadas foram: Acanthophora spicifera, Bostrychia montagnei, Dictyopteris jamaicensis, Padina spp., Sargassum spp., Ulva lactuca, Bryopsis plumosa, Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa scalpelliformis, Codium isthmocladum e Penicillus capitatus. A fanerógama marinha foi Halodule wrightii. As amostras foram coletadas em: Salinas da Margarida, Ilha de Bimbarras (São Francisco do Conde), Ilha de Maré (Salvador), Praia de Caboto (Candeias), Praia da Ribeira (Salvador) e Praia da Penha (Vera Cruz – Ilha de Itaparica). Os períodos de coleta seguiram a sazonalidade (períodos seco e chuvoso) e os elementos estudados foram As, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Sn, Se, Sr, V e Zn. As amostras foram submetidas à digestão em forno de micro-ondas com cavidade, após otimização de parâmetros, e os analitos determinados em espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) e espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). Foi observado que alguns elementos se destacaram em determinadas localidades, em ambos os períodos, tais como, em μg g-1: Cd (0,140-6,13) e Zn (6,63-45,9) em Bimbarras; Li (0,233-10,1) e As (2,29-54,2) em Praia da Penha; Cd (0,293-3,25) em Salinas da Margarida; Li (1,92-9,86), Pb (6,28-8,58), V (14,1-21,2), Cr (1,45-7,42) e Cu (70,1-126) em Caboto; Ni (1,95-17,3) na praia da Ribeira; e Li (0,980-11,4), Pb (1,32-8,05), Cu (13,1-57,8) e Zn (20,1-56,6) em Ilha de Maré. Os táxons que apresentaram maiores capacidades de acumulação para a maioria dos elementos estudados foram Sargassum spp, Caulerpa racemosa e Padina spp. No estudo da variação da concentração dos analitos quanto à variação da intensidade de chuvas, foi observado que apenas os elementos Li e Co exerceram influência significativa sobre os resultados.
Salvador
Pascaud, Gregoire. "Etude des processus pédogénétiques de technosols miniers : De l'analogue naturel à la stratégie de remédiation." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0067.
The Technosols include soils subject to strong anthropogenic pressure and particularly to the soil influenced by human-made materials. In this context, abandoned mine sites can contain a large amount of transformed waste materials often enriched with metals and metalloïds. Compared to natural soils, the singularity of mining Technosols naturally developed from mining waste corresponding to their parental material made by fine-grained mineral waste. Unlike their poorly anthropized homologous, Technosols are not enough well known. So, the overall objective of this study is to increase knowledge of soil processes of Technosols after spontaneous vegetation impact. Thus, different profiles were sampled respectively corresponding to different abandoned mine exploitation type: W, Pb-Ag, Sn and Au. Their pedogenic way have therefore been studied to determine potential linkages and levers guiding their evolution. This preliminary study is based on the contemporary picture of a natural rehabilitation (by simple solum formation) for a period of about 75 years on average. Secondly several rehabilitation techniques have been studied respectively: (i) the phytoremediation by growing Douglas plant and (ii) the reused of waste by mine sediment based geopolymer synthesis
Affholder, Marie-cecile. "Approche des mécanismes de tolérance du romarin aux éléments traces métalliques et métalloïdes : perspectives pour une phytostabilisation des sols méditerranéens pollués." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4730/document.
Past industrial activities, particularly metallurgical one, have current environmental consequences. As an example, the former lead smelter from l'Escalette (South-East Marseille, France) in the National Park of Calanques lead to an important environmental pollution of its surroundings. Thus, more than 80 years after its activity ceased, a trace metal and metalloide (TMM) diffuse pollution is still present. This PhD study aimed to contribute to the assessment of the diffuse contamination levels by TMM of the Calanque's soils around the former lead smelting factory. Aiming at identifying an adapted solution of ecological restoration of the areas with diffuse pollution located in the National Park of Calanques. Accumulation abilities and tolerance mechanisms of a native plant species, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), were studied. In order to achieve this, in situ and ex situ assays were performed. TMM concentrations in rosemary organs (leaves, stems, roots) and some stress phytometabolites were assessed. Moreover, the role of mycorrhizal symbioses in rosemary tolerance was evaluated
Rande, Hugo. "Effets du niveau de pollution métallique et des stratégies fonctionnelles sur les types d’effets en jeu dans les interactions entre plantes au niveau d’anciens sites miniers des Pyrénées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0032.
Plant-plant interactions have been overlooked in metal/metalloids-impacted environments and are likely driven by several factors whose influence is barely known. First, plant-plant interactions depend on the level of metal pollution, but also on the functional plant strategies of the interacting plants. Furthermore, plants can have several type of effects on their immediate environment, acting at different timescales. Plants canopy and roots have an instantaneous influence on the microclimate and available resources in their immediate vicinity. Then, during a growing season, the production of litter and its decomposition beneath their canopy can influence soil chemical and physical properties. In the longer term, when this cycle of litter production/decomposition is repeated over the years, the dynamics of the organic matter will influence soil conditions even more. In this thesis, our main objective was to delineate these effects, and to understand how plant functional strategies can influence these various effects along metal pollution gradients. We studied these effects during three consecutive years (from 2020 to 2022) in a former mining valley in the French Pyrenees (Sentein, Ariège, France). In this area, we studied interactions between plants using observational and target transplantation methods controlling for the presence of plant canopy and/or plant litter, in three study sites: a slag heap with homogeneous pollution and two mine tailings areas with heterogeneous pollution creating a gradient of pollution. Along these gradients, short-term canopy and root-uptake effects followed the Stress Gradient Hypothesis, switching from competition to facilitation as pollution increased. This facilitation was stronger when the species producing the effect were acquisitive (in relation with soil resources and the Leaf Economic Spectrum), and benefits more the low metal-tolerant plants. These positive effects were mainly due to the improvement of micro-climatic conditions during hot and dry episodes in summer. Concerning the effects linked to litter production and decomposition, negative effects on target plants were found, suggesting the so-called “elemental allelopathic” effects, in relation with the high concentration of metallic elements in the decomposing litter. These negative litter effects were more important in the least polluted environments, where metal-accumulating metallophyte plants (which have high concentration of metals in their leaves) and less metal-tolerant plants interacts. They were particularly marked for targets sensitive to metal pollution. The results of this thesis give important perspectives regarding the use of facilitation for the phyto-management of metals/metalloids-polluted environments, given that the functional strategies of interacting plants and the level of pollution involved are explicitly considered. Additionnaly, the results obtained during the 2022 heatwave provide useful insights regarding the expected evolution of the different effects driving plant interactions in metalliferous ecosystems in a climate change context
Tagne, Fotso Romuald. "Imprégnation aux métaux et métalloïdes en population générale du Nord–Pas-de-Calais : niveaux, déterminants et liens avec le débit de filtration glomérulaire." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S031/document.
Human Biomonitoring allows us to evaluate our exposure to chemicals by measuring substances themselves or their metabolites or markers of health effects, from body fluids or tissues. The information collected through epidemiological surveys provide information on human exposure and are valuable databases in the research of exposure-response relationships in humans. This thesis is part of the cross-sectional IMePoGe survey conducted between 2008-2010 in the Nord–Pas-de-Calais region (in northern France), including 2,000 adult residents aged 20 to 59 years old, and aimed to quantify the impregnation levels of the population to 14 metals and metalloids (aluminum, antimony, total arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, thallium, vanadium, zinc) chosen for their toxic effects and the frequency of occupational and environmental exposure. The specific objectives of this thesis were, which a special interest for lead and cadmium, two nephrotoxic metals known in the literature: i) to establish the distribution of impregnation metals into the northern population of France and compare the exposure regional level to metals and metalloids with the national and international data; ii) to identify the major factors of variation of the impregnation and the sources of exposure to lead and cadmium in the general population; iii) to study the relationship between the change in glomerular filtration rate and the impregnation levels to metals. Overall, blood and urinary concentrations of most metals and metalloids were higher than those found in the national nutritional health survey conducted during the same period in the French population, with the exception of urinary vanadium and blood lead. The regional mean of blood lead level (geometric mean) was 18.8 μg/L. Several sources of lead exposure existed in the population and were link to the occupational, environmental and consumption parameters. Regarding cadmium, smoking was the main source of recent or chronic exposure to metal: the geometric mean of blood cadmium, reflecting a recent exposure, was 0.39 μg/L and increased from 0.26 μg/L in non-smokers to 0.84 μg/L in smokers; the geometric mean of urinary cadmium, reflecting the chronic exposure, was 0.37 μg/L (0.33 μg/g creatinine) and increased from 0.33 μg/L (0.29 μg/g creatinine) in non-smokers to 0.46 μg/L (0.37 μg/g creatinine) in smokers. Finally, as part of the study of the relationship between the metal levels and the glomerular filtration rate, our study showed that taking into account the multiple exposure to the other potentially nephrotoxic metals and metalloids upset considerably the previous associations specifically reported with lead and cadmium, in the context of low levels exposure in the general population
Gardes, Thomas. "Reconstruction temporelle des contaminations métalliques et organiques particulaires dans le bassin versant de l'Eure et devenir des sédiments suite à l'arasement d'un barrage. Reconstruction of anthropogenic activities in legacy sediments from the Eure River, a major tributary of the Seine Estuary (France) Flux estimation, temporal trends and source determination of trace metal contamination in a major tributary of the Seine estuary, France Temporal trends, sources, and relationships between sediment characteristics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment cores from the major Seine estuary tributary, France Impacts à court-terme de l’arasement d’un barrage sur la morphologie du cours d’eau et la remobilisation de sédiments contaminés par les métaux traces Bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, PCBs) and trace elements: Influencing factors and determination in a river sediment core." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR038.
The anthropogenic impact on rivers has significantly increased following the industrial revolutioninitiated by Western countries. Thus, changes in the geomorphology of rivers for water storage andnavigation, the conversion of land for agricultural, industrial and urbanization purposes illustrate thisenvironmental pressure, which results, among other things, in an increase in discharges of variouscontaminants into environmental compartments, particularly rivers. Therefore, part of these dischargescan end up in suspended particulate matter, which is then considered as storage wells, which transit inrivers. River development, particularly the construction of dams, encourages the sedimentation of these contaminated particles over time. These sediments of anthropogenic origin, also called legacy sediments, are therefore witnesses to human activities and make it possible to reconstruct the temporal trajectories of contamination within watersheds. The Eure River, a major tributary of the Seine estuary, has experienced significant anthropogenic pressures since the twentieth century. The temporal reconstruction of anthropogenic pressures has required the combination of different methodological approaches: (i) a diachronic analysis of the morphological modifications of the river was carried out, in conjunction with (ii) an analysis of the sedimentary dynamics and the nature of the sediment deposits by coupling geophysical, sedimentological and geochemical methods, and (iii) the setting up of a network for monitoring the hydro-sedimentary behaviour with continuous sampling of suspended particulate matter. Significant geomorphological changes have occurred in the lower reaches of the watershed, with the main consequences being an outlet moved some ten kilometres in the direction of a dam and the formation of hydraulic annexes favouring the accumulation of sediments as early as the 1940s. These made it possible to show that the Eure River watershed had experienced significant contamination, the consequences of which are still being recorded despite the cessation of activities or uses. The temporal trends of trace metal and metalloid elements showed strong contaminations in As in the 1940s and contaminations of industrial origin in Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag and Cd in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as contaminations in Sb and Pb in 1990–2000. The latter are still recorded despite the cessation of the activities responsible for the discharges, as evidenced by the results from the suspended particulate matter currently collected in the river. Like most trace metals, organic contaminants such as PAHs showed significant contamination during the 1940–1960s, with signatures indicating a predominantly pyrogenic origin. PCBs showed significant contamination during the period 1950–1970, in connection with the production and national uses of mixtures composed mainly of low chlorinated congeners. Finally, interest in a third family of persistent organic contaminants, organochlorine pesticides, showed the use of lindane and DDT, particularly during the 1940–1970 period, and highlighted the post-ban use of lindane and the presence of a metabolite of DDT several decades after the cessation of its use, in connection with the increase in erosion of cultivated soils
Beckstein, Pascal. "Methodenentwicklung zur Simulation von Strömungen mit freier Oberfläche unter dem Einfluss elektromagnetischer Wechselfelder." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-232474.
Klitzke, Sondra [Verfasser]. "Mobilization mechanisms of soluble and dispersible heavy metals and metalloids in soils / vorgelegt von Sondra Klitzke." 2007. http://d-nb.info/987911953/34.
Robichaud, Kawina. "Bioremédiation de sols en milieu nordique : des ressources locales pour traiter une variété d’hydrocarbures pétroliers et autres contaminants avec la phytoremédiation, la mycoremédiation et l’aide de matières résiduelles fertilisantes." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23498.
Petroleum hydrocarbons are shipped and used in virtually all parts of the world and have become one of the most common and widespread contaminants in soils. Trace elements are sometimes associated with them, and they can increase the toxicity of a site, complicate remediation, and increase the costs of traditional treatments. In northern areas where spills occur at multiple sites, the clean-up time and cost of traditional remediation methods can be significantly higher than in temperate regions. Alternative research aimed at faster and cheaper remediation adapted to subarctic climates is needed and the use of native plants and fungi integrated into the local ecosystem are promising approaches. Concurrently, governments in multiple countries aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, namely through the reduction of putrescible waste destined for landfills. By using locally-sourced residual fertilizing materials for decontamination processes, an opportunity arises to valorize these materials while restoring soils. This doctoral research aims to develop locally-adapted bioremediation methods, with indigenous plant and fungal inputs, to treat petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils in three large-scale field research projects, including one also contaminated with trace elements. Two projects were carried out in a subarctic climate at the 60 ° parallel (Whitehorse, Yukon), using an innovative approach of phytoremediation assisted by mushrooms and municipal compost; we call this integrated technique the "ecological microsystem" approach. Because soil volume has significant impacts on the efficiency of bioremediation methods, considerable volumes of 0.15 m3 and 1 m3 were used (at the first and second sites, respectively) to maximize the relevance of results in the event of a scale-up operation. At the first site, the effectiveness of the various components of the microsystem were evaluated in four different combinations, as well as compared to the usual basic treatment (fertilizer) in soil contaminated by an accidental diesel spill. The plant species chosen was Salix planifolia and Pleurotus ostreatus was selected for the fungus. Results indicate that after one treatment season, the microsystem was the treatment with the fastest diesel removal rates. After three seasons, treatments containing one or more elements of the microsystem were below standards for agricultural soils and were more effective than fertilizer treatment or natural attenuation. The second northern site was a waste oil pit located on top of a mine waste rock pile, at the heart of an old landfill. The microsystem was implanted into ground-level cells with a contaminant-proof leachate liner. The plant species Salix alaxensis and Salix planifolia were used in combination with the fungus Trametes versicolor. This approach in a highly contaminated soil was able to significantly reduce petroleum hydrocarbons (65 to 75%). The potential for metal accumulation in aerial plant tissues was also measured. Both willow species demonstrated distinct trace element accumulation patterns and different rooting strategies. A fungus of the Psathyrellaceae family was observed for the first time at a site so highly contaminated and was recurrent on the cells of the microsystem for 4 years. The first two sites contribute to the development of efficient and passive bioremediation methods applicable in subarctic climates. The third research site focused on the use of two residual fertilizing materials (fragmented rameal wood and brewer’s spent grain) and manure for the degradation of motor oil in a humid continental climate at a medium latitude (Neuville, Quebec). Mesocosms of 0.76 m3 with controlled aeration were used. Innovative aspects of this project include the use of rameal wood and spent grain at this scale, as well as the acquisition of residual materials in a very close radius of the treatment center to explore how a circular economy approach could apply in such a context. Results indicate that the addition of manure is more effective than the usual fertilizer treatment alone. Brewer’s spent grain and fragmented rameal wood were useful for maintaining soil moisture (an important bioremediation parameter) but did not increase degradation. This study, conducted in close collaboration with an industrial partner, falls under the objectives set by Canadian and Quebec policy on greenhouse gas reductions and circular economy approaches by working on the valorization of local residual organic matter. This thesis has demonstrated that combining strategies with local biological components is an effective bioremediation method in a subarctic climate. Two new willow species (Salix planifolia and Salix alaxensis) have been successfully used for the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons and for the accumulation of certain trace elements. In collaboration with an industrial partner, it has been possible to demonstrate the applicability of certain circular economy concepts and the ecosystemic approach to bioremediation.
Beckstein, Pascal. "Methodenentwicklung zur Simulation von Strömungen mit freier Oberfläche unter dem Einfluss elektromagnetischer Wechselfelder." Doctoral thesis, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A30749.