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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Díez, M. A., R. Alvarez, M. Sirgado, and H. Marsh. "Preheating techniques to manufacture metallurgical coke." ISIJ International 31, no. 5 (1991): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.31.449.

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2

Čapek, Jaroslav, and Dalibor Vojtěch. "Powder Metallurgical Techniques for Fabrication of Biomaterials." Manufacturing Technology 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 964–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/x.2015/a/1213-2489/mt/15/6/964.

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3

Arruda, Luís Eduardo. "Metallurgical techniques of melting and casting alloys." Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia. Suplemento, supl.2 (December 10, 1997): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2594-5939.revmaesupl.1997.113437.

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Neste trabalho será apresentada uma visão geral da técnica de fundição de metais e da sua evolução em seus pontos básicos. Os dois metais mais importantes para a Arqueologia, o cobre e o ferro, terão seus desenvolvimentos abordados e as peças fundidas no passado, assim como amostras de escória, analisados por outros trabalhos, serão comparados com as propriedades, especialmente de composição química, encontradas nos fundidos atualmente produzidos.

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4

Phaneuf, Michael W., and Jian Li. "FIB Techniques for Analysis of Metallurgical Specimens." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 524–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760003511x.

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Focused ion beam (FIB) microscopes, the use of which is well established in the semiconductor industry, are rapidly gaining attention in the field of materials science, both as a tool for producing site specific, parallel sided TEM specimens and as a stand alone specimen preparation and imaging tool.Both FIB secondary ion images (FIB SII) and FIB secondary electron images (FIB SEI) contain novel crystallographic and chemical information. The ability to see “orientation contrast” in FIB SEI and to a lesser extent SII is well known for cubic materials and more recently stress-free FIB sectioning combined with FIB imaging have been shown to reveal evidence of plastic deformation in metallic specimens. Particularly in hexagonal metals, FIB orientation contrast is sometimes reduced or eliminated by the FIB sectioning process. We have successfully employed FIB gas assisted etching during FIB sectioning using XeF2 for zirconium alloys and Cl2 for zinc coatings on steels to retain orientation contrast during subsequent imaging.

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5

Kang, S. H., J. W. Morris, and A. S. Oates. "Metallurgical techniques for more reliable integrated circuits." JOM 51, no. 3 (March 1999): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-999-0021-y.

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6

Prinz, D., V. Arnhold, Hans Peter Buchkremer, A. Kuhstoss, P. Neumann, and Detlev Stöver. "Graded High-Porous Microfilters by Powder Metallurgical Coating Techniques." Materials Science Forum 308-311 (May 1999): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.308-311.59.

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7

Rittel, Daniel, and George Faingold. "On the Application of Metallurgical Techniques to Forensic Sciences." Journal of Forensic Sciences 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 12452J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs12452j.

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8

Khan, S. H., Aamer Nusair Khan, and K. Mahmood. "Metallurgical Characterization of Duplex Steel by Non Destructive Techniques." Key Engineering Materials 442 (June 2010): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.442.330.

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This paper describes the application of eddy current and ultrasonic velocity technique for the study of cold rolled duplex steel. Samples are cold rolled up to 80 percent and then tested for X-Ray diffractrometeric analysis, hardness testing, ultrasonic longitudinal velocity and for eddy-current testing. It was observed that eddy current impedance and longitudinal velocity is affected due to variation in micro-structure induced by cold working. It is suggested that eddy current and ultrasonic velocity techniques are useful tools for the characterization of duplex steel during cold working operation.

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9

Giumlia-Mair, A. "Ancient metallurgical traditions and connections around the caput Adriae." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 45, no. 2 (2009): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0902149g.

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In the last decade several archaeological projects concerning metallurgical tradition and techniques, were carried out on metal finds from various sites around the Northern Adriatic and in the Eastern Alps. The pieces, made of different metals, are dated to various periods, between the Late Bronze Age and Late Antiquity. The results of different kinds of analytical techniques, applied to several hundreds of archaeological metal artefacts from this area, are presented and evaluated in the paper. The different metallurgical techniques and traditions, identified during the researches are illustrated, compared and interpreted. An overview of the available data and of the general trends of ancient metallurgy in this broader area is attempted.

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10

Nag, Debjani, P. Kopparthi, P. S. Dash, V. K. Saxena, and S. Chandra. "Enrichment of reactive macerals in coal: its characterization and utilization in coke making." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 2 (2018): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2017094.

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Macerals in coal are of different types: reactive and inert. These macerals are differ in their physical and chemical properties. Column flotation method has been used to separate the reactive macerals in a non-coking coal. The enriched coal is then characterized in order to understand the changes in the coking potential by different techniques. It is then used in making of metallurgical coke by proper blending with other coals. Enriched coal enhance the properties of metallurgical coke. This shows a path of utilization of non-coking coal in metallurgical coke making.

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11

Muriana,, R. A. "Responses of Ka’oje Metallurgical Manganese Ore to Gravity Concentration Techniques." International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology 4, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17950/ijset/v4s7/702.

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12

Cong, Liqun, and Lejiang Xu. "The Information Integration Techniques in Metallurgical Industry Automation of China *." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 36, no. 24 (October 2003): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)37598-5.

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13

Klemm-Toole, J., M. Agnani, S. W. Thompson, K. O. Findley, and C. M. Enloe. "The Case for Advanced Characterization to Better Understand Surface Hardening of Steels." AM&P Technical Articles 179, no. 4 (May 1, 2021): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2021-04.p062.

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14

Montanari, Roberto, and Ennio Bonetti. "Mechanical Spectroscopy Applications for Investigating Metallurgical Processes." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.113.

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Mechanical Spectroscopy provides information on microstructural features of materials not obtained by other techniques. In general, it is used for investigating physical phenomena, however it can be very useful also for solving problems related to industrial processes. This work describes and discusses some applications of metallurgical interest.

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15

Simniškytė, Andra, and Aušra Selskienė. "Prehistoric Iron Bloomery Debris on a Small Island in Lake Aisetas (Eastern Lithuania)." Acta Archaeologica 92, no. 2 (April 14, 2023): 75–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/16000390-20210039.

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Abstract The archaeological discoveries of metallurgical waste in Lithuania have established that metallurgical activities were commonly connected to settlements. However, recent investigations suggest that even in the case of small-scale production on a homestead industry level, small isolated smelting bloomeries could have existed outside settlements. The work presented in this article introduces the material acquired from the newly discovered prehistoric site on a small island in Lake Aisetas in Eastern Lithuania. The data was acquired through surface and soil sampling surveys, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and small-scale excavations. Metallurgical waste weighing 150 kg was collected without additional evidence to facilitate archaeological interpretation of the finds and their origins. This article aims to characterise the metallurgical waste and deduce the nature of the activity and processes that produced these by-products on the island. Through an exploration of recovery circumstances and a macroscopic examination as well as composition and microstructure analysis of the metallurgical waste, this study intends to answer the following questions: what constitutes the metallurgical waste found on the island; what conclusions can be drawn regarding the ironworking techniques, production scope, and chronology; and how favourable was the studied area for early iron production?

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16

Tsukamoto, Hideaki. "Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube/Aluminum Composites Fabricated by Powder Metallurgical and Repeated Hot-Rolling Techniques." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040169.

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This research aimed to fabricate lightweight and high-strength carbon nanotube (CNT)/aluminum (Al) composites by powder metallurgical and repeated hot-rolling techniques. The fabrication was conducted in three steps: (1) CNT dispersion, (2) preparation of CNT/Al compacts by powder metallurgical slurry methods, and (3) strengthening and refining of CNT/Al composites by repeated hot rolling. The processes of dispersion of CNTs were carried out with dimethylacetamide as a solvent and potassium carbonate as a dispersing agent, which is an inorganic salt, under ultrasonic sonication conditions. Effect of sonication time on dispersion states and mechanical properties was also examined.

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17

Kar, Nikhil, Adam Bovie, and Tim Roig. "The Complementary Use of 3D X-Ray Micro-Computed Tomography with Traditional Metallography." AM&P Technical Articles 180, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2022-01.p016.

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18

SIDOROVA, Elena Yu, and Yurii Yu KOSTYUKHIN. "Assessing the investment appeal of metallurgical companies." National Interests: Priorities and Security 18, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.18.2.321.

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Subject. The article deals with investment activity. Objectives. We focus on the analysis of investment potential of metal companies in Russia. Methods. The study applies regression and correlation techniques. Results. We developed correlation matrices and regression models, enabling to select risk-dominant factors and macroeconomic indicators to assess investment attractiveness. Conclusions. The model of forecasting the stock quotes will help comprehensively assess the situation and make rational and effective management decisions that contribute to improving the competitiveness of companies.

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19

Wu, Jijun, Ding Yang, Min Xu, Wenhui Ma, Qiang Zhou, Zhenfei Xia, Yun Lei, et al. "Boron Removal from Silicon Using Secondary Refining Techniques by Metallurgical Method." Separation & Purification Reviews 49, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 68–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2018.1523191.

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20

Wu, Jijun, Yanlong Li, Wenhui Ma, Kai Liu, Kuixian Wei, Keqiang Xie, Bin Yang, and Yongnian Dai. "Impurities Removal From Metallurgical Grade Silicon Using Gas Blowing Refining Techniques." Silicon 6, no. 1 (July 9, 2013): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12633-013-9158-y.

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21

Zhang, Dong-Tao, Nai-Xing Cai, Rong-Chun Zhu, Wei-Qiang Liu, and Ming Yue. "Low-cost Sm0.7Y0.3Co5 sintered magnet produced by traditional powder metallurgical techniques." Rare Metals 39, no. 4 (April 27, 2019): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12598-019-01257-8.

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22

Trivedi, Ayush, Vijay Kumar Dwivedi, and Mayank Agarwal. "Cladding techniques that achieve a solid metallurgical bond with the least amount of base material dilution - An overview." E3S Web of Conferences 309 (2021): 01091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130901091.

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Metals and alloys can undergo intergranular corrosion attack, wear and ultimately can result in failure under various service conditions. To reduce this possibility of failure by different modes, metals and alloys are employed with certain surface treatment processes. Out of numerous surface treatment processes available today cladding has evolved itself as one of the noble techniques in this era to provide and act as a protective layer that enables the component or specimen to withstand and enhance the service life under extreme conditions. There is a various additive method of cladding who found to be economical and efficient over the perspective of providing a good metallurgical bond with the least possible dilution of the base material. This study tries to figure out the possibilities concerning conventional and unconventional cladding techniques based on processing techniques, metallurgical bonding, advantages associated, and limitations as attached to it.

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23

Habib, M. Ahasan, Li Qun Ruan, Ryuji Kimura, P. Manikandan, and Kazuyuki Hokamoto. "Cladding of Titanium and Magnesium Alloy by Explosive Welding Using Underwater Shockwave Technique and Effect on Interface." Materials Science Forum 767 (July 2013): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.767.160.

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The wide use of clad joints in practical application has been inhibited due to the difficulty in welding certain combinations such as tungsten/-copper, molybdenum/-copper and magnesium with aluminum, titanium and stainless steel. These material combinations are generally classified as difficult to weld by conventional material joining techniques due to the vast difference in material properties and the degradation of mechanical properties of the joints. Explosive welding is here a viable alternative technique. Explosive welding is a solid-phase welding process that uses the energy of a detonating explosive to create a strong metallurgical bond. This technique has achieved impressive success in the joining of metallurgically incompatible combinations that are otherwise impossible to join by conventional welding techniques. Though the technique is suitable for joining only thin plates, it is efficient in joining some difficult to join combinations like magnesium with aluminum, titanium and stainless steel. In this paper, the result of welding titanium and magnesium was reported.

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24

Habib, Aqsa, Haq Nawaz Bhatti, and Munawar Iqbal. "Metallurgical Processing Strategies for Metals Recovery from Industrial Slags." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 234, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 201–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2019-0001.

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AbstractSlag produced as a byproduct in industrial processes, contains considerable metals contents, which need to be recovered to avoid environmental contamination. In present review, the types, applications, recovery of metals from slag and their hazardous effects have been discussed. Gravimetric, magnetic, floatation, pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical treatments are discussed for processing of charge chrome, steel, copper smelter, brass smelter, tin, incineration, ferrochrome and silico-manganese slags for the extraction of various metal ions (Mg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, As, Cr, Al, Nb, Ag, Au, Nb, Ta, Cu, Co, Ni, Fe, V, Cr). The possibility of biometallurgical processing of slags is also evaluated. Merits and demerits of extraction and purification techniques are highlighted with possible suggestions and possibility of integrated leaching techniques is also discussed.

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25

Daleo, J. A., K. A. Ellison, and D. H. Boone. "Metallurgical Considerations for Life Assessment and the Safe Refurbishment and Requalification of Gas Turbine Blades." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 124, no. 3 (June 19, 2002): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1455638.

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Metallurgical analysis of rotating blades operating in advanced gas turbine engines is important in establishing actual operating conditions, degradation modes, remaining life, and most importantly, the proper repair and rejuvenation techniques to be used in developing optimum component life strategies. The elevated firing temperatures used in the latest engine designs result not only in very high metal surface temperatures but also in very high temperature gradients and concommitant thermal strains induced in part by the complex and efficient cooling systems. This has changed the primary function of today’s superalloy-coating systems from one of hot corrosion protection to moderating high temperature oxidation reactions. Furthermore, as a result of the high thermal strains induced by the cooling systems, long-term metallurgical structural stability issues now revolve around optimizing both thermal mechanical fatigue (TMF) resistance and creep life. Thus the gradual change to directionally solidified (DS) and single crystal (SC) alloys throughout the industry. The use of DS and SC alloys coated with state of the art TBC, platinum modified aluminide and MCrAlY coatings with or without subsequent aluminizing applied by vacuum plasma spray (VPS), high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF), physical vapor deposition (PVD), air plasma spray (APS), and by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods along with the widespread use of internal aluminide coatings have made today’s rotating components prohibitively expensive to replace after only one cycle of operation. It is therefore, or should now be a high priority for all cost conscious gas turbine users to help develop reliable repair and rejuvenation strategies and techniques to minimize their operating cost. Traditional metallurgical considerations required for life assessment and the reliable refurbishment and requalification of gas turbine blades are reviewed along with some new exciting techniques. Examples of component degradation modes are presented. Appropriate attention to metallurgical issues allows turbine users to more successfully and economically operate their turbines.

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26

Doukovska, Lyubka, Venko Petkov, Emil Mihailov, and Svetla Vassileva. "Image Processing for Technological Diagnostics of Metallurgical Facilities." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2012-0031.

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Abstract The paper presents an overview of the image-processing techniques. The set of basic theoretical instruments includes methods of mathematical analysis, linear algebra, probability theory and mathematical statistics, theory of digital processing of one-dimensional and multidimensional signals, wavelet-transforms and theory of information. This paper describes a methodology that aims to detect and diagnose faults, using thermographs approaches for the digital image processing technique.

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27

Babachenko, O. I., L. G. Tuboltsev, O. Ye Merkulov, and G. V. Levchenko. "Scientific and technical support of the Concept of sustainable development of black metallurgy of Ukraine." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy 36 (2022): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2022-36-4-20.

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The article examines the prospects of scientific and technical support for the development of ferrous metallurgical Ukraine, taking into account the consequences of the military aggression of the Russian Federation. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the industry, the possibilities of implementing modern and promising technologies of metallurgical production have been determined in accordance with the proposed project "Concept of sustainable development of ferrous metallurgy of Ukraine". Possible scenarios and stages of development of ferrous metallurgy were discussed, priority directions for the near, medium and long term were determined. It was emphasized that the development of the ferrous metallurgical and mining and metallurgical complex of Ukraine as a whole should be connected with the implementation of the best available technologies (Best Available Techniques), conducting promising scientific research and implementing systematic scientific and technical support of production. The priority areas of development of sub-sectors of the metallurgical industry are considered. Prospective ways of improving technologies for all main metallurgical processes are proposed. It was noted that along with the improvement of the process of obtaining iron in blast furnaces, it is expedient to develop off-blast production using raw materials available in Ukraine. Progress in steelmaking is, first of all, due to the improvement of modern oxygen-converter and electric steelmaking technologies. It was established that rolling production needs modernization of industrial equipment and an increase in the range of metal products. It is shown that the decarbonization of steel production should become a promising direction for the development of the metallurgical industry and one of the means of solving environmental problems. Target indicators of sustainable development and effectiveness of scientific and technical support of the metallurgical industry in the perspective of 2050 have been determined. The successful solution of the tasks and the implementation of the future development directions defined by the Concept will allow the metallurgical industry to firmly establish itself on the trajectory of sustainable growth and provide Ukraine with one of the competitive advantages in the international arena.

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28

Odendaal, M. M., F. NS Vermaak, and E. Du Toit. "Cost estimation and management over the life cycle of metallurgical research projects." Southern African Business Review 19 (February 26, 2019): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/5811.

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This study investigates whether all expected costs over the life cycle of metallurgical research projects are included in initial, normal and final cost estimates, and whether these costs are managed throughout a project’s life cycle since there is not enough emphasis on the accurate estimation of costs and their management over the life cycle of metallurgical research projects. The study also determines during which phase of the life cycle of metallurgical research projects’ costs are normally determined, during which phase most of the costs are incurred, and during which phase costs are managed. Project life cycles, techniques of cost estimation and cost management are examined. 10A survey was used to gather information by means of face-to-face and telephonic interviews, as well as an electronic questionnaire. The total population of entities in South Africa that conduct metallurgical research projects is small, numbering only 12 in all. The ten entities that conducted the largest metallurgical research projects in terms of average size were selected for this study. 11The conclusion drawn from the survey was that all costs over the life cycle of metallurgical research projects are not taken into account in the initial cost estimate of a project. Costs are mainly managed during the growth phase of a project and not during the introduction phase, when 80% of the costs are normally committed. The implication of this is that cost estimates for metallurgical research projects may not be accurate and costs are not necessarily managed properly throughout the life cycle of such projects. This may lead to cost overruns of project budgets, project budgets being depleted before the delivery stage and research sections running at a loss.

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29

Misiolek, Wojciech Z. "Metallurgical and Engineering Challenges in Magnesium Extrusion." Key Engineering Materials 585 (December 2013): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.585.3.

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AZ 31 Magnesium alloy was extruded under industrial conditions into both a solid shape and a hollow profile. A microstructure analysis of the solid shape revealed a bimodal grain distribution. The FEM process simulation was performed for double hat hollow profile, extruded through an eight-port-hole die using the modified flow stress model from literature. This allowed us to make a prediction of the extrusion process state variables. Additionally, a numerical simulation revealed some shortcomings in terms of a lack of predictive capabilities for extrusion welding. The integrity of the welds was analyzed using metallography techniques. The search for better mechanical properties has propelled alloy development research. Workability evaluations of new Magnesium alloys ZE20, ZE50 and ZE80 containing Zinc and Cerium were performed using compression tests under various temperature and strain rate conditions.

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30

Fu, Gao Sheng, Wen Zhe Chen, and Kuang Wu Qian. "Effects of Melt-Treatment Technique on the Metallurgical Quality and Mechanical Properties of Al Sheet Used for Can Manufacture." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.482.

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The Al sheet used for pressure can manufacture (or called Al piece) was prepared by different melt-treatment techniques and using the lower grade commercial purity raw Al (Al99.5). And the influence laws of melt-treatment techniques on the metallurgical quality and mechanical properties of Al piece were investigated. It is found that high-efficient melt-treatment technique improves the metallurgical quality of Al piece remarkably, that is, the rate of removing inclusions and the extent of lowering porosity amount to about 66.6% and 87.0%, respectively, and as-cast mean grain diameter decrease to a great extent, and the coarse and long needle/flake Fe-rich impurity phases transform into complex compounds of tiny, sphere/short stick form, which makes fracture mechanism of the material be transformed into the congregation of transgranular micro-hole, thus raising mechanical properties of this material remarkably. Its metallurgical quality and mechanical properties have reached or exceeded the level of present products. It is feasible that Al piece is made by using the lower grade commercial purity raw Al. The viewpoint that the purification is the fundamental and key process, i.e., the basic of modification and grain refinement processes, has been also further tested and verified.

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31

Hidayat, Taufiq, Ata Fallah-Mehrjardi, Maksym Shevchenko, Peter C. Hayes, and Evgueni Jak. "Development of Experimental Techniques for the Phase Equilibrium Study in the Pb-Fe-O-S-Si System Involving Gas, Slag, Matte, Lead Metal and Tridymite Phases." Processes 11, no. 2 (January 25, 2023): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11020372.

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Present society challenges, including metal scarcity, recycling, and environmental restrictions, resulted in the increased complexity and variability of metallurgical feed streams. Metallurgical processes involving complex lead and copper-containing slag and matte phases are now commonly used in response. Optimization of existing and development of new metallurgical processes require fundamental information on slag–matte phase equilibrium. Development of the experimental methodology for the characterization of slag–matte phase equilibrium is presented in the paper. Following a detailed analysis of the potential reaction pathways, experimental techniques have been developed that enable accurate measurement of slag–matte phase equilibrium in the Pb-Fe-O-S-Si system. The application of the techniques has been demonstrated for two important sets of conditions: (i) Condensed phase equilibrium for the slag–matte–metal–tridymite subsystem; and (ii) Gas–slag–matte–tridymite equilibrium at fixed oxygen and sulfur partial pressures. The experimental methodology involves high-temperature equilibration of synthetic samples, fast quenching, and microanalysis of the compositions of phases using electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA). The experimental results are not affected by the changes in the bulk composition of samples during equilibration; this helps to overcome the significant barriers previously encountered in undertaking accurate measurement and characterization of these systems.

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32

Glushchenkov, Vladimir. "Pulse-Magnetic Processing of Materials - Development - Problems and Solution Techniques." Key Engineering Materials 684 (February 2016): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.684.511.

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The paper describes main directions of application of pulse magnetic fields in the technological purposes which (directions) are developed at Samara State Aerospace University. In addition to the traditional application of pulse-magnetic processing in blank-stamping production, the paper presents new directions of action of the pulse-magnetic field on the melt, hybrid and combined technologies, changes in properties of metals, special technologies of space, deep-sea, metallurgical and oil purpose. The paper is illustrated with examples of technological application of the pulse-magnetic field in these areas.

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33

Parker, J., K. Coleman, J. Siefert, and J. Shingledecker. "Challenges with NDE and Weld Repair of Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steels." AM&P Technical Articles 170, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2012-10.p020.

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Abstract Compared to traditional power plant materials, creep strength enhanced ferritic steels require new approaches to nondestructive examination and weld repair. The metallurgical complexity of these steels prompted EPRI to conduct research to define and/or improve the detection limits of ultrasonic testing techniques, explore novel electromagnetic techniques, evaluate the sensitivity and applicability of acoustic emission testing, and conduct studies on improved weld repair procedures.

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34

Goncharov, A. L., M. A. Portnov, A. P. Sliva, I. S. Chulkov, and I. E. Zhmurko. "Promising Electron-Beam Techniques for Joining Metal Materials in Power Equipment Designs." Materials Science Forum 906 (September 2017): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.906.72.

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In paper some design elements are considered, manufacturing of welded joints of which being identified with technological and metallurgical difficulties. The possibility of obtaining welded joints of large thickness parts using EBW with the evaluation of mechanical properties is shown, as well as dissimilar compounds of steel and composite on the basis of tungsten and bronze. The optimal modes of electron beam treatment are picked up and the microstructure of the obtained compounds is investigated confirming their quality.

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35

Belskii, Sergei S., Irina I. Aponchuk, and Lada V. Molokova. "Phase Diagrams of Me-O-C Systems to Study Metallurgical Processes." Materials Science Forum 1052 (February 3, 2022): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-r3xb61.

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Metallurgical processes in Me-O-C systems cannot be studied and controlled using conventional analytical and physicochemical techniques. This is due to the complex physical and chemical interactions occurring in high-temperature metallurgical systems with the formation of various compounds. To study such processes, mathematical (thermodynamic) simulation and other techniques are widely used, among which graphical diagrams illustrating the equilibrium between individual phases or their systems occupy a special place. Diagrams have been proposed that are more common, informative, and herewith universal to study pyrometallurgical processes. The main research objective was to determine the equilibrium composition of the Me-O-C system, i.e., the amount or ratio of its various compounds such as carbides, oxides, pure substances, and, possibly, ternary compounds. The equilibrium compositions of the system were obtained to plot diagrams from not only experimental studies but also the chemical equilibria mathematical simulation results using the Selector software package. The diagrams proposed herein allow establishing a quantitative relationship between the temperature, the ratio of independent components (metal, oxygen, and carbon), on the one hand, and the complete equilibrium composition of the system, which implies data on the amount and type of condensed and gas phases in the system and their ratios, on the other hand. This mechanism is a new tool to study chemical conversions in complex metallurgical processes, which will be very useful for metallurgists, chemists, and technologists.

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36

Carrizo, Patricia Silvana. "Archaeometallurgical Study of Argentinian Railway Parts." AM&P Technical Articles 181, no. 4 (May 1, 2023): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2023-04.p019.

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Abstract A recent metallographic and historical analysis of two parts from the Buenos Aires to Pacific Railroad railway looked at possible manufacturing techniques of the parts in question. The information collected is useful for comparison with techniques and materials used at that time as well as with current techniques. The analysis questioned whether the material itself has varied or evolved from the metallurgical point of view, and confirmed the quality of raw material used to construct the historic railway line.

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37

Dong, Kai, and Xueliang Wang. "CO2 Utilization in the Ironmaking and Steelmaking Process." Metals 9, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030273.

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Study on the resource utilization of CO2 is important for the reduction of CO2 emissions to cope with global warming and bring a beneficial metallurgical effect. In this paper, research on CO2 utilization in the sintering, blast furnace, converter, secondary refining, continuous casting, and smelting processes of stainless steel in recent years in China is carried out. Based on the foreign and domestic research and application status, the feasibility and metallurgical effects of CO2 utilization in the ferrous metallurgy process are analyzed. New techniques are shown, such as (1) flue gas circulating sintering, (2) blowing CO2 through a blast furnace tuyere and using CO2 as a pulverized coal carrier gas, (3) top and bottom blowing of CO2 in the converter, (4) ladle furnace and electric arc furnace bottom blowing of CO2, (5) CO2 as a continuous casting shielding gas, (6) CO2 for stainless steel smelting, and (7) CO2 circulation combustion. The prospects of CO2 application in the ferrous metallurgy process are widespread, and the quantity of CO2 utilization is expected to be more than 100 kg per ton of steel, although the large-scale industrial utilization of CO2 emissions is just beginning. It will facilitate the progress of metallurgical technology effectively and promote the energy conservation of the metallurgical industry strongly.

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38

Dörfler, S., and Andrea Otto. "Friction Stir Welding of Light Weight Sandwich Materials." Advanced Materials Research 6-8 (May 2005): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.6-8.607.

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Ever since its invention, friction stir welding has been of great interest for the joining of light weight materials. Due to joining in the solid state, friction stir welding inheres characteristic advantages that are unmatched by conventional fusion welding techniques. At the Chair of Manufacturing Technology friction stir welding is employed to develop a process chain for the production of highly load adapted car body components out of aluminum sheet metal and aluminum foam sandwich (AFS) by tailored blanking. In contrast to friction stir welding other materials, special measures have to be taken, since AFS comprises a layered material structure out of two solid aluminum sheet metal cover layers and a powder metallurgically produced core layer. After welding, the tailored blank is subjected to forming, foaming and a final laser cutting process. High temperature capability of the weld seam must be assured, hence foaming of the powder metallurgic core layer requires temperatures of up to 95% of core layer-solidus temperature. Therefore not only mechanical properties are revealed, but also temperature capability is assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally the weld seams are tested during foaming by the use of special specimen geometry. Due to the high deformation and temperature while welding and foaming, the metallurgical structure at the weld seam undergoes some modifications, which are subject to metallographic analysis and hardness testing. As an outlook, new material developments towards 6000 aluminum alloys as cover sheet materials will be discussed with regard to the process chain.

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39

Yucel, Onuralp, Fahri Demirci, Ahmet Turan, and Murat Alkan. "Determination of Direct Reduction Conditions of Mill Scale." High Temperature Materials and Processes 32, no. 4 (August 16, 2013): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0167.

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AbstractIn this study, experiments were conducted to understand the optimum direct reduction conditions of mill scale which is formed on the surface of the materials produced by continuous casting and which contains iron (II) and iron (III) oxides. Experiments were performed in a rotary kiln and anthracite and metallurgical coke were used as carbon source. The eligible parameters like process temperature, process duration, reductant type and quantity were tried to determine. Obtained reduced iron pellets were characterized by using EPMA, XRD and chemical analysis techniques. The highest metallization degrees were observed as 97.4% for the stoichiometrically 200% anthracite added experiments and as 95.5% for the stoichiometrically 200% metallurgical coke added experiments at 1423 K.

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40

Tsukamoto, Hideaki. "Carbon nanotube reinforced aluminium composites fabricated by powder metallurgical and hot-rolling techniques." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 856 (May 29, 2020): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/856/1/012007.

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41

Pereira, F., R. J. Silva, A. M. Monge Soares, and M. F. Araújo. "Microscopy characterization of metallurgical production evidences from Vila Nova de São Pedro (Azambuja, Portugal)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S4 (August 2013): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613001360.

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The Castro de Vila Nova de São Pedro (VNSP) is an emblematic settlement located at Azambuja (Portugal), occupied predominantly during the Chalcolithic period. A large and diversified metallurgical collection was recovered from this settlement which includes artefacts, crucibles and other metallurgical production remains, like slags and droplets. The chemical and microstructural characterization of this metallic collection aims to contribute to a better comprehension of the early copper-based metallurgy on the Portuguese Estremadura, the degree of knowledge of the ancient metallurgists and the role of the metallurgical activities in Chalcolithic societies.A group of 53 selected copper-based fragments of artefacts plus metallurgical production remains (12 crucibles and 20 slags and droplets), all belonging to VNSP, were characterized by using different analytical techniques: EDXRF and micro-EDXRF spectrometry, optical microscopy (OM) and SEM-EDS. The EDXRF and micro-EDXRF spectrometry gives the elemental composition of the artefacts and metallic nodules. The microscopy techniques play a fundamental role in the chemical and microstructural characterization of artefacts and metallurgical remains. The OM allows the identification of different phases, inclusions and thermomechanical processes applied during the shaping of the artefacts. The SEM-EDS plays an important role in the determination of main chemical phases present in the metal alloy and slags, and also in the distribution of chemical elements and minerals in the inclusions. The combination of these two microscopy techniques gives indication of the processes used in the reduction of minerals in order to obtain the metal and also allows the characterization of the operation chain, regarding the production of artefacts.The research that has been carried out by us offer indications concerning the provenance of the arsenic, the technological choices involved in the production of an arsenical copper alloy and how it was recognized by ancient metallurgists. Results obtained on the elemental composition of the metallurgical production remains are consistent with copper and arsenical copper (As > 2 %) artefact production. Crucibles and slags analysed indicate melting and smelting operations (of copper ores or copper/arsenic ores). A statistically significant association was found between copper alloyed with arsenic and artefacts classified as tools/weapons (arrowheads, daggers and knives). In several cases, the presence of arsenic rich phases in the microstructure, resulting from an inverse segregation phenomenon, shows no evidence of chemical homogeneity control during the artefact manufacture. Microstructural analyses also show that the majority of the artefactual group was shaped with forging plus annealing operation cycles and 23 % of the artefacts received a final forging treatment. This final treatment was associated to artefacts presenting higher arsenic contents.This research work has been financed by the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT-MCTES) through the EarlyMetal project (PTDC/HIS-ARQ/110442/2008) and the PhD Grant SFRH/BD/78107/2011 (FP). The financial support of CENIMAT/I3N through the Strategic Project-LA25-2011-2012 (PEst-C/CTM/LA0025/2011) is also acknowledged.

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42

Levene, Dan, and Beno Rothenberg. "Word-Smithing: Some Metallurgical Terms in Hebrew and Aramaic." Aramaic Studies 2, no. 2 (2004): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000004781540353.

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Abstract The collaboration between Dr Dan Levene and Prof. Beno Rothenberg on a project that aims to identify references to metals and metalworking techniques in what are primarily Judaic sources has been a bringing together of two different approaches to studying the past: philology and archaeometallurgy. This paper highlights the way in which the lexicography of certain terms must inevitably rely on knowledge of the relevant technology and its history. To illustrate this point two terms are examined: 1. the word srp and the shifting meanings of some of its cognates across time; and 2. the word 'nk, that appears in Amos 7.7-8.

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43

Pantazopoulos, G., Athanasios Vazdirvanidis, and D. C. Papamantellos. "Metallurgical Investigation on Low Ductility Failures of Cu-ETP Components." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3901.

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In the present paper, the investigation on low ductility failures occurred to ETP copper strips and connectors manufactured from cold stamping of copper tubes is presented. Optical microscopy, SEM/EDS for macro- and microfractography and local elemental analysis along with tensile testing were employed as the principal analytical techniques in the context of the present investigation. Casting defects and microstructural abnormalities associated to hydrogen induced cracking (H.I.C.) are the principal contributors of the examined failures.

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44

Nofal, Adel. "An Overview on Cast Iron Research at CMRDI." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.3.

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This report is an overview on the cast iron research carried out at the Foundry Department of the Central Metallurgical R&D Institute (CMRDI) over the past three decades. CMRDI is an national industrial research institute, whose main objective is to serve the metallurgical industries in Egypt. This overview shows selected examples of the cast iron research programs covering fundamental research, optimizing melting techniques, developing cast iron alloys for special applications, investigating novel processing techniques of cast iron rather than sand casting, e.g. continuous casting, hot and cold rolling of ductile and austempered ductile irons as well as ausforming of ADI. The influence of elastic vibrations of mechanical and ultrasonic frequencies on the inoculation and structure formation of ductile as well as white high-Cr irons has been the subject of intensive research. The review illustrates that over 30 years, the foundry group at CMRDI has been striving to keep some sort of balance between fundamental and applied research, with the results of the latter being oriented towards developing the local foundry industry.

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45

Wilson, Ronilcia, Abdullah Ansari, and Courtney Bullen. "Investigating the Use of Water Hyacinth and Rice Hull Biochars to improve the growth of Vigna unguiculata in Cadmium Contaminated Soils." Book of Abstracts: Student Research 1 (November 4, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52377/qyxg2440.

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The increase of fossil fuel combustion; application of chemical fertilisers; and advances in metallurgical techniques have prompted the need for sustainable alternatives that remedy heavy metal contamination of soil. Studies show that bio char is an efficient and cost effective material derived from organic biomass; it has the ability to adsorb and remediate heavy metal polluted soils.

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46

Smith, Kenneth M., and Frederick E. Schmidt. "Marine Accident Investigation Techniques: Finding the Root Causes." Marine Technology and SNAME News 42, no. 04 (October 1, 2005): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2005.42.4.210.

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A vessel that has been damaged by a fire and/or explosion, suffered a mechanical failure, or had some sort of accident that resulted in injuries or property loss is almost always the subject of an investigation to determine the root cause and significant contributing factors. This paper describes the investigation process, including the skills and special knowledge that is often required for a complete investigation. Using several case investigations, the synergy of combining marine/mechanical and metallurgical testing and analyses is also discussed. Several engineering disciplines typically are required to recreate the sequence of events, components involved, and most probable causes. Such issues as maintenance, controls, design, and fail-safe performance are the domain of the marine/mechanical specialist. Determination of the failure mode, role of corrosion, thermal degradation, and materials selection issues are typically evaluated by a metallurgist. Design, materials selection, and component fabrication methods can become significant issues.

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47

Valença, Silvio Leonardo, Cochiran Pereira dos Santos, Gabriela Oliveira Valença, and Orlando Pedreschi Neto. "Investigation of corrosive processes in the hull of a shipwreck in 1905." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 12 (September 6, 2022): e41111234104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i12.34104.

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This study presents the analysis and characterization of the corrosive process in the metallic material that makes up the hull of a shipwreck in 1905 in the Baia de Todos os Santos in the city of Salvador - Bahia - Brazil. Samples were collected from fragments of the shipwreck's hull by scuba diving. The results obtained through techniques such as electrochemistry and scanning electron microscopy, allowed the analysis of the process and products of corrosion in the metallurgical structure, as well as metallography to verify the phases present in its structure after the manufacturing process in the last century. The constitution of the Black Adder's hull, built in 1869, consists of a low carbon steel alloy, containing high levels of impurities, mainly phosphorus and sulfur, demonstrating the low metallurgical quality of the time.

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48

Abu Jadayil, Wisam, and Manar Alnaber. "Assessment of Fatigue Life of Ni-Ti Samples Prepared by Different Techniques." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 1264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.1264.

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Ni-Ti alloys have been given a lot of attention, mainly for their innovative use in practical medical applications. These motives led to understand deformation mechanisms, particularly behaviors under fatigue loading. In this research, fatigue life will be investigated for different composition Ni-Ti alloy samples. Three different compositions were investigated under different fatigue loading; Ni52.8Ti47.2, Ni50Ti50 and Ni47.2Ti52.8. These samples were prepared three different techniques, casting, powder-casting and powder-metallurgical techniques. Nondestructive methods have been used to assist revealing further detailed effects of loading on Ni-Ti alloy structure. Ni52.8Ti47.2 has been found to have the best fatigue properties among other compositions.

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49

Benke, Márton, and Valéria Mertinger. "In Situ Optical Microscopic Examination Techniques of Thermally Induced Displacive Transformations." Materials Science Forum 812 (February 2015): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.812.279.

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The mechanical (reversible deformation, stress-strain diagrams, etc.) and thermal (transformation temperatures, hysteresis) characteristics of the thermoelastic martensitic transformations are in the focus of many manuscripts, however, other aspects of the transformations are given less attention. The relief formation accompanied with displacive transformations ensures the possibility of the direct observation of the mechanism and physical metallurgical characteristics of the martensite↔austenite transformations. The authors of the present manuscript applied the in situ optical microscopy method successfully using self-developed examination techniques and self-made heating stages to characterize the thermally induced displacive transformations in shape memory alloys (SMAs) and TWIP steels.

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50

Xi, Fengshuo, Shaoyuan Li, Wenhui Ma, Zhengjie Chen, Kuixian Wei, and Jijun Wu. "A review of hydrometallurgy techniques for the removal of impurities from metallurgical-grade silicon." Hydrometallurgy 201 (May 2021): 105553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105553.

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