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Статті в журналах з теми "Metallographic observations"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

Оновлено: 7 вересня 2023

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1

Chang, L. C., and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia. "Metallographic observations of bainite transformation mechanism." Materials Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (February 1995): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1995.11.2.105.

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2

Pan, Z., and A. Lockley. "Metallographic Observations of Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zr-2.5Nb." Microscopy and Microanalysis 8, S02 (August 2002): 1288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927602104879.

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3

Bian, Zhenyu, Jian Song, Pingping Liu, Farong Wan, Yu Lei, Qicong Wang, Shanwu Yang, Qian Zhan, Liubiao Chen, and Junjie Wang. "In Situ Observation of Thermoelastic Martensitic Transformation of Cu-Al-Mn Cryogenic Shape Memory Alloy with Compressive Stress." Materials 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 3794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15113794.

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The thermoelastic martensitic transformation and its reverse transformation of the Cu-Al-Mn cryogenic shape memory alloy, both with and without compressive stress, has been dynamically in situ observed. During the process of thermoelastic martensitic transformation, martensite nucleates and gradually grow up as they cool, and shrink to disappearance as they heat. The order of martensite disappearance is just opposite to that of their formation. Observations of the self-accommodation of martensite variants, which were carried out by using a low temperature metallographic in situ observation apparatus, showed that the variants could interact with each other. The results of in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray and metallographic observation also suggested there were some residual austenites, even if the temperature was below Mf, which means the martensitic transformation could not be 100% accomplished. The external compressive stress would promote the preferential formation of martensite with some orientation, and also hinder the formation of martensite with other nonequivalent directions. The possible mechanism of the martensitic reverse transformation is discussed.

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4

Yakovlev, Sergey, Vladimir Kurdyumov, Nikolay Ayugin, and Alexandr Mishanin. "Results of metallographic observations of cultivator shares after spot electromechanical processing." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 979, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/979/1/012047.

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Abstract Presented are the results of metallographic studies of the structure and properties of a cultivator share, hardened by spot electromechanical processing in its various high-wear areas. In the process of research, the manufacturer was offered recommendations on the technology of forming parts in the process of their manufacture. It has been established that spot electromechanical processing allows to obtain hemispherical hardened areas with a hardness of HV 7000 ... 7600 MPa, which will provide the effect of self-sharpening of their cutting parts during the operation of the cultivator shares. Spot electromechanical processing with two tools allows to provide through hardening of the cultivator share along the ends of the share wings. The proposed technology for hardening cultivator shares during their manufacture and repair will increase the durability of these parts during their operation.

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5

Karagöz, S., and H. F. Fischmeister. "Metallographic observations on the wear process of TiN-coated cutting tools." Surface and Coatings Technology 81, no. 2-3 (June 1996): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(95)02487-5.

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6

Maulik, P. "Metallographic observations during the sintering of BM2 type of high speed steels." Journal of Materials Science 24, no. 10 (October 1989): 3463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02385725.

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7

Naeimi, Meysam, Zili Li, and Rolf Dollevoet. "Determining the angles of squat cracks via CT scanning and metallographic observations." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 230 (May 2020): 107016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2020.107016.

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8

Spadło, Sławomir, Wojciech Depczyński, Piotr Młynarczyk, Tadeusz Gajewski, and Jarosław Dąbrowa. "Influence of the resistive-pulse welding parameters of nickel super-alloys on selected properties of the connection." Mechanik 90, no. 11 (November 13, 2017): 1060–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2017.11.180.

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Microstructure and mechanical tests of welds of thin sheets made from nickel-based super-alloys (Haynes 230 and Hastelloy X) were presented. The welds were made using the resistive-pulse micro-welding method using the WS 7000S device. The micro-hardness of the joints was measured with a Matsuzawa Vickers MX 100 hardness tester at 100 G (0.98 N). Metallographic observations of the prepared micro-sections were performed using the Nikon Eclipse MA200 optical microscope at various magnifications. The metallographic microstructure studies were supplemented by linear analysis of the chemical composition, for which the OXFORD X-MAX electron microscope was applied.

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9

Murugesan, A. P., Sivaswamy Giribaskar, and Gouthama. "Metallographic Studies on Deformation Microstructures of ECAE Processed AA 2014 Aluminium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.109.

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Анотація:

Different initial texture of ring rolled AA 2014 alloy was processed to one pass in Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) at room temperature. The material flow/deformation characteristics as well as the degree of grain refinement, as a function of different initial grain morphological orientation are studied. Macroscopic and microscopic investigation by Optical Microscope (OM) confirms the significant variation in the shearing characteristics of grains in the billets in each orientations. OM observations also suggested that the severity of deformation was more in middle portions of the extruded billets. TEM observations made on the samples also confirmed the existence of regions which had undergone the different degree of dynamic recovery and recrystallisation after passing through shear deformation zone.

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10

Zantopulos, Harry. "Some Observations on Scuffing in Tapered Roller Bearings." Journal of Tribology 120, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834566.

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Tests were run on tapered roller bearings under severe operating conditions to promote the incidence of scuffing. This resulted in varying degrees of scuffing damage on the cone (inner race) ribs and/or spherical roller ends of some of the bearings. These were then examined using both the optical microscope and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, metallographic examinations were conducted on some of the damaged areas. On the basis of these observations, a qualitative model for the onset of scuffing is outlined. The quantitative data obtained from these tests was then analyzed in terms of Blok’s critical temperature criterion and also the scuffing criterion of the form WVx = constant.

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11

Raftenberg, Martin N., and Claire D. Krause. "Metallographic observations of armor steel specimens from plates perforated by shaped charge jets." International Journal of Impact Engineering 23, no. 1 (December 1999): 757–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0734-743x(99)00120-7.

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12

Giovanola, Jacques H. "Adiabatic shear banding under pure shear loading Part II: fractographic and metallographic observations." Mechanics of Materials 7, no. 1 (September 1988): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(88)90007-5.

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13

Takuda, Hirohiko, Shiomi Kikuchi, Natsuo Hatta, and Jun-ichi Kokado. "Metallographic observations of stainless steel sheets produced by twin-roll type strip caster." Steel Research 62, no. 8 (August 1991): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.199101309.

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14

Podepřelová, Adéla, Vratislav Mareš, and Martin Kraus. "Analysis of the Failure of the Engine Piston of the AlSi Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 270 (November 2017): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.270.80.

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The aim of the article is piston damage evaluation of a highly exposed combustion engine. The analysed piston was made of an AlSi-based alloy. Atypical damage, which occurred relatively early in the lifetime of the component, was evaluated by metallographic and fractographic analyses. The analysis took into account influences of mechanical and thermal fatigue processes in relation to the microstructure of the material. The metallographic observations of the microstructure revealed the occurrence of cracks extending over the secondary phases and precipitates. Cracks were initiated on the coarser Si phase particles. The crack initiation site is located at the root of the bridge between the sealing piston rings. The damage of the piston was metallographically documented in wide range.

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15

Aurrecoechea, J. M., W. D. Brentnall, and J. R. Gast. "Service Temperature Estimation of Turbine Blades Based on Microstructural Observations." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906556.

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Optical and electron metallographic (SEM) examination was performed on MARM-421 samples subjected to controlled furnace exposures, to quantify the microstructural changes associated with the prolonged high-temperature exposures. Gamma prime size measurements were used to generate a mathematical model, based on diffusion-controlled kinetics, designed to estimate temperatures. This computational technique was utilized to estimate exposure temperatures of turbine blades that had seen service in land-based gas turbine engines. The engines had accumulated from 1200 to more than 98,000 hours, operating under a variety of conditions. The procedure is generally applicable to commonly used gamma prime strengthened nickel-base superalloys.

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16

Xie, Lan Sheng, and Y. Sui. "Diffusion Bonding of Aluminum Alloy Using a High-Boiling Liquid Protection." Materials Science Forum 551-552 (July 2007): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.551-552.101.

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This paper presents a diffusion bonding technology at vacuum using a high-boiling liquid protection, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (C6H19O3). After washing in alcohol, the specimens were immersed in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether. Before heating, the vacuum chamber was vacuumized to about 10-1Pa. Then chamber was heated to about 80°C, and held for 20 minute to evaporate the liquid protection in order to make the clean bonding surfaces contact. Metallographic observations of the interface by optical microscope were carried out. The experimental results show that the protections have successfully protected the bonding surfaces from re-oxidation prior to bonding. The metallographs show that the vacancies at the bonding interface bonding at 560°C for 2 hours are obvious and the materials at the interfaces of specimens bonded under the pressure of 5 MPa at 535°C for 2 hours were well joined.

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17

Julyadi, Julyadi, Suryadi Suryadi, Erwin Siahaan, and Eddy S. Siradj. "Pengaruh Proses Rolling terhadap Struktur Mikro dan Sifat Mekanis pada Kuningan setelah diproses ecap." POROS 12, no. 2 (November 1, 2014): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/poros.v12i2.169.

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Abstract: Brass material widely used in industry because it has the advantage of being a metal that resists corrosion, has high ductility, good toughness and easy on the form. This study was conducted to determine the effect of rolling process on mechanical properties and microstructure of metal brass after ECAP process on brass (CuZn) 70/30. The initial step is to make the specimens with a diameter of 10 mm and height 80 mm has been done annealing 600 ° C with a hold time of 90 minutes. Then a ECAP 3-pass process and cold rolling process. To determine the mechanical properties of tensile test specimens and hardness test) and metallographic observations to determine the microstructure. The results after the execution of the research note that the specimen after passing through annealing process, ECAP and rolling have a higher hardness. Prior to treatment the specimen hardness value is 78 VHN and after treatment to 252 VHN hardness value. Metallographic observations of known properties of brass increasingly refined microstructure and grain boundary between micro become increasingly tight.

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18

Bunsch, Adam, Janusz Krawczyk, and Piotr Matusiewicz. "Microstructural Evaluation of the High-Frequency Induction Welded Joints of Low Carbon Steel Pipes." Advances in Materials Science 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adms-2021-0022.

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Abstract The work presents the results of research on the structure of welded joints in the area of heat affected zone (HAZ). Based on precisely performed metallographic tests, the contribution of individual structural components in the area of welds of pipes welded with the induction method was assessed. The volume fraction of individual structural components in various areas of the heat affected zone, the size of the grain formed in the welding process, as well as its shape coefficients were determined. On the basis of metallographic observations, an attempt was made to describe the course of the pressure induction welding process, taking into account the structural changes, phase changes and the recovering and recrystallization processes taking place in this process.

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19

Popa, Mihai, Bogdan Pricop, Elena Mihalache, Leandru Gheorghe Bujoreanu, and Nicoleta Monica Lohan. "Hot Working Effects on the Damping Behavior of Shape Memory Alloys." Materials Science Forum 907 (September 2017): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.907.180.

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Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloys (SMAs) were analysed in two different processing states: (i) hot-forged and (ii) hot-rolled. Both hot-forged and hot-rolled specimens were cut into lamellar configuration, before being homogenized (1073 K/ 18 ks/ water) and tempered (373, 473, 573, 673 K/ 300 s/ water). From each of the five differently treated lamellas, in hot-forged and hot-rolled states, rectangular specimens were cut for dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The remaining segments were sectioned into metallographic specimens. The metallographic specimens were embedded into could mounting resin, ground, polished and etched for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -observations. DMA results revealed the influence of plastic deformation procedure and heat treatment temperature on the reversible martensitic transformation.

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20

Tenerowicz-Żaba, Monika, and Maciej Sułowski. "Step-Sintering of Fe-(1-3)%Mn-0.8%C Steels." Defect and Diffusion Forum 405 (November 2020): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.405.373.

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The aim of the study was to examine how the microstructure changes during heating of Fe-Mn-C system (step-sintering). Mixtures of powders containing 1 – 3 % Mn and 0.8 % C were prepared in Turbula TC2 mixer for 30 minutes. Before step-sintering, the dilatometric investigations were carried out, which allowed to obtain phase transformation temperatures of Fe-(1-3)Mn%-0.8%C system. Following dilatometric investigations, 4 steps – temperatures were determined dependently of isothermal sintering temperature. The commonly used industry temperatures – 1120 °C and 1250 °C – were set as target temperatures. For each of them, 4 heat steps were carried out. The procedure of investigations was as follows: samples were heated to the step temperature with heating rate 60 K/min, then isothermally sintered at step temperature for 5 min, and finally cooled to the room temperature with cooling rate ~ 66 K/min. Fe-Mn-C samples were mechanically (tensile) tested. After tensile tests, metallographic observations of the samples were performed. Based on the results obtained, the tensile strength was increasing with the increasing of the step temperature. The metallographic observation showed the microstructure evolution – with increasing the step temperature, decreasing of porosity was observed.

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21

Lopez, H. F. "Metallographic observations of twin-grain boundary interactions during digm in the AgCd system." Scripta Metallurgica 23, no. 8 (August 1989): 1295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(89)90048-3.

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22

Orlińska, Natalia, Józef M. Paszula, Zygmunt Wokulski, and Grzegorz Dercz. "Preparation of MgB₂ Rods Using a PIT Technique with the Explosive Consolidation Method." Solid State Phenomena 130 (December 2007): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.130.229.

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It was successfully prepared superconducting MgB2 rods with two double arrangements of tubes such as: Cu/Fe and Steel/Cu by the modified Powder-In-Tube (PIT) technique with explosive consolidation method. The metallographic observations and X-ray phase analysis of the obtained MgB2 rods were performed. These studies show that this type of consolidation permits to obtain MgB2 rods free from any voids and new phases.

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23

Jovanovic ́, M. T., G. K. Shek, H. Seahra, and R. L. Eadie. "Metallographic and Fractographic Observations of Hydrides during Delayed Hydride Cracking in Zr-2.5% Nb Alloy." Materials Characterization 40, no. 1 (January 1998): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1044-5803(97)00091-0.

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24

Varela, A., A. García, J. L. Mier, F. Barbadillo, and C. Camba. "Tribological Behavior of Hastelloy C and Refractalloy 26." ISRN Mechanical Engineering 2011 (November 30, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/650562.

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This paper compares the abrasive wear behaviour of two nickel alloys (Hastelloy and Refractalloy). Wear was calculated by weight loss using pin-on-disk tests that were carried out at certain values of load, speed, and temperature range. The study is completed with metallographic observations at different temperatures of the wear tracks before and after the tests. Also, the variation of the coefficient of friction with temperature is calculated in the two alloys studied.

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25

Pytel, Stanislaw. "Investigation of Fatigue Failure in Electric Locomotive Axle." Defect and Diffusion Forum 422 (March 24, 2023): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-45qibw.

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Анотація:

The main goal of this work was to conduct metallographic and fractographic studies, the purpose of which was to determine the cause of electric locomotive axle failure. The padding weld with a depth about 3 mm in the surface of the axle during fractographic observations was revealed. In addition, several sharp cracks inside of this weld were noticed. According to the fractographic analysis these cracks were the direct cause of the gradual spread of fatigue failure.

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26

Moustafa, M. A., C. Lepage, F. H. Samuel, and H. W. Doty. "Metallographic observations on phase precipitation in strontium-modified Al-11.7% Si alloys: Role of alloying elements." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 15, no. 6 (July 2003): 609–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2003.11819547.

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27

Khalifa, W., A. M. Samuel, F. H. Samuel, H. W. Doty та S. Valtierra. "Metallographic observations ofβ-AlFeSi phase and its role in porosity formation in Al–7%Si alloys". International Journal of Cast Metals Research 19, № 3 (червень 2006): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136404606225023372.

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28

Roy, N., A. M. Samuel, and F. H. Samuel. "Porosity formation in AI-9 Wt Pct Si-3 Wt Pct Cu alloy systems: Metallographic observations." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 27, no. 2 (February 1996): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02648419.

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29

Szczotok, A., J. Pietraszek та N. Radek. "Metallographic Study and Repeatability Analysis of γ' Phase Precipitates in Cored, Thin-Walled Castings Made from IN713C Superalloy". Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, № 2 (1 червня 2017): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0088.

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AbstractThe study describes the influence of a surface modification in cored, thin-walled castings of blades from IN-713C nickel superalloy onγ'phase precipitates. The blades were produced by using the investment casting process in the laboratory conditions as parts for a low-pressure turbine rotor. The microstructural observations of theγ'phase precipitates on the cross sections of the blades were performed. The observations were followed by quantitative metallography evaluation, and finally, a comparison of the precipitates between one blade with the conventionally applied ceramic core and one with the core covered layer contained a surface modifier (5% of CoAl2O4) was made.

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30

Tang, Lanqing, Caifu Qian, Ayhan Ince, Jing Zheng, Huifang Li, and Zhichao Han. "Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of the MIG Welded Joint of 06Cr19Ni10 Stainless Steel." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2018): 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081336.

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Анотація:

In this paper, the fatigue crack growth behavior of the base metal (BM), the weld metal (WM) and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) in the metal-inert gas (MIG) welded joints of the 06Cr19Ni10 stainless steel are analyzed and studied. Results of the fatigue crack propagation tests show that a new fatigue crack initiates at the crack tip of a pre-existing crack, then propagates perpendicular to the direction of cyclic fatigue loads. This observation indicates that the original mixed-mode crack transforms into the mode I crack. The WM specimen has the largest fatigue crack growth rate, followed by the HAZ specimen and the BM specimen. To illustrate the differences in fatigue crack growth behavior of the three different types of specimens, metallographic structure, fracture morphology and residual stresses of the BM, HAZ and WM are investigated and discussed. The metallographic observations indicate that the mean grain size of the HAZ is relatively larger than that of the BM. The fractographic analysis shows that the WM has the largest fatigue striation width, followed by the HAZ and the BM. It is also found that the depth of dimple in the WM is relatively shallower than the one in the HAZ and BM, implying the poor plasticity behavior of the material. Analysis results of the residual stress analysis demonstrate a high level of tensile residual stress appearance in the WM and HAZ.

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31

Li, Cheng Nan, Ye Yan, Yu Hong Gai, Bao Min Li, Wei Du, and Mu Sen Li. "Failure Analysis of GCr15 Steel Balls in Ball Screw Pair." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.24.

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Анотація:

Based on macro morphology, metallographic microstructure, field emission scanning electron microscope observations and microhardness testing, failure analysis of the GCr15 steel balls in the ball screw pair was dealt with in this paper. The experimental results showed that small scratches and pits were evenly distributed on the surface of the A steel ball which showed features of wear failure. Characteristics of the B steel ball surface morphology were contacted to fatigue failure. Microstructure observation on the cross-section of the B steel ball showed that martensite and carbides were uneven distributed which were caused by the uneven elements distribution in the raw materials. It was the main cause of this abnormal failure. Therefore, the quality of the raw materials needed to be strictly controlled and the reasonable heat treatment process should be adopted to ensure the quality of the steel balls.

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32

Neslušan, Miroslav, Tomáš Hrabovský, Kamil Kolařík, and Anna Mičietová. "Non-Destructive Analysis of Surfaces after Hard Milling Based on Barkhausen Noise Technique." Key Engineering Materials 662 (September 2015): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.662.213.

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Анотація:

This paper deals with the non-destructive evaluation of surface made of hardened roll bearing steel after hard milling via Barkhausen noise technique. The paper discusses magnetic anisotropy linked with the structure transformations with regard to variable flank wear of cutting tool. Effective value of Barkhausen noise (BN) and Peak Position derived from the raw BN signal as well as BN envelopes are compared with metallographic observations and theoretical background about magnetic domains reconfiguration when the near surface undergoes severe plastic deformation at elevated temperatures.

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33

Guo, Qian Ning, Xiu Chuan Lei, Robert E. Sanders Jr, Xiao Fang Yang, Yan Xiang Liang, Lu Wang, and Zhen Zhen Fan. "Effect of Annealing Conditions on Recrystallization of AA5182 Sheet." Materials Science Forum 877 (November 2016): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.877.264.

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Анотація:

Alloy 5182 has been extensively used in the O temper for automotive sheet parts requiring high formability and moderate strength. The grain size of the sheet has been shown to impact strength, formability, and Lüdering behavior during forming. The present study examined the effect of heating rate on the recrystallization behavior of the alloy. Various heating rates, recovery treatments and annealing temperatures were used to manipulate the final grain size. Metallographic observations, EBSD and hardness tests were used during the research. The results are discussed in terms of operative recrystallization mechanisms for this alloy.

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34

Kim, H. C., T. H. Ahn, C. H. So, Y. Ma, X. Zhao, and T. G. Langdon. "A quantitative measure of internal cavitation in superplastic alloys using photoacoustic analysis." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 9 (September 1994): 2238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.2238.

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Internal cavities often develop during the deformation of superplastic alloys. Experiments were conducted to determine whether a nondestructive photoacoustic method may be used to detect the presence of internal cavities in two different commercial Al-based alloys. An analytical procedure was developed to provide quantitative information on the volume fraction of cavitation. The results confirm that the photoacoustic signal can be used to detect the presence of cavities, and it is demonstrated that the quantitative measurements derived from the photoacoustic data are consistent with observations obtained by sectioning and standard metallographic techniques.

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35

Matlock, David K., Larrin S. Thomas, Mark D. Taylor, Emmanuel De Moor, and John G. Speer. "Microstructural Developments Leading to New Advanced High Strength Sheet Steels: A Historical Assessment of Critical Metallographic Observations." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, S3 (August 2015): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615000823.

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36

Takasugi, T., D. Shindo, O. Izumi, and M. Hirabayashi. "Metallographic and structural observations in the pseudo-binary section Ni3Si-Ni3Ti of the Ni-Si-Ti system." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 38, no. 5 (May 1990): 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(90)90025-c.

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37

Lyons, James Scott. "Technological Choice in a Medieval Japanese Sword." Materials Science Forum 983 (March 2020): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.983.41.

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Japanese swords have long been a source of fascination for metallographers both Japanese and Western, but most studies lean toward functional explanations of metallurgical features or description of how features correspond to historical and ethnographic accounts of production. At the same time, there is a long tradition of sword connoisseurship that through its visual and historical perspective offers insight about particular smiths and their traditions. In a metallographic examination of a 15th century Japanese sword of the Bizen tradition, I take a chaîne opératoire approach and draw on aspects of both of the aforementioned scholarly traditions in order to better understand how late medieval Japanese sword smiths related to their materials and to their clientele. Based on my observations, I compare the apparent choices made by this sword’s smith to historical and ethnographic accounts of traditional sword production, and other published metallographic sections of Japanese swords. Then, I contextualize these choices in relation to contemporary production for export and for local consumption. Specifically, I will discuss possible reasons this sword’s metallurgical profile deviates from common practice according to twentieth and twenty-first century accounts of traditional Japanese sword smithing.

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38

Hasbi, Muhammad Yunan, M. R. Wida'atullah, Fatayalkadri Citrawati, Septian Adi Chandra, and L. Suhaemi. "IDENTIFICATION OF BAINITE IN A MULTI-PHASE MICROSTRUCTURE OF AN AUSTEMPERED STEEL ALLOY: A METALLOGRAPHY APPROACH." Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia 23, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jsmi.2021.23.1.6401.

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IDENTIFICATION OF BAINITE IN A MULTI-PHASE MICROSTRUCTURE OF AN AUSTEMPERED STEEL ALLOY: A METALLOGRAPHY APPROACH. Structural characterization of a multi-phase steel has become an exciting issue in various studies to date. This relates to the difficulty in distinguishing phases with similar morphology, i.e. bainite and martensite, through chemical etching. This study discusses a method to observe bainite phase through a metallographic approach on FeNi steel using color etching. Variations in the use of etching in this research include 2% nital, 4% picral, and 15% sodium metabisulphite (SMB). First, the samples were austenized then austempered at either 400 °C or 500 °C, for 60 min followed by quenching in either water or brine solution. Based on optical microscope observations, SMB color etching provides more explicit information on the visualization of bainite and martensite phases because they have different color appearances. The bainite phase is shown in bluish color, while the martensite phase is shown in brownish color. Furthermore, the influence of variation in austempering temperature and quench media on microstructure morphology was also discussed. In addition, the calculation of the lattice parameters of the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern was also carried out in this study to identify the crystal structure formed.

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39

Krzyńska, A., and A. Kochański. "Properties and Structure of High-Silicone Austempered Ductile Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0043.

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Abstract The results presented in this paper are a continuation of the previously published studies. The results of hest treatment of ductile iron with content 3,66%Si and 3,80% Si were produced. The experimental castings were subjected to austempering process for time 30, 60 and 90 minutes at temperature 300°C. The mechanical properties of heat treated specimens were studied using tensile testing and hardness measurement, while microstructures were evaluated with conventional metallographic observations. It was again stated that austempering of high silicone ferritic matrix ductile iron allowed producing ADI-type cast iron with mechanical properties comparable with standard ADI.

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40

Celino, Massimo, Amelia Montone, Fabrizio Cleri, Annalisa Aurora, Daniele Mirabile Gattia, Simone Giusepponi, and Marco Vittori Antisari. "Metallographic and Numerical Studies of the Role of Catalyst Particles of MgH₂-Mg System." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.263.

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Magnesium is one of the most promising materials for hydrogen storage due to its high capacity and low cost. Unfortunately, practical applications are for the moment limited by the slow kinetics and the high operating temperature. Nanostructuring magnesium hydride MgH2, generally by ball milling, introduces plastic deformations and catalysts that highly enhances the H2 absorption and desorption. However a fundamental understanding of the role played by catalysts and interfaces in MgH2 is still lacking. Microscopic characterization of MgH2-Mg system with and without heavy metal catalysts, is achieved by combining accurate SEM observations of samples after partial desorption process and atomic level ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations of MgH2-Mg interfaces. The experimental method is based on low voltage SEM observations of cross sectional powder samples, prepared by a new specific metallographic process. Identification of nucleation sites of the sorption reaction and their correlation with the presence of catalyst particles is achieved by suitable experimental conditions. Moreover ab-initio molecular dynamics clarifies the interplay of interfaces and the deformations induced during desorption by the presence of catalysts that are able to lower binding energies and free hydrogen atoms toward interfaces. Both approaches confirm and characterize the nucleation step in the catalysts driven phase transformation.

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41

Jun-Hui, Chai, Lv Zhong-Jie, Shen Zheng-Xiang, Zhang Zi-Jiang, Bo Xu, Shen Jian-Min, Qian Sheng-Jie, and Yang Fu. "Magnetic Method for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Steel Cylinders." Materials Evaluation 80, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32548/2022.me-04262.

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Using a nondestructive testing method based on hysteresis behavior, the structural-mechanical dependence of the coercive force of 35CrMo steel components was compared with that of standard specimens. As described in the magnetic Jiles–Atherton model, the magnetic coercive force of the cylinders was inversely proportional to the grain refinement, which was validated by means of metallographic examination and hardness tests. Simultaneously, this study presented an experimental validation by destructive testing for determining the relationship between the measured magnetic parameter and the property of concern and a linear correlation between coercive force and hardness. These observations provide a method to quickly and nondestructively evaluate the mechanical properties of steel components.

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42

Boukhobza, Abdelyamine, Mourad Brioua, Smail Benaicha, and Kamel Fedaoui. "Biomechanical Characterization of Failure the 316L Stainless Steel for Femoral Compression Plates." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 34 (October 2017): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.34.68.

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The aim of this paper is to examine a premature breakage of two compression plates for fixing broken bones with different patients for the period of their recovery. Each compression plate's breakage can induce grave consequences such as a new surgery, unexpected undesired complications and a prolonged healing time. The investigation of the compression plate breakage causes required an examination of the chemical composition and steel hardness, metallographic examination as well as that of the compression plate breakage surface by means of macroscopic and microscopic observations using microscope. On the origin of the results it can be established that the breakage was caused by high static load.

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43

Wu, A., B. G. Mellor, and S. Syngellakis. "Experimental and Finite Element Study of Welded T-Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 3-4 (August 2006): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.3-4.117.

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Suitable testing arrangements are made for assessing the strength of welded T-joint specimens and providing input for the validation of finite element simulations of their behaviour under load. Material characterisation across the various weld areas is carried out through tensile and hardness tests as well as standard metallographic procedures for examining the microstructure. Strain is measured at critical locations identified through initial FEM analysis. Failure mechanisms are monitored, failure loads recorded and linked to the joint material and geometric characteristics. The consistency of FEM predictions with these measurements and observations provide a reasonable degree of confidence that the developed model can yield reliable stress and strain distributions for failure analysis.

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44

Kremzer, M., M. Dziekońska, M. Sroka, and B. Tomiczek. "Abrasive Wear of AlSi12-Al2O3 Composite Materials Manufactured by Pressure Infiltration." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0207.

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Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate tribological properties of EN AC-AlSi12 alloy composite materials matrix manufactured by pressure infiltration of Al2O3 porous preforms. In the paper, a technique of manufacturing composite materials was described in detail as well as wear resistance made on pin on disc was tested. Metallographic observations of wear traces of tested materials using stereoscopic and confocal microscopy were made. Studies allow concluding that obtained composite materials have much better wear resistance than the matrix alloy AlSi12. It was further proved that the developed technology of their preparation consisting of pressure infiltration of porous ceramic preforms can find a practical application.

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45

Fydrych, D., J. Łabanowski, G. Rogalski, J. Haras, J. Tomków, A. Świerczyńska, P. Jakóbczak, and Ł. Kostro. "Weldability of S500MC Steel in Underwater Conditions." Advances in Materials Science 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adms-2014-0008.

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Abstract Wet welding with the use of covered electrodes is one of the methods of underwater welding. This method is the oldest, the most economic and the most versatile. The main difficulties during underwater wet welding are: high cooling rates of the joint, the presence of hydrogen in the arc area and formation of hard martensitic structure in the weld. These phenomena are often accompanied by porosity of welds and large number of spatters, which are more advanced with the increase of water depth. In this paper result of non-destructive tests, hardness tests and metallographic observations of S500MC steel joints performed underwater are presented. The weldability of 500MC steel at water environment was determined

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46

Darmawan, Agung Setyo, Agus Dwi Anggono, Agus Yulianto, Bambang Waluyo Febriantoko, Masyrukan, and Abdul Hamid. "Comparison of Microstructure, Yield Strength, Tensile Strength, and Modulus of Elasticity between Gray Cast Iron and Nodular Cast Iron." Key Engineering Materials 935 (November 30, 2022): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2094w8.

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Gray cast iron has graphite flakes which makes it relatively weak and brittle. The addition of magnesium to gray cast iron resulted in nodular cast iron which has spherical graphite. The aim of this research was to investigate the changes in the microstructure and strength due to the addition of magnesium to gray cast iron. Microstructure observations were made by metallographic testing using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. Tensile testing was carried out to measure the yield strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity. The addition of magnesium to gray cast iron was observed to increase the yield strength by 179%, tensile strength by 238%, and decrease the modulus of elasticity by 94%.

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47

Królicka, Aleksandra, Grzegorz Lesiuk, and Mikołaj Katkowski. "Root causes analysis of differential pinion shaft assembly failure in WRX class car." International Journal of Structural Integrity 8, no. 6 (December 4, 2017): 694–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-06-2017-0033.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a case of fatigue damaging of the attacking roller of the WRC class car. Fatigue fractures are a very essential source of cognitive and usable information about the cause of damage of various engineering components. Microfractography allows extending considerations about the main mechanism of initiation and growth of fatigue cracks. The presented research procedure allowed establishing the root cause analysis of the premature fatigue failure of the pinion shaft. Design/methodology/approach The specimen for metallographic investigation was extracted from failures pinion shaft. According to the light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study, the detailed observations of microstructure were performed. Fracture surface of pinion shaft and teeth were examined using SEM. The presence of the extraordinary mechanical notch was found as a potential failure root cause. Findings The potential cause of premature failure pinion shaft assembly has been found. The microstructural causes were excluded due to correctly performed heat treatment. The main reason of failure was improper mechanical machining of the pinion shaft due to large mechanical notch. Originality/value A detailed metallographic expertise route is presented. The usefulness of fractographic analysis is confirmed in case of the failure analysis of premature pinion shaft. The root cause was found and the concluding remarks are included in this paper.

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48

Jimenez-Marcos, Cristina, Julia Claudia Mirza-Rosca, Madalina Simona Baltatu, and Petrica Vizureanu. "Experimental Research on New Developed Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications." Bioengineering 9, no. 11 (November 12, 2022): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9110686.

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The mechanical properties and electrochemical behavior of two new titanium alloys, Ti20Mo7Zr and Ti20Mo7Zr0.5Si, are investigated in this paper. The alloys have been manufactured by vacuum arc remelting (VAR) technique and studied to determine their microstructure, corrosion behavior, and mechanical properties. Metallographic observations and quantitative microanalysis by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy SEM, and energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy EDX were performed. Data about the three-point bending test and microhardness are presented. For electrochemical properties, three different environments were used: Ringer solution at 25 °C, Ringer solution at 40 °C simulating fever condition, and 3.5% NaCl solution. Metallographic investigation revealed the biphasic and dendritic structure of both samples when the procedures were performed. Electrochemical testing in body simulation fluid, fever conditions, and saline medium showed that the lower the proportion of silicon in the samples, the higher the corrosion resistance. The formation of a titanium oxide layer on the surface of both samples was noticed using quantitative EDX analysis. The three-point bending test for the two samples revealed that the presence of silicon decreases the modulus of elasticity; the surface of the samples displayed soft and hard phases in the microhardness test. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out at different potentials, and the obtained spectra exhibit a two-time constant system, attesting double-layer passive film on the samples.

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Membala, Semuel Boron, Onny Sutyono Sutresman, Hairul Arsyad, Muhammad Syahid, and Agus Widyianto. "Indentifying the effect of micro friction stir spot welding (µFSSW) parameters on weld geometry, mechanical properties, and metallography on dissimilar materials of AZ31B and AA1100." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 12 (118) (August 27, 2022): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.263350.

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Micro-friction stir spot welding (µFSSW) is one type of welding that is suitable for joining lightweight materials. One of the challenges in joining lightweight materials with µFSSW is that the material is easily perforated, or the join is not strong enough, so it is necessary to select the right µFSSW parameters. In this article discusses about investigates the micro-Friction Stir Spot Welding (µFSSW) parameters on weld geometry, mechanical properties, and metallography on dissimilar materials of AZ31B and AA1100. The material thickness of the AZ31B and AA100 is 0.5 mm and 0.32 mm, respectively. The µFSSW tool is made of high-speed steel (HSS) with a pin diameter of 0.25 mm and a shoulder diameter of 0.5 mm. The constant process parameters of the µFSSW joint used, i. e., plunge depth, dwell time plunge rate, and high tool rotational speed of 33,000 rpm. Welding test results include weld geometry, mechanical properties, and metallography. Weld geometry testing to determine the weld nugget diameter. The mechanical properties test was shear tensile test and cross tensile test, while the metallographic test included macrostructure and microstructure observations. The results of the FSSW weld geometry show that at a dwell time of 700 milliseconds and a plunge depth of 600 microns, the weld pin diameter and weld shoulder diameter are close to the pin diameter and the diameter of the shoulder tool used. Dwell time and plunge depth has a significant effect on tensile strength. The maximum shear and cross loads achieved were 387±17 N and 29±2 N, respectively. Intermetallic compounds (IMC) are observed at the interface of the two materials, while a dwell time of 700 milliseconds give the effect of cracks on the inside of the weld

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Grygier, Dominika, Piotr Kowalewski, and Angelika Radzińska. "INFLUENCE OF CORROSION PROCESSES ON FRICTION AND WEAR OF TIN COATINGS OF WIRE CONNECTORS." Tribologia 294, no. 6 (April 12, 2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8331.

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The paper describes the results of metallographic, tribological, and microscopic tests of wire connectors. It was shown that the structure and thickness of the tin layer on the copper element varies greatly. The paper describes the results of tribological investigations for electrical connectors in the initial state and covered with a layer of oxides formed as a result of corrosion. The results of tribological tests have shown a great influence of the oxide layer on friction and wear of tin coatings. The results of friction factor measurements were confirmed by microscopic observations. The tests confirmed that the oxide layer reduces plastic deformation of the tin coating and limits its tribological wear. Due to the brittleness and low adhesion of the oxide layer, friction-induced chipping was observed.

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