Дисертації з теми "Metal catalyst nanoparticles"
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Ogiwara, Naoki. "Integration of Metal Nanoparticles and Metal-Organic Frameworks for Control of Water Reactivity." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242627.
Повний текст джерелаIwase, Yukari. "Application of Metal Nanoparticles and Polyoxometalates for Efficient Photocatalysis and Catalysis." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232051.
Повний текст джерелаXu, Chunbao. "Continuous and batch hydrothermal synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles and metal oxide-activated carbon nanocomposites." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07302006-231517/.
Повний текст джерелаTeja, Amyn, Committee Chair ; Kohl, Paul, Committee Member ; Liu, Meilin, Committee Member ; Nair,Sankar, Committee Member ; Rousseau, Ronald, Committee Member.
Zahmakiran, Mehmet. "Synthesis And Characterization Of Ruthenium(0) Metal Nanoparticles As Catalyst In The Hydrolysis Of Sodium Borohydride." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605966/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерела1.18 nm from the TEM analysis. The kinetic of the ruthenium(0) nanoparticles catalyzed hydrolysis of sodium borohydride was studied depending on the catalyst concentration, substrate concentration and temperature. The activation parameters of this reaction were also determined from the evaluation of the kinetic data. This catalyst provides the lowest activation energy ever found for the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride.
Marina, Nancy. "The Use of Metal Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial Agent and as a Catalyst for Organic Synthesis." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38427.
Повний текст джерелаBinti, Wan Ramli Wan Khairunnisa. "Exsolved base metal catalyst systems with anchored nanoparticles for carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxides (NOx) oxidation." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3875.
Повний текст джерелаStrossi, Pedrolo Débora Regina. "Synthesis of metal-zeolite composite materials for bifunctional catalytic reactions." Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/EDSMRE/2021/2021LILUR065.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаZeolite-based catalysts have been widely used in the conversion of biomass. The catalytic yields of the desired products are strongly limited due to the relatively small size of the pores in zeolites and the catalyst preparation by impregnation usually leads to relatively large metal nanoparticles and low contact between metal and acid sites. The purpose of this work is the design of metal-zeolite nanocomposite catalysts containing ruthenium nanoparticles uniformly distributed in the hierarchical BEA and ZSM-5 zeolites. Use of ruthenium avoids formation of inert hardly reducible inert metal silicates and metal aluminates, while carbon nanotubes with supported metal oxide nanoparticles play a role of sacrificial template, which allows creating mesoporosity and bringing metallic functionality inside the zeolite matrix. Compared to the conventional zeolite supported metal catalysts the synthesized hierarchical ruthenium-zeolites exhibited much higher activity and lower methane selectivity in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Characterization of the prepared catalysts has indicated initiation of crystallization of zeolites over metal nanoparticles. This effect has been further used to increase the dispersion of metal nanoparticles by secondary crystallization of Ru supported over ZSM-5. Our results show significant re-dispersion of embedded metal oxide nanoparticles and increase in the activity of model reactions. In addition, a synthetic strategy was developed for the preparation of hierarchical metal and zeolite nanocomposite catalysts for direct synthesis of iso-paraffins from syngas. The nanocomposites are synthesized in three steps. In the first step, the parent (core) zeolite is etched with an ammonium fluoride solution. The etching creates small mesopores inside the zeolite crystals. In the second step, the Ru nanoparticles prepared using water-in-oil microemulsion are deposited in the mesopores of the zeolite. In the third step, a zeolite shell of MFI-type zeolites (silicalite-1 or ZSM-5) is grown on the parent zeolite crystals coating both the etched surface and metallic nanoparticles. Thus, the metal nanoparticles become entirely encapsulated inside the zeolite matrix. Most important parameters such as ruthenium content, zeolite mesoporosity, and more particularly, the acidity of the catalyst shell, which affect the catalytic performance of the synthesized nanocomposite materials in low-temperature Fischer−Tropsch synthesis were identified in this work. The higher relative amount of iso-paraffins was observed on the catalysts containing a shell of ZSM-5. The proximity between metal and acid sites in the zeolite shell of the nanocomposite catalysts is a crucial parameter for the design of efficient metal zeolite bifunctional catalysts for selective synthesis of gasoline-type fuels via Fischer−Tropsch synthesis, while the acidity of the catalyst core has only a limited impact on the catalytic performance
Vijwani, Hema. "Hierarchical Porous Structures with Aligned Carbon Nanotubes as Efficient Adsorbents and Metal-Catalyst Supports." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1433350549.
Повний текст джерелаVU, YEN THI. "SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ELASTOMER-BASED COMPOSITES AND POLYMER-IMMOBILIZED COLLOIDAL TRANSITION METAL NANOPARTICLES: CATALYTIC SELECTIVITY AND MORPHOLOGY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1004541836.
Повний текст джерелаFu, Fangyu. "Synthèses et applications catalytiques de nanoparticules d’élements de transition." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0195/document.
Повний текст джерелаCatalysis is a key element in chemical synthesis, and current research is focusing on making catalytic processes cleaner in the context of green chemistry. In this spirit, this thesis involves the research of nanoparticle (NP) catalysts used in aqueous medium, without toxic ligand and in very small quantities toward a variety of useful processes. The synthesis of the catalytic NPs used cations of the transition elements of the right of the periodic table and of reducing agents capable of rapidly reducing these cations to atoms of zero oxidation state aggregating into small catalytically active metal NPs. The chosen reducing agents were organic (naphthyl sodium) or organometallic (19-electron) sandwich complexes of iron such as [Fe(I)Cp*(ŋ6-C6Me6)] or cobalt such as [Co(II)Cp*2], (Cp* = ŋ5-C5Me5)) used as electron reservoirs. The supports limiting the aggregation of the metal NPs were the solvent (polyethylene glycol, first part of the thesis), the cations of the organometallic electron reservoirs (2nd part of the thesis) or a zeolitic imidazolate framework (MOF of ZIF-8 type, 3rd part of the thesis). Instead of a metal cation, it has also been possible to use a cluster such as [Au25(SR) 18] (R = CH2CH2Ph) as a precursor, in which case the reduction was limited to a simple electron transfer producing an anionic cluster stabilized by the congested sandwich counter cation of the electron reservoir. The small NPs thus stabilized proved to be excellent "green" catalysts for several C-C or C-N reactions and hydrogen production by hydrolysis of metal hydrides in an aqueous medium under very mild conditions. This latter reaction was efficiently catalyzed by Ni2Pt@ZIF-8 bimetallic NPs with a spectacular synergy between the two metals
Galeandro-Diamant, Thomas. "Metal nanoparticles as catalysts for alkene hydrosilylation." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1285.
Повний текст джерелаAlkene hydrosilylation is a crucial method of forming carbon-silicon bonds. It is used industrially for the production of functional silicone fluids and silicone elastomers. The current industrial alkene hydrosilylation processes use platinum complexes as catalysts. Although these complexes are extremely efficient, they are usually not recovered at the end of the synthesis, making their use expensive and unsustainable, given the scarcity of platinum. In this work, we have synthesized and evaluated several kinds of metal nanoparticles as catalysts for alkene hydrosilylation, in a quest towards sustainable catalyts. First, we have synthesized platinum nanoparticles of 2 nm diameter and compared them with Karstedt's complex, the benchmark catatalyst in alkene hydrosilylation. It was shown that platinum nanoparticles were as efficient as Karstedt's complex in industrially relevant hydrosilylation conditions, despite their lower metal dispersion. These findings reactivated the debate on whether's Karstedt's complex was truly homogeneous or colloidal during catalysis. Then, a leaching-resistant heterogeneous platinum catalyst was developed, based on the embedding of platinum nanoparticles in the matrix of a mesostructured silica, SBA-15. Finally, other alternative catalytic systems were developed, based on other metals
Eising, Renato. "Préparation de nanoparticules d'argent stabilisées par du dextran ou des amphiphiles oligosaccharidiques pour des applications en catalyse et biocapteurs." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949189.
Повний текст джерелаRogers, S. M. "Designing metal nanoparticles for catalysis." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1560408/.
Повний текст джерелаPoupart, Romain. "Nanoparticules métalliques@polymères poreux : matériaux hybrides innovants pour la catalyse supportée." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1174/document.
Повний текст джерелаPorous materials based on polymers have been the subject of intense and various researches since their discovery until now. Their unique and remarkable properties, like their easy functionalization or their large porosity range reachable for instance, coupled with their low production cost makes them attractive for numerous applications. Among them, supported catalysis is booming, especially since the rising of nanoparticles. During this Ph.D. contribution, we have developed different polymeric materials, which could be used as support, focusing mainly onto three types: bulky materials, porous polymeric matrixes into capillaries and porous polystyrene arising from the selective degradation of diblocks copolymers.Firstly, different strategies have been employed for the immobilization and the generation of nanoparticles onto bulk materials. On the one hand, the synthesis of a monomer, bearing a disulphide bridge which can, after a reduction step, free a thiol moiety allowing us to anchor gold nanoparticles. On the other hand, a new route to reduce nanoparticle has been employed using gaseous hydrogen. In another part, the syntheses of different polymeric matrixes into capillaries have been made. First, we used an already known matrix, based on N-acryloxysuccinimide -after modification step via thiol-ene reaction and nucleophilic substitution by amines- to anchor copper or gold nanoparticles, respectively. Also, a new matrix based on cyclic carbonates has been used, after modification, to immobilized platinum nanoparticles. Finally, starting from diblocks copolymers possessing different junctions between both blocks (disulphide bridge or acetal), porous polystyrenes have been obtained. The copolymers bearing an acetal have been implemented to immobilized gold nanoparticles, catalysing several reactions like nitro reduction, boronic homocoupling as well as the cascade reaction of both
Narayanan, Radha. "Shape-Dependent Nanocatalysis and the Effect of Catalysis on the Shape and Size of Colloidal Metal Nanoparticles." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6878.
Повний текст джерелаGaskell, Christine V. "Tailored metal nanoparticles for selective catalysis." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/44554/.
Повний текст джерелаMott, Derrick M. "Synthesis, characterization, and catalysis of metal nanoparticles." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
Знайти повний текст джерелаDowns, Emma. "An Investigation of Transition Metal Catalysts for Cyanohydrin Hydration: The Interface of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18348.
Повний текст джерела2015-09-29
Clavadetscher, Jessica Veronica. "Transition metal catalysis : a new paradigm in bioorthogonal drug activation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29580.
Повний текст джерелаGarg, Garima. "Solvants ioniques biosourcés et CO2 supercritique : conception des processus durables pour la synthèse de molécules cibles (BISCO2)." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0085.
Повний текст джерелаThis Thesis represents a multi-disciplinary project where aspects going from solvent engineering to catalysis using metal-based nanoparticles, are explored. In this project, solvent engineering has been applied to bio-based deep eutectic solvents (DES) synthesized from choline tosylalaninate and glycerol in an effort to decrease the solvent viscosity by using different amounts of carbon dioxide. In this context, molecular rotors were used as an innovative method to measure the viscosity, avoiding the use of expensive instrumentation and giving the possibility to access to the microviscosity of the system. Furthermore, DES have been applied for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles, also acting as stabilizers, which were fully characterized. The as-prepared palladium nanoparticles were then used for catalytic hydrogenations of unsaturated C-C bonds, and nitro and carbonyl groups. Sub and supercritical CO2 conditions have been applied to improve the efficiency of the palladium nanocatalysts in hydrogenation reactions and afterwards for the extraction of organic products. This work represents an effort to intensify a hydrogenation process in a highly viscous, non-volatile, biodegradable, and non-toxic DES by using CO2 in order to decrease mass transfer limitations and to extract products from the reaction media
Garg, Aaron R. "Transition metal carbide and nitride nanoparticles with Noble metal shells as enhanced catalysts." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121890.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis. Page 157 blank. Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 137-153).
Core-shell nanostructures represent a promising and versatile design platform for enhancing the performance of noble metal catalysts while reducing the cost. Early transition metal carbides (TMCs) and nitrides (TMNs) have been identified as ideal core materials for supporting noble metal shells owing to their earth-abundance, thermal and chemical stability, electrical conductivity, and their ability to bind strongly to noble metals while still being immiscible with them. Unfortunately, the formation of surface oxides or carbon on TMCs and TMNs presents a difficult synthetic challenge for the deposition of atomically thin, uniform noble metal layers. Recent advances have enabled the synthesis of TMC core nanoparticles with noble metal shells (denoted as NM/TMC), although applicability toward TMN cores has not been previously demonstrated. Furthermore, the complete properties of these unique materials are still unknown.
This thesis conducts a detailed investigation of the synthesis, characterization, and catalytic performance of NM/TMC and NM/TMN core-shell nanoparticles to provide a comprehensive understanding of their material properties and the underlying phenomena. First, in-situ studies yielded insight into the mechanism behind the high temperature self-assembly of NM/TMC particles, indicating the presence of a metallic alloy phase preceding the formation of the core-shell structure upon insertion of carbon into the lattice. Next, the synthesis of NM/TMN nanoparticles was demonstrated via nitridation of a parent NM/TMC, and the structural and electronic properties of both core-shell materials were examined through in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The analysis revealed significant alterations to the electronic structure of the noble metal shell due to bonding interactions with the TMC and TMN cores, which led to weakened adsorbate binding energies.
Finally, the materials displayed improved performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), a critical challenge for fuel cell technologies. Notably, particles with complete, uniform shells exhibited unprecedented stability during electrochemical ageing at highly oxidizing conditions, highlighting the great potential of core-shell architectures with earth-abundant TMC and TMN cores for future ORR applications. Overall, this work will provide new opportunities toward the design of enhanced noble metal catalysts and enable further optimization of their performance.
by Aaron R. Garg.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering
Wilson, Orla Mary. "Structure-function relationships in dendrimer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3062.
Повний текст джерелаLiu, Lichen. "Heterogeneous Metal Catalysts: From Single Atoms to Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/113169.
Повний текст джерелаLes espècies metàl·liques de diferents dimensions (àtoms individuals, nanoclusters i nanopartícules) mostren diferents comportaments catalítics per a diverses reaccions catalítiques heterogènies. S'ha demostrat a la literatura que, molts factors que inclouen la mida de la partícula, la forma, la composició química, la interacció amb el suport metàl·lic, la reacció metàl·lica i la interacció amb dissolvents poden tenir influències significatives sobre les propietats catalítiques dels catalitzadors metàl·lics. Els desenvolupaments recents de metodologies de síntesi ben controlades i eines de caracterització avançada permeten relacionar les relacions a nivell molecular. En aquesta tesi, he realitzat estudis sobre catalitzadors metàl·lics d'àtoms únics a nanoclústers i nanopartícules. Mitjançant el desenvolupament de noves metodologies de síntesi, la mida de les espècies metàl·liques es pot modular i utilitzar com a catalitzadors model per estudiar l'efecte de mida sobre el comportament catalític dels catalitzadors metàl·lics per a l'oxidació de CO, hidrogenació selectiva, oxidació selectiva i fotocatàlisi. S'ha trobat que, els àtoms metàl·lics dispersos individualment i els clústers metàl·lics subnanomètrics poden aglomerar-se en nanoclústeres o nanopartícules més grans en condicions de reacció. Per millorar l'estabilitat dels catalitzadors subnanomètrics de metall, he desenvolupat una nova estratègia per a la generació d'àtoms i racimos en zeolites. Aquestes espècies metàl·liques subnanométricas són estables en tractaments de reducció d'oxidació a 550 oC. Després d'aquesta nova metodologia de síntesi, aquest nou tipus de materials poden servir com a model de catalitzador per estudiar l'evolució de les espècies metàl·liques subnanométricas en condicions de reacció. La transformació estructural de l'espècie Pn subnanométrica ha estat estudiada per microscòpia electrònica de transmissió in situ. S'ha demostrat que la mida de les espècies de Pt està fortament relacionada amb les condicions de reacció, que proporcionen idees importants per comprendre el comportament dels catalitzadors de subnanometria en condicions de reacció. En l'altra línia de recerca dels catalitzadors de metalls no nobles, he desenvolupat diverses estratègies generals per obtenir catalizadors de metalls no nobles recolzats en òxids metàl·lics o protegits per capes de carboni primes. Aquests materials presenten un excel·lent rendiment per a diverses reaccions importants, com la hidrogenació quimioelectiva de nitroarenes, fins i tot quan es comparen amb els catalitzadors convencionals de metall noble. En alguns casos, els catalitzadors de metalls no nobles poden fins i tot aconseguir selectivitats a productes no factibles que no s'han pogut assolir en catalitzadors de metall noble convencionals, que es deuen a la via de reacció diferent en catalitzadors de metalls no nobles. No obstant això, s'ha observat una espectroscòpia de fotoelèctria de raigs X amb pressió d'atmosfera que la irradiació lleugera pot modular la selectivitat als alcohols i hidrocarburs C2 +, la qual cosa obre una nova possibilitat per sintonitzar el comportament catalític dels catalitzadors metàl·lics. A partir d'aquests treballs de diferents aspectes relacionats amb els catalitzadors metàl·lics heterogenis, també s'ha donat en aquesta tesi perspectives sobre les futures orientacions cap a una millor comprensió del comportament catalític de diferents entitats metàl·liques (àtoms individuals, nanoclústers i nanopartícules).
Metal species with different size (single atoms, nanoclusters and nanoparticles) show different catalytic behavior for various heterogeneous catalytic reactions. It has been shown in the literature that, many factors including the particle size, shape, chemical composition, metal-support interaction, metal-reactant/solvent interaction, can have significant influences on the catalytic properties of metal catalysts. The recent developments of well-controlled synthesis methodologies and advanced characterization tools allow to correlate the relationships at molecular level. In this thesis, I have carried out studies on metal catalysts from single atoms to nanoclusters and nanoparticles. By developing new synthesis methodologies, the size of metal species can be modulated and used as model catalysts to study the size effect on the catalytic behavior of metal catalysts for CO oxidation, selective hydrogenation, selective oxidation and photocatalysis. It has been found that, singly dispersed metal atoms and subnanometric metal clusters may agglomerate into larger nanoclusters or nanoparticles under reaction conditions. To improve the stability of subnanometric metal catalysts, I have developed a new strategy for the generation of single atoms and clusters in zeolites. Those subnanometric metal species are stable in oxidation-reduction treatments at 550 oC. Following this new synthesis methodology, this new type of materials can serve as model catalyst to study the evolution of subnanometric metal species under reaction conditions. The structural transformation of subnanometric Pt species has been studied by in situ transmission electron microscopy. It has been shown that the size of Pt species is strongly related with the reaction conditions, which provide important insights for understanding the behavior of subnanometric metal catalysts under reaction conditions. In the other research line for non-noble metal catalysts, I have developed several general strategies to obtain non-noble metal catalysts either supported on metal oxides or protected by thin carbon layers. These materials show excellent performance for several important reactions, such as chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes, even when compared with conventional noble metal catalysts. In some cases, non-noble metal catalysts can even achieve selectivities to unfeasible products which has not been possible to achieve on conventional noble metal catalysts, which is caused by the different reaction pathway on non-noble metal catalysts. Nevertheless, it has been revealed by ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy that light irradiation can modulate the selectivity to alcohols and C2+ hydrocarbons, which opens a new possibility for tuning the catalytic behavior of metal catalysts. Based on the above works from different aspects related with heterogeneous metal catalysts, perspectives on the future directions towards better understanding on the catalytic behavior of different metal entities (single atoms, nanoclusters and nanoparticles) in a unifying manner have also been given in this thesis.
Liu, L. (2018). Heterogeneous Metal Catalysts: From Single Atoms to Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/113169
TESIS
Li, Yin. "Catalysis of colloidal transition metal nanoparticles in aqueous medium." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30541.
Повний текст джерелаLin, Yan. "Advanced nanomaterials for fuel cell catalysts characterization of bimetallic nanoparticles /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
Знайти повний текст джерелаELAZAB, HANY. "Graphene-Supported Metal Nanoparticles For Applications in Heterogeneous Catalysis." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/560.
Повний текст джерелаHermans, S. "Mixed-metal clusters as precursors for bimetallic supported nanoparticle catalysts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.603977.
Повний текст джерелаImagawa, Haruo. "Study on Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Automotive Catalysts." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/158079.
Повний текст джерелаEscárcega, Bobadilla Martha Verónica. "Organometallic compounds and metal nanoparticles as catalysts in low environmental impact solvents." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9114.
Повний текст джерелаAquesta Tesi s'enfoca en l'ús de mitjans de reacció alternatius i sostenibles, com són els líquids iònics (ILs), el diòxid de carboni supercrític (scCO2) i la barreja de ambdós dissolvents, amb l'objectiu de disminuir l'ús de dissolvents orgànics convencionals i la seva aplicació en els següents processos catalítics: hidrogenació asimètrica, reacció de Suzuki d'acoblament creuat C-C, reacció d'alquilació al·lílica asimètrica i la hidrogenació de arens.
In the last decades, the design of processes in the framework of the sustainable chemistry has been exponentially growing. The constant searching of cleaner processes has led to a lot of effort to obtain higher yields by activation of specific sites, and improving chemo-, regio- and enantio-selectivities, which are crucial from a point of view of an atom economy strategy. In this sense, solvents play a critical role.
This PhD thesis focuses on the use of alternative sustainable reaction media such as ionic liquids (ILs), supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and mixtures of both solvents in different catalytic processes, with the aim of decreasing the use of conventional organic solvents applied in the following catalytic reactions: homogeneous and supported rhodium catalysed asymmetric hydrogenation, biphasic palladium catalysed Suzuki C-C cross-coupling, homogeneous palladium catalysed asymmetric allylic alkylation, and ruthenium and rhodium nanoparticles catalysed arene hydrogenation were tested.
Bamford, Rebecca. "Biopolymer supports for metal nanoparticles in catalytic applications." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675702.
Повний текст джерелаNiu, Yanhui. "Dendrimer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and applications to catalysis." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/97.
Повний текст джерелаMarcos, Esteban Raquel [Verfasser]. "Metal-nanoparticles: synthesis and application in catalysis. / Raquel Marcos Esteban." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2015. http://d-nb.info/107997119X/34.
Повний текст джерелаPetroski, Janet Marie. "Platinum metal nanoparticles : investigation of shape, surface, catalysis and assembly." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30961.
Повний текст джерелаHunt, Sean Thomas. "Engineering carbide nanoparticles coated with noble metal monolayers for catalysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104207.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 231-249).
The noble metals (NMs) comprise ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), and gold (Au). Together, these corrosion-resistant elements serve as nature's universal catalysts by binding reactant molecules neither too strongly nor too weakly. This allows for rapid catalytic transformations of reactants into useful products. Modern society, its current technologies, and its emerging renewable energy technologies are underpinned by precious metal catalysts. However, the noble metals are the least abundant elements in the lithosphere, making them prohibitively scarce and expensive for future global-scale technologies. Furthermore, the traditional catalyst engineering toolkit is ill-equipped to optimize the reactivity, stability, and loading of NM catalysts. The technologies developed in this thesis have two overarching implications. First, a method is developed to engineer non-sintered and metal-terminated transition metal carbide (TMC) nanoparticles. Featuring "noble metal-like" surface reactivity, TMCs are earth-abundant and exhibit many useful catalytic properties, such as carbon monoxide and sulfur tolerance. By designing TMC nanoparticles with controlled surface properties, this thesis offers new avenues for replacing noble metal catalysts with inexpensive alternatives. Second, a method is developed to synthesize TMC nanoparticles coated with atomically-thin noble metal monolayers. This offers new directions for improved catalyst designs by substantially enhancing reactivity and stability while reducing overall noble metal loadings. These synthetic achievements in nanoscale core-shell catalyst engineering were guided by computational quantum chemistry, model thin film studies, and advanced spectroscopic techniques. Examination of the catalytic utility of these new materials was performed in the context of water electrolysis, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, and high temperature thermal reforming.
by Sean Thomas Hunt.
Ph. D.
Weerathunga, Kaluarachchige Don H. "Metal nanoparticle and semiconductor heterogeneous catalysis for synthetic organic oxidation reactions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/228677/1/Kaluarachchige%20Don_Weerathunga_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAnderson, Amanda E. "Strategic immobilisation of catalytic metal nanoparticles in metal-organic frameworks." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10816.
Повний текст джерелаAsara, Gian Giacomo. "Transition metal carbides as active phase and as support in catalysis: Insights from first principles theoretical modelling." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/454774.
Повний текст джерелаLos carburos de metales de transición (TMC) exhiben propiedades químicas y catalíticas similares a las de los costosos metales nobles. La conversión de alcohol, hidrogenación de olefinas y otras reacciones importantes han demostrado la aplicabilidad de estos compuestos en procesos industriales. También se sabe que nanopartículas de metales nobles (NMNPs) muestran una alta actividad catalítica a pesar de la baja o nula reactividad del metal sólido. Además, investigaciones recientes señalan que los soportes de TMC polarizan la densidad electrónica de NMNPs adsorbidos y aumentan la actividad catalítica respecto a los soportes más tradicionales de óxido metálico. Estos descubrimientos recientes han inspirado el trabajo presentado en esta tesis, realizado mediante técnicas actuales de la química cuántica. Se ha estudiado CO, CO2, H2, H2O adsorbidos sobre TiC y sobre pequeños clusters de oro adsorbidos sobre el suport. Se ha considerado la superficie (001), terrazas, escalones monoatómicos y defectos y, también, la reactividad de las moléculas adsorbidas sobre la superficie limpia de TiC (001) y en dos clusters de oro, Au4 y Au6, adsorbidos. Las barreras energéticas calculadas para la formación de metano o formaldehído a partir de gas de síntesis en la superficie limpia de TiC (001) resultan ser demasiado altas y esos procesos son inviables sobre el soporte limpio. Sobre los clusters de oro soportados sobre TiC (001) hay una mayor actividad catalítica, pero la reacción continúa siendo altamente impedida. Sin embargo la reacción de desplazamiento del gas de agua se prevé que sea rápida en el sistema Au4/TiC (001), superando los catalizadores utilizados normalmente en la industria. Experimentos recientes muestran que los clusters de Ni, Cu y Au están fuertemente deformados una vez adsorbidos sobre TMC dando lugar en catalizadores muy activos. Se ha investigado la interacción de los átomos con la fase delta del catalizador de MoC. La interacción es más fuerte para el recubrimiento más bajo considerado, la relajación de la superficie es importante y la actividad se prevé que aumente en el orden Ni> Cu> Au. Finalmente, se han considerado posibles reconstrucciones no polares para la superficie (001) de Mo2C centrándose en la energía de escisión, que es proporcional a la estabilidad de cada tipo de terminación. Las reconstrucciones no polares disminuyen la energía de escisión, confirmando la aplicabilidad de los conceptos clásicos de Tasker para óxidos a los TMC.
Carbides of the early transition metals (TMC) exhibit chemical and catalytic properties that in many aspects are very similar to those of expensive noble metals. Alcohol conversion, hydrogenation of olefins and many others important reactions demonstrated the applicability of these compounds for industrial processes. It is also known that small noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs) show high catalytic activity despite of the poor reactivity or inertness of the bulk metal. Additionally, recent investigations pointed out that supporting TMCs polarize the electron density of adsorbed NMNPs increasing the catalytic activity respect to more traditional metal oxide supports. These recent discoveries inspired the work reported in this thesis using state-of-the-art quantum chemical techniques. We studied CO, CO2, H2, H2O molecules adsorbed on TiC and on small gold clusters adsorbed thereon. We considered the (001) extended surface, terraces, monatomic steps and kink defective sites. The reactivity of adsorbed molecules on the clean TiC (001) surface and on two gold clusters, Au4 and Au6, adsorbed thereon were also studied. Energy barriers calculated for methane or formaldehyde formation from syngas, on the clean TiC (001) surface were by far too high and those processes are unviable on the clean support. Gold clusters supported by TiC (001) show higher catalytic activity but the reaction continues to be highly hindered. However water gas shift reaction is predicted to be fast on the Au4/TiC(001) system, overtaking catalysts normally used in industry. Recent experiments show that Ni, Cu and Au clusters are strongly perturbed upon adsorption on TMC resulting in extremely active catalysts. We investigated the interaction of those atoms with the delta phase of the MoC catalyst. The interaction is stronger for the lowest coverage considered, the relaxation of the surface important and the activity is predicted to increase in the order Ni>Cu >Au. Finally, we have studied possible non-polar reconstructions of the (001) surface of Mo2C focusing on the cleavage energy, proportional to the stability of each type of termination. The non-polar reconstructions decreased the calculated cleavage energy, confirming the applicability of the classical Tasker’s concepts for oxides to TMCs.
Xu, Zhenxin. "Development of new macroscopic carbon materials for catalytic applications." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF005/document.
Повний текст джерелаNowadays, macroscopic carbon materials are facing an increasing number of applications in catalysis, either as supports or directly as metal-free catalysts on their own. However, it is still challenging to develop hierarchical carbon-based catalyst support or catalyst using a much simple synthesis process. In the quest for novel structured carbon materials for heterogeneous catalysis we explored the potential of commercial carbon/graphite felt (CF/GF). The aim of the work described in this thesis has been the development of GF and CF monolith as metal-free catalyst for gas-phase oxidation reactions and as catalyst support, notably for palladium, for liquid-phase hydrogenation reactions, and their roles in the reaction performance of these catalysts. Due to their inert chemistry surface with inappropriate wettability, a prerequisite for such a study was to activate the origin ones. Therefore, well-rounded modified GFs and CFs were synthesized with tailored physic-chemical properties by a series of chemical treatment processes, such as oxidation, amination, thiolation, nitrogen- and sulfur-doping. The partial oxidation of hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur and selective hydrogenation of α, β-unsaturated cinnamaldehyde, as the sensitive test reactions to the influence of the catalyst properties on activity and selectivity, combined with characterization techniques, were chosen to investigate the effect of functionalized carbon materials on the catalytic behavior
Gill, Arran Michael. "The extrusion of noble metal nanoparticle catalysts for sustainable oxidation reactions." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/422157/.
Повний текст джерелаNjoki, Peter Njunge. "Metal and alloy nanoparticles synthesis, properties and applications /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
Знайти повний текст джерелаNguyen, Sorenson Anh Hoang Tu. "Immobilization of Copper Nanoparticles onto Various Supports Applications in Catalysis." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8892.
Повний текст джерелаBonincontro, Danilo. "Synthesis and characterization of innovative catalysts for the selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1014/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe depletion of fossil-derived resources and the need to decrease the emission of green-house gases led scientists to look for sustainable materials to replace the already existing fossil-derived ones. For instance, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) has been pointed out as the bioderived counterpart of terephthalic acid for the synthesis of polyesters. In fact, FDCA could be obtained by means of selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a bio-derived platform molecule produced by glucose hydrolysis. This reaction is known to be catalyzed by supported metal nanoparticle systems in presence of inorganic bases under batch conditions. This work deals with the development of catalytic systems able to perform the base-free HMF oxidation, since the possibility to circumvent base addition leads more sustainable processes. In particular, two different sets of catalytic systems have been studied: mono- and bimetallic Au and Pd nanoparticles on nano-sized NiO, and mono- and bimetallic Pt/Sn systems on titania, prepared via cluster precursor decomposition. Another topic that will be discussed in this thesis focuses on the development of catalytically active polymeric membranes obtained via electrospinning and their application as catalytic system for HMF oxidation either under basic and neutral aqueous conditions. In details, polyacrylonitrile and nylon have been tested as electrospun polymeric matrixes for the embedding of Au-based nanoparticles and Pt clusters
Campbell, Paul. "Utilising the solvation properties of ionic liquids in the size-controlled synthesis and stabilization of metal nanoparticles for catalysis in situ." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10212/document.
Повний текст джерелаImidazolium based ionic liquids (ILs) consist of a continuous 3-D network of ionic channels, coexisting with non polar domains created by the grouping of lipophilic alkyl chains, forming dispersed or continuous microphases. The aim of this work is to use the specific solvation properties of ILs, related to this 3-D organisation, to generate and stabilise in situ metal nanoparticles (NPs) of a controlled and predictable size. This approach has found application in fields such as catalysis and microelectronics. The phenomenon of crystal growth of NPs (ruthenium, nickel, tantalum) generated in situ in ILs from the decomposition of organometallic complexes under molecular hydrogen, is found not only to be controlled by i) the size of non-polar domains, in which the complexes dissolve, but also by ii) the experimental conditions (temperature, stirring) and iii) the nature of the metal and its precursor complex. The previously unexplained stabilisation mechanism of NPs in ILs is found to depend on the mechanism of formation of NPs, which may lead to the presence of either hydrides or N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) at their surface. These have both been evidenced through isotopic labelling experiments analysed by NMR and mass spectrometry. Another advantage of ILs is that they provide an interesting medium for catalytic reactions. Studies on the influence of the IL on the catalytic performance in homogeneous catalysis have highlighted the crucial importance of the physical-chemical parameters of ILs, in particular the viscosity, for which a term must be included in the kinetic rate law. Using these findings, a thorough investigation of the effect of the NP size on catalytic activity and selectivity in hydrogenation in ILs was undertaken, confirming the importance of controlling NP size for catalytic applications
Donoeva, Baira. "Study of catalytic and biological activity of gold-containing metal nanoparticles." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9761.
Повний текст джерелаLi, Shiwen. "Metal nanoparticles encapsulated in membrane-like zeolite single crystals : application to selective catalysis." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10057/document.
Повний текст джерелаNanostructured yolk-shell materials, which consist of metal nanoparticle cores encapsulated inside hollow shells, attract more and more attention in material science and catalyst applications during the last two decades. Metal particles are usually highly mono-dispersed in size and isolated from each other by the shell, which prevents growth by sintering at high temperature. Because they are generally made of meso/macroporous oxides or amorphous carbon, shells cannot carry out molecular sieve-type separation of molecules at the nanometric scale. The aim of the present thesis was to synthesize yolk-shell catalyst with microporous zeolite shells (silicalite-1 and ZSM-5), containing noble (Au, Pt, Pd) transition (Co, Ni, Cu) and alloy metal nanoparticles. Zeolites are crystalline microporous solids with well-defined pores capable of discriminating nanometric reactants on the basis of size, shape and diffusion rate. Zeolite-based yolk-shell catalysts have been applied in selective hydrogenation (toluene and mesitylene) and oxidation (CO) reactions in the presence of hydrocarbons. Zeolite shells not only plaid a key role as membranes, thus changing selectivities as compared to conventional supported catalysts, but they also protected metal nanoparticles from sintering under reaction conditions
Li, Hao. "Functionalized silica nanoparticles for catalysis, nanomedicine and rare earth metal recycling." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670613.
Повний текст джерелаDurante la última década, las nanopartículas de sílice han encontrado aplicaciones en catálisis, purificación de agua, campos biomédicos, agrícolas e industriales ... debido a sus características químicas y físicas únicas, tales como alta superficie, excelente biocompatibilidad, buena estabilidad térmica, mecánica y química, tamaño y forma de poro ajustable, superficie enriquecida con grupos silanol que permiten una fácil modificación superficial. Nuestra investigación en esta tesis se ha centrado en la preparación y caracterización de varios tipos de nanopartículas de sílice funcionalizadas novedosas, así como su aplicación en catálisis, biomedicina y recuperación de elementos de tierras raras. Se prepararon nuevas nanopartículas de sílice mesoporosa derivadas de amidas de prolina-valinol mono y disililadas y se usaron como catalizadores reciclables para la reacción aldólica asimétrica con elevada actividad y selectividad. Estos nanomateriales se pueden recuperar con éxito y reutilizar hasta seis veces (Capítulo 2). Por el contrario, nuestros esfuerzos en la preparación de nanopartículas de organosílice reciclables como catalizadores o ligandos quirales para la α-trifuorometilación y α-fluoración enantioselectivas de compuestos carbonílicos no tuvieron éxito (Capítulo 2). Se preparó una serie de nanopartículas de organosilica mesoporosas mixtas periódicas que poseen grupos Boc y éster de terc-butilo como posibles agentes sensibles al ultrasonido focalizado de alta intensidad (High Intensity Focused Ultrasound, HIFU). Se esperaba que estos nanomateriales liberaran CO2 y / o isobuteno del grupo COOtBu sensible a la temperatura. Sin embargo, se encontró que el grupo Boc era bastante estable y no podía eliminarse en condiciones HIFU a 80 ºC, sino que se requería además la adición de ácido. Sin embargo, el concepto es prometedor para futuros agentes de contraste para terapias basadas en HIFU (Capítulo 3). Fármacos antiinflamatorios no esteroideos como ibuprofeno y diclofenaco se unieron de forma covalente a nanopartículas de sílice a través de un grupo funcional amida para su posible aplicación en formulaciones tópicas (pomadas y cremas). Además, el recubrimiento de telas de algodón con estas nanopartículas de sílice funcionalizadas proporcionó telas hidrófobas para posibles aplicaciones cutáneas tópicas en apósitos destinados a tratar heridas crónicas. El fármaco antiinflamatorio correspondiente se libera in situ mediante la escisión enzimática selectiva del enlace amida en presencia de proteasas (Capítulo 4). Se prepararon nanopartículas de sílice mesoporosas con núcleo magnético funcionalizadas con fragmentos de cyclen como adsorbentes novedosos para la recuperación específica y selectiva de diferentes iones de tierras raras (RE) del agua residual (Capítulo 5).
During the last decade, silica nanoparticles have found applications in catalysis, water purification, biomedical, agricultural and industrial fields… due to their unique chemical and physical characteristics, such as high surface area, excellent biocompatibility, good thermal, mechanical and chemical stability, adjustable pore size and shape, enriched surface silanol groups with easy surface modification. Our research in this thesis has been focused on the preparation and characterization of various types of novel functionalized silica nanoparticles, as well as their application in catalysis, biomedicine and rare earth elements recovery. Novel mesoporous silica nanoparticles derived from mono- and bis-silylated proline-valinol amides were prepared and used as recyclable catalysts for the asymmetric aldol reaction with high activity and selectivity. These nanomaterials can be successfully recovered and reused for up to six runs (Chapter 2). Conversely, our efforts in the preparation of recyclable organosilica nanoparticles as chiral catalysts or ligands for the enantioselective α-trifuoromethylation and α-fluorination of carbonyl compounds were not successful (Chapter 2). A series of mixed periodic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles possessing Boc and tert-butyl ester groups were prepared as potential high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) responsive agents. These nanomaterials were expected to release CO2 and/or isobutene from the temperature-sensitive COOtBu group. However, Boc group was found to be quite stable and could not be removed under HIFU conditions at 80 ºC, requiring the addition of acid. The concept is nevertheless promising for future contrast agents for HIFU based therapies (Chapter 3). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and diclofenac were grafted to silica nanoparticles through an amide functional group for potential application in ointment and cream topical formulations. Furthermore, coating of cotton fabrics with these functionalized silica nanoparticles provided hydrophobic fabrics for potential topical cutaneous applications in dressings intended to treat chronic wounds. The corresponding anti-inflammatory drug is released in situ by the selective enzymatic cleavage of the amide bond in the presence of proteases (Chapter 4). Two functionalized magnetic core-shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing cyclen moieties were prepared as novel adsorbents for the specific and selective recovery of different rare earth (REs) ions from wastewater (Chapter 5).
Zhang, Furui. "Mechanism and Interface Study of One-to-one Metal NP/Metal Organic Framework Core-shell Structure." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107565.
Повний текст джерелаThe core-shell hybrid structure is the simplest motif of two-component systems which consists of an inner core coated by an outer shell. Core-shell composite materials are attractive for their biomedical, electronic and catalytic applications in which interface between core and shell is critical for various functionalities. However, it is still challenging to study the exact role that interface plays during the formation of the core-shell structures and in the properties of the resulted materials. By studying the formation mechanism of a well interface controlled one-to-one metal nanoparticle (NP)@zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) core-shell material, we found that the dissociation of capping agents on the NP surface results in direct contact between NP and ZIF-8, which is essential for the formation of core-shell structure. And the amount of capping agents on the NP surface has a significant effect to the crystallinity and stability of ZIF-8 coating shell. Guided by our understanding to the interface, one-to-one NP@UiO-66 core-shell structure has also been achieved for the first time. We believe that our research will help the development of rational design and synthesis of core-shell structures, particularly in those requiring good interface controls
Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Chemistry
Mei, Shilin. "Block copolymer template-directed novel functional particles." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17770.
Повний текст джерелаThe present thesis focuses on the synthesis of novel functional materials by using block copolymer particles as soft templates. Three types of particles with complex structures have been synthesized, involving palladium@poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine)@dodecanethiol-gold (DT-Au) (Pd@PS-P2VP@DT-Au) hybrid particles, polydopamine@gold (PDA@Au) nanoreactors with Au nanoparticles immobilized in PDA channels, and porous Ti4O7 particles with interconnected-pore structure. Their possible applications as catalyst and energy storage materials have been studied. In the first part of the thesis, Pd@PS-P2VP@DT-Au core-shell particles, which consist of dodecanethiol-gold (DT-Au) aggregation as core and Pd coated PS-P2VP as shell, have been fabricated based on the Rayleigh instability of polymer nanotubes inside Anodic Aluminium Oxide (AAO) porous membranes. The hybrid particles show efficient catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by NaBH4. The catalytic activity has been compared with other reported systems. In the second part, PDA@Au nanoreactors with interconnected channel structures have been synthesized for the first time by using porous PS-P2VP particles as soft template. Electron tomography (ET) provides direct visualization of the interconnected pore structure of the nanoreactors, inside of which Au nanoparticles are homogeneously embedded. Such PDA@Au particles have been explored as nanoreactors for kinetic studies using the reduction of 4-nitrophenol as the model reaction. In the third part, porous Ti4O7 and carbon-coated Ti4O7 particles with interconnected-pore structure have been developed as efficient sulfur-host material for lithium-sulfur batteries by using porous PS-P2VP particles as template. The Ti4O7/S and carbon-coated Ti4O7/S composites show excellent electrochemical performance with initial capacities of 1219 mAh g−1 and 1411 mAh g−1, capacity retentions of 74% and 77% after 200 cycles, respectively.
Belarbi, Hichem. "Élaboration des zéolithes nano-structurées M-ZSM-5 (M=Cu, Cr et Fe) : Etude comparée des solides poreux minéraux et organométalliques MOFs dans l’oxydation de méthylènes benzyliques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20192.
Повний текст джерелаEnergy, sustainable development, and health are at the heart of contemporary concerns of the planet. The inevitable disappearance of fossil fuels, the severe consequences of carbon emissions on the environment and health require quick and effective solutions to supplement the first and minimize others. Among the solutions proposed, there are porous materials which have proven their effectiveness; however, there are still obstacles to be corrected or circumvented. In this thesis, we focus on the problem of bulky molecules' inaccessibility in micro pores of the materials we wish to study. In the first part, we optimize the material in this case, ZSM-5, with a reduction in particle size to a microscopic scale to another nano, which allows us to increase the external surface after changing certain parameters. In the second step, in order to give a catalytic entity to our support (zeolite), we activate with this material incorporating cations selected according to a specific property of the benzyl methylenes oxidation reaction. For this reason we developed different method of preparation. We conclude this thesis by catalysis with M-ZSM-5 (M = Cu, Cr and Fe) and a comparative study on the method of preparation and the MOFs that bears the same cations as mineral part which constitutes the materials
Ono, Luis. "IN-SITU GAS PHASE CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF METAL NANOPARTICLES." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3277.
Повний текст джерелаPh.D.
Department of Physics
Sciences
Physics PhD