Статті в журналах: "Mere cognition of rights"

1

Hartmann, Matthias, Martin H. Fischer, and Fred W. Mast. "Sharing a mental number line across individuals? The role of body position and empathy in joint numerical cognition." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 7 (November 7, 2018): 1732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818809254.

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A growing body of research shows that the human brain acts differently when performing a task together with another person than when performing the same task alone. In this study, we investigated the influence of a co-actor on numerical cognition using a joint random number generation (RNG) task. We found that participants generated relatively smaller numbers when they were located to the left (vs. right) of a co-actor (Experiment 1), as if the two individuals shared a mental number line and predominantly selected numbers corresponding to their relative body position. Moreover, the mere presence of another person on the left or right side or the processing of numbers from loudspeaker on the left or right side had no influence on the magnitude of generated numbers (Experiment 2), suggesting that a bias in RNG only emerged during interpersonal interactions. Interestingly, the effect of relative body position on RNG was driven by participants with high trait empathic concern towards others, pointing towards a mediating role of feelings of sympathy for joint compatibility effects. Finally, the spatial bias emerged only after the co-actors swapped their spatial position, suggesting that joint spatial representations are constructed only after the spatial reference frame became salient. In contrast to previous studies, our findings cannot be explained by action co-representation because the consecutive production of numbers does not involve conflict at the motor response level. Our results therefore suggest that spatial reference coding, rather than motor mirroring, can determine joint compatibility effects. Our results demonstrate how physical properties of interpersonal situations, such as the relative body position, shape seemingly abstract cognition.

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2

FULDA, FERMÍN C. "Natural Agency: The Case of Bacterial Cognition." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 3, no. 1 (2017): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2017.5.

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ABSTRACT:I contrast an ecological account of natural agency with the traditional Cartesian conception using recent research in bacterial cognition and cellular decision making as a test case. I argue that the Cartesian conception—namely, the view that agency presupposes cognition—generates a dilemma between mechanism, the view that bacteria are mere automata, and intellectualism, the view that they exhibit full-blown cognition. Unicellular organisms, however, occupy a middle ground between these two extremes. On the one hand, their capacities and activities are too adaptive to count as mere machines. On the other hand, they lack the open-ended responsiveness of cognitive agents to rational norms. An ecological conception of agency as the gross behavioral capacity to respond to affordances, I argue, does not presuppose cognition and allows for degrees of agency along a continuum, from the simplest adaptive agents, such as unicellular organisms, to the most sophisticated cognitive agents. Bacteria, I conclude, are adaptiveagents, hence not mere automata, but notcognitiveagents.

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3

Moore, Adam D. "Privacy, Interests, and Inalienable Rights." Moral Philosophy and Politics 5, no. 2 (November 27, 2018): 327–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mopp-2018-0016.

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Abstract Some rights are so important for human autonomy and well-being that many scholars insist they should not be waived, traded, or abandoned. Privacy is a recent addition to this list. At the other end of the spectrum is the belief that privacy is a mere unimportant interest or preference. This paper defends a middle path between viewing privacy as an inalienable, non-waivable, non-transferrable right and the view of privacy as a mere subjective interest. First, an account of privacy is offered that clarifies the concept and demonstrates how privacy is directly related to human health and well-being. Second, along with considering and rejecting several accounts for why privacy might be considered an inalienable right, an argument is offered for why it is morally permissible to waive, transfer, abandon, or alienate privacy.

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4

Schmidtz, David. "The Institution of Property." Social Philosophy and Policy 11, no. 2 (1994): 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500004428.

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The typical method of acquiring a property right involves transfer from a previous owner. But sooner or later, that chain of transfers traces back to the beginning. That is why we have a philosophical problem. How does a thing legitimately become a piece of propertyfor the first time?In this essay, I follow the custom of distinguishing between mere liberties and full-blooded rights. If I have thelibertyof doingX, then it is permissible for me to doX. But the mere fact that I am at liberty to doXleaves open the possibility that you might be at liberty to interfere with my doingX. Accordingly, liberties are not full-blooded rights, since my having arightto doXhas the additional implication that others are not at liberty to interfere with my doingX. When it comes to mere liberties, interference is not a violation. You can violate rights, but you cannot violate liberties.

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5

Claassen, Rutger. "Markets as Mere Means." British Journal of Political Science 47, no. 2 (April 28, 2015): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123415000113.

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There has been a remarkable shift in the relationship between market and state responsibilities for public services like health care and education. While these services continue to be financed publicly, they are now often provided through the market. The main argument for this new institutional division of labor is economic: while (public) ends stay the same, (private) means are more efficient. Markets function as ‘mere means’ under the continued responsibility of the state. This article investigates and rejects currently existing egalitarian liberal theories about this division of labor and it presents and defends a new theory of marketization, in which social rights and democratic decision-making occupy center-stage.

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6

Falk, Barrie. "Feeling and Cognition." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 41 (September 1996): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100006123.

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There is a common view that as well as being conscious of the world in virtue of having thoughts about it, forming representations of its various states and processes, we are also conscious of it in virtue of feeling it. What I have in mind is not the fact that we have feelings about the world—indignation at this, pleasure at that—but that we sensorily feel its colours, sounds, textures and so on. And this feeling form of consciousness, it's often thought, constitutes a peculiarly intimate and intense focus upon things. The feel of the first drops of rain on one's face and the sounds of the gull's cry will quickly be recognized for what they are; and the fact that events of this sort are occurring will thereafter hold one's attention just insofar as they are relevant to some current business. But what can also happen is that such experiences cut through any current concerns and cause a state in which, for a time, one does nothing except feel the soft coolness of the rain and the particular quality of the bird's cry. We can become absorbed, it seems, in the mere presence of these phenomena and this is an experience to which we attach great value.

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7

Waddington, Lisa. "Article 13 EC: Mere Rhetoric or a Harbinger of Change?" Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 1 (1998): 175–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000001130.

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Since the signing of the Treaty on European Union in Maastricht in 1992, calls have gradually been increasing for a greater recognition of, and firmer foundation for, fundamental (social) rights within the European Union. These calls naturally became louder following the Opinion of the European Court of Justice excluding the possibility of EC accession to the European Convention of Human Rights and during the lead up to the Amsterdam Intergovernmental Conference. Academics, independent EU Advisory Committees, groups representing the interests of EU citizens and residents and the European Parliament lamented the almost complete absence of fundamental social rights in the Treaty, and called for an ambitious revision of the Treaty. To a large extent these calls went unheard in Amsterdam, and the new Treaty does not incorporate a comprehensive list of social fundamental rights.

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8

Frith, Chris D. "Social cognition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1499 (February 21, 2008): 2033–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0005.

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Social cognition concerns the various psychological processes that enable individuals to take advantage of being part of a social group. Of major importance to social cognition are the various social signals that enable us to learn about the world. Such signals include facial expressions, such as fear and disgust, which warn us of danger, and eye gaze direction, which indicate where interesting things can be found. Such signals are particularly important in infant development. Social referencing, for example, refers to the phenomenon in which infants refer to their mothers' facial expressions to determine whether or not to approach a novel object. We can learn a great deal simply by observing others. Much of this signalling seems to happen automatically and unconsciously on the part of both the sender and the receiver. We can learn to fear a stimulus by observing the response of another, in the absence of awareness of that stimulus. By contrast, learning by instruction, rather than observation, does seem to depend upon awareness of the stimulus, since such learning does not generalize to situations where the stimulus is presented subliminally. Learning by instruction depends upon a meta-cognitive process through which both the sender and the receiver recognize that signals are intended to be signals. An example would be the ‘ostensive’ signals that indicate that what follows are intentional communications. Infants learn more from signals that they recognize to be instructive. I speculate that it is this ability to recognize and learn from instructions rather than mere observation which permitted that advanced ability to benefit from cultural learning that seems to be unique to the human race.

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9

Chrisomalis, Stephen. "Constraint, cognition, and written numeration." Pragmatics and Cognition 21, no. 3 (December 31, 2013): 552–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.21.3.08chr.

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The world’s diverse written numeral systems are affected by human cognition; in turn, written numeral systems affect mathematical cognition in social environments. The present study investigates the constraints on graphic numerical notation, treating it neither as a byproduct of lexical numeration, nor a mere adjunct to writing, but as a specific written modality with its own cognitive properties. Constraints do not refute the notion of infinite cultural variability; rather, they recognize the infinity of variability within defined limits, thus transcending the universalist/particularist dichotomy. In place of strictly innatist perspectives on mathematical cognition, a model is proposed that invokes domain-specific and notationally-specific constraints to explain patterns in numerical notations. The analysis of exceptions to cross-cultural generalizations makes the study of near-universals highly productive theoretically. The cross-cultural study of patterns in written numbers thus provides a rich complement to the cognitive analysis of writing systems.

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10

Lock, Tobias. "Rights and principles in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights." Common Market Law Review 56, Issue 5 (September 1, 2019): 1201–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2019100.

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This article analyses the distinction between rights and principles in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. On the basis of an analytical definition of Charter rights, it shows that Charter principles differ from Charter rights in nature: they are non-relational and not intersubjective; they contain mere duties without corresponding claim-rights. This has consequences for their justiciability, which the Charter itself limits. The article dismisses any suggestion that the characterization of a Charter provision as belonging to the realm of economic, social and cultural rights determines its nature as a principle. Instead, a more nuanced approach is advocated. It further argues that Charter principles are binding regardless of their implementation and that the latter only matters for their justiciability.

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11

Waddington, Lisa. "9 Article 13 EC: Mere Rhetoric or a Harbinger of Change?" Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 1 (1998): 175–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802820981.

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Since the signing of the Treaty on European Union in Maastricht in 1992, calls have gradually been increasing for a greater recognition of, and firmer foundation for, fundamental (social) rights within the European Union. These calls naturally became louder following the Opinion of the European Court of Justice excluding the possibility of EC accession to the European Convention of Human Rights and during the lead up to the Amsterdam Intergovernmental Conference. Academics, independent EU Advisory Committees, groups representing the interests of EU citizens and residents and the European Parliament lamented the almost complete absence of fundamental social rights in the Treaty, and called for an ambitious revision of the Treaty. To a large extent these calls went unheard in Amsterdam, and the new Treaty does not incorporate a comprehensive list of social fundamental rights.

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12

Ryan, Phil. "Stanley Fish's Case for Speech Regulation: A Critique." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 31, no. 2 (August 31, 2001): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v31i2.183392.

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This article critiques Stanley Fish's argument for speech regulation. Fish errs in reducing free speech to a mere means, viewing free speech as a "conceptual impossibility," and making the limited speech rights of the modern workplace a standard for assessing speech rights in general.

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13

Corrin, Jennifer, and Lalotoa Mulitalo. "Not ‘mere window dressing’: children's rights and adoption in Samoa." Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 47, no. 2 (May 4, 2015): 208–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2015.1085767.

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14

Hurd, Heidi M. "The Moral Magic of Consent." Legal Theory 2, no. 2 (June 1996): 121–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325200000434.

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We regularly wield powers that, upon close scrutiny, appear remarkably magical. By sheer exercise of will, we bring into existence things that have never existed before. With but a nod, we effect the disappearance of things that have long served as barriers to the actions of others. And, by mere resolve, we generate things that pose significant obstacles to others' exercise of liberty. What is the nature of these things that we create and destroy by our mere decision to do so? The answer: the rights and obligations of others. And by what seemingly magical means do we alter these rights and obligations? By making promises and issuing or revoking consent When we make promises, we generate obligations for ourselves, and when we give consent, we create rights for others. Since the rights and obligations that are affected by means of promising and consenting largely define the boundaries of permissible action, our exercise of these seemingly magical powers can significantly affect the lives and liberties of others.

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15

Yu, Hea-Kyung. "Management Rights, Three Rights of Labor, Basic Rights for Freedom, Parties of Negotiation, Employment Conditions." Kyung Hee Law Journal 57, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 209–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15539/khlj.57.4.7.

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Management rights are rights granted by the Constitution to guarantee the freedom to choose a job or own properties. Although management rights are constitutional rights, they may be restricted for public welfare. Therefore, it is not right to exclude certain parties from negotiation just to claim the exclusiveness of management rights. In addition, the three rights of labor in Korea are essentially the basic rights for freedom. For that reason, the three rights of labor shall emphasize the freedom or autonomy of labor workers and acknowledged broadly in regards to the employment conditions. The three rights of labor are not mere individual rights, but function as an order of objective value that maintains the actual freedom and equality of capitalistic societies. Considering its function as an order of objective value, management rights are restricted in regards to the employment conditions. Eventually, management rights, considering the intrinsic limitations and the three rights of labor, are not the sacred and inviolable exclusive rights granted to employers, but may be restricted in relation to the employment conditions.

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16

Keil, Frank C., and Kristi L. Lockhart. "Beyond Cause: The Development of Clockwork Cognition." Current Directions in Psychological Science 30, no. 2 (April 2021): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721421992341.

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Thinking of the world in mechanistic terms—how things work—is both cognitively natural and motivating for humans from the preschool years onward. Mechanisms have distinct structural properties that go far beyond mere causal facts. They typically contain layers of causal clusters and the systematic interactions between those clusters that give rise to the next level up. Following developments in the philosophy of science and studies on children’s questioning behaviors, recent research shows that, from an early age, people appreciate the informational and inductive potential of mechanistic information. People selectively notice and choose mechanistic explanations as especially useful opportunities for learning; but they also soon forget the details of what they encounter. We argue that enduring cognitive abstractions from such details provide powerful ways of accessing and evaluating expertise in other people.

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17

Steinhoff, James. "Cognition On Tap." Digital Culture & Society 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2018-0206.

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Abstract The thriving contemporary form of artificial intelligence (AI) called machine learning is often represented sensationally in popular media as a semi-mystical technology. Machine learning systems are frequently ascribed anthropomorphic capacities for learning, emoting and reasoning which, it is suggested, might lead to the alleviation of humanity’s woes. One critical reaction to such sensational proclamations has been to focus on the mundane reality of contemporary machine learning as mere inductive prediction based on statistical generalizations, albeit with surprisingly powerful abilities (Pasquinelli 2017). While the deflationist reaction is a necessary reply to sensationalist agitation, adequate comprehension of modern AI cannot be achieved while neglecting its material and social context. One does not have to subscribe wholeheartedly to the social construction of technology thesis1 to allow that the development and evolution of technologies are influenced by social factors. For AI, the most important aspect of the current social context is arguably capital, which increasingly dominates AI research and production. One former computer science professor describes a “giant sucking sound of [AI] academics going into industry” (Metz 2017). This paper introduces capital’s theory of AI as utility and initiates a discussion on its social consequences. First, I discuss utilities and their infrastructures and introduce a few critical thoughts on the topic. Second, I situate modern AI by way of a brief history. Third, I detail capital’s view of AI as a utility and the technical details underpinning it. Fourth, I sketch how AI as a utility frames a social problematic beyond the important issues of algorithmic bias and the automation of work. I do so by extrapolating from one consequence of AI as a utility which multiple capitalist firms predict: the curation of human subjectivities.

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18

Chung, Chinsung. "Korean Citizens’ Human Rights Cognition and Attitudes, 2005~2011." Society and Theory 24 (May 31, 2014): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.17209/st.2014.05.24.401.

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19

Eckstein, Korinna, and Angela D. Friederici. "It's Early: Event-related Potential Evidence for Initial Interaction of Syntax and Prosody in Speech Comprehension." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 10 (October 2006): 1696–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.10.1696.

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Psycholinguistic theories assume an interaction between prosody and syntax during language processing. Based on studies using mostly off-line methods, it is unclear whether an interaction occurs at later or initial processing stages. Using event-related potentials, the present study provides neurophysiological evidence for a prosody and syntax interaction in initial processing. The sentence material contained mere prosodic and syntactic as well as combined prosodic-syntactic violations. For the syntax violation, the critical word appeared after a preposition. The suffix of the critical word either indicated a noun fulfilling the syntactic requirements of the preceding preposition or a verb causing a word category violation. For the prosodic manipulation, congruent critical words were normally intonated (signaling sentence continuation) while prosodically incongruent critical words signaled sentence end. For the mere prosodic incongruity, a broadly distributed negativity was observed at the critical word-stem (300–500 msec aligned to word onset). In response to a mere syntactic error, a left temporal negativity was elicited in an early time window (200–400 msec aligned to suffix onset), taken to reflect initial phrase structure building processes. In contrast, in response to the combined prosodic-syntactic violation, an early temporal negativity showed up bilaterally at the suffix in the same time window. Our interpretation is that the process of initial structure building as reflected in the early left anterior negativity recruits additional right hemispheric neural resources when the critical word contains both syntactic and prosodic violations. This suggests the immediate influence of phrasal prosody during the initial parsing stage in speech processing.

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20

Hendrikse, George. "Governance of chains and networks: A research agenda." Journal on Chain and Network Science 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2003): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2003.x025.

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21

Cabrera, Marcos. "Del racionalismo a la ciencia cognitiva: la ciencia que humaniza al hombre / From Rationalism to Cognitive Science: the Science that Makes the Man Human." Revista Internacional de Ciencias Humanas 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-revhuman.v7.1971.

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ABSTRACTCognitive science has evolved significantly, and recently it has achieved big changes in the philosophical thinking that when referred to scientific field, now it allows us to indagate more about the science generation process, and also to know better how scientific theories are chosen; something that has been understood by philosophers as a mere rational process with no place for emotions, but nowadays we can tell that has changed significantly and is giving scientists their right place as humans more than logical entities.RESUMENLa ciencia cognitiva ha evolucionado bastante y, en la actualidad, ha logrado generar grandes cambios en el pensamiento filosófico que, referido al ámbito científico, nos permite indagar respecto al proceso de generar ciencia y conocer mejor cómo ocurre la elección de teorías científicas; algo que por mucho tiempo fue entendido por los filósofos como un proceso puramente racional, en el que no había cabida para las emociones, pero ahora podemos decir que esto ha cambiado significativamente, dándole a los científicos su lugar como seres humanos más que como entidades lógicas.

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22

Hutchinson, Zoe, and Kate Mitchell. "Australia’s human rights scrutiny regime: democratic masterstroke or mere window dressing?" Australian Journal of Human Rights 25, no. 2 (May 4, 2019): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1323238x.2019.1623377.

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23

Svaček, Ondřej. "Serious Human Rights Violations – Eclipse or Mere Twilight of State Immunity?" International and Comparative Law Review 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iclr-2016-0104.

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Abstract Presented article contributes to the extensive discussion over the mutual relationship between serious human rights violations (violation of ius cogens) and the law of state immunity. Th e structure of article derives from the argumentation presented by Germany and Italy in current dispute before the International Court of Justice. Author focuses his attention on delimitation of existing international legal framework and particularly on assessment of friction areas in German and Italian submissions. Three separate issues are analyzed: temporal, territorial and material.

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24

Keith, Linda Camp, C. Neal Tate, and Steven C. Poe. "Is The Law a Mere Parchment Barrier to Human Rights Abuse?" Journal of Politics 71, no. 2 (April 2009): 644–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022381609090513.

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25

Mathiassen, Charlotte. "Fængslede kvinder er andet og mere end stereotyper." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab 108, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v108i1.125578.

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AbstractIn this essay, I discuss the establishment of a women’s prison in Denmark. Until recently, women have served in men’s prisons and sometimes in men’s wings. In 2018, due to questions of safety during imprisonment and ambitions of improving rehabilitative means for women, the political decision makers decided to establish a ‘women only’ facility. Among other things, I discuss the issue of imprisoned women’s rights and problematize the stereotypical representations of gender within existing prison practices.

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Malek, Md Abdul, and Muhammad Abdur Razzak. "Rights of the elderly: an emerging human rights discourse." International Journal of Law and Management 59, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 284–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-03-2016-0036.

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Purpose This paper aims to demonstrate the specialty of the elderly issues and acknowledge the existence of their specific human rights that propose for a special treatment to be given or shown to them as priority as women or children, etc. Indubitably, the very issue is timely in all perspective. Because it is now axiomatic that the fastest growing elderly population becomes a challenge for the whole world for manifold reasons. They include, inter alia, the lack of a social security apparatus or if any, they are insufficient; the weakening of traditional family bonding; almost no explicit references to elderly people in existing international human right laws; and mere stand-by of soft law addressing the rights of the elderly over time. Consequently, these all have probably failed to meet the most urgent needs of this growing demographic. Design/methodology/approach This paper is an effort made to recognize the “particular vulnerability” of the older persons and with identification of “specific rights”, advocate for special treatment for them and, optimally, the realization of their rights with respect. Findings In addition, this treatise attempts to focus on the nature and constitutional importance of elderly rights with the aim of providing the elderly with social security and prioritization; and more particularly, scrutiny of the impending and timely imperative for formulation of new legal instrument so as to adequately address the issue globally.

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27

Winkielman, Piotr, and Andrzej Nowak. "Dynamics of cognition-emotion interface: Coherence breeds familiarity and liking, and does it fast." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28, no. 2 (April 2005): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x05510045.

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We present a dynamical model of interaction between recognition memory and affect, focusing on the phenomenon of “warm glow of familiarity.” In our model, both familiarity and affect reflect quick monitoring of coherence in an attractor neural network. This model parsimoniously explains a variety of empirical phenomena, including mere-exposure and beauty-in-averages effects, and the speed of familiarity and affect judgments.

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28

ABU-ODEH, LAMA. "URI DAVIS, Citizenship and the State: A Comparative Study of Citizenship Legislation in Israel, Jordan, Palestine, Syria and Lebanon (Reading: Ithaca Press, 1997). Pp. 250. $75.00 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 3 (August 2001): 460–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801273061.

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Uri Davis has written a valuable book in which he advances a very progressive project indeed. Davis is first and foremost committed to human rights. Whereas he acknowledges that liberalism, the ideological narrative of Western universalism, informs this discourse, Davis dismisses the critique of human rights as mere cultural imperialism from the West. Human rights, according to Davis, are spared what may otherwise be a justifiable critique of liberalism by virtue of their incorporation into the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In other words, this declaration is universal law, and state membership in the United Nations necessarily implies respect for it.

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Tedesco, Jeremy D. "Masterpiece Cakeshop and the Foundations of Free Speech and Toleration." Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rwaa024.

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Abstract What do Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd v Colorado Civil Rights Commission, other leading cases from the USA, Canada, and the UK, and Teresa Bejan’s concept of ‘mere civility’, teach us about free speech and toleration? This article seeks to answer that question and suggest a path forward that allows people with deep disagreements about fundamental social and moral issues to live peaceably together despite their differences. This article defends two primary claims: First, ‘mere civility’ is complimentary to a broader legal argument for protecting the freedom of all members of a society to espouse and live out their views within the context of the public square and marketplace; and Second, compelling speech (or agreement) under the guise of civility endangers liberty and genuine equality. When freedom is properly protected, ‘mere civility’ is the natural result, while attempts to achieve something more than ‘mere civility’ invariably jeopardize freedom.

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30

Puigserver, Josep Gomilla, Magdalena Nasieniak, Rachel Petillo, and Scott Nicholas Romaniuk. "From Mere Presence to “Actorness” in International Affairs." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 22 (April 15, 2014): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.22.3.

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The European Union (EU), with its 504 million citizens, forms one of the largest markets worldwide accounting for approximately 25% of the world economy. Its (global) role, to a large extent, has been based on its ability to act as a standard-setter through the promotion of its normative foundations, such as democracy and human rights, liberal-market economies, and multilateral governance, making it one of the major development assistance donors. The actual performance of the EU presents an ambiguous assessment of the EU’s “actorness.” [from the introduction]

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Sethi, Khwaja Muhammad Bilal. "Objectification of Women: Islamic Insight." Al-Duhaa 3, no. 01 (June 1, 2022): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51665/al-duhaa.003.01.0167.

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Islam as a religion of peace ensures provision of equal rights to all the humans irrespective of their gender. Women not only enjoy the liberty of life within the parameters of values as laid by the Quran and Sunnah but at the same time, they also own the right of self-respect, esteem and treatment as humans. Treating women as mere objects for sex, or as mere “other” which devoid them of their due rights is strictly prohibited in Islam. The paper in hand highlights that how objectification of women is condemned by Islamic theology with special reference to Martha Nussbaum’s theory of Objectification being applied on Daniyal Mueenuddin’s Short Story, Saleema. However, it is pertinent to mention that the paper only concerns feudal cultures and thus, it is not a representative of the entire Pakistani society.

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Sangiovanni, Andrea. "Human Rights in a Kantian Key." Kantian Review 24, no. 2 (May 20, 2019): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415419000049.

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AbstractThis article discusses Luigi Caranti’s Kant’s Political Legacy, which argues, among other things, that a Kantian reconstruction of dignity can provide a foundation for human rights. Caranti’s book is one of the most powerful recent reconstructions of Kant’s political philosophy. Four main points are argued in response. First, to what extent can dignity understood as a value ground the essentially relational character of human rights claims? Second, does Caranti explain why our mere rational capacity to set moral ends has dignity rather than the realization of that capacity in a morally righteous will? Third, how can the argument provided avoid the conclusion that, because people’s capacities vary, their dignity varies too? Fourth, is Kant’s political philosophy incompatible with our modern understanding of human rights and, in particular, their function in international law and practice?

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de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco J. Ruiz, and María Asunción Barreras Gómez. "Time and Cognition in Marvell’s “To his Coy Mistress”." Cognitive Semantics 1, no. 2 (August 18, 2015): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-00102004.

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Andrew Marvell’s poem “To his coy mistress” has generally been taken as one more example of thecarpe diemtradition in literature. This tradition makes use of time metaphors, especially time is a resource. However, we find that Marvell exploits this and other time metaphors in ways that go beyond the traditional understanding of thecarpe diemmotif. We first give an overview of the treatment of the notion of time within Conceptual Metaphor Theory, which is then applied to the understanding of central thematic and structural aspects of the poem. We stress the importance of the metaphorstime is a resource, time moves, events are actionsand a cluster of metaphors revolving around thecarpe diemmotif. Finally, the paper discusses how Marvell imaginatively organizes what otherwise would be considered mere stock metaphors into an intricate logical network specifically tailored to sustain an argumentative line.

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Reidy, David. "Human Rights and Liberal Toleration." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 23, no. 2 (July 2010): 287–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s084182090000494x.

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Jim Nickel has criticized the account of human rights Rawls gives in The Law of Peoples as “ultraminimalist” and as wrongheadedly grounded in an excessive desire to accommodate illiberal and nondemocratic polities and in a confused identification of human rights with the regulation of coercive intervention in the international order. I show that Rawls’s position is not “ultraminimalist” and, more importantly, that it is more complex and attractive than Nickel (and other critics) recognizes. Rawls distinguishes between the human rights necessary and sufficient to there to being no principled grounds for coercive intervention into a state and those necessary and sufficient to there being a principled ground to accord a state status recognition and respect in the international order. This distinction reflects a distinction in The Law of Peoples between two forms of liberal toleration: toleration as mere non-interference and toleration as recognition or status respect. I discuss the role of each in the law of peoples and show how each is both principled and liberal.

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35

McGlynn, Clare. "Rights for Children?: The Potential Impact of the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights." European Public Law 8, Issue 3 (September 1, 2002): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/5095466.

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Children are largely invisible in EU law. There is no `children's policy' to speak of and little apparent interest in developing mechanisms to consider the interests of children in policy and decision-making. This position is set to change with the adoption of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights which contains a number of provisions relating to children. The mere inclusion of a specific provision on children in the Charter is highly symbolic and represents a significant new phase in the EU's relations with children. Furthermore, the new rights will require a re-examination of existing practices and will provide a new framework within which future decisions must be taken. The Charter's provisions will, therefore, provide support for those demanding a more integrated and thoughtful approach to children in the Union. Thus, despite the limited and often restrictive nature of the Charter's provisions on children, they represent a success story of the Charter

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36

Kirste, Stephan. "THE FORMAL AND SUBSTANTIVE CORE OF HUMAN RIGHTS." HUMANITIES AND RIGHTS | GLOBAL NETWORK JOURNAL 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 21–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24861/2675-1038.v1i1.10.

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Human dignity is the basis of human rights. From the four dimensions of dignity - the status subjectionis, the status negativus, the status positivus and the status activus - both form and content of human rights can be justified. The form as subjective rights is necessary so that man is treated as a subject and not as a mere object (status subjectionis). In terms of content, human rights protect not only freedom from the state (status negativus), freedom through the state (status positivus), but also the freedom of the individual to participate in the establishment of public authorities (status activus). In addition: human dignity itself is a human right.

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Gilmour, Andrew. "The Future of Human Rights: A View from the United Nations." Ethics & International Affairs 28, no. 2 (2014): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679414000240.

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Ever since the Charter of the United Nations was signed in 1945, human rights have constituted one of its three pillars, along with peace and development. As noted in a dictum coined during the World Summit of 2005: “There can be no peace without development, no development without peace, and neither without respect for human rights.” But while progress has been made in all three domains, it is with respect to human rights that the organization's performance has experienced some of its greatest shortcomings. Not coincidentally, the human rights pillar receives only a fraction of the resources enjoyed by the other two—a mere 3 percent of the general budget.

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Bajalan, Chemen. "The The European Court of Human Rights’ Approach in the Protection of Rights of Religious Minority Groups." ISSUE 7 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjss.v4n2y2020.pp28-41.

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The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is reluctant to distinguish the group right qua group. However, it is impossible to ignore the group dimension in the right to freedom of religion. Such a dimension is clearer in the manifestation of beliefs, which require more common practices than mere beliefs. The Court's decisions when dealing with the freedom of religion tend to be inconsistent because it considers the unique social and political situation of each member state. This limits the scope of the right to freedom of religion and the range of protection of a group's religious rights. Using a literature review and analyzing the case law, this paper highlights the inconsistencies in the Court’s decisions in relation to acknowledging minorities’ religious rights.

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Clark, Gregory, and Anthony Clark. "COMMON RIGHTS TO LAND IN ENGLAND, 1475–1839." Journal of Economic History 61, no. 4 (December 2001): 1009–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050701042061.

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We estimate the extent of common land in England from 1475 to 1839, treating charity land as a sample. We find common was only 27 percent of land in 1600. Thus there was little common beyond what Parliamentary acts later enclosed. More tentatively, common was only one-third of land even in 1500. Further, common land in 1600 was mainly stinted, excluding those without formal property rights. Common waste, to which the landless poor did have access, constituted a mere 4 percent of land, and was mainly land of marginal value. Private property was thus the norm in England by 1600.

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Yoo, Kyeong-Sook. "A Study on the Relation with the child care teachers' cognition about CCTV and Sensitivity to human rights and Cognition of the Children's rights." Korean Society for Child Education 27, no. 2 (May 25, 2018): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17643/kjce.2018.27.2.07.

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41

Ogunyemi, Christopher. "The Instrumentality of Social Media in the Representation of Gender in Nigerian Literature." southern semiotic review 2023 i, no. 17 (February 14, 2023): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33234/ssr.17.4.

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The paper valorises how social media has depicted various evolutions of the representations of gender in Nigerian literature. This has affected people’s cognition, behaviours and emotions in diverse ways. Social media has employed different perspectives or dimensions in depicting a divergent representation of women in contemporary Nigerian literatures and space ostensibly crystallizing some gender polarities and how they sometimes enhance mere demystificatory remarks and exegeses in their interpretations.

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42

Long, Roderick T. "Abortion, Abandonment, and Positive Rights: The Limits of Compulsory Altruism." Social Philosophy and Policy 10, no. 1 (1993): 166–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500004064.

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We began with three propositions: that people have a right not to be treated as mere means to the ends of others, that a woman who voluntarily becomes pregnant nevertheless has the right to an abortion, and that a woman who voluntarily gives birth does not have a right to abandon her child until she finds a substitute caretaker. These propositions initially seemed inconsistent, for the prohibition on treating others as mere means appeared to rule out the possibility of positive rights, thus making it impossible to countenance the right to abort or the right not to be abandoned (both of which, it was argued, are positive in form).But we have seen that the prohibition on treating people as mere means to the ends of others is best understood as ruling out basic positive rights while permitting derivative ones. Since a willing mother is responsible for bringing her child into the world in the first place, she cannot abandon it without violating its negative right not to be killed, and so such a child has a derivative positive right not to be abandoned. A pregnant woman, on the other hand, has a negative right not to have her body invaded, and from this negative right derives a positive right to abort her fetus, so long as doing so is not disproportionate to the seriousness of the threat (as it is not in the case of involuntary pregnancy, or of pregnancy which has become involuntary). Therefore, far from being in conflict, propositions (1), (2), and (3) have been shown to be in harmony with one another, the latter two being plausibly grounded in the first. Insofar as we have reason to accept (1), then, we have reason to accept (2) and (3). Moreover, we have seen that a proper understanding of (1) allows us to embed (2) and (3) in a larger moral perspective in which the limits of compulsory altruism are firmly drawn: enforceable rights to the use or assistance of others may be allowed into the moral domain only if they are “sponsored” by some negative right. Every putative positive right must find such a sponsor, or perish.

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Flores, Andrew R., Donald P. Haider-Markel, Daniel C. Lewis, Patrick R. Miller, Barry L. Tadlock, and Jami K. Taylor. "Challenged Expectations: Mere Exposure Effects on Attitudes About Transgender People and Rights." Political Psychology 39, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pops.12402.

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44

Lee, Matthew A., Janet L. Sundberg, and Ira H. Bernstein. "Concurrent processes: The affect-cognition relationship within the context of the “mere exposure” phenomenon." Perception & Psychophysics 54, no. 1 (January 1993): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03206935.

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45

Salvemini, Anthony V., Alan L. Stewart, Dean G. Purcell, and Roger S. Pinkham. "A Word-Superiority Effect in the Presence of Foveal Load." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3_suppl (June 1998): 1311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3c.1311.

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Foveal stimuli have been shown to disrupt visual information processing in the parafovea and periphery by their mere presence. In the present study, 6 subjects were presented letter triads 3.58° to the right or left of the point of fixation. At the same time, a single letter was presented at the point of fixation that was either the same as the middle letter in the triad or different from any of the triad letters. On other trials, no letter was presented at the point of fixation. Analysis indicated a word superiority effect when a foveal letter was presented that was the same as the letter in the triad. Performance between words and nonwords did not differ significantly when the foveal letter was different or absent. It was concluded that the mere presence of foveal load alone is not disruptive to performance. Depending on the visual context of the target to be reported, the presence of a foveal stimulus may improve performance.

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Schneck, Peter. "Creative Grammarians: Cognition, Language and Literature – An Exploratory Response." Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 66, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2018-0032.

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Abstract Any definition of creativity is a ‘machine’ which produces exactly those instances of creativity that follow the rules of the respective definition – so how does one escape the conundrum of defining individual creativity without turning it into a mere act of reproduction? One of the central tenets of the present volume is that Construction Grammar is particularly suited to bridge the gap between everyday linguistic creativity and highly professionalized and conventionalized forms of cultural reproduction, especially creative literature. While it appears to merely follow a trend in cognitive linguistics, which emerged and firmly established itself over the last three decades, and which emphasizes the creative potential of linguistic practices over and against the definition of language and speech as a rule-based system of engendering constraints, Construction Grammar insists on its ability to provide a most profitable interdisciplinary approach for the study of creativity and language – one that would also be able to embrace and empower the study of literary creativity.

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Thiebaut de Schotten, Michel, and Stephanie J. Forkel. "The emergent properties of the connected brain." Science 378, no. 6619 (November 4, 2022): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abq2591.

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There is more to brain connections than the mere transfer of signals between brain regions. Behavior and cognition emerge through cortical area interaction. This requires integration between local and distant areas orchestrated by densely connected networks. Brain connections determine the brain’s functional organization. The imaging of connections in the living brain has provided an opportunity to identify the driving factors behind the neurobiology of cognition. Connectivity differences between species and among humans have furthered the understanding of brain evolution and of diverging cognitive profiles. Brain pathologies amplify this variability through disconnections and, consequently, the disintegration of cognitive functions. The prediction of long-term symptoms is now preferentially based on brain disconnections. This paradigm shift will reshape our brain maps and challenge current brain models.

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Davies, Stephen. "In Name or Nature? Implementing International Environmental Procedural Rights in the Post-Aarhus Environment: A Finnish Example." Environmental Law Review 9, no. 3 (October 2007): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/enlr.2007.9.3.190.

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Rights-based approaches to environmental protection are on the increase as the public become more aware of both the environment around them and of their other civil and political rights. Whilst methods for combining environmental protection and rights-based regulation still allude to a large conflict of anthropocentric versus ecocentric interests, one approach increasingly stands out as a potential effective solution: ‘procedural rights’. More commonly, this concerns rights to be heard, rights to information, to participation and the right of access to justice. Such perspectives are increasingly finding purchase within international environmental agendas, indeed, several national jurisdictions have progressed from mere principles into more formal ‘hard law’. In order to follow this progression and to assess the influence of international procedural rights in national jurisdictions, this article looks in particular at the environmental law of Finland as an example, and seeks to illustrate the formation of one facet of internationally accepted procedural rights: that of public participation, within national environmental regulation.

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Sperti, Angioletta. "ARGUMENTS OF DIGNITY AND PLURALISM CONCERNS IN RECENT CONSTITUTIONAL COURT ADJUDICATION." Revista Direitos Culturais 15, no. 36 (April 27, 2020): 385–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.20912/rdc.v15i36.34.

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The paper aims at discussing the growing importance of dignity discourse in human rights case law, in particular in recent constitutional and supreme courts cases on controversial rights. Starting from same-sex marriage rulings (as illustrative of a more general trend) the paper argues that dignity cannot be considered a mere “rhetorical tool” of courts, useful to tilt the balance in favour of one of the conflicting rights. On the contrary, dignity - with its wide and flexible meaning - marks the transition of new (or newly recognized) groups to social inclusion and provides a convenient language to mediate among conflicting claims of recognition without relying on more traditional equality arguments.

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Zhou, Laiyou, Hua Lu, and Jinlang Zou. "Impact of Land Property Rights Security Cognition on Farmland Quality Protection: Evidence from Chinese Farmers." Land 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010188.

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The stability or security of property rights plays an important role in stimulating the investment of economic entities, which can prevent or alleviate the degradation of land resources and improve the efficiency of agricultural management. This paper focuses on the perspective of land property rights security awareness, analyzes its impact on farmers’ cultivated land quality protection behavior, and, on the basis of a theoretical analysis framework linking the two, uses farmer survey data from southern Jiangxi Province and the probit model to empirically analyze the impact of farmers’ land property rights security awareness on their cultivated land quality protection behavior. The results show that the improvement in farmers’ awareness of land property rights security could significantly improve their probability of applying farmyard manure. This conclusion is proven to be robust by means of a replacement model and adjustment variables. Moreover, it is found that the influence of land property rights security cognition on farmyard manure application differs among farmers by age, degree of part-time work and land scale. Finally, we can draw inspiration for improving the effective implementation of public policies and increasing the publicity of legal knowledge of land property rights to improve farmers’ awareness and consideration of land property rights security.

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