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Статті в журналах з теми "Metallic artefact"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Tran, Lan Thi Xuan, Junichiro Sakamoto, Ami Kuribayashi, Hiroshi Watanabe, Hiroshi Tomisato, and Tohru Kurabayashi. "Quantitative evaluation of artefact reduction from metallic dental materials in short tau inversion recovery imaging: efficacy of syngo WARP at 3.0 tesla." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 48, no. 7 (October 2019): 20190036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20190036.

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Objectives: To evaluate the effects of syngo WARP on reducing metal artefacts from dental materials. Methods: Short tau inversion recovery (STIR) with syngo WARP [a dedicated metal artefact reduction sequence in combination with view-angle-tilting (VAT)] was performed using phantoms of three dental alloys: cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr), nickel–chromium (Ni–Cr), and titanium (Ti). Artefact volumes and reduction ratios of black, white and overall artefacts in the standard STIR and syngo WARP images with several different parameter settings were quantified according to standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials F2119-07. In all sequences, the artefact volumes and reduction ratios were compared. The modulation transfer function (MTF) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were also measured for evaluation of image quality. Results: In standard STIR, the overall artefact volume of Co–Cr was markedly larger than those of Ni–Cr and Ti. All types of artefacts tended to be reduced with increasing receiver bandwidth (rBW) and VAT. The effect of artefact reduction tended to be more obvious in the axial plane than in the sagittal plane. Compared with standard STIR, syngo WARP with a matrix of 384 × 384, receiver bandwidth of 620 Hz/pixel, and VAT of 100 % in the axial plane obtained reduction effects of 30 % (white artefacts), 45 % (black artefacts), and 38 % (overall artefacts) although MTF and CNR decreased by 30 and 22 % compared with those of standard STIR, respectively. Conclusions: syngo WARP for STIR can effectively reduce metal artefacts from dental materials.

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2

Mohammed, Mahmud, Norma Ab. Rahman, and Ahmad Hadif Zaidin Samsudin. "The Impact of Different Types of Orthodontic Appliances and Its Location in Producing CT Scan Artefacts." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 3067–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5010-19.

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Fixed orthodontic appliances can produce metal artefacts in CT images which may degrade the diagnostic image quality. The study aimed to evaluate the artefacts based on the types and location of the metallic and non-metallic orthodontic brackets. This is an in-vitro cross-sectional study. Four different types of orthodontic brackets (stainless steel, titanium, monocrystalline, and polycrystalline ceramic bracket) were bonded consecutively in four different locations of the cadaveric skull. All scans were performed by a single operator using the same CT machine followed by a standard scanning protocol. Artefact intensity for all data sets was quantified by calculating the standard deviation (SD) of the grey values within the dataset by following a standard method. The One-way ANOVA Bonferroni test was used for the data analysis. The mean artefact score of the stainless steel bracket was significantly (p < 0.001) high in comparison with other types of the orthodontic brackets. Besides, the mean artefact score was significantly (p=0.002) low when orthodontic brackets were placed unilaterally. Stainless steel brackets produced a significant amount of noise in CT images which can degrade the diagnostic image quality. Thus, the polycrystalline ceramic bracket can be a better alternative of stainless steel brackets for patient need frequent CT scan.

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3

Figueiredo, E., Rui Jorge C. Silva, Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes, and M. F. Araújo. "Some Long Term Corrosion Patterns in Archaeological Metal Artefacts." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 1030–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.1030.

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Long term corrosion phenomena are generally not obtained in laboratorial corrosion experiments. Particular features, such as strong intergranular corrosion, can be an indication of the antiquity of a metallic artefact. In the present study, various corrosion features from several archaeological bronze artefacts, with ages ranging from 2 to 5 millenniums, are examined using optical and scanning electron microscopies. Elemental composition was obtained through micro-EDXRF analyses. Corrosion patterns could, in some occasions, be related to specific thermomechanical treatments performed before burial and, in others, with particular phases present in the artefact.

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4

Park, Hyoung Suk, Yong Eun Chung, and Jin Keun Seo. "Computed tomographic beam-hardening artefacts: mathematical characterization and analysis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2043 (June 13, 2015): 20140388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0388.

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This paper presents a mathematical characterization and analysis of beam-hardening artefacts in X-ray computed tomography (CT). In the field of dental and medical radiography, metal artefact reduction in CT is becoming increasingly important as artificial prostheses and metallic implants become more widespread in ageing populations. Metal artefacts are mainly caused by the beam-hardening of polychromatic X-ray photon beams, which causes mismatch between the actual sinogram data and the data model being the Radon transform of the unknown attenuation distribution in the CT reconstruction algorithm. We investigate the beam-hardening factor through a mathematical analysis of the discrepancy between the data and the Radon transform of the attenuation distribution at a fixed energy level. Separation of cupping artefacts from beam-hardening artefacts allows causes and effects of streaking artefacts to be analysed. Various computer simulations and experiments are performed to support our mathematical analysis.

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5

Samia-Aly, Emma, and Faye Mellington. "Topical silicone gel mistaken for a retained orbital foreign body on MRI." BMJ Case Reports 15, no. 3 (March 2022): e248103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-248103.

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MRI is now a well-regarded imaging technique, but due to its use of strong magnetic fields, some metallic objects are contraindicated. We present a case of a man in his 40s with thyroid eye disease, who underwent bilateral orbital decompression. Following surgery, he was advised to start scar massage with topical silicone gel (Dermatix). He later underwent an MRI head scan which was halted due to concerns of a retained metallic foreign body. Topical silicone gel is widely used clinically for scar management. Due to its properties, it can cause the appearance of an artefact on MRI and be mistaken for a metallic foreign body. We present the first case to our knowledge of an MRI susceptibility artefact which was attributed to topical silicone gel and describe the diagnostic confusion it caused. We recommend asking patients to wash off any topical silicone gel before having an MRI scan.

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6

Abernethy, Peter, Neil G. McIntyre, Alexander Sanchez-Cabello, Ross Kruger, and Dushyant Shetty. "Localising ingested metallic foreign bodies to guide surgical planning: A novel use for the CT metal artefact reduction algorithm." BJR|case reports 7, no. 5 (September 2021): 20200189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjrcr.20200189.

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We present the case of a 20-year-old female patient who presented following ingestion of multiple button magnets. She remained clinically well however serial abdominal radiographs demonstrated the magnets were not passing through the gastrointestinal tract and a CT was, therefore, performed for further assessment and to aid surgical planning. Artefact from the magnets made interpretation of the CT challenging. The use of a Metal Artefact Reduction (MAR) algorithm, however, enabled accurate localisation of the magnets thus guiding subsequent surgical intervention. Whilst MAR algorithms are usually used in the assessment of iatrogenic metallic devices (e.g., joint prostheses), this case demonstrates an example of their potential wider use.

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7

Meinhardt, Christoph, Reinhard Noll, and Cord Fricke-Begemann. "Crosstalk effects of the surface layers of metallic samples on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 36, no. 4 (2021): 796–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ja00445f.

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Material ablation driven by focused laser pulses is an important aspect of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Schematics of the studied measuring object as model artefact for non-representative surface layers.

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8

Kidoh, M., T. Nakaura, S. Nakamura, S. Tokuyasu, H. Osakabe, K. Harada, and Y. Yamashita. "Reduction of dental metallic artefacts in CT: Value of a newly developed algorithm for metal artefact reduction (O-MAR)." Clinical Radiology 69, no. 1 (January 2014): e11-e16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2013.08.008.

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9

Espiritu, Jonathan, Mostafa Berangi, Christina Yiannakou, Eduarda Silva, Roberto Francischello, Andre Kuehne, Thoralf Niendorf, Sören Könneker, Regine Willumeit-Römer, and Jan-Marten Seitz. "Evaluating metallic artefact of biodegradable magnesium-based implants in magnetic resonance imaging." Bioactive Materials 15 (September 2022): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.035.

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10

Yener, K. Aslıhan. "The Anatolian Middle Bronze Age kingdoms and Alalakh: Mukish, Kanesh and trade." Anatolian Studies 57 (December 2007): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600008577.

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AbstractThe comparisons at the heart of this article concern the varying roles of cuneiform texts, instrumental analysis and artefacts at the Bronze Age capital of Alalakh, located in the northeastern Mediterranean region of southern Turkey. The production of fine artefacts, such as sophisticated metallurgy, glass, faience, ivory carving and, especially, bronze, was under palace patronage, while trade and the networks of inter-regional relations facilitated the transport of materials across great distances in the ancient Near East. Several lines of evidence suggest that exchange relationships between Alalakh and the Middle Bronze Age central Anatolian kingdoms, such as Kanesh, were established prior to the arrival of Hattusili I. One category of artefact, ivory and bone with metallic embellishments, is emphasised here since the crafting of ivory and bone entails the use of local resources, while the plating with precious metals reflects artistic expression and exploitation that is international in scope. Several analytical techniques are presented, such as lead isotope ratios, scanning electron microscopy and polarizing light microscopy, which have aided in defining the artistic expression of Alalakh and the production of artefacts of power and prestige.

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11

Kidoh, Masafumi, Daisuke Utsunomiya, Osamu Ikeda, Yoshitaka Tamura, Seitaro Oda, Yoshinori Funama, Hideaki Yuki, et al. "Reduction of metallic coil artefacts in computed tomography body imaging: effects of a new single-energy metal artefact reduction algorithm." European Radiology 26, no. 5 (August 14, 2015): 1378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-015-3950-6.

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12

Pereira, F., R. J. Silva, A. M. Monge Soares, and M. F. Araújo. "Microscopy characterization of metallurgical production evidences from Vila Nova de São Pedro (Azambuja, Portugal)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S4 (August 2013): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613001360.

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The Castro de Vila Nova de São Pedro (VNSP) is an emblematic settlement located at Azambuja (Portugal), occupied predominantly during the Chalcolithic period. A large and diversified metallurgical collection was recovered from this settlement which includes artefacts, crucibles and other metallurgical production remains, like slags and droplets. The chemical and microstructural characterization of this metallic collection aims to contribute to a better comprehension of the early copper-based metallurgy on the Portuguese Estremadura, the degree of knowledge of the ancient metallurgists and the role of the metallurgical activities in Chalcolithic societies.A group of 53 selected copper-based fragments of artefacts plus metallurgical production remains (12 crucibles and 20 slags and droplets), all belonging to VNSP, were characterized by using different analytical techniques: EDXRF and micro-EDXRF spectrometry, optical microscopy (OM) and SEM-EDS. The EDXRF and micro-EDXRF spectrometry gives the elemental composition of the artefacts and metallic nodules. The microscopy techniques play a fundamental role in the chemical and microstructural characterization of artefacts and metallurgical remains. The OM allows the identification of different phases, inclusions and thermomechanical processes applied during the shaping of the artefacts. The SEM-EDS plays an important role in the determination of main chemical phases present in the metal alloy and slags, and also in the distribution of chemical elements and minerals in the inclusions. The combination of these two microscopy techniques gives indication of the processes used in the reduction of minerals in order to obtain the metal and also allows the characterization of the operation chain, regarding the production of artefacts.The research that has been carried out by us offer indications concerning the provenance of the arsenic, the technological choices involved in the production of an arsenical copper alloy and how it was recognized by ancient metallurgists. Results obtained on the elemental composition of the metallurgical production remains are consistent with copper and arsenical copper (As > 2 %) artefact production. Crucibles and slags analysed indicate melting and smelting operations (of copper ores or copper/arsenic ores). A statistically significant association was found between copper alloyed with arsenic and artefacts classified as tools/weapons (arrowheads, daggers and knives). In several cases, the presence of arsenic rich phases in the microstructure, resulting from an inverse segregation phenomenon, shows no evidence of chemical homogeneity control during the artefact manufacture. Microstructural analyses also show that the majority of the artefactual group was shaped with forging plus annealing operation cycles and 23 % of the artefacts received a final forging treatment. This final treatment was associated to artefacts presenting higher arsenic contents.This research work has been financed by the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT-MCTES) through the EarlyMetal project (PTDC/HIS-ARQ/110442/2008) and the PhD Grant SFRH/BD/78107/2011 (FP). The financial support of CENIMAT/I3N through the Strategic Project-LA25-2011-2012 (PEst-C/CTM/LA0025/2011) is also acknowledged.

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13

Marshman, Laurence A. G., Graeme Strong, Matthew Trewhella, Ata Kasis, and Tai Friesem. "Minimizing Ferromagnetic Artefact With Metallic Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty Devices at Adjacent Segments." Spine 35, no. 2 (January 2010): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e3181c838cc.

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14

David, A., A. Ray, P. L. Hermet, F. Quieffin, and G. D’Assignies. "Reduction of metallic coil artifacts in CT angiography with metal artefact reduction (MAR) algorithm." Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging 100, no. 6 (June 2019): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2019.02.002.

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15

Backhouse, M. R., R. Hodgson, M. H. Stone, A. C. Redmond, and P. O'Connor. "AB0991 The Role of Metal Artefact Correction Techniques in Patients with Metallic Joint Prostheses." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 73, Suppl 2 (June 2014): 1128.2–1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.1494.

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16

Tellambura, Mahima, Isaac Thangasamy, Kwang Chin, and Declan Murphy. "Effect of Metallic Ureteric Stents on Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Implications for Malignant Ureteral Obstruction." Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal 2, no. 4 (July 16, 2021): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.48083/wlvr1509.

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Metallic ureteric stents are increasingly used for the management of malignant ureteric obstruction, a commonly encountered complication in urological and other malignancies. However, there has been limited evaluation of complications associated with these stents, including those that might arise from the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). While most devices are deemed nominally “MRI-safe,” their implication on the quality of imaging produced has not been evaluated in clinical trials, and in our practice, significant artefact has been encountered with some ureteric stents—specifically, the Teleflex Rüsch DD tumour stent—compromising image quality and diagnostic certainty.

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17

Rizwan Ahmed Khan, Amjad Ali, Madiha Fayyaz, and Khalid Mahmood. "Metallic Foreign Body in the Neck – a Rare Incidence." Pakistan Journal Of Neurological Surgery 26, no. 4 (February 13, 2023): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36552/pjns.v26i4.774.

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Penetrating injuries of the neck comprise upto 10% of all cases of trauma.We report the case of a 19 years old female who was admitted in Neurosurgery department of Lahore General Hospital with complaints of upper and mid back pain for 3 weeks, numbness of legs, abdomen and chest for 2 weeks and weakness of legs for 10 days. There was no preceeding history of trauma, major surgery or systemic illness. Her neurological examination suggested upper motor neuron signs in both lower limbs. She underwent a series of extensive investigations to rule out the differential diagnosis of myelitis, arteriovenous malformation and caries spine. In parallel to ongoing investigations, she received symptomatic treatment and empirical antituberculous therapy. Her MRI report showed a photon deficient area at the level of T1, which was also seen in chest Xray but was overlooked as artefact. Later on it was found to be a stray bullet which was causing the symptoms.

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18

Kaposi, P. N., T. Youn, A. Tóth, V. G. Frank, S. Shariati, A. Szendrői, P. Magyar, and V. Bérczi. "Orthopaedic metallic artefact reduction algorithm facilitates CT evaluation of the urinary tract after hip prosthesis." Clinical Radiology 75, no. 1 (January 2020): 78.e17–78.e24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2019.08.027.

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19

McNamara, Maria E., Derek E. G. Briggs, Patrick J. Orr, Heeso Noh, and Hui Cao. "The original colours of fossil beetles." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1731 (September 28, 2011): 1114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1677.

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Structural colours, the most intense, reflective and pure colours in nature, are generated when light is scattered by complex nanostructures. Metallic structural colours are widespread among modern insects and can be preserved in their fossil counterparts, but it is unclear whether the colours have been altered during fossilization, and whether the absence of colours is always real. To resolve these issues, we investigated fossil beetles from five Cenozoic biotas. Metallic colours in these specimens are generated by an epicuticular multi-layer reflector; the fidelity of its preservation correlates with that of other key cuticular ultrastructures. Where these other ultrastructures are well preserved in non-metallic fossil specimens, we can infer that the original cuticle lacked a multi-layer reflector; its absence in the fossil is not a preservational artefact. Reconstructions of the original colours of the fossils based on the structure of the multi-layer reflector show that the preserved colours are offset systematically to longer wavelengths; this probably reflects alteration of the refractive index of the epicuticle during fossilization. These findings will allow the former presence, and original hue, of metallic structural colours to be identified in diverse fossil insects, thus providing critical evidence of the evolution of structural colour in this group.

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20

Song, K. D., Y. C. Yoon, and J. Park. "Reducing metallic artefacts in post-operative spinal imaging: slice encoding for metal artefact correction with dual-source parallel radiofrequency excitation MRI at 3.0 T." British Journal of Radiology 86, no. 1027 (July 2013): 20120524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20120524.

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21

Laux, Christoph J., Christina Villefort, Stefanie Ehrbar, Lotte Wilke, Matthias Guckenberger, and Daniel A. Müller. "Carbon Fiber/Polyether Ether Ketone (CF/PEEK) Implants Allow for More Effective Radiation in Long Bones." Materials 13, no. 7 (April 9, 2020): 1754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071754.

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Background: Metallic implants show dose-modulating effects in radiotherapy and complicate its computed tomography (CT)-based planning. Dose deviations might not only affect the surrounding tissues due to backscattering and inadvertent dose increase but might also compromise the therapeutic effect to the target lesion due to beam attenuation. Later on, follow-up imaging is often obscured by metallic artefacts. Purposes: This study investigates the dosimetric impact of titanium and radiolucent carbon fiber/polyether ether ketone (CF/PEEK) implants during adjuvant radiation therapy in long bones. (1) Does the use of CF/PEEK implants allow for a more homogenous application of radiation? (2) Is the dose delivery to the target volume more efficient when using CF/PEEK implants? (3) Do CF/PEEK implants facilitate CT-based radiation therapy planning? Materials and methods: After CT-based planning, bone models of six ovine femora were irradiated within a water phantom in two immersion depths to simulate different soft-tissue envelopes. Plates and intramedullary nails of both titanium and CF/PEEK were investigated. Radiation dosage and distribution patterns were mapped using dosimetry films. Results: First, the planned implant-related beam attenuation was lower for the CF/PEEK plate (1% vs. 5%) and the CF/PEEK nail (2% vs. 9%) than for corresponding titanium implants. Secondly, the effective decrease of radiation dosage behind the implants was noticeably smaller when using CF/PEEK implants. The radiation dose was not significantly affected by the amount of surrounding soft tissues. A significant imaging artefact reduction was seen in all CF/PEEK models. Conclusion: CF/PEEK implants lead to a more reliable and more effective delivery of radiation dose to an osseous target volume. With regard to radiation therapy, the use of CF/PEEK implants appears to be particularly beneficial for intramedullary nails.

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22

Filograna, Laura, Nicola Magarelli, Antonio Leone, Roman Guggenberger, Sebastian Winklhofer, Michael John Thali, and Lorenzo Bonomo. "Value of monoenergetic dual-energy CT (DECT) for artefact reduction from metallic orthopedic implants in post-mortem studies." Skeletal Radiology 44, no. 9 (May 12, 2015): 1287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-015-2155-z.

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23

Guglielmi, Vittoria, Valeria Comite, Chiara Andrea Lombardi, Andrea Bergomi, Elisabetta Boanini, Roberto Bonomi, Elisa Monfasani, Letizia Sassi, Mattia Borelli, and Paola Fermo. "Restoration of a Textile Artefact: A Comparison of Cleaning Procedures Applied to a Historical Tapestry from the Quirinale Palace (Rome)." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2023): 2669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042669.

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The cleaning of textile artefacts and in particular historical tapestries is generally carried out using standard methods. Different cleaning procedures, including a new method based on a hydro-aspiration mechanism, recently developed by restorers with the aim of improving the efficiency of the cleaning system, were applied to a historical tapestry belonging to the lower edge of one of the tapestries of the “Ulysses Stories” series exhibited at the Quirinale Palace (Rome). The tapestry was made of wool and silk and has precious decorations made of metal yarns, which are particularly fragile. The new cleaning system was compared with the traditional methods commonly used by restorers for tapestry cleaning. For this purpose, the quantity and chemical composition of the particles removed and collected on quartz fibre filters by applying the different cleaning systems, were estimated by means of analytical techniques, such as IC (Ion Chromatography) for the quantification of the ionic species collected into the rinsing water, the TOT (Thermal Optical Transmittance) method for the quantification of the carbonaceous particles and SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) for yarn morphological characterization and elemental analysis of the deposited particles. The objective of this study is to identify the correct cleaning method to apply to the polymaterial tapestry and, in particular, to the gilded silver and gold metallic yarns, whose conservation state requires the preservation of the “self-protection” patina necessary for the future exhibition inside the Quirinale Palace. The new hydro-aspiration method was found to be more efficient in removing dirt and preserving the structure of the metallic threads being in this way less invasive in detaching the fragile surface patina and at the same time more effective in removing dirt.

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24

Arabi, Hossein, and Habib Zaidi. "Truncation compensation and metallic dental implant artefact reduction in PET/MRI attenuation correction using deep learning-based object completion." Physics in Medicine & Biology 65, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 195002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/abb02c.

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25

Ben-Yosef, Erez, Orit Shamir, and Janet Levy. "If it looks like a duck: final comment on early metallurgy and textile-production technologies in the southern Levant." Antiquity 91, no. 357 (June 2017): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.84.

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Анотація:

We appreciate the emerging discussion on the identification of the recently discovered Chalcolithic artefacts from the Judean Desert, and the careful attention to detail by Langgut et al. (above) that helps to further clarify our current understanding of spinning and metallurgical technologies in this period. Yet while we agree that by its nature archaeology is full of surprises and exceptional discoveries, we argue, however, that especially in such cases as this, the supporting evidence should be robust. This is clearly not the situation here; regardless of Langgut et al.’s nuanced argumentation (above) on specific contextual observations, our interpretation of the lead artefact as a metallic macehead that happened to be found with its wooden shaft still attached (a rare find but paralleled in the hoard from the Cave of the Treasure) remains much simpler and more straightforward than the interpretation that this extremely rare metal was used as part of a mundane spinning implement (which has no parallels anywhere). As the limitation on space does not allow us to address each of the points raised by Langgut et al., we leave it to the reader to assess the accuracy and relevance of their claims. In any case, their detailed response is only tangential to the essential line of our argument, which is related to weighing the available data and contextual information properly. The conclusion remains that while the observations that ostensibly connect the newly discovered artefacts to textile production are feeble and can be simply related to Ghassulian prestige metal objects (e.g. the use of wooden shafts and textiles in their carrying and maintenance), other observations make this connection difficult (as admitted also by Langgut et al. regarding the weight of the lead ‘whorl’), if not impossible.

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Wieling, R., F. Magerl, E. Schneider, A. Steiner, and B. Rohner. "Performance of a composite flow moulded carbon fibre reinforced osteosynthesis plate." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 18, no. 03 (July 2005): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632942.

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SummaryNon-metallic implants have the advantage over metallic implants of reduction in artefact with CT and MR diagnostic imaging. In-vivo performance of a carbon fibre reinforced polyetheretherketone radiolucent plate (Snake Plate [SP]) with high stiffness, and fixed angle converging screws was compared with a seven-hole titanium Locking Compression Plate (LCP), using a sheep tibial osteotomy model (gap 0.6 mm). The sheep were divided into two groups, and the osteotomies were stabilized with a SP (n=6) or a LCP (n=6). The callus dimensions were measured radiographically at zero, two, four, six and eight weeks. The animals were euthanatized after eight weeks. Osteotomised and contralateral tibiae were tested in pairs torsion, to determine strength and stiffness. In the radii of six separate sheep, initial vascular disturbance after plate implantation was evaluated. All of the sheep of the SP and LCP groups showed maximal callus areas at six weeks. The differences between the groups, in callus dimension, were not significant at any time point. The median values for relative reduction (100 x [operated – contralateral] / contralateral) in strength of osteotomized tibiae was ™13.93% for the SP group and ™7.49% for the LCP group (p = 0.5228), and for stiffness it was ™24.44 % for the SP group and ™27.08% for the LCP group (p = 0.6481). Neither the SP nor LCP caused any notable disturbance in periosteal circulation. The SP appears to represent a valuable alternative to metallic implants for shaft fracture repair. The main advantages of the SP are radiolucency, high deformation resistance, internal fixator concept and converging screw configuration for optimal loading conditions in the bone-implant construct.

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FUJII, KENICHI. "TOWARD THE REDEFINITION OF THE KILOGRAM FROM THE 28Si INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 24 (January 2013): 1360001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201019451360001x.

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In the international system of units, the kilogram in the only SI base unit still defined by a material artefact. In order to redefine this unit with a fundamental physical constant, an international research project was launched in 2004 for determining the Avogadro constant, NA, by counting the atoms in an isotopically enriched 28Si crystal. The counting procedure relies on the measurements of the molar and atomic volumes of 1 kg spheres made of the 28Si crystal. In 2011, the project succeeded in measuring the Avogadro constant with a smallest standard uncertainty, 3.0 × 10−8 NA. Because of an unexpected metallic contamination at the surface of the spheres, the measurement uncertainty was larger than the target of the project by a factor of 1.5. In order to further reduce the uncertainty, a new international research project was launched in 2012. Outline of the new project and the improvements of the measurements will be introduced at the forum. Note from Publisher: This article contains the abstract only.

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Rajesh, R., M. J. Kim, J. S. Bow, R. W. Carpenter, and G. N. Maracas. "CBED study of low-temperature InP grown by gas source MBE." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 810–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010014988x.

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In our previous work on MBE grown low temperature (LT) InP, attempts had been made to understand the relationships between the structural and electrical properties of this material system. Electrical measurements had established an enhancement of the resistivity of the phosphorus-rich LT InP layers with annealing under a P2 flux, which was directly correlated with the presence of second-phase particles. Further investigations, however, have revealed the presence of two fundamentally different types of precipitates. The first type are the surface particles, essentially an artefact of argon ion milling and containing mostly pure indium. The second type and the one more important to the study are the dense precipitates in the bulk of the annealed layers. These are phosphorus-rich and are believed to contribute to the improvement in the resistivity of the material.The observation of metallic indium islands solely in the annealed LT layers warranted further study in order to better understand the exact reasons for their formation.

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Martins, A. B. O., B. M. T. Costa, A. P. M. Ramos, K. M. Souza, C. S. Rabelo, and D. A. F. Barbosa. "A Utilização da TCFC no Diagnóstico de Dentes com Fraturas Radiculares Verticais com Pinos Metálicos: uma Revisão Crítica da Literatura." Journal of Health Sciences 19, no. 5 (February 23, 2018): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2017v19n5p161.

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A fratura radicular vertical (FVR) está entre as causas mais comuns de falhas endodônticas, com prevalência de 3,7% a 30,8% e diagnóstico desafiador. A presença de pinos metálicos em condutos radiculares dificulta ainda mais o diagnóstico imaginológico de FVRs e as Tomografias Computadorizadas de Feixe Cônico (TCFC) tem sido bastante utilizadas para a detecção destas fraturas. Portanto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão crítica da literatura acerca da utilização da TCFC no diagnóstico de dentes com fraturas radiculares verticais com pinos metálicos. Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados pubmed na lingua inglesa e sem restrição de ano, utilizando-se o algoritmo “metallic artefact” OR “metallic post” OR “root fracture” AND “cone beam computed tomography”. Foram encontrados 145 artigos dos quais foram selecionados 13 como critério de inclusão de estudos que avaliaram FVRs por meio de TCFC. Os artigos que foram excluídos tratavam de casos clínicos (n25), série de casos (n3), revisões de literatura (n3), não adequados ao tema (n97) e abordavam fraturas radiculares horizontais (n4). Dos 13 artigos selecionados, 4 (30,7%) compararam a TCFC a outros exames, 6 (46,1%) variaram parâmetros e/ou materiais dentários, 1 (7,6%) comparou diferentes softwares para análise , 1 (7,6%) variou a posição do objetos e 1 (7,6%) comparou diferentes tomógrafos computadorizados. Os estudos demonstraram que a TCFC possui uma precisão diagnóstica superior em relação aos outros exames de imagem para a detecção de FVRs.Palavras-chave: Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X. Endodontia. Materiais Restauradores do Canal Radicular.

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Harnish, Roy, Sven Prevrhal, Abass Alavi, Habib Zaidi, and Thomas F. Lang. "The effect of metal artefact reduction on CT-based attenuation correction for PET imaging in the vicinity of metallic hip implants: a phantom study." Annals of Nuclear Medicine 28, no. 6 (April 8, 2014): 540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12149-014-0844-7.

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Guggenberger, R., S. Winklhofer, G. Osterhoff, G. A. Wanner, M. Fortunati, G. Andreisek, H. Alkadhi, and P. Stolzmann. "Metallic artefact reduction with monoenergetic dual-energy CT: systematic ex vivo evaluation of posterior spinal fusion implants from various vendors and different spine levels." European Radiology 22, no. 11 (May 30, 2012): 2357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-012-2501-7.

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Formisano, Antonio, Enzo Jr Dessì, and Giovanni Chiumiento. "Non-Destructive Tests on Carpentry Steels." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 13, no. 1 (November 15, 2019): 214–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801913010214.

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Background: Industrial archaeology represents a modern branch of urbanism and architecture that studies, applying an interdisciplinary method, all the evidence inherent the process of industrialization from its origins to the actuality. Aim: Looking at the cities of our epoch, more and more are the testimonies of these historical artefacts, which in fact represent our cultural identity and are often intended to be recovered and converted into modern destinations of use. Methods: If the identification of constructive schemes is based on direct essays and surveys, the definition of material properties requires material testing and investigation. For metal structures, the standards involve destructive investigations only, with a sampling of specimens, which often conflict with the protection requirements of the artefact. This leads to the need to refine and make reliable non-destructive investigations using the Leeb method, by means of portable micro-durometers, for in-situ characterization of carpentry steels, so to suggest new regulatory guidelines for existing structures surveys. Results: In the paper, the classification of carpentry steels based on non-destructive hardness test was illustrated and discussed. Firstly, for the evaluation of the resistance class of a structural steel, it was recorded that the execution of tests required a careful cleaning of the surface of samples. Subsequently, analyzing the data obtained from the experimentation, it was clear that the best methodology of data conversion from micro-hardness (Leeb method) tests for the determination of the steel class was given by tables and formulations of the ASTM standard. In the case of a few values to be converted, the most effective method was the manual use of the tables, with an average error of 0.10%. Conclusion: In conclusion, it should be remarked that differently from the reinforced concrete structures, where the non-destructive tests are allowed by the current Italian technical code on, for metallic structures only, destructive tests are permitted, so that the use of non-destructive ones should be encouraged, especially when interventions on cultural heritage constructions are of concern.

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Yasaka, Koichiro, Kouhei Kamiya, Ryusuke Irie, Eriko Maeda, Jiro Sato, and Kuni Ohtomo. "Metal artefact reduction for patients with metallic dental fillings in helical neck computed tomography: comparison of adaptive iterative dose reduction 3D (AIDR 3D), forward-projected model-based iterative reconstruction solution (FIRST) and AIDR 3D with single-energy metal artefact reduction (SEMAR)." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 45, no. 7 (September 2016): 20160114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20160114.

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34

Evin, Morgane, David Joannic, Aurélien Monnet, David F. Fletcher, Stuart M. Grieve, Jean-François Fontaine, and Alain Lalande. "MRI Assessment of the Bi-Leaflet Mechanical Heart Valve: Investigating the EOA Using the Acoustic Source Term Method." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 11771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211771.

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Background: This work aims at defining the Effective Orifice Area (EOA) derived from the acoustic source term (AST) method from 4D Phase-Contrast MRI data to provide a reference for the assessment of MRI valvular prostheses as part of a comprehensive cardiac exam. Methods: Three different Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valves (BMHV) and a dysfunctional BMHV were tested in-vitro using 4D Phase-Contrast MRI and a numerical design of the experimental study was performed, including the influence of internal diameter, stroke volume, and heart rate. The EOA AST was computed based on the MRI 4D Phase-Contrast acquisition. Results: EOAAST values vary by 15 mm from the BMHV center and should be computed between 8 to 10 mm after the metallic “blurring” artefact (ranging from 18.9 to 23.4 mm from the BMHV). EOAAST values were found to be lower compared with numerical results in the appropriate plane. Detection of the BMHV dysfunction by continuity equation computed from 4D flow acquisition is limited based on EOAAST computations, while EOAc and velocities after the valves could more directly highlight a blocked leaflet. Conclusion: This multi-disciplinary study demonstrates the suitability of the EOA AST method to assess BMHV function using MRI. Translation to the clinic is feasible using an optimized 2D Phase-Contrast flow stack or a 4D Phase-Contrast minimal volume based on the recommendations provided.

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Pilania, K., and B. Jankharia. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Metal on Metal Implants: A Breakthrough." Nepalese Journal of Radiology 3, no. 2 (January 15, 2014): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njr.v3i2.9607.

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Background: Metal-on-metal (MoM) hip replacement, a durable alternative to conventional metal -on-polyethylene hip replacement, is increasingly common nowadays. There is a 4-8% incidence of pain and complications which usually go undetected on radiographs. MRI has a vast potential for early diagnosis in these cases. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility of MR imaging in MoM hips and to review the MR imaging features of various complications associated with metal on metal hip implants. Materials and Methods: 41 patients with 52 replaced hips using MoM prostheses underwent MRI on a 1.5T scanner using standard clinical protocols optimized to minimize metallic susceptibility artifact, known as metal artefact reduction sequences (MARS). A standardized reporting was done with specific comment on periprosthetic osteolysis, loosening, periprosthetic soft tissue mass, gluteal muscle atrophy, iliopsoas atrophy, muscle edema, muscle/ tendon tear and lymphadenopathy. Results: Diagnostic images were obtained in all patients. Of the 52 hips, 32 had total hip replacement (THR) and 20 had resurfacing. The following abnormalities were found. Periprosthetic osteolysis (5), Periprosthetic soft tissue mass (24), Gluteal muscle atrophy – moderate to severe (15), Iliopsoas atrophy (15), Muscle edema (0), Muscle / tendon tear (0), Lymphadenopathy (5). Conclusion: MRI on a 1.5T scanner is a viable technique to image the MoM hip and shows well the various complications associated with post arthroplasty hips. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njr.v3i2.9607 Nepalese Journal of Radiology Vol.3(2)July-Dec, 2013: 49-56

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Angelini, E., T. Caro, A. Mezzi, C. Riccucci, F. Faraldi, and S. Grassini. "Degradation mechanisms occurring in precious metallic artefacts." Surface and Interface Analysis 44, no. 8 (December 19, 2011): 947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.3854.

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37

Kučera, Jan, Jan Kameník, Vladimír Havránek, Ivana Krausová, Ivo Světlík, Kateřina Pachnerová Brabcová, Marek Fikrle, and David Chvátil. "Recent Achievements in NAA, PAA, XRF, IBA and AMS Applications for Cultural Heritage Investigations at Nuclear Physics Institute, Řež." Physics 4, no. 2 (April 28, 2022): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics4020033.

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Five case studies are reported on the use of neutron and photon activation analysis (NAA and PAA, respectively), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, ion beam analysis (IBA), and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) for the elemental characterization or dating of various objects of cultural heritage, such as building materials, pottery, metallic artefacts, ancient decorations, or the remains of historical personalities. The use of the individual techniques or their combination proved a useful, frequently indispensable tool for revealing the provenance of the artefacts, the method and time of their manufacturing, the elucidation of ancient human activities, or the verification of various hypotheses or legends related to the artefacts.

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38

Vovk, Yuliia, Nina Merezhko, Volodymyr Indutnyi, Kateryna Pirkovich, and Yurii Lytvynenko. "Determining dangerous chemicals on the surface of metallic historical artefacts." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, no. 12 (120) (December 30, 2022): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.268175.

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The problem is to determine the threat of chemical damage to a person upon his contact with historical artifacts from metals. For this purpose, experimental studies of the process of accumulation of chemicals on the surface of historical metal products were carried out. The objects of this study were 3 samples of historical cold weapons selected from the museum fund, as well as samples from modern sheet steel. The blades of museum objects were rubbed with a special ash-free swab, which was burned, and the chemical composition of the residue was determined. This makes it possible to obtain data on compounds from a significant surface area. A list of chemical elements that accumulate on the surface of metallic historical artifacts over time has been established. Theoretically, the possibility of the appearance on the surface of historical artifacts made of iron of such chemical elements as Mercury, Barium, Stibium, Phosphorus, Plumbum (Lead), Thallium, Chromium, Selenium, Cadmium has been theoretically proven. This can pose a threat to the health of museum workers and collectors who are in daily contact with such items. The results of the experiment are provided with samples of modern steel, which, in order to accelerate the process of elimination of impurity elements, warmed up for 3 hours in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 700 °C. The surface of these samples was studied using an electron microscope, and local emission analysis of the chemical composition was carried out. The obtained results confirm the process of elimination of ions of individual chemical elements from the metal in the process of its heating. We can observe the release of Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Cu ions to the surface. Based on the results obtained, plots are built that describe the change in the chemical composition of the metal surface throughout the history of existence. The use of the author's method of testing makes it possible to study the problem of safety of handling historical monuments in general. The results of the study are important for establishing the authenticity of metallic historical artifacts and assessing possible risks in contact with them.

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39

Kylafi, M., A. Katakos, S. Boyatzis, E. Palamara, and N. Zacharias. "Characterisation and Analysis of Metallic Artefacts from the Pylos Archaeological Museum." STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2018.1456742.

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40

Ottenwelter, E., and V. Costa. "Evidence of Metallic Plating on Archaeological Artefacts by Voltammetry of Microparticles." Archaeometry 57, no. 3 (March 18, 2014): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12091.

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41

Qian, Hui, Lars Laurentius, and Ray F. Egerton. "Artefacts Induced on Soft Layer of Hybrid Metallic Nanoparticles in TEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, S3 (August 2015): 1551–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615008533.

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42

Valério, P., E. Voráčová, R. J. C. Silva, M. F. Araújo, A. M. M. Soares, A. M. Arruda, and C. Pereira. "Composition and microstructure of Roman metallic artefacts of Southwestern Iberian Peninsula." Applied Physics A 121, no. 1 (August 2, 2015): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-015-9394-7.

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43

Yeung, Catherine S. L., Raymund W. M. Kwok, Peter Y. K. Lam, S. P. Wong, S. K. Hark, Zhengyao Jin, Philip C. L. Wong, M. L. Yu, and K. K. Mark. "SIMS analysis of lead isotope composition in ancient Chinese metallic artefacts." Surface and Interface Analysis 29, no. 8 (2000): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-9918(200008)29:8<487::aid-sia891>3.0.co;2-p.

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Ciupiński, Łukasz, Elżbieta Fortuna-Zaleśna, Halina Garbacz, Andrzej Koss, Krzysztof Kurzydłowski, Jan Marczak, Janusz Mróz, et al. "Comparative Laser Spectroscopy Diagnostics for Ancient Metallic Artefacts Exposed to Environmental Pollution." Sensors 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2010): 4926–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s100504926.

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45

Olovčić, Almir, Mustafa Memić, Sabina Žero, Jasna Huremović, and Emira Kahrović. "Chemical Analysis of Iron Slags and Metallic Artefacts from Early Iron Age." International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 4, no. 6 (January 10, 2014): 859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2014/12248.

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46

Murakami, Shumei, Rinus G. Verdonschot, Miyoshi Kataoka, Naoya Kakimoto, Hiroaki Shimamoto, and Sven Kreiborg. "A standardized evaluation of artefacts from metallic compounds during fast MR imaging." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 45, no. 8 (October 2016): 20160094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20160094.

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47

Guermazi, A., Y. Miaux, S. Zaim, C. G. Peterfy, D. White, and H. K. Genant. "Metallic Artefacts in MR Imaging: Effects of Main Field Orientation and Strength." Clinical Radiology 58, no. 4 (April 2003): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(02)00540-8.

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48

Maerz, Manuel, Oliver Koelbl, and Barbara Dobler. "Influence of metallic dental implants and metal artefacts on dose calculation accuracy." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 191, no. 3 (October 31, 2014): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-014-0774-2.

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Balteș, Gabriel, Mihai Gligor, Ioana D. Dulama, Cristiana Rădulescu, Sofia Teodorescu, Raluca M. Știrbescu, Ioan A. Bucurică, and Sorina G. Stănescu. "Archaeometric Analyses of Transylvanian Metal Artefacts. Case Study: Scythian Necropolis from Sâncrai (Alba County)." Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica 25, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/auash.2021.25.1.3.

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The Scythian necropolis of Sâncrai (Alba County) was investigated in 2016, which led to the discovery of 95 burials (inhumation and cremation). The study of the tombs revealed a rich funerary inventory, composed mainly of ceramic vessels of different shapes and sizes; weapons such as akinakes daggers, spearheads, and arrowheads; ornaments including amber beads, kauri shells, kaolin, earrings, loop rings, saltaleoni type bracelets, and clothing appliqués; and harness elements, including horsehair and quiver appliqués. The purpose of this paper is to describe the archaeometric analyses of metal pieces recovered from this site. A combination of non-invasive/micro-destructive analytical techniques (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), and statistical methods (cluster analysis, using SPSS Statistics) was used to obtain comprehensive information about the studied metal artefacts. In this respect, 16 metallic samples were investigated to establish the samples' defects as well as their elemental and molecular composition. Overall, the analytical and statistical analyses show us that the metallic samples can be split into three groups based on composition: iron, copper-tin/bronze, and gold-silver. In these groups, samples present a strong correlation, suggesting that they were created using similar minerals.

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Cirrincione, Laura, Patrizia Ferrante, Maria La Gennusa, Giorgia Peri, Gianfranco Rizzo, and Gianluca Scaccianoce. "Visually low-impacting methods for the measurement of parameters related to IAQ risk indicators in exhibition halls." E3S Web of Conferences 312 (2021): 12008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131212008.

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Microclimate for cultural heritage plays a fundamental role in the degradation process of artefacts exhibited in museums. Generally, the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) monitoring inside museums is based on conventional measurements of thermo-hygrometry parameters and longtime averaged measurements of atmospheric pollutants’ concentration. Unfortunately, all these approaches require electric supply and are usually characterized by a noticeable visual impact on the exhibition space, which clearly negatively affects the visitors’ experience. This paper intends to revisit and discuss a methodology (and its test application on field, to estimate the risk of damage of three artefacts displayed in an old museum of Palermo – Italy) perhaps prematurely underestimated that could usefully be re-proposed in particular contexts in which it is necessary to be careful to be as less invasive as possible, as in the case of museums housed in buildings of particular historical-cultural prestige. The discussed approach uses a non-destructive (or minimally invasive, at least) technique consisting in using two types of coupons, bi-metallic and marble ones, that allows an off-line monitoring of the indoor air aggressiveness inside museums, while avoiding consuming electricity and undesirable visual impacts on the site. Specifically, the estimated coupon damage is regarded as gauge to air aggressiveness, in order to provide an early warning of the risk of damage for the artefacts made of materials similar to those which the coupons are made of. Based on the considerations reported in the paper, the indirect evaluation of the air chemical aggressiveness through the assessment of the bi-metallic and marble coupons’ erosion seems to still candidates itself as a feasible method to be applied in complex exhibition scenes.

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