Дисертації: "Metabolic interventions"

1

Ghosh, Nandini. "MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF LIPID METABOLISM IN NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS: FOCUS ON DEGENERATIVE METABOLIC CONDITIONS." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu156346872132189.

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2

Lim, Chong. "The effects of dietary interventions on metabolic flexibility." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/52457.

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Metabolic flexibility is defined as the ability of an organism to adapt from fuel oxidation to fuel availability. It is well established that obesity results in loss of metabolic flexibility, however, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, it is critical to understand the mechanism underlying metabolic flexibility to tackle the epidemic of obesity. An energy-restricted diet will lead to weight loss. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms behind the improvement in metabolic flexibility with weight loss following an energy-restricted diet. In investigation 1, I compared the effects of an energy-restricted diet and a control diet over 12 weeks on overweight and obese volunteers to elucidate the underlying mechanism of metabolic flexibility. The results demonstrated that weight loss is associated with significant reductions in body fat composition, waist circumference, hip circumference, visceral fats, blood pressure, and an improvement in postprandial insulin sensitivity. This translates into an improvement in metabolic health and metabolic flexibility. However, the underlying mechanism remained unclear. Furthermore, dietary modification using short chain fatty acids provides an attractive avenue to improve metabolic flexibility. However, the evidence for the role of short chain fatty acids in improving human metabolic flexibility is lacking. In order to investigate the effects of short chain fatty acids on metabolic flexibility, I used encapsulated sodium propionate, which is a novel method to explore its effects on glucose homeostasis. Investigation 2 consists of two parts. The first part of the study was to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic profile of encapsulated sodium propionate. The results demonstrated no significant changes in serum propionate concentrations following ingestion of encapsulated sodium propionate. The second part of the study was designed to establish the most effective dose of sodium propionate in improving glucose homeostasis. Results from this part of the study demonstrated no significant change in beta cell function.

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3

Kirby, Ricky McCoy. "Effects of Dietary and Exercise Interventions On The Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome." UNF Digital Commons, 2009. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/200.

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Metabolic syndrome is a serious health problem in the United States. The presence of metabolic syndrome significantly increases the risk of developing type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease by producing a prothrombic state. The prothrombic state that results from the clustering of several independent cardiovascular risk factors within one individual increases the risk of micro and macro vascular changes and eventually to end organ damage. There is considerable evidence to support the serious nature of this medical condition. Medications used to treat the hypertension, diabetic, and dyslipidemia components of metabolic syndrome can be a significant drain on the monthly budget of individuals and families, especially if they do not have health insurance. Diet and exercise programs have been shown to be effective in reducing adiposity and decreasing insulin resistance. These changes in lifestyle may be adjuncts or a low cost alternative to expensive medications for some individuals. The purpose of this project was to identify the effect of an intensive dietary and exercise program on patients with metabolic syndrome. This study even with a small sample size (n = 5) showed that waist size, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and high density lipoprotein levels were trending towards levels that would remove the patient from the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The greatest benefit for the general population would result from intervention prior to a diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes and with medication naïve individuals. Early intervention would decrease the cost of medical treatment and hospitalizations.

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4

Das, Amitava. "Chronic Inflammation: Molecular and Nutritional Interventions of Metabolic Disorder and its Complications." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461254458.

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5

Kelly, Benjamin M. "Non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment and prevention of cardio-metabolic disease." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/17118.

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In recent years there has been a surge in interest concerning high intensity intermittent exercise training (HIT) due to its ability to confer rapid notable cardio-metabolic health benefits. Specifically, HIT has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control as well as other cardiovascular health factors after just 2 weeks of training (typically 6 training sessions). This thesis investigated the potential therapeutic role of HIT training within obese cohorts specifically addressing metabolic health, inclusive of inflammatory profiles and glycaemic control.

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6

Bednarzyk, Michele Smith. "Dietary Interventions to Reduce Metabolic Syndrome in an Uninsured Population: An Evidence-Based Approach." UNF Digital Commons, 2009. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/207.

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Recent studies show that more than one-third of U.S. adults (over 72 million people) were obese in 2005–2006. This includes 33.3% of men and 35.3% of women. Obesity is a primary factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, a condition that places individuals at high absolute risk of mortality and morbidity. The use of a nutritionally balanced diet aimed at weight reduction has the potential to decrease the prevalence of obesity, therefore reducing the incidence of metabolic syndrome and its consequences. The purpose of this project was to investigate whether individual nutrition counseling would improve the outcomes of patients with metabolic syndrome. A transdisciplinary team of faculty and graduate students from nutrition and nursing served as consultants and educators at a clinic for the uninsured in a southeastern city in the United States. This study was a one-group before-and-after design, with baseline data obtained on patients prior to the practice change. The study ran for six months. The intervention was an evidence-based practice change incorporating intensive dietary program for 19 patients with metabolic syndrome and an evaluation of the effect of that change on lipoproteins, glucose, blood pressure, weight, and waist circumference. Although there were no positive changes in weight or waist circumference, the participants did enjoy a significant decrease in blood pressure, fasting glucose and plasma lipids. None of these changes were significantly associated with the dietary intervention. Based on the most current evidence, the most effective way to reduce risks associated with metabolic syndrome is weight reduction, adequate nutrition, and exercise.

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7

Zimmerman, Angela D. "Nursing interventions in the care of patients undergoing induced hypothermia." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/531.

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Use of induced hypothermia for the purpose of lowering intracranial pressure and preserving neuronal function has increased as research data reveals a trend of positive outcomes in patients treated with this therapy. Recently induced hypothermia following cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation has been deemed successful. Current research has expanded to evaluate the effectiveness of induced hypothermia as a treatment modality for severe stroke and head trauma. In spite of its efficacy, complications exist with this treatment modality. The purpose of this literature review is to examine potential complications secondary to induced hypothermia and highlight the nurse's role in managing patient care. At the present, patient protocols for induced hypothermia are lacking. The success of treatment is largely dependent on the skill of the healthcare team to prevent further harm and enhance therapeutic outcomes by providing astute assessment and management of complications in patients undergoing induced hypothermia. The desired outcome of this review is to promote integration of research in the development of evidence-based protocols for induced hypothermia.
B.S.N.
Bachelors
Nursing
Nursing

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8

Solomon, Thomas Phillip James. "Measuring insulin sensitivity and the effect of alternative dietary interventions and exercise on metabolic control." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2007. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/22/.

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The metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in western society, and the numbers affected by obesity and diabetes continue to rise. This thesis reviews the mechanisms at play and the gaps in the literature that, if filled, may increase knowledge of treatment regimes for affected individuals. Experimentally, it was demonstrated that the oral glucose tolerance test can be a reliable tool to measure insulin sensitivity following adequate dietary and exercise control. Acute and chronic cinnamon ingestion was shown to improve insulin sensitivity. Feeding frequency was found to alter insulin and ghrelin responses and relationships following mixed-meal ingestion. And finally, postprandial lipaemia was found to be attenuated for up to 24 hours following moderate-intensity exercise, illustrating the requirement of daily exercise. In summary, oral glucose tolerance tests are suitable for experimental interventions; and the clinical management of factors associated with the metabolic syndrome should perhaps consider dietary supplements, meal frequency, and exercise timing in addition to the traditional dietary and physical activity guidelines currently in practice.

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9

Micaux, Obol Claire. "Treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome: The challenge of achieving behavior changes through lifestyle interventions : a literature review." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-35726.

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10

Kapser-Fischer, Ingrid Petra [Verfasser], Matthias H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Tschöp, Matthias H. [Gutachter] Tschöp, and Martin [Gutachter] Klingenspor. "Dietary interventions in C57BL/6 mice and their interplay with selected metabolic and genetic parameters / Ingrid Petra Kapser-Fischer ; Gutachter: Matthias H. Tschöp, Martin Klingenspor ; Betreuer: Matthias H. Tschöp." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202921868/34.

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11

Gerbaix, Maude. "Interventions nutritionnelles, exercice physique et perturbations métaboliques : réponses micro-architecturales, densitométrique, biomécaniques et cellulaires du tissu osseux chez le rat mâle. Induction de l'obésité et prise en charge." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF20061.

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Si l’obésité a longtemps été considérée comme protectrice pour le squelette, sa prise en charge nutritionnelle s’accompagne d’une perte osseuse. Dans le but d’étudier les mécanismes liant le tissu adipeux et le tissu osseux, des rats ont été nourris avec un régime riche en graisse et en sucre afin d’induire une obésité et ses complications métaboliques. Puis, ces rats ont suivi un programme de prise en charge de l’obésité associant un rééquilibrage nutritionnel à de l’activité physique. Des investigations de la densité, de la micro architecture trabéculaire, de la qualité corticale, des propriétés biomécaniques et des paramètres cellulaires du tissu osseux ont été réalisées sur le squelette des rats. L’obésité induite a amélioré les paramètres densitométriques et corticaux des rats. La prise en charge de l’obésité a entraîné des effets contrastés. Le rééquilibrage de l’alimentation n’a pas altéré la densité ni les paramètres biomécaniques et corticaux du tissu osseux des rats en dépit d’altérations de la micro architecture et des perturbations l’activité cellulaire osseuse. L’exercice a augmenté la densité minérale osseuse du tibia des rats. Nos résultats montrent que l’inclusion de l’exercice dans un programme de prise en charge de l’obésité permet de potentialiser la perte de masse grasse et de maintenir l’intégrité du squelette. En étudiant l’impact d’un régime obésogène et de la prise en charge de l’obésité sur le tissu osseux chez le rat, ce travail de thèse apporte sa contribution dans la compréhension des mécanismes liant le tissu adipeux et le tissu osseux
While obesity has long been considered protective of bone tissue, its nutritional management is linked to a concomitant bone loss. In order to access these mechanisms, male rats were given a high fat / high sucrose diet to induce obesity and its resulting metabolic disorders. Then, these rats participated in a well balanced nutritional program combined, or not, with physical activity in order to treat their obesity. Investigations on density, trabecular micro-architecture, cortical quality, biomechanical properties and cellular parameters of bone tissue were performed on rat’s skeleton. Obesity had improved the bone density and cortical parameters of rats. Obesity management had induced mixed effects. The well balanced diet did alter neither the bone density nor biomechanical and cortical parameters despite the presence of alterations in the trabecular micro architecture and some disturbances of bone cellular activity. Exercise by itself had increased the tibia bone mineral density. Our results show that including exercise in obesity management allows increasing the fat mass loss and maintaining the skeleton integrity. By studying the impact of an obesogenic diet and obesity treatment on bone tissue in rats, this study brings its contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms linking adipose tissue and bone tissue

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12

Azevedo, Maria da Glória Batista de. "Seguimento farmacoterapêutico na Síndrome Metabólica: Um ensaio clínico randomizado." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2379.

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Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by an aggregation of cardiovascular risk factors related to insulin resistance, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia and visceral adiposity. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the impact of pharmaceutical care in the biochemical, anthropometric, hemodynamic parameters, number of PRMs, adherence, quality of life and cardiovascular risk patients with MS. The study was conducted in a Basic Health Unit in the city of Cuité/PB and covered the period from May to December 2014. Were included in the study of metabolic syndrome patients diagnosed according to the criteria adopted by the NCEP-ATP III, which were randomized in intervention and control groups; the first group received individual and monthly pharmaceutical interventions, while the control was exempt from these. The study results were evaluated after six months, compared to the values initially measured. The sample consisted of 63 subjects (n = 33 intervention group and n = 30 control group), with prevalence of females, mean age 64 years, and low edication. As for adherence, 50% of patients were considered adherent, but only 11.1% showed high adherence conduct. Used an average of 3.6 medications per patient and the predominant pharmacological classes were modifying agents of the lipid profile (21.3%), followed by antidiabetic agents (12.3%), thiazide diuretics (10.2%) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (8.6%). We identified 104 PRMs, an average of 2.2 per individual in the intervention group and 1.0 in the control group, with a prevalence of adherence PRMs (25%), followed by the of effectiveness PRMs (23.1%) and need (21.1%). Aiming to solve the PRMs, there were 76 pharmaceutical interventions, of which 64.5% were educational and / or behavioral, 35.5% were verbal referrals to the doctor for re-evaluation of pharmacotherapy or insertion of drug therapy for health problem untreated. At the end of the study, there were significant differences (p <0.05) in the parameters systolic arterial pressure (p = 0.003) and diastolic (p = 0.043), triglycerides (p = 0.034), adherence (0.026) and number of PRMs (p = 0.001) in the patients of the intervention group, while control group all parameters remained unchanged statistically. It was found, therefore, that the pharmaceutical care in domicile was effective and resulted in decreased average PRMs, improvement in adherence, blood pressure and serum concentration triglyceride of individuals in the intervention group.
A síndrome metabólica (SM) caracteriza-se por uma agregação de fatores de risco cardiovascular relacionados a resistência à insulina, hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia aterogênica e adiposidade visceral. Diante disso, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi determinar o impacto da atenção farmacêutica nos parâmetros bioquímicos, antropométricos e hemodinâmicos, número de problemas relacionados a medicamentos (PRMs), adesão, qualidade de vida e risco cardiovascular de pacientes portadores de SM. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde do município de Cuité/PB e abrangeu o período de maio a dezembro de 2014. Foram incluídos no estudo portadores de síndrome metabólica diagnosticados conforme os critérios adotados pelo National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III), os quais foram randomizados em grupo intervenção e controle; o primeiro grupo recebeu individual e mensalmente intervenções farmacêuticas, enquanto o controle foi isento destas. Os resultados do estudo foram avaliados ao final de seis meses, sendo comparados aos valores inicialmente aferidos. A amostra foi composta por 63 indivíduos (grupo intervenção n=33 e grupo controle n=30), com prevalência do gênero feminino, idade média de 64 anos e baixa escolaridade. Quanto à adesão, 50% dos pacientes foram considerados aderentes, mas apenas 11,1% apresentaram comportamento de alta adesão. Utilizavam uma média de 3,6 medicamentos por paciente e as classes farmacológicas predominantes foram os agentes modificadores do perfil lipídico (21,3%), seguido dos hipoglicemiantes (12,3%), diuréticos tiazídicos (10,2%) e inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (8,6%). Identificaram-se 104 PRMs, média de 2,2 por indivíduo no grupo intervenção e 1,0 no grupo controle, com prevalência de PRMs de adesão (25%), seguidos pelos PRMs de efetividade (23,1%) e de necessidade (21,1%). Visando resolver os PRMs, realizaram-se 76 intervenções farmacêuticas, das quais, 64,5% foram educativas e/ou comportamentais, 35,5% foram encaminhamentos verbais ao médico para reavaliação da farmacoterapia ou inserção de terapia medicamentosa para problema de saúde não tratado. No final do estudo, houve diferenças significativas (p<0,05) nos parâmetros pressão arterial sistólica (p=0,003) e diastólica (p=0,043), triglicerídeos (p=0,034), adesão (p=0,026) e número de PRMs (p=0,001) nos pacientes do grupo intervenção, enquanto todos os parâmetros do grupo controle permaneceram inalterados estatisticamente. Constatou-se, portanto, que a atenção farmacêutica domiciliar foi eficaz e resultou em diminuição da média de PRMs, melhora na adesão, níveis pressóricos e concentração sérica de triglicerídeos dos indivíduos do grupo intervenção.

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13

Edmands, William Matthew Bell. "The effects of nutritional intervention on metabolic phenotype." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6846.

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This research aimed to examine the relationship between dietary interactions, health and disease and the effects of nutritional intervention on metabolic phenotype. High throughput proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analytical platforms coupled with multivariate statistical methods were utilised to identify metabolic changes in biological fluids related to nutritional status and intervention. These metabonomic approaches were applied initially to an animal study and subsequent human studies. The aims of this research were tackled by examination of a preliminary animal study to assess the effects of methyl eugenol, a natural dietary flavour component that is genotoxic, on rat metabolic phenotype by analysis of urinary metabolic profiles. Methyl eugenol alterations of urinary metabotype at relatively low doses (1-50mg/kg bw/day) could not be discriminated, however discrimination based upon age, sex and administration method (orogastric gavage vs. dietary matrix) could be seen. A second study examined the effects in humans of dietary fat and carbohydrate composition on the development of metabolic syndrome by analysis of urinary and faecal water metabolic profiles. Dietary intervention did not produce statistically significant alterations of human urinary and faecal water metabotype. Furthermore, regression analyses of bacterial population numbers to 1H-NMR spectroscopic data of both urine and faecal water also did not produce statistically significant modelling of the datasets. This study highlighted the need to limit inter-subject variability particularly in human nutritional intervention studies. The third metabonomic study investigated the effects of cruciferous vegetable, meat meal and caffeine dietary intervention on the human urinary metabolic phenotype by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and UPLC-MS analysis. Chemometric analysis of the 1H-NMR spectral dataset, use of two-dimensional NMR experimentation and synthetic standard urine spiking experiments identified S-methyl-L-cysteine-sulphoxide (SMCSO) and N-acetylated-SMCSO as urinary biomarkers of cruciferous vegetable consumption in man. Multivariate statistical analysis of the 1H-NMR spectral dataset identified post-prandial biomarkers of meat meal consumption and bacterial co-metabolite excretion in human urine. Targeted interrogation and multivariate statistical modelling of the UPLC-MS database identified 36 tentative biomarkers of cruciferous vegetable, meat and caffeine dietary interventions. This research demonstrated the successful application of metabonomics to the study of nutritional intervention and the identification of biomarkers of dietary exposure. Also highlighted were the challenges of biomarker identification particularly in UPLC-MS datasets and the need to limit both experimental and inter-subject variations in metabonomic studies of human biofluids.

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14

Okafor, Chika Emelda. "Educational Intervention on Metabolic Syndrome for Psychiatric Providers." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7417.

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Statistics show a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with mental illness receiving second-generation antipsychotic medications. MetS is associated with elevation of obesity, truncal obesity, blood pressure, cholesterol, and fasting glucose. The purpose of this project was to educate psychiatric providers about the importance of MetS screening, early detection, management, and referral for better treatment and management. The project was guided by Lewin's theory of change model. The project inquired if educational intervention on MetS improved providers' knowledge and intent to adopt MetS guidelines. A literature review and established guidelines of the American Psychiatric Association and American Diabetic Association about MetS in psychiatric patients directed the educational content. Five expert panelists with over 10 years of experience in psychiatric mental health reviewed the educational content using a Likert-type questionnaire. Findings resulted in the acceptance of the educational content without further recommendation. Twelve staff attended the educational session presented on MetS. Comparison of the pretest and posttest questionnaires that has 5 multiple choice questions indicated some positive effects. The good knowledge of MetS, how to screen for MetS, health promotion activities with consumers, metabolic profile of different neuroleptic medications, providers' roles in MetS. The participants' overall knowledge about MetS screening improved from 8.3% pretest to 83.3% after receiving the educational program. The educational project for MetS screening might foster positive social change by improving continuity and quality of care, which will lead to better patient outcomes, reduce healthcare cost, and impact positive patient outcomes.

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15

Butler, Phalyn, Christa Goldie, Caitlin Simonson, Lisa Goldstone, and Amy Kennedy. "Inpatient Pharmacist Intervention Helps Sustain Improved Rates of Baseline Metabolic Monitoring for Patients Initiated on Atypical Antipsychotics." The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614162.

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Class of 2014 Abstract
Specific Aims: The purpose of this study is to assess whether baseline rates of metabolic monitoring of scheduled atypical antipsychotics are sustained as a result of a pharmacist intervention. Methods: This study was a retrospective chart review assessing rates of metabolic monitoring two months after a pharmacist intervention that utilized a pharmacist-physician metabolic monitoring recommendation form was discontinued. Patients ages 18 years or older with orders for a scheduled atypical antipsychotic were included. Patients with orders for first-generation antipsychotics or who have orders for as needed atypical antipsychotics were excluded. Main Results: Data from the two month post intervention period was compared to those obtained during the pharmacist intervention. For the monitoring of hemoglobin A1c and fasting lipid panels, which improved during the pharmacist intervention, there was a non-statistically significant trend towards decreased monitoring. For hemoglobin A1c, the rates of monitoring decreased from 21.59% to 12.32% (p = 0.09). For fasting lipid panels, monitoring decreased from 39.77% to 28.99% (p = 0.125). Conclusion: A pharmacist intervention utilizing a recommendation form was effective in sustaining the improvement of baseline metabolic monitoring of personal history of diabetes and cardiovascular disease and monitoring of hemoglobin A1c and lipid panels. However, a trend towards decreased monitoring was observed in both the percentage of hemoglobin A1c and lipid panels ordered. Thus, continuing pharmacist intervention may be necessary in order to ensure that baseline metabolic monitoring for atypical antipsychotics occurs.

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16

Merrifield, Claire Alexandra. "Characterisation of the immuno-metabolic interface in porcine models of nutritional intervention." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11661.

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There is increasing interest in the idea of using diet for health maintenance. Not only does dietary intake determine the availability of substrates for host metabolism, but it can also shape the composition of the intestinal microbiota, increasingly recognised as an ‘organ’ in its own right, which closely interacts with the mucosal immune system. Alterations in the mammalian-microbial-metabolic axis are associated with disease development and as such it is important to study the systemic consequences of dietary intervention on these interactions in an appropriate animal model such as the pig. The majority of the abundant metabolites present in porcine liver, kidney, serum and urine were assigned by one and two dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and qualitatively compared; inter-compartmental differences in relation to mammalian-microbial co-metabolic representation were identified in the pig, and the applicability of NMR-based urinalysis to interrogate mammalian-microbial co-metabolism in this species confirmed. The initial weaning diet of pigs was found to initiate sustainable metabolic reprogramming in the young pig, leading to a persistent urinary metabolic signature after four weeks; this signature included metabolites linked to microbial metabolic processes and could indicate a diet-induced microbial reprogramming event at weaning. Differences in the initial weaning diet were also found to impact the metabolic and immunologic consequences of Bifidobacterium lactis supplementation on the young pig. The urinary metabolic profile from these animals was significantly correlated with patterns of intestinal mucosal immunoglobulin secretion and thus indicates the potential utility of biofluid-based metabolic profiling to assess mucosal responses to dietary intervention.

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17

Swetye, Michael Harrison. "Monitoring, identification, and intervention for metabolic disorders in veterans with psychotic disorders." [New Haven, Conn. : s.n.], 2008. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-12092008-164555/.

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18

Hodgson, Adrian. "Influence of nutritional interventions to optimise fat metabolism and exercise performance." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4676/.

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This thesis investigated three commonly used nutritional interventions that are often claimed to alter substrate metabolism and improve exercise performance: green tea extract (GTE), coffee and vitamin D. GTE and caffeine have been hypothesized to increase fat oxidation at rest and during exercise, thereby lowering the reliance on skeletal muscle glycogen and improving endurance exercise capacity. We observed that 7 days GTE supplementation resulted in an increase in metabolites related to fat and energy metabolism at rest but not during moderate intensity exercise. The current thesis also found that endurance exercise performance can be improved to the same extent by either using coffee or caffeine. However, these improvements in endurance exercise performance were independent of changes to fat oxidation during exercise. We also demonstrate that athletes living in Birmingham, United Kingdom, display a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency during the winter and thus require nutritional support. However, despite the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, there was no association between vitamin D status and skeletal muscle function or exercise performance. Short term vitamin D supplementation at doses above the current recommended daily allowance was highly effective in correcting vitamin D deficiency to sufficiency. But supplementation did not alter any measure of performance.

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19

Bawden, Stephen. "MRS studies of the effects of dietary interventions on hepatic metabolism." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/30390/.

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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is a powerful non-invasive tool for investigating liver metabolism in vivo. PRESS and STEAM localized 1H MRS can be used to provide liver lipid measurements calculated from the fat to water peak ratios. Surface coils can also be used to measure other metabolites using multinuclear MRS, 13C MRS directly measures glycogen levels and 31PMRS measures ATP and other phosphate metabolites. This thesis reports on studies undertaken to develop these techniques and describes a number of in vivo investigations that explored the effects of dietary interventions on hepatic metabolism.

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20

Trammell, Samuel A. J. "Novel NAD+ metabolomic technologies and their applications to Nicotinamide Riboside interventions." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3203.

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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a cofactor in hydride transfer reactions and consumed substrate of several classes of glycohydrolyitc enzymes, including sirtuins. NAD+, its biosynthetic intermediates, breakdown products, and related nucleotides (the NAD metabolome) is altered in many metabolic disorders, such as aging and obesity. Supplementation with the novel NAD+ precursor, nicotinamide riboside (NR), ameliorates these alterations and opposes systemic metabolic dysfunctions in rodent models. Based on the hypothesis that perturbations of the NAD metabolome are both a symptom and cause of metabolic disease, accurate assessment of the abundance of these metabolites is expected to provide insight into the biology of diseases and the mechanism of action of NR in promoting metabolic health. Current quantitative methods, such as HPLC, lack specificity and sensitivity to detect distinct alterations to the NAD metabolome. In this thesis, I developed novel sensitive, accurate, robust liquid chromatography mass spectrometry methodologies to quantify the NAD metabolome and applied these methods to determine the effects of disease states and NR supplementation on NAD+ metabolism. My investigations indicate that NR robustly increases the NAD metabolome, especially NAD+ in a manner kinetically different than any other NAD+ precursor. I provide the first evidence of effective NAD+ supplementation from NR in a healthy, 52 year old human male, suggesting the metabolic promoting qualities of NR uncovered in rodent studies are translatable to humans. During my investigation of NR supplementation, my work establishes an unexpected robust, dramatic increase in deamino–NAD+, NAAD, directly from NR, which I argue could serve as an accessible biomarker for efficacious NAD+ supplementation and the effect of disease upon the NAD metabolome. Lastly, I further establish NR as a general therapeutic against metabolic disorder by detailing its ability to oppose aspects of chronic alcoholism and diabetes mellitus.

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21

Lombardo, Erin Marie. "An Investigation of Metabolic Syndrome in NHANES & Translation into Dietary Soy Intervention Study." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555635253447661.

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22

González, Franquesa Alba. "Assessing metabolic plasticity in diet-induced obese mice upon lifestyle intervention. An integrative approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396201.

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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is the metabolic disorder that accounts for the presence of hyperglycemia within insulin resistance (IR). The International Diabetes Federation estimated in 2013 that 382 million people (8.3% of world society ) had diabetes and that this number is set to rise beyond 592 million people in the next 22 years. T2DM accounts for 90% of people with diabetes (WHO 1999). Obesity is considered a major risk factor for developing T2DM over time. The World Health Organization (WHO) stated in 2014 that more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight and of these, over 600 million were obese (body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2). Besides healthcare costs, WHO projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030 (Mathers & Loncar 2006). Once T2DM is diagnosed, the first therapeutic approach is by lifestyle counselling consisting of an increase in physical activity and changes in the patient dietary habits. The aim of this project is to study and integrate the metabolic responses that regulate systemic glucose homeostasis. We are not aware of other works describing in a holistic way the different metabolic processes regulating glucose homeostasis in different tissues that play an important role during the development and onset of diet-induced T2DM. With this approach, we will gain more insight and a better knowledge of the metabolic alterations taking place during an obese state induced by high-fat diet, as well as assess the degree of reversibility that can be reached by undergoing a lifestyle intervention, known as “metabolic plasticity”. For this purpose a diet-induced obese animal model of T2DM is used. To achieve the presented aims, a phenotypical and funcional study is performed at systemic level in order to complete a more experimental and detailed approach afterwards in each of the studied tissues: pancreas, white adipose tissue, liver, oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle, and hypothalamus. This experimental approach encompasses tissue-specific-functional analysis, gene expression studies, protein content determination and signalling, metabolomics and RNAseq. Likewise, systems biology tools have been developed and have allowed to measure several correlations as well as perform different types of multivariant analysis with the studied parameters. Three experimental groups are defined representing the metabolic stages of interest: control group (Ctrl); pathologic group (HFD, that mimic diet-induced T2DM after 16 wks on HFD; and in which animals showed overweight, and fasting hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia); and a third group (Int) that follows a lifestyle intervention consisting of caloric restriction, modification of the fatty acid source and carbohydrates in the diet, and the performance of an exercise training programme. The diet-induced obese experimental group (HFD group) reported the typical physiological features of the pathological state: overweight, fasting hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia, increase in fat mass and volume, increase of white adipose tissue, liver and pancreas weight, increase of liver and oxidative skeletal muscle triglycerice levels, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, increase in beta-cell mass along with hypertrophic enlarged islets and dysfunction in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro, and a diminishment in oxygen consumption, heat production and scapular temperature. Lifestyle intervention was enough to revert most of the disruptions reported in the pathological group. However, certain irreversibility degree was still observed in particular studied parameters: (1) alteration in fasting glucose and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo, (2) increment in pancreatic beta-cell area, (3) affectation in the epididymal white adipose tissue with inflammation and immune cell infiltration, as well as (4) mitochondria dysfunction, already observed in the pathological state. Taken all this together, we can conclude that the pathological state left a certain degree of metabolic irreversibility does not allow a total recovery of the phenotype across the different tissues studied, at least with this type of intervention and timings. The development and application of systems biology tools have allowed the study the irreversibility degree in an integrative mode, the correlations among certain parameters at a multiorganic level, the gene expression patterns of complexes described from a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. These strategies and computational approaches have led to the identification of most of the altered tissues and metabòlic pathways in the different states under study.
La Diabetes Mellitus del tipus 2 (DM2) és una malaltia que es caracteritza per uns nivells elevats de glucosa i insulina circulants ocasionats per un estat de resistència a la insulina. Segons la International Diabetes Federation, el 2013 382 milions de persones van ser diagnosticades de diabetes (8.3% de la població mundial), i d’acord amb les prediccions aquesta xifra augmentarà fins els 592 milions en els pròxims 22 anys. La DM2 explica el 90% dels casos de diabetes (WHO 1999). L’obesitat és un factor de risc per la DM2 i avui en dia suposa una epidèmia: el 2014 la OMS va xifrar en 1.9 bilions la població adulta amb sobrepès i 600 milions amb obesitat. A part del cost econòmic que suposa per a la societat, la OMS va projectar que el 2013 la DM2 serà la setena causa de mort al món (Mathers & Loncar 2006). Un cop diagnosticada, la primera aproximació en l’assessorament al pacient amb DM2 o en un estat de risc consisteix en una intervenció en l’estil de vida: incrementant l’activitat física i portant a terme una dieta equilibrada i saludable. Aquest projecte té com a objectiu l’estudi i la integració de les respostes metabòliques responsables de regular l’homeostasi de la glucosa a nivell sistèmic. Avui en dia, no existeix cap treball que descrigui de forma holística els diferents processos metabòlics que regulen l’homeostasi de la glucosa en tots els teixits que juguen un paper determinant durant el desenvolupament de la DM2 associada a l’obesitat. D’aquesta manera, es pretén guanyar coneixement sobre les alteracions metabòliques que tenen lloc en un estat d’obesitat induït per una dieta rica en greixos, i així mateix valorar el grau de reversibilitat que es pot assolir mitjançant una intervenció en l’estil de vida, al que ens referim com a “plasticitat metabòlica”. Utilitzem un model animal d’obesitat i DM2 induïda per una dieta alta en greixos. Per aconseguir els objectius plantejats inicialment es realitza un estudi fenotípic i funcional a nivell sistèmic per més tard realizar una aproximació experimental més exhaustiva en cadascun dels teixits d’interès: pàncrees, teixit adipós blanc, fetge, múscul esquelètic oxidatiu i glicolític, i hipotàlem. Aquesta aproximació experimental engloba anàlisis funcionals-teixit específic, estudis d’expressió gènica, determinació del contingut proteic i les vies de senyalització, metabolòmica i RNAseq. Així mateix, s’han desenvolupat eines de biologia de sistemes que han permès calcular diferents correlacions i fer diferents tipus d’anàlisis multivariant amb tots els paràmetres estudiats. Es defineixen tres grups experimentals d’animals que concreten els estats metabòlics d’interès: grup control (Ctrl); grup patològic (HFD) (que simula la DM2 induïda per la dieta grassa durant 16 setmanes, i en què els animals tenen sobreprès i la glucosa i insulina circulants elevades en dejú); i un tercer grup que segueix una intervenció en l’estil de vida (Int) que consisteix en restricció calòrica, una modificació de la font d’àcids grassos i hidrats de carboni de la dieta, juntament amb la realització d’un programa d’exercici. El grup experimental d’obesitat induïda per una dieta grassa (grup HFD) presenta les característiques fisiològiques pròpies de l’estat patològic: sobrepès, hiperglucèmia, hiperinsulinèmia i hiperleptinèmia en dejú, augment de la massa i el volum de greix, augment del pes del teixit adipós blanc, el fetge i el pàncrees, augment dels nivells de triglicèrids en fetge i múscul oxidatiu, intolerància a la glucosa, resistència a la insulina, augment de la massa de cèl·lula beta en el pàncrees juntament amb illots hipertròfics engrandits i disfunció de la secreció d’insulina estimulada per glucosa in vivo i in vitro, i disfunció del consum d’oxigen, generació de calor i temperatura escapular. La intervenció va ser suficient per revertir gran part de les alteracions observades en el grup patològic. No obstant, encara s’observa cert grau d’irreversibilitat en determinats paràmetres estudiats: (1) alteració de la glucosa en dejú i la resposta insulínica davant d’un estímul de glucosa in vivo, (2) increment en l’àrea de cèl·lula beta pancreàtica, (3) afectació en el teixit adipós blanc epididimal amb la presència d’inflamació i infiltració de cèl·lules immunes, així com (4) disfunció mitocondrial, ja observats en l’estat patològic. Amb tot, podem concloure que l’estat patològic deixa un cert grau d’irreversibilitat metabòlica no permetent així una recuperació total del fenotip en tots els teixits estudiats, almenys, amb aquest tipus d’intervenció i aquests períodes de temps. El desenvolupament i l’aplicació d’eines de biologia de sistemes han permès estudiar el grau de reversibilitat d’una manera integrada, les correlacions entre paràmetres concrets a nivel multiorgànic, el patró d’expressió gènica de complexes descrits en una xarxa de protein-protein-interaction (PPI). Aquestes estratègies computacionals han permès identificar aquells teixits i vies metabòliques més alterades en els diferents estats estudiats.

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Vidlund, Mårten. "Glutamate for metabolic intervention in coronary surgery : with special reference to the GLUTAMICS-trial." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Hälsoakademin, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-19757.

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Myocardial ischemia is a major cause of postoperative heart failure and adverse outcome in coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Conventional treatment of postoperative heart failure with inotropic drugs may aggravate underlying ischemic injury. Glutamate has been claimed to increase myocardial tolerance to ischemia and promote metabolic and hemodynamic recovery after ischemia. The aim of this work was to investigate if intravenous glutamate infusion given in association with CABG for acute coronary syndrome can reduce mortality and prevent or mitigate myocardial injury and postoperative heart failure. We also wanted to assess neurological safety issues, as a concern with the use of glutamate is that it may act as an excitotoxin under certain conditions.A metabolic strategy for perioperative care was assessed in an observational study on 104 consecutive patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction undergoing CABG. Based on encouraging clinical results, unsurpassed in the literature, the GLUTAMICS-trial was initiated. 861 patients undergoing CABG for acute coronary syndrome were randomly allocated to blinded intravenous infusion of L-glutamicacid solution or saline. The primary endpoint was a composite of postoperative mortality (≤30 days), perioperative myocardial infarction and left ventric ular heart failure in association with weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. Secondary endpoints included neurological safety issues, degree of myocardial injury,postoperative hemodynamic state, use of circulatory support and cardiac mortality.The event rate was lower than anticipated and the primary endpoint did not differ significantly between the groups. Regarding secondary endpoints there were significant differences compatible with a beneficial effect of glutamate on post-ischemic myocardial recovery. The putative effect of glutamate infusion was seen in more ischemic patients (CCS class IV) and in patients with evident or anticipated LV-failure on weaning from CPB. No evidence for increased incidence of clinical or subclinical neurological injury was found. In conclusion, intravenous glutamate infusion is safe in the dosages employed and could provide a novel and important way of promoting myocardial recovery after ischemic injury.

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24

Dunn, Sarah Louise Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Effects of exercise and dietary intervention on metabolic syndrome markers of inactive premenopausal women." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Medical Sciences, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43914.

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The effects of exercise and dietary intervention on metabolic syndrome (Mets) markers of inactive premenopausal women were investigated. In Study I, early markers of MetS were examined in young, (21.2 ?? 0.3 years), healthy but unfit women (N = 66) consuming a processed food diet. A second aim was to examine the relationship between ethnic influences (European versus Chinese) and early markers of MetS (e.g., hyperinsulinemia). Study II compared the hormonal and metabolic responses to steady state exercise (SSE) and high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in untrained young women (N = 18, 21.7 ?? 0.8 years). Women were further divided into high and low fasting insulin levels to determine if hyperinsulinemia influenced hormonal and metabolic response to SSE and HIIE. Study III examined the hormonal and metabolic response to a randomized controlled intervention named the Fish oil, Exercise and Mediterranean diet (FEM) trial. The FEM trial was conducted with overweight, inactive young (23.5 ?? 0.6 years) women (N = 56) for 12 weeks. Characteristics of a subset of women (N = 34, 23.5 ?? 0.7 years) in the FEM trial, non-responders (NRES), who did not lose weight (??? 1% loss in mass), were also examined. Metabolic profiles were developed based on body composition, aerobic fitness, blood markers, diet, resting metabolic rate, medical history, blood pressure, and autonomic function. Body composition was measured by skinfolds and girths, bioimpedance (Tanita, Japan), and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. Peak oxygen uptake was assessed using an open circuit spirometer, TrueMax 2400 Metabolic Cart. Venepuncture and cannulation techniques were used for collecting blood samples that were also centrifuged and frozen for later analysis. In Study I young women who were physically unfit and consumed a processed food diet possessed high levels of fasting insulin, HOMA-IR (an insulin resistance index), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Insulin, p < .001, and HOMA-IR, p < .05, were significantly greater in Chinese Australians compared to European Australians, whereas plasma CRP levels were significantly, p < .05, lower. Significant differences, p < .05, existed between the groups with the Chinese Australians possessing lower body composition indices. However, ethnic differences still existed for insulin, HOMA-IR, and CRP after adjusting for body composition. Both groups consumed significantly high protein relative to their body mass. Thus, it appears that hyperinsulinemia is one of the earliest markers of MetS in young inactive females of both European and Asian descent who are unfit and consume a high level of dietary protein. In Study II, HIIE compared to SSE proved to be more effective at preventing an increase in insulin levels in the two hours after exercise. Resting respiratory quotient (RQ) was significantly lower, p < .05, following both HIIE and SSE, whereas plasma glycerol levels were higher, p = .06, suggesting greater lipolysis following HIIE. The women were divided by baseline fasting plasma insulin (> 9.98 ??IU/ml) into high insulin (HI) and low insulin groups (LI). The fasting plasma human growth hormone levels of the HI women were significantly lower at baseline compared to that of LI women. Baseline RQ was correlated with baseline glycerol, r = - .54, p < .05. Insulin levels at one hour post HIIE was related to fasting plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) one hour post exercise, r = .52, p < .05. Fasting plasma leptin at one, r = .56, p < .05, and two, r = .53, p < .05, hours post exercise was associated with 2 hour post insulin levels. Interestingly, fasting ACTH was significantly elevated in the 2 hours post exercise in the HI women compared to LI. All diet data between the groups were similar and lipids were in the healthy range with no significant differences between the women possessing high or low fasting plasma insulin. Thus, young women who completed one session of short duration HIIE compared to SSE improved certain aspects of their metabolic profile (e.g., reduced insulin levels) and enhanced their fat oxidation in the immediate two-hour exercise recovery period. Following FEM (a 12-week multi-component lifestyle intervention) overweight women recorded significantly lower, p < .05, body composition (mass, fat mass, percent body fat, waist circumference), insulin, inflammation (CRP), blood pressure, and lipids. The improvements within the Mediterranean diet (Mediet) were related to the reductions in body weight, fat mass, and insulin. Consumption of saturated fats, legumes, meat, poultry, and egg were also significantly decreased, p < .05, following the trial. Adherence to the Mediet and fish oil consumption, measured through a Mediet score, was significantly increased, p < .001, and was associated with reduced levels of fat mass, r = .43, p < .05. Autonomic function (measured by power frequency analysis), aerobic fitness, and fat oxidation were all significantly, p < .05, enhanced. Therefore, an intervention incorporating fish oil consumption, HIIE, and Mediet significantly reduced body fat, fasting insulin, inflammatory markers, and some blood lipids. Interestingly, some women did not lose fat mass following the FEM intervention, despite experiencing significant reductions in insulin, inflammation, waist circumference, blood pressure, and an increase in aerobic power. The major differences between those women who lost fat and those that did not was that the non-responders possessed significantly lower, p < .05, systolic blood pressure, lower resting heart rate, and a higher resting RQ. In summary, in Study I, young, unfit women consuming a processed diet, demonstrated hyperinsulinemia and low grade inflammation. The high levels of fasting insulin suggest that these women are at a higher risk for developing MetS and type 2 diabetes. The results of Study II suggests that one bout of HIIE compared to a longer bout of SSE was more effective at preventing a rise in post-exercise insulin levels. Finally, results of Study III indicate that a 12-week lifestyle intervention, encompassing HIIE, fish oil ingestion, and a Mediet positively influenced early MetS markers (e.g., hyperinsulinemia), aerobic and anaerobic fitness, low grade inflammation, and body composition in young women.

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Share, Bianca Louise. "Cardiac, vascular and metabolic characteristics in young women with abdominal obesity: Comparison and intervention." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2015. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/214fc41293acce369f3a4b4fcd2ec37b002e5d8f755b1894a2768469961bd57f/26559628/201508_Bianca_Share_PhD.pdf.

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women worldwide. Despite this, CVD in women is under-researched. Overweight/obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, together other established risk factors, increases the chance of developing CVD. Previous research has also shown that young women with overweight/obesity have cardiac dysfunction that may predispose them to future CVD events, suggesting that early detection and prevention of underlying CVD risk factors may be the best public health approach. Lifestyle interventions incorporating exercise, diet and behavioural therapy are currently recommended as the cornerstone to reduce CVD risk factors in individuals with overweight/obesity.

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26

Bonner, Melanie Jean. "A behavioral family intervention to improve adherence and metabolic control in children with IDDM." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10062009-020015/.

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27

Falconer, Catherine. "The metabolic and environmental determinants of obesity in childhood : observational and interventional studies." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/945/.

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The prevalence of obesity in childhood and adolescence is increasing and is often accompanied by poor physical and psychological health. Cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance are prevalent in up to 30% of obese children whilst psychological impairments such as low self-esteem and depression are also commonly observed. Numerous factors have been implicated in the development of obesity, and include both metabolic and environmental factors. This thesis explored these determinants with particular reference to the role of physical activity, dietary intake and cardiorespiratory fitness. Obese children and adolescents demonstrated very low levels of physical activity, reduced cardiorespiratory fitness and significant psychological impairments. Many interventions have been employed to counteract obesity in childhood; however most are limited by high attrition rates. Children and young people are unwilling to give up sedentary behaviours and therefore the development of interactive media games offers a potential strategy to increase physical activity. This thesis identified dance mat exercise as being sufficiently intense to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in obese, sedentary children and young people. Furthermore 12 weeks of dance mat exercise promoted favourable changes in body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and psychological well-being; all of which point towards an improved quality of life.

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28

Aldesi, Darh Assad D. "A dietary interventional study moderating fat intake in Saudi subjects with metabolic disease." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/66429/.

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The gut-derived bacteria, endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), have been observed to be raised in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) which appears to represent a source of diet induced inflammation exacerbating metabolic disease. To further the current studies on endotoxin induced inflammation investigations examined a cohort of adult Saudi Arabian women with obesity/weight gain and or T2DM to ascertain (1) the impact of a post-prandial high SFA rich meal on systemic inflammation; (2) the direct effect of a 3 month diet intervention on cardiometabolic health (3) and assess how subtle changes in dietary interventions can impact on metabolic risk in different patient groups and what dietary components appear important. A total of 92 Saudi adult women with varying metabolic states [18 nondiabetic (ND) control subjects (Age 24.4±7.9 years; BMI 22.2±2.2 Kg/m2), 24 overweight-plus obese (overweight+) subjects (Age 32.0±7.8 years; BMI 28.5±1.5 Kg/m2) and 50 T2DM patients (Age 41.5±6.2 years; BMI 35.2±7.7 Kg/m2)] were recruited for this 3-month intervention study. Anthropometric data and fasting blood samples were taken at pre- and 3 months post-intervention with glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, lipid profile and endotoxin measured. To establish whether a high-fat meal alters circulating endotoxin in different metabolic disease states, all subjects were given a high fat standardized meal (75g fat, 5g carbohydrate, 6g protein) after an overnight fast of 12–14 h. Blood samples were drawn via cannula at baseline (0 hour) and post-prandially (1, 2, 3, and 4 hours). For the dietary intervention, participants were prescribed a 500Kcal deficit energy diet less than their daily recommended dietary allowances. Targeted macronutrient composition was 20%-30% fat, <10% of saturated fatty acids, 50%-60% carbohydrates, 15%-20% protein and at least 15g of fibre per 1000 kcal. At baseline and with the exception of HDL-cholesterol, all anthropometric, glycemic parameters, lipid profile and endotoxin were significantly higher in the T2DM group. For the high fat challenge, the most notable changes were the postprandial increases in the triglycerides, insulin, HOMA-IR and endotoxin levels, and subsequent significant decrease in HDL-cholesterol in all groups (p<0.05). These same patterns of changes were observed after 3 months in the overweight+ and T2DM group. Endotoxin was found to be significantly and positively associated with total and LDL-cholesterol (p<0.05), modestly with triglycerides and inversely with HDL-cholesterol (p=NS). For the dietary intervention, significant improvements were noted in all anthropometric measures in the T2DM group and BMI in the overweight+ group (p<0.01). The noted weight loss was secondary to the significant decrease in carbohydrates, fats and total caloric intakes (p<0.05) which translated to a better cardiometabolic health in both groups noted clearly through lipid profile changes. Endotoxin was found to be inversely associated with fiber intake (p<0.05). Fiber intake was found to be positively associated with HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05), which appeared to be an important dietary component to be associated with health improvements. This current thesis expanded our knowledge and understanding on how a high fat oral challenge exacerbates cardiometabolic and inflammatory conditions (including endotoxemia) in Saudi Arabian women with different metabolic states, and how a 3-month caloric restriction may induce weight loss that leads to improved cardiometabolic health. Observations from the present thesis highlight strategies that may potentially be of clinical use in future dietary intervention studies in patients with T2DM and obesity in the Middle Eastern region.

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O'Doherty, Alasdair Fraser. "The effects of acute exercise and nutritional interventions on postprandial lipid metabolism." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:17126.

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Raised postprandial triglycerides (TG) is an independent risk factor for cardio-metabolic disorders. This is due, in part, to the increases in circulating remnant lipoproteins after TG have been transported for storage or hydrolysis. Raised TG, are also associated with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (High TG, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles). In addition, elevated TG contribute to ectopic storage of fatty acids in liver, adipose and muscle tissues, contributing to insulin resistance in all three tissues and consequent metabolic dysregulation. It is therefore paramount to prevent frequent and prolonged exposure to raised TG in the postprandial period, particularly in groups who are at increased risk of cardio-metabolic disease. The dyslipidaemic component of cardio-metabolic health can be inferred by assessing the capacity to breakdown and clear TG from circulation after high fat ingestion using an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT). The OFTT can also be used to assess the efficacy of interventions targeting reductions in postprandial TG. Exercise and nutritional interventions have been shown to alter postprandial TG excursions and provide insight in to underlying mechanisms of postprandial lipid metabolism. However, there are several topics within this area of research that require further clarification. These topics have been addressed within this thesis. The first experimental chapter of this thesis (chapter 3) aimed to investigate the repeatability of an OFTT (75g fat, 22g carbohydrate, 14g protein) designed to meet recommendations from an expert panel statement. This study also aimed to evaluate the repeatability of the postprandial response to an OFTT preceded by 1 hour of acute moderate intensity exercise (cycling at a work rate eliciting 90% oxygen consumption anaerobic threshold). After an overnight fast, 11 healthy adult male participants consumed OFTT meals on 4 separate occasions; 2 preceded by rest and 2 preceded by exercise. TG area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each test and compared to the repeat condition using non-parametric Bland-Altman analysis. The 4-hour OFTT was repeatable in the rest condition, with 9 of 10 repeat measurements falling within ±15% of the median TG AUC (predefined as the upper limit of acceptable error). However, in the exercise condition repeatability was poor with only 2 of 11 repeat measurements falling within 15% of the median TG AUC. Adult offspring of type 2 diabetics (OT2D) show irregular TG responses to OFTT with high or low carbohydrate content, compared to healthy controls. Prior acute aerobic exercise may favourably influence these postprandial responses in OT2D. This feasibility study (Chapter 4) aimed to investigate the effects of carbohydrate content and acute exercise on TG AUC after OFTT in OT2D. On 4 separate days, 8 adult male OT2D ingested OFTTs with low (HFLC; 75g fat, 22g carbohydrate, 14g protein) or high (HFHC; 75g fat, 95g carbohydrate, 14 g protein) carbohydrate content. Participants rested or exercised (1-hour moderate intensity; 90% oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold) the day before each OFTT. Recruitment to the single centre was slow, but participant adherence to the study was good. There were large effect sizes for lower TG AUC and incremental AUC (iAUC) in the HFHC with prior exercise. Insulin AUC was higher in HFHC conditions and there was a large effect size for lower insulin AUC in the exercise conditions. Given the large effect sizes observed for the effects of prior acute exercise on postprandial TGs, an adequately powered multi-centre study was deemed to be relevant and feasible. Consumption of strawberries appears to be beneficial in attenuating the postprandial lipaemic response to OFTT due to the high polyphenol content within strawberries. The mechanisms of this attenuation in postprandial lipaemia appear to be different from the mechanisms involved in exercise induced reductions in postprandial lipaemia. However, the combined effects of exercise and strawberry interventions in reducing postprandial lipaemic responses to OFTT has not been investigated. The final experimental chapter (Chapter 5) aimed to evaluate the combined effects of acute exercise and strawberry consumption on postprandial responses to OFTT (73g to 74g fat, 32g to 33g carbohydrate, 11g to 12g protein). On 4 separate days, ten overweight/obese males ingested OFTTs with 25g freeze dried strawberries or a placebo. Participants rested or exercised (40 minutes submaximal high intensity exercise, HIIE) the day before each OFTT. There was a 20% reduction in TG AUC in the exercise conditions and no differences in TG AUC in the strawberry conditions. This thesis offers key contributions to postprandial lipid metabolism research. First, the OFTT recommended by an expert panel statement is repeatable. Second, the variability observed in postprandial responses to OFTT with immediate prior exercise may explain the inconsistencies within the literature. Third, acute exercise showed a substantive effect in reducing TG AUC and iAUC with high carbohydrate OFTT in adult OT2D. These improvements could be explained by acute improvements in insulin sensitivity, however, a further adequately powered study is required to support the findings of this feasibility study. Finally, acute HIIE appears to be an effective strategy to reduce postprandial TG, but strawberry intake does not appear to improve postprandial TG.

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30

Hicks, Meghan. "Impact of a Smartphone-delivered Sedentary Behavior Intervention on Glucose Metabolism in Prediabetic Adults." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626855.

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A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.
This study investigates whether an 8-week lifestyle-based, smartphone-delivered intervention targeting reduction in sedentary behavior (i.e., sitting) significantly reduces objectively measured time spent sitting and improves fasting glucose and insulin. The incidence of type II diabetes has continued to increase in the United States and increases in sedentary behavior along with reductions in physical activity throughout the day have contributed to the increase of disease. There were 31 participants in the study and they started with a 3-week run-in period where a basic self- monitoring component was installed on their smartphone. After this run-in period, participants were randomly assigned to one of the eight experimental conditions. All participants received a basic self-monitoring with feedback component where they self-reported sleep, sedentary, and more active behaviors. Sitting time was measured with the activPAL3c, which is a device that they wore 24/7. Study visits occurred at week 0 (immediately after the 3-week run-in period), week 4, and week 8. Fasting glucose and insulin were measured at each of these visits. Participants logged approximately 60% of their sleep, sedentary, and exercise behaviors, which took 3– 4 min/day to complete. The impact of the intervention was not significant, such that decreases in sedentary time in those assigned to the sedentary component did not significantly differ from those not assigned to the sedentary component at 8 weeks (beta (SE) = -1.19 (.32), p>0.05); however, the effect size was moderate (Cohen’s d = 0.29). There was no significant impact on fasting glucose or insulin.

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31

Waling, Maria. "Dietary and metabolic effects of a 2-year lifestyle intervention in overweight and obese children." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kostvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-43679.

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Background Childhood overweight and obesity have increased during the past decades and there is a need for effective intervention programs both for treatment and prevention to interrupt the increased trend. Overweight and obesity result from a combination of genetic predisposition and lifestyle where an imbalance in energy intake (EI) and total energy expenditure (TEE) is the key factor. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of a 2-year lifestyle intervention on food habits, anthropometry and metabolic markers on children with overweight and obesity. Methods Overweight and obese children 8-12 years old were recruited to participate in a 2-year randomized controlled trial (RCT). One hundred and five children agreed to participate and were randomized into one intervention group and one control group. Both groups participated in the same measurements while the intervention group also participated in a lifestyle program aiming at improving food habits and increasing physical activity. The first year of the program consisted of 14 group sessions and the second year of the intervention was web-based. Food habits were assessed at baseline and at endpoint by a diet history interview (DHI) and by a 4-day food record at 1-year measurement. At baseline 22 randomly chosen children were included in a validation study to validate reported EI against TEE measured by doubly labeled water (DLW) method and SenseWear Armband Pro 2 and 3 (version 5.1) (SWA). Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured at baseline, 1-year and endpoint. Results The DHI underestimated EI by 14% when validated against measured TEE by DLW and SWA. At the 1-year measurement the intervention group had a lower intake of fat (g and E%), monounsaturated fat (MUFA) (g) and polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) (g and E%) compared to the control group. At endpoint the intervention group had a lower intake of fat (g), MUFA (g) and cholesterol compared to the control group. Children in the intervention group consumed less sugar sweetened beverages at endpoint and had increased their intake of keyhole labeled foods compared to the control group. During the first year the growing children in both groups remained stable with respect to BMI and had decreased their BMI zscore. Conclusion The 2-year lifestyle intervention resulted in some improvements regarding food habits, but overall the effects on anthropometrics and metabolic markers were limited. This strongly supports that efforts should primarily be aimed at primary prevention of childhood overweight and obesity.

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32

Sramkova, Veronika. "Regulation of lipogenesis in human adipose tissue : effect of metabolic stress, dietary intervention and aging." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30234/document.

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Le tissue adipeux (TA) est un organe complexe specialisé dans le stockage et la libération d'énergie sous forme de lipides. Cet organe adipeux est essentiel pour le maintien de l'homéostasie énergétique. Les adipocytes sont les cellules prototypiques du TA. Elles se forment durant la différenciation de précurseurs, un processus appelé adipogenèse. L'adipogenèse est intimement associée à la synthèse des acides gras et de triglycérides lors de la lipogenèse. Néanmoins, divers facteurs peuvent perturber l'adipogénèse et la lipogenèse, contribuant au dysfonctionnement du TA et au développement des maladies métaboliques. Le but de cette thèse a été d'étudier la lipogenèse dans le contexte du stress du réticulum endoplasmiques (SRE), de la restriction calorique et du vieillissement. Dans le projet A, nous avons montré que l'exposition d'adipocytes à un SRE aigu inhibe l'expression des gènes liés à la lipogenèse et empêche l'incorporation du glucose dans les lipides. En plus, l'exposition des préadipocytes à un SRE chronique, détériore à la fois la lipogenèse et l'adipogenèse. Par contre, pour les adipocytes, un SRE chronique mais modéré n'a pas d'effet évident sur la lipogenèse. Ces effets du SRE pourraient contribuer à la détérioration de la fonction de TA vue dans l'obésité. La capacité du TA à stocker des lipides diminue avec l'âge, probablement à cause de l'accumulation de cellules sénescentes ou un SRE plus élevé. Dans le projet B, nous avons étudié la capacité lipogénique du TA humain en relation à la sénescence et aux marqueurs du SRE au sein d'une cohorte de femmes obèses jeunes ou âgées. Tandis que l'expression des principaux marqueurs de la sénescence était augmentée dans le TA des femmes âgées, l'expression génique des enzymes de lipogenèse et des chaperonnes était diminuée dans le TA des personnes âgées. Ces résultats étaient partiellement retrouvés dans les adipocytes différenciés in vitro des mêmes individus ce qui suggère une moins bonne capacité à faire face au SRE lors du vieillissement. Le régime à très basses calories (VLCD) est souvent prescrit en première intention pour une rapide perte de poids. L'amélioration de la sensibilité à l'insuline se voit dès 2 jours de VLCD. Néanmoins, on ne sait quasiment rien des modifications métaboliques du TA survenant durant les premiers jours. Dans le projet C, nous avons donc comparé les réponses métaboliques et inflammatoires du TA sous-cutané précocément (2 jours) et plus tardivement (28 jours) lors d'un VLCD. A 2 jours de régime, l'expression des gènes lipolytiques était augmentée, alors que l'expression des gènes lipogéniques était diminuées. Les marqueurs d'inflammation n'étaient pas changés dans le TA. Néanmoins, les changements d'expression dans le TA lors de la phase précoce du régime ne pouvait pas expliquer l'effet de ce régime court à l'amélioration de la sensibilité à l'insuline. Dans la phase tardive, l'expression des gènes impliqués dans la lipogenèse et la ß-oxydation était largement réduite, tandis que l'expression des marqueurs inflammatoires était augmentée. Nous avons donc montré que les réponses métaboliques et inflammatoires du TA sous-cutané à 2 jours et 28 jours de VLCD sont différentes. Dans le projet D, nous avons comparé et défini les effets de la restriction calorique modérée sur la physiologie des préadipocytes et des adipocytes différenciés in vitro chez des jeunes obèses ou des personnes âgées obèses. De façon surprenante, on n'a observé aucun effet de l'intervention sur le métabolisme des préadipocytes dans les deux groupes. Par contre, un effet bénéfique de l'intervention sur le métabolisme adipocytaire n'a été observé que chez les personnes âgées. Nos données montrent donc qu'une restriction calorique modérée peut avoir un effet positif sur le métabolisme adipocytaire des séniors. Pour conclure, cette thèse montre que la lipogenèse dans le TA humain peut être inhibée par le SRE, la restriction calorique sévère et le vieillissement
Adipose tissue (AT) is a complex organ specialised in safe storage and release of energy as lipids. The adipose organ is therefore essential for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. The prototypical cells of AT are adipocytes, emerging from the precursors in a process called adipogenesis. Adipogenesis itself is tightly connected with lipogenesis, i.e. with the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides. Various stimuli can disturb adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis and thus contribute to AT dysfunction and development of associated metabolic diseases. This thesis was focused on the investigation of lipogenesis in the context of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), calorie restriction and aging. In Project A, we showed that exposition of adipocytes to high acute ERS inhibits expression of lipogenic genes and glucose incorporation into lipids. Moreover, chronic exposure of preadipocytes to ERS impaired both, lipogenesis and adipogenesis. On the other hand, chronic low ERS had no apparent effect on lipogenesis in adipocytes. These effects of ERS could therefore contribute to the worsening of AT function seen in obesity. The capacity of AT to store lipids decreases in aging, possibly due to the accumulation of senescence cells or higher ERS. In Project B, we investigated lipogenic capacity of human AT in relation to senescence and markers of ERS. AT and adipose cells from young and elderly women were investigated. While mRNA expression of major senescent markers was increased in AT from the elderly compared to young individuals, mRNA expression of lipogenic enzymes and chaperones was decreased in AT from elderly individuals. These results were also partly observed in vitro in differentiated adipocytes from AT of the same individuals suggesting the reduced capability to cope with ERS in aging. Very-low calorie diet (VLCD) is first line lifestyle intervention to achieve rapid weight loss. The improvement of whole body insulin sensitivity can be seen as soon as after 2 days of VLCD. However, little is known about AT metabolic changes in those early days. Thus, in Project C, we compared metabolic and inflammation-related characteristics of subcutaneous AT in the early (2 days) and later (28 days) phase of a VLCD. In the early phase of VLCD, the expression of lipolytic genes was increased, whereas the expression of lipogenic genes was suppressed. The inflammatory markers remained unchanged in AT. The changes in AT gene expression in the early phase of VLCD could not explain the effect of short calorie restriction on the improvement of insulin sensitivity. At the later phase, expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and ß-oxidation was markedly suppressed, whereas the expression of inflammatory markers was increased. Thus, we found that the early and later phases of VLCD differ with respect to metabolic and inflammatory responses in subcutaneous AT. In Project D, we compared and defined the effects of moderate calorie restriction on preadipocytes and in vitro differentiated adipocytes in two groups of obese men: juniors and seniors. We did not observe any effect of the intervention on metabolism of preadipocytes in either group. However, we observed an intervention-driven improvement in adipocyte metabolism selectively in the group of seniors. Therefore, our data suggest that moderate calorie restriction could initiate positive changes in metabolism of adipocytes in seniors. In conclusion, this thesis brought several pieces of evidence that lipogenesis in human AT can be inhibited by ER stress, severe caloric restriction and aging

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33

Tran, Van Dinh. "A Community-based Physical Activity and Nutrition Intervention for Adults with Metabolic Syndrome in Vietnam." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/65986.

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A 6-month community based cluster-randomised controlled trial was conducted on 417 adults aged 50-65 years with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in Vietnam. At the end of the 6-month program, 175 (81.8%) intervention and 162 (79.8%) control participants completed the post-test assessment. Results showed that the intervention program reached and engaged the majority of participants, with significant improvements in physical activity and dietary behaviours, successfully reduced MetS proportion and enhanced several metabolic parameters for the intervention group.

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Eske, Katryn Elizabeth. "COPLANAR PCB-INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND DIETARY INTERVENTIONS." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/nutrisci_etds/8.

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Diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), are linked to chronic low levels of inflammation. This inflamed state is the product of risk factors including exposure to environmental pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are correlated with increased risk for CVD and diabetes. In response to this health risk, our research addresses the mechanisms by which coplanar PCBs elicit an inflammatory response and the mitigation of PCB-induced inflammation through dietary intervention using docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 lipid. Investigators from the University of Kentucky Engineering Department are developing remediation technologies that detoxify PCBs through dechlorination. We studied the cellular toxicity of coplanar PCB 77 remediation products in primary vascular endothelial cells. The dechlorination products elicited different toxicological responses, which were less than the parent compound and contributed to the overall inflammatory response. The presence of PCB 77 at any concentration was sufficient to promote an inflammatory response, which was attenuated with complete dechlorination. PCB 77 is a good model for coplanar PCB-induced toxicity, but in environmental and human samples, coplanar PCB 126 is detected more frequently. Using different doses of PCB 126, we determined that acute exposure to 5 μmol PCB 126/kg mouse was sufficient to produce an inflammatory response without inducing a toxic wasting phenotype. PCB-induced inflammation was attenuated in vitro by DHA-derived neuroprostanes. Applying this information, we fed mice a DHA-enriched diet and exposed them to PCB 126. Liver and adipose lipid profiles confirm an increase in omega-3 fatty acid composition and DHA metabolites, and changes in gene expression indicate a heightened anti-oxidant response in the presence of PCB-induced inflammation. These data provide an overview of the in vivo response to a PCB-induced inflammation after DHA dietary feeding. We have demonstrated that PCB-induced endothelial dysfunction is propagated through lipid domains called caveolae. Caveolae are also signaling domains for toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Similar to PCBs, TLR4 signaling is inhibited by DHA. We compared the caveolae-associated signaling response after exposure to coplanar PCB 126 or LPS. The domain localization of caveolae was altered by both PCB 126 and LPS. Our study determined that PCB 126-induced inflammation was not inhibited by a TLR4-specific inhibitor, but caveolae-based signaling was critical to both PCB 126- and LPS-induced inflammation. Environmental pollutants, such as coplanar PCBs, are risk factors in the development of chronic diseases. Here we investigate possible signaling pathways associated with environmental toxicity and apply potential dietary interventions with omega-3 lipids.

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35

Torres, Marcella. "DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL PARAMETER ESTIMATES FOR MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS IN HUMAN METABOLISM AND INFLAMMATION." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5890.

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In this work we have developed three ordinary differential equation models of biological systems: body mass change in response to exercise, immune system response to a general inflammatory stimulus, and the immune system response in atherosclerosis. The purpose of developing such computational tools is to test hypotheses about the underlying biological processes that drive system outcomes as well as possible real medical interventions. Therefore, we focus our analysis on understanding key interactions between model parameters and outcomes to deepen our understanding of these complex processes as a means to developing effective treatments in obesity, sarcopenia, and inflammatory diseases. We develop a model of the dynamics of muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance exercise and have shown that the parameters controlling response vary between male and female group means in an elderly population. We further explore this individual variability by fitting to data from a clinical obesity study. We then apply logistic regression and classification tree methods to the analysis of between- and within-group differences in underlying physiology that lead to different long-term body composition outcomes following a diet or exercise program. Finally, we explore dieting strategies using optimal control methods. Next, we extend an existing model of inflammation to include different macrophage phenotypes. Complications with this phenotype switch can result in the accumulation of too many of either type and lead to chronic wounds or disease. With this model we are able to reproduce the expected timing of sequential influx of immune cells and mediators in a general inflammatory setting. We then calibrate this base model for the sequential response of immune cells with peritoneal cavity data from mice. Next, we develop a model for plaque formation in atherosclerosis by adapting the current inflammation model to capture the progression of macrophages to inflammatory foam cells in response to cholesterol consumption. The purpose of this work is ultimately to explore points of intervention that can lead to homeostasis.

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36

Zukley, Linda. "THE EFFECTS OF A STRUCTURED LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION PROGRAM IN CONJUNCTION WITH DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION ON WEIGHT LOSS AND RISK F." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3687.

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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a structured weight loss program that included hypocaloric diet, exercise and dietary supplementation, on weight loss, metabolic syndrome risk factors and antioxidant levels in healthy overweight and obese females. Thirty-seven healthy overweight and obese women (BMI 29.5 ± 2.3 kg/m2, 41.1 ± 7.1 yrs) participated in this study. The subjects were randomized into one of two groups: an exercise, hypocaloric diet and antioxidant supplement (LifePak®; LSANT group, n=20) or an exercise, hypocaloric diet and appetite suppression supplement (HTP Complex® and TēGreen®; LSAS group, n=17). A significant weight loss occurred in both groups after 12 weeks (LSANT: -2.8 ± 2.8 kg and LSAS: -4.3 ± 2.7 kg, p<0.001). Body fat mass, percent body fat, and waist circumference significantly improved in both groups (p<0.05). No significant difference was found between the groups for weight loss (p>0.05). However, a significant difference was found between the groups for body fat mass (LSANT: -1.8 ± 2.6 kg; LSAS: -3.4 ± 2.4 kg, p ≤ 0.05). Glucose, insulin and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly decreased in the LSAS group (glucose: -5.0 ± 6.8 mg/dl, p=0.008; insulin: -2.6 ± 3.8 uIU/dl, p=0.013; and HOMA-IR: -0.7 ± 1.0, p=0.012) but not in the LSANT group (p>0.05). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) observed within or between the groups for cholesterol, triglycerides or LDL-c. HDL-c decreased significantly in the LSANT group (-2.9 ± 5.3 mg/dl, p=0.024) but not in the LSAS group (p>0.05). Skin carotenoid scores (SCS) increased significantly within the LSANT group (LSANT: 10950 ± 8395 SCS, p<0.001) but not the LSAS group (p>0.05). Lifestyle intervention that involves a structured hypocaloric diet and increased physical activity results in weight loss and improvements in body composition. However, supplementation with an appetite suppressant (HTP Complex®) did not enhance weight loss beyond what was achieved with a structured lifestyle intervention. Antioxidant supplementation may be of benefit during a weight loss program that incorporates physical activity and a low energy diet.
Ph.D.
Department of Child, Family and Community Sciences
Education
Education PhD

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37

Ussery, Christopher Lee. "Impact of Family Focused Diabetes Intervention on Metabolic Risk Factors in 9 to 12 Year Old Youth." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613416.

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In the United States, approximately 1 in 3 children are overweight, and 1 in 5 obese, conditions associated with increased risk of metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes. Treatment of type 2 diabetes is costly and not always effective, thus, prevention offers the best course of "treatment." However, few diabetes prevention programs are accessible to at-risk children, or involve their caregivers. The E.P.I.C. Kids study is a family-focused community-based diabetes prevention program developed in partnership with the YMCA of Southern Arizona, targeting 9-12-yr-olds at risk of diabetes, and led by YMCA lifestyle coaches. In this 12-week pilot study, we assessed the metabolic risk of participants and investigated changes in metabolic biomarkers following the intervention.

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38

Shirk, Breanne N. "A School-Based Intervention Increased Nutrition Knowledge In High School Students." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243365958.

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39

Torres, Marcella. "A Comparison of Obesity Interventions Using Energy Balance Models." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3927.

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An energy balance model of human metabolism developed by Hall et al. is extended to compare body composition outcomes among standard and proposed obesity interventions. Standard interventions include a drastic diet or a drastic diet with endurance training. Outcomes for these interventions are typically poor in clinical studies. Proposed interventions include a gradual diet and the addition of resistance training to preserve lean mass and metabolic rate. We see that resistance training, regardless of dietary strategy, achieves these goals. Finally, we observe that the optimal obesity intervention for continued maintenance of a healthy body composition following a diet includes a combination of endurance and resistance training.

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40

Rink, Cameron L. "Nutritional Intervention And Modeling Of Acute Ischemic Stroke." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1210957018.

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41

Zeelie, Annemarié. "The effect of a physical activity intervention on selective markers of the metabolic syndrome in adolescents with low socio-economic status / Annemarié Zeelie." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4991.

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Background Physical inactivity causes obesity, a condition which is related to insulin resistance, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and the metabolic syndrome (MS). MS is the collective description of lifestyle diseases associated with significant morbidity and premature mortality. MS has recently been observed in youth, and if left untreated could lead to cardiovascular diseases. Regular physical activity (PA) and exercise training appear to modify the independent risk factors for MS and cardiovascular diseases, and has a positive effect on waist circumference, blood pressure, body fat percentage, insulin sensitivity and arterial compliance. Aims The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between body composition and selective markers of the MS, and the extent to which a PA intervention programme will influence selective markers of the MS, body composition and markers of vascular function in black adolescents. Methods Grade 9 classes from two high schools, in a low socio-economic status area near Potchefstroom, participated as the experimental and control group respectively. The experimental group consisted of 194 participants and the control group of 57 participants. The experimental group participated in a 10-week P A intervention. Body mass index, stature, body mass, waist-hip ratio, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat percentage, fasting serum insulin, fasting plasma glucose, plasma leptin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Windkessel arterial compliance (Cw), total peripheral resistance, Tannerstage and habitual physical activity were measured. The data were analysed by means of descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U-tests, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), Pearson's correlation analyses and multiple regression models. HOMA-IR and leptin were log transformed before analyses because of the skewed distribution. The Statistica for Windows and SAS computer programmes were used to analyse the data according to the above-mentioned aims of the study. Results and conclusions Firstly, a significant positive association was found between body fat percentage and both SBP (p=O.02) and HOMA-IR (p=O.02) respectively. Girls with a high body fat percentage had higher SBP (p=O.004), DBP (p=O.03), plasma insulin (p=O.004) and HOMA-IR (p=O.004) than girls with normal body fat percentage. Secondly, a 10-week PA intervention led to a significant decrease in SBP (p=O.000061), a trend of decreasing HOMA-IR, and a trend of increasing Cw in black adolescents. Lastly, no significant differences were found in body composition and vascular function variables for the normal-and over-fat group in this study after the 10-week PA intervention. In conclusion, the results of this study showed firstly, that there was a positive association between body fat percentage and SBP and HOMA-IR respectively; and secondly, that PA had a positive effect on some MS markers, namely: SBP and HOMA-IR. Further research regarding PA intervention's influence on the MS in black adolescents should be conducted, as there is clearly a shortage of literature that focuses on this research theme within this South African ethnic group.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

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42

Lustic, Melissa K. "The Effects of a Nutrition Education and Physical Activity Intervention on Metabolic Syndrome on At-Risk Youth in an Appalachian Community." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1237317305.

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43

Elahi, Maqsood M. "Effects of maternal high fat diet and pharmacological intervention on the developmental origins of metabolic & cardiovascular disease." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/372924/.

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A high fat (HF) diet leads to hypercholesterolemia and predisposes the individual to developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesised that mother‘s HF diet before and during pregnancy and lactation can also influence predisposition to CVD in offspring fed a similar diet. The thesis sets out to investigate whether (1) the effects of long-term consumption of a HF diet by the mother predisposes her offspring to developing a CVD/ metabolic syndrome in adult life and (2) pharmacological intervention using statin alleviates the detrimental effects of maternal HF diet on the health of the dams and their offspring. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed either a HF diet (45% kcal fat) or standard chow (C; 21% kcal fat) from weaning through pregnancy and lactation. Pregnant C57/BL6 mice on HF diet were further given pravastatin in the drinking water (5 mg/kg of body weight per day) either short-term (2nd half of pregnancy and during lactation) or long-term (from weaning through to pregnancy and lactation) to lower cholesterol and improve post-weaning maternal blood pressure. Weaned female offspring from each group were then fed either a HF or C diets to adulthood. Body weight, blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP) and bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) were measured at 24, 28 and 36 weeks post-weaning in different experiments. Histology of the liver and kidneys were performed. Offspring from hypercholesterolemic mothers on HF diet were significantly obese (bodyweight in grams; 17.2+4.2 vs. 13.8+4.7; P<0.05), hypertensive (SBP mmHg; 134+4.2 vs. 117+3.4; P<0.001), less active (distance in cm; 312 + 31 vs. 563 + 45; P<0.001), demonstrated increased lipid laden vacuoles in liver and kidneys; and showed reduced expression of EPC (P<0.05) than offspring from C dams independent of their postnatal nutrition respectively. Pravastatin therapy in HF mothers resulted in abrogation of these variables in offspring independent of post weaning nutrition (P<0.05). The effects were more permanent when the dams were given long-term statin treatment. The study demonstrates that long-term maternal HF feeding from weaning through pregnancy and lactation predisposes offspring to hypertension, raised plasma lipids, fatty liver, kidney disorders, raised CRP and inhibition of EPC numbers and expression in offspring. Pravastatin treatment of these dams inhibits these effects on the offspring and may reduce their risk of later cardiovascular pathophysiology. The findings may have implications for understanding the effects of the ‗nutritional transition‘ to higher dietary intake of fat which could lead to increased cardiovascular disease in many societies.

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Keßler, Katharina [Verfasser]. "Human Intervention Studies on the Interplay between Peripheral Circadian Clocks and the Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis / Katharina Keßler." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1153768801/34.

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45

Baker, David James. "Effect of pharmacological intervention on skeletal muscle composition, metabolism and function in the rat." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403309.

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46

Martinez, de la Escalera Clapp Lucia. "A translational study of the mechanisms for metabolic recovery after bariatric surgical intervention : from adipose mitochondria to patient benefit." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/99461/.

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The obesity pandemic is one of the greatest challenges facing public health worldwide. With epidemiological projections forecasting only its acceleration, it is clear that the current anti-obesity approach has not been eﬀective. This thesis seeks to outline, through a translational approach, the various reasons for which the obesity crisis continues to grow and to provide further insight into which modifiable factors may contribute to more eﬀective anti-obesity strategies. From the basic science perspective, this thesis investigated through cutting-edge laboratory technology some of the more novel and promising molecular mediators of metabolic recovery (namely gut-hormone FGF-19 and gut-derived bacterial LPS). In particular, this study contributes to a more in-depth understanding of adipose tissue mitochondria, and their role in buﬀering excess nutrients to maintain systemic metabolic health. From the clinical angle, this thesis explored through clinical audit some of the environmental barriers to metabolic recovery of patients undergoing treatment at a specialist bariatric service of a major NHS hospital. As a result of this translational approach, it was possible for the author to develop a profound appreciation of the complexities involved in developing an eﬀective solution to the obesity crisis, which is rooted in two distinct (and sometimes opposite) concepts: (1) the medical and surgical treatment of obesity, targeting the physiological disorder through pharmacotherapy and/or surgery, and (2) the environmental management of obesity, targeting the dietetic, psychological, socio-economic and political causes through weight management and community development programs, industry regulation and public policy. Though often treated as separate, neither concept need be in conflict with the other. If the objective is truly to develop an eﬀective solution to the obesity crisis, it is paramount to develop a trans-discipline community coordinated approach that addresses not just the cellular targets, but the environmental contributors to obesity.

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47

Edler, Adam, Linnea Samuelsson, and Tommy Samuelsson. "Metabolt syndrom och intervention med fysisk aktivitet bland överviktiga barn och ungdomar : En litteraturstudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle (HOS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-14473.

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Introduktion: Prevalensen av fetma bland barn och ungdomar ökar trots att internationella organisationer och myndigheter försöker uppmärksamma allmänheten på riskerna att drabbas av sjukdomar och att sjukvårdskostnaderna ökar för samhället. I takt med den ökande ”fetmaepidemin” ökar antalet individer med metabolt syndrom i världen. Viktiga förklaringar till uppkomsten av metabolt syndrom är brist på fysisk aktivitet tillsammans med högt energiintag, felaktiga matvanor, stress och psykosociala faktorer. Prevalensen för det metabola syndromet är högt bland barn och ungdomar med fetma och ökar i takt med att fetman förvärras. På grund av svårigheter i behandlingen av övervikt och fetma hos barn och ungdomar är fysisk aktivitet som prevention och fortsatt forskning adekvat för sammanhanget. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka vilka samband det fanns mellan fetma och delkomponenterna av metabolt syndrom bland barn och ungdomar, samt beskriva hur det metabola syndromet påverkas av interventioner med fysisk aktivitet. Metoden som används till studien var en litteraturstudie och databaserna som användes vid datainsamlingen var ISI, PubMed, Sience Direct och Scopus. Resultatet visade att Barn och ungdomar med fetma har större risk att drabbas av det metabola syndromet än normalviktiga. De överviktiga i studien hade även högre prevalens av varje delkomponent i det metabola syndromet. Fysisk aktivitet ledde till en minskning av det metabola syndromet hos barn och ungdomar. Överviktiga barn och ungdomar med hög kondition hade mindre risk att drabbas av det metabola syndromet än överviktiga barn och ungdomar med låg kondition. Det fanns en skillnad mellan olika typer av träningsformer och dess effekt på det metabola syndromet, där tid, intensitet och belastning hade en stor inverkan på dem metabola riskfaktorerna. Implikation: Idag finns det ingen fastställd definition på det metabola syndromet hos barn och ungdomar, detta medför att det blir svårt att upptäcka vilka barn som ligger i risk att drabbas av syndromet. Därför är det viktigt att bedriva fortsatt forskning kring barnfetma och metabolt syndrom och vilken inverkan fysisk aktivitet har på syndromet.
Introduction: The prevalence among children and adolescents obesity is increasing even though international organizations and governments are trying to alert the public about the risks of suffering from disease and that medical costs will increase for the community. The growing obesity epidemic is increasing the number of individuals with metabolic syndrome in the world. Key explanations for the emergence of the metabolic syndrome are a lack of physical activity together with high energy intake, faulty diet, stress and psychosocial factors. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is high among children and adolescents with obesity and increasing in pace with the rate of obesity worsen. Due to difficulties in the treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, physical activity as prevention and continuing research is appropriate to the context. The aim of this study was to explore the connection there was between obesity and metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents, and describe how the metabolic syndrome are affected by interventions with physical activity. The method used for the study was a literature review and databases used for data collectionwas ISI, PubMed, Sience Direct and Scopus. The result showed that Children and adolescents with obesity have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome than normal weight children and adolescents. The overweight children and adolescents in the present study also had higher prevalence of each component of the metabolic syndrome. Physical activity led to a reduction of the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Overweight children and adolescents with high fitness had a lower risk of metabolic syndrome than obese children and adolescents with low fitness. There was a difference between different types of exercise and its effect on the metabolic syndrome, in which time, intensity and load had a major impact on their metabolic risk factors. Implication: Today there is no agreed definition of the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents; this entail that it will be difficult to detect which children are at risk of developing the syndrome. It is therefore important to pursue further research on childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome and the impact of physical activity.

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Metsios, Giorgos S. "Metabolism and body composition in chronic inflammatory arthritis : prevention and intervention through pharmaceutical and physical means." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/15396.

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Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterised by excessive production of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). This leads to rheumatoid cachexia, a condition characterised by increased resting energy expenditure (REE) and loss of fat-free mass (FFM) leading to functional disability, decreased strength and balance. The aims of this research work was to: a) to develop a new REE equation in order to continuously monitor abnormal changes in REE in the RA population, b) to investigate if smoking further enhances hypermetabolism and c) to examine if the new anti-TNFα medication reverses this metabolic abnormality. Methods: 68 patients with RA were assessed for demographic and anthropometrical characteristics, REE (indirect calorimetry), body composition (bioelectrical impedance), and disease activity [C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), disease activity score 28 (DAS28) and health assessment questionnaire (HAQ)]. 20 of the total 68 patients, about to start anti-TNFα therapy, underwent the exact same aforementioned procedures but on three separate occasions (Baseline: two weeks prior to anti-TNFα treatment, Time-1 and Time-2: two weeks and three months, respectively, after the drug had been introduced. Results: Study 1: Based on FFM and CRP, a new equation was developed which had a prediction power of R2=0.76. The new equation revealed an almost identical mean with measured REE (1645.2±315.2 and 1645.5±363.1 kcal/day, p>0.05), and a correlation coefficient of r=0.87 (p=0.001). Study 2: Smokers with RA demonstrated significantly higher REE (1513.9±263.3 vs. 1718.1±209.2 kcal/day; p=0.000) and worse HAQ (1.0±0.8 vs. 1.7±0.8; p=0.01) compared to age and FFM matched RA non-smokers. The REE difference was significantly predicted by the interaction smoking/gender (p=0.04). Study 3: Significant increases were observed in REE (p=0.002), physical activity (p=0.001) and protein intake (p=0.001) between the three times of assessment. Moreover, disease activity significantly reduced [ESR (p=0.002), DAS28 (p=0.000), HAQ (p=0.000) and TNFα (p=0.024)] while FFM and total body fat did not change (both at p>0.05). Physical activity and protein intake were found to be significant within-subject factors for the observed REE elevation after 12-weeks on anti-TNFα treatment (p=0.001 and p=0.024, respectively). Conclusions: Findings from the first study revealed that the newly developed REE equation provides an accurate prediction of REE in RA patients. Moreover, the results from the second study showed that cigarette smoking further increases REE in patients with RA and has a negative impact on patients’ self-reported functional status. Finally, our data from the third study suggest that REE remains elevated not because of the maintenance of the RA-related hypermetabolism but due to the concomitant significant increases in physical activity and protein intake.

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Bäcklund, Catharina. "Promoting physical activity among overweight and obese children : Effects of a family-based lifestyle intervention on physical activity and metabolic markers." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kostvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-37511.

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Background Overweight and obesity in childhood is associated with physical, psychological and social consequences. Physical inactivity is regarded as one of the main factors that have contributed to the increase in childhood obesity through out the world. Overweight and obesity as well as physical activity level are shown to track from childhood to adolescence and adulthood, thereby influencing not only the current health status but also long-term health. The general purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of a 2-year family-based lifestyle intervention on physical activity and metabolic health among children with overweight and obesity. Methods Children with overweight or obesity living in northern Sweden were recruited to the study. In total 105 children, mean age 10.5 years (SD±1.09), were randomized into either an intervention or a control group. The intervention group was offered as a 2-year family-based lifestyle intervention; the 1st year consisted of 14 group sessions and during the 2nd year the intervention was web-based. The control group did not participate in any intervention sessions, but performed all measurements. Physical activity was measured in all children using SenseWear Pro2 Armband (SWA) during 4 consecutive days before, in the middle and after the intervention, data regarding anthropometrics and blood values were collected in the same periods. Twenty-two of the children wore SWA during 14 days before the intervention in order to validate energy expenditure (EE) estimated by SWA against EE measured with double labelled water. Results The SWA, together with software version 5.1, proved to be a valid device to accurately estimate EE at group level of overweight and obese children. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups neither before nor after the intervention regarding physical activity and screen-time. All children significantly decreased their time being active ≥3 METs during the study period. After the study period, significantly fewer in the control group achieved the national physical activity recommendation, and they had significantly increased their screen-time. However, these changes were not seen within the intervention group. The intervention group had a significantly lower apolipoprotein B/A1 compared to the control group at 1-year measurement; no other significant differences were found regarding metabolic markers. No statistical difference was found between the groups regarding body mass index after the 2-year study period. Conclusion Even though a comprehensive program, the 2-year family-based lifestyle intervention had limited effects on physical activity and metabolic health in overweight and obese children. SWA is a device that can be used in future studies to measure energy expenditure among free-living overweight or obese children.
SELFH

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Childress, K. Suzanne. "Assessments of physical activity before and after an exercise intervention in overweight/obese older adults with CVD or the metabolic syndrome." Winston-Salem, NC : Wake Forest University, 2009. http://dspace.zsr.wfu.edu/jspui/handle/10339/42706.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Wake Forest University. Dept. of Health and Exercise Science, 2009.
Title from electronic thesis title page. Thesis advisor: Peter H. Brubaker. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-59).

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