Книги: "Mer – Surfaces"

1

Eric, Marcus, ed. Breaking the surface. London: Orion, 1995.

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2

Loire, René. La mer pour vaincre: Et le ciel aussi : des idées navalement incorrectes : essai. Houston, Texas: A. Ghosh, c1999., 1999.

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3

Vedligeholdelsesafdelingen, Denmark Vejdirektoratet, ed. Målinger på hovedlandeveje med laser road surface tester, 1989: Analyse af sporkøringsmålinger. [Copenhagen]: Vejdirektoratet, Vedligeholdelsesafdelingen, 1990.

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4

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. [Global surface-based cloud observation for ISCCP]: [final report, 18 Mar. 1989 - 30, Jun. 1994]. [Boulder, Colo: University of Colorado, Boulder, Dept. of Astrophysical, Planetary and Atmospheric Sciences, 1994.

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5

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. [Global surface-based cloud observation for ISCCP]: [final report, 18 Mar. 1989 - 30, Jun. 1994]. [Boulder, Colo: University of Colorado, Boulder, Dept. of Astrophysical, Planetary and Atmospheric Sciences, 1994.

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6

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. [Global surface-based cloud observation for ISCCP]: [final report, 18 Mar. 1989 - 30, Jun. 1994]. [Boulder, Colo: University of Colorado, Boulder, Dept. of Astrophysical, Planetary and Atmospheric Sciences, 1994.

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7

Masia, François. Atlas des anomalies du niveau de la mer et des courants géostrophiques de surface déduits de GEOSAT, novembre 1986-février 1989. Nouvelle-Calédonie: Centre ORSTOM de Nouméa, 1996.

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8

Rebelle, Michel. Sédimentologie, géochimie et palynologie du bassin évaporitique du Zechstein, à partir de données de sub-surface (mer du Nord, Hesse-R.F.A.). Paris: Laboratoire de géologie du Muséum, 1986.

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9

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Analysis of surfaces from the LDEF A0114, phase II: Semi-annual report on NAG1-1228 for the reporting period Mar. 1st - Aug. 31, 1992. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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10

Blunn, Gordon. Bearing surfaces. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.007006.

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♦ Traditionally bearings were made from polyethylene and cobalt chrome. These bearings are still most commonly used for knee replacements. In hip replacements due to osteolysis caused by polyethylene wear alternative material combinations at the bearing surface are used♦ Highly cross linked plastics have been developed and have been shown to reduce wear. There are a number of different types available which differ in their performance♦ Metal on metal bearings first used in the 1960s have also been developed and show very low wear rates. These bearings are more susceptible to edge loading and the resulting metal ion release can result in adverse biological reactions leading to failure♦ Whilst ceramic on plastic surfaces have been used for a considerable amount of time the reduction in wear is not as great as with well functioning metal on metal bearings♦ Ceramic on ceramic bearings have been used for a considerable time and show even lower wear rates than metal on metal bearings. In the past there has been an incidence of catastrophic fracture of these bearings but developments in materials technology have considerably reduced these events.

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11

Breaking the Surface. Orion Publishing Group, Limited, 1996.

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12

Louganis, Greg. Breaking the Surface. Bt Bound, 1999.

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13

Beneath the Surface. Dreamspinner Press, 2012.

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14

Beneath the Surface. Dreamspinner Press, 2012.

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15

Lectures on Solid Surfaces and Interfaces: Proceedings of the International School on Surface Physics, Beijing, 20-30 Mar. 90. World Scientific Pub Co Inc, 1990.

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16

Narouze, Samer N. Cervical Sympathetic Block: Fluoroscopy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0027.

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In those patients with significant sympathetically maintained pain, repeated blocks may provide a therapeutic value and help facilitate physical therapy and rehabilitation. Cervical sympathetic blocks have been traditionally performed by using surface landmarks, however imaging-guided blocks are strongly recommended to avoid potential serious complications. Most preganglionic sympathetic efferents innervating the head, neck, and upper extremity either pass through or synapse at the stellate ganglion. This provides an ideal target for blockade of sympathetic innervation to the head, neck, and upper limbs. The stellate ganglion block can be performed at the C6 and C7 transverse processes. Fluoroscopy is a reliable method for identifying bony surfaces, which facilitates identifying the C6 and C7 transverse processes; however, this is only a surrogate marker, because the location of the cervical sympathetic trunk is defined by the fascial plane of the prevertebral fascia, which cannot be visualized with fluoroscopy.

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17

Martin, Colin J., and Dr David G. Sutton. Diagnostic radiology—patient dosimetry. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0014.

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A knowledge of the doses that patients receive is important to optimize radiation protection in diagnostic radiology. This chapter covers the methodology involved in assessment and management of patient dose for radiography and fluoroscopy. The dose quantities are described and ones to use for different applications are discussed. The instruments and measurement techniques used are described, including passive techniques such as TLD and radiochromic film. The need to consider scattering of X-rays from surfaces is explained. Factors to be taken into account include whether the assessment is for practical evaluation of technique or to provide an indication of risk. The appropriate dose to assess could be that to the whole body, the skin surface, or a particular organ such as the breast in mammography. These factors all feed into the patient dose audit process, which is explained together with the setting of diagnostic references levels to aid optimization.

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18

Copeland, Stephen, and Jai Relwani. Surface replacement of the shoulder. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.004008.

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♦ The design of the surface replacement arthroplasty has evolved over the past 20 years. From cemented prostheses such as the SCAN, to cementless prostheses such as the Copeland, the basic concept and design of the surface replacement favouring maximal bone preservation has remained constant.♦ Indications and surgical technique have been refined over this period, the latest modification being the use of computer-assisted navigation to optimise the size and position the implant in situ.♦ Surface replacement prosthesis has demonstrated clinical results at least equal to those of conventional stemmed prostheses.

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19

Read, Nick D. Fungal cell structure and organization. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0004.

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Human pathogenic fungi produce three basic ‘cell’ types: hyphae, yeast cells, and spores. The organization and subcellular structure of these different cell types and their modes of growth and formation are reviewed. Growth and form is the consequence of how new cell surface is formed. This is generated by the delivery of vesicles to the surface which provides new membrane and the enzymes for cell wall synthesis. To generate these various cell types, the pathway of vesicle secretion to the surface has to be carefully regulated. These vesicles have to be transported through the cell by the cytoskeleton, and in filamentous cells these vesicles accumulate at a supply centre called the Spitzenkörper before docking and fusion with the hyphal apex. Ultimately, membrane is also endocytosed and recycled behind actively expanding regions of the fungal surface. These various processes are described and particular emphasis is given to the structural and organizational features of fungal cells that play roles in their pathogenesis and virulence.

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20

Hacker, Mel. Looking Beneath the Surface: The Surreal World of Mel Hecker. Independent Publisher, 2012.

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21

Lippmann, Morton, and Richard B. Schlesinger. Dispersion of Contaminants. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190688622.003.0004.

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This chapter describes the pathways and dynamics of chemical contaminants within the various structural layers. In the atmosphere, the chemical contaminants are transferred by diffusion, turbulence, plume dispersion, long-range transport, and tropospheric-stratospheric interchange. They are transferred to the hydrosphere by surface deposition, rainout, and washout. They are transferred to the lithosphere by surface flow and penetration, and are transferred within the biosphere by food-chain concentration.

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22

Curlin, Farr A. Religion and Spirituality in Medical Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190272432.003.0012.

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Religion and medical ethics are inextricably, we might say intrinsically, intertwined. This chapter starts at the surface—with how religion “shows up” in everyday clinical ethical disputes. It turns out that the religious characteristics of physicians are the strongest predictor of physicians’ approaches to ethically disputed clinical practices. That should not surprise us since below the surface of clinical disputes are inescapable moral questions to which religions give authoritative answers. That this is so calls the assumptions and practices of conventional medical ethics into question, particularly when those writing from religious traditions critique much of the culture of contemporary medicine.

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23

Mehr als Schein: Ästhetik der Oberfläche in Film, Kunst, Literatur und Theater. Zürich: Diaphanes, 2008.

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24

Ocean Surface Waves: Their Physics and Prediction. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2013.

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25

Ocean surface waves: Their physics and prediction. Singapore: World Scientific, 1996.

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26

Speed, Cathy. Tennis injuries. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0053.

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Tennis is a game of power and endurance, involving running, cutting, sprinting, stopping and starting, lunging, rotation, and smashing. It is played on different surfaces with rackets that can differ significantly in their characteristics and by individuals over a wide range of age and fitness. Injuries in tennis are common and can be related to one or more of these factors, which can be broadly divided into intrinsic and extrinsic types (...

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27

Cohen, Margaret. Seeing Through Water. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795155.003.0011.

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In recent decades, interdisciplinary scholars have become interested in the role of the world’s oceans in shaping society and culture. While they have primarily considered travel across the ocean’s surface, the submarine environment is part of this history too. The imagination of the undersea world was particularly rich and varied from the middle of the nineteenth century, when it became a frontier of science and technology. We might think, for example, of the crystalline enchantment of illustrations for Jules Verne’s 20,000 Leagues under the Sea. This chapter contrasts such speculative imaginings with the work of an artist who, thanks to the latest developments in diving suits, was able to work en pleine mer. Walter Howlison ‘Zarh’ Pritchard (1866–1956) was the first painter to don a diving suit and take oil crayons and paints beneath the surface of the seas. What emerges is a submarine aesthetic based on careful observation.

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28

Nielsen, Niklas, and David B. Seder. Non-pharmacological neuroprotection in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0230.

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After control of the primary process causing acute neurological injury, further control of secondary injury pathways can be achieved by manipulating brain temperature, and achieving biochemical and metabolic homeostasis. Surgical techniques are routinely used to remove blood or trapped cerebrospinal fluid, control mass effect, or repair unstable vascular abnormalities. Therapeutic temperature management to a defined target can be achieved and maintained using cold fluids, ice packs, body surface cooling pads, and surface and intravascular devices with servo (feedback) mechanisms. Successful temperature management requires attentive surveillance and control of shivering and other potential complications, such as bleeding, infection, cardiac arrhythmias, and electrolyte and metabolic disturbances. Extremes of oxygenation and ventilation are associated with worse long-term functional outcomes, and should be avoided.

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29

Drever, J. I. Surface and Ground Water, Weathering, and Soils, Volume Volume 5. Elsevier Science, 2003.

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30

Török, M. Estée, Fiona J. Cooke, and Ed Moran. Ectoparasites. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199671328.003.0012.

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This chapter provides an overview of ectoparasites, which are organisms that survive through interaction with the cutaneous surface of the host. The chapter includes sections on lice, scabies, myiasis, mites, and ticks, with details on their diagnosis and treatment.

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31

Wilson, John W., and Lynn L. Estes. Occupational Postexposure Prophylaxis and Management. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797783.003.0151.

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• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission risk is about 0.3% (about 1 in 300)• About 0.1% after mucous membrane exposure• <0.1% after exposure to abraded skin• Hepatitis B virus (HBV) for nonvaccinated persons when blood from source is:• HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen) positive ...

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32

Barker, Richard. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600663.003.0007.

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This short book cannot do more than scratch the surface of the debate we need to have on the future of medicine and healthcare. Therefore we have set up a website www.2030Healthfutures.com for readers to share their views on the challenges and proposals for healthcare in 2030....

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33

Török, M. Estée, Fiona J. Cooke, and Ed Moran. Cardiovascular infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199671328.003.0015.

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This chapter covers infective endocarditis characterized by infections of the endocardial surface of the heart, intravascular catheter-related infections, endovascular infections, myocarditis (which is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium), pericarditis (which is an inflammation of the pericardium), and mediastinitis (which is an infection involving the mediastinal structures).

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34

Colbert, Robert A., and Paul Bowness. Immune mechanisms: HLA-B27. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0006.

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HLA-B27 is present in the majority of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Although we have learned a considerable amount about the natural immunologic function of HLA class I proteins, this has not provided a definitive mechanism of AS pathogenesis. While HLA-B27 is adept at presenting antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells, ‘arthritogenic’ peptides targeted by a cross-reactive T or natural killer cell response have not been described, nor have autoreactive T cells been found. Newer concepts have evolved based on the propensity of HLA-B27 to ‘misbehave’, both inside cells and on the cell surface. Misfolded HLA-B27 molecules may stimulate an endoplasmic reticulum stress response, promoting production of IL-23 and then IL-17 and related cytokines. Aberrant cell-surface HLA-B27 molecules are ligands for natural killer and related immunoreceptors, and recognition can lead to IL-17 proinflammatory responses. There is growing evidence to suggest that these aberrant behaviours contribute to AS pathogenesis.

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35

Lee, Gregory. Epitope/Peptide-Based Monoclonal Antibodies for Immunotherapy of Ovarian Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190248208.003.0007.

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Two monoclonal antibodies, RP215 and GHR106, were selected, respectively, for the research and development of anti-cancer drugs targeting ovarian cancer and other types of human cancer. RP215 was shown to react with a carbohydrate-associated epitope located mainly in the variable regions of immunoglobulin heavy chains expressed on the surface of almost all cancer cells in humans. GHR106 was generated against a synthetic peptide corresponding to N1-29 amino acid residues in the extracellular domains of human GnRH receptor, which is surface-expressed by most cancer cells as well as the anterior pituitary. This monoclonal antibody was shown to serve as a bioequivalent analog to GnRH-derived decapeptides currently used clinically. The molecular mechanisms of action of these two antibody-based anti-cancer drug candidates were well elucidated following numerous biochemical, immunological, and molecular biological studies, mainly by using ovarian cancer as the model. Further preclinical studies with humanized forms of these two antibodies are essential.

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36

Montgomery, Erwin B. Controlling the Flow of Electrical Charges. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0004.

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In depolarization to effect neuronal activations,, electrical charges are delivered to the neuron to affect the electrical potential across the neuronal membrane to subsequently affect voltage-gated ionic conductance channels. The orientation of the field of electrical charges to the neuronal membrane is critical. Electrical charges flow from the negative contact to the positive contact. The negative electrostatic charge “pushes” negative charges onto the outer surface of the neuron, which results in depolarization of the neuronal membrane. Neurons near the positive contact will not have negative electrical charges deposited on the outer surface, will not be depolarized, and thus, are not activated. Likewise, neurons whose membranes are oriented parallel to the lines of electrical forces that move electrical charges will not receive the electrical charges and, consequently, will not be activated. The electronics of the DBS systems are designed to control the electrostatic forces so as to control the activations of the nervous system to generate benefit and avoid adverse effects.

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37

J. Singh, Parminder, and Rohit Kotnis. The musculoskeletal system: structure and function. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.0003.

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♦ Structure of bone is comprised of cells, matrix, and water♦ Bone consists broadly of three surfaces (periosteal, endosteal, and Haversian) and two membranes (periosteum and endosteum)♦ The blood supply of bone is derived from four main routes (nutrient, metaphyseal, epiphyseal, and periosteal arteries)♦ There are three main types of cells in bone (osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast)♦ The matrix is a composite material consisting of an organic and an inorganic component♦ Two types of bone formation are intramembranous and endochondral ossification♦ The skeleton is also involved in the vital homeostasis of calcium and phosphate.

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38

Böstman, O. M. Absorbable implants for fracture fixation. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.012016.

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♦ Use of absorbable fracture fixation devices eliminates hardware removal procedures♦ Of the macromolecular biodegradable compounds, suited for the manufacturing of these implants, polylactide is the most widely used♦ Small-fragment intra-articular fractures, especially at the elbow and at the ankle, are the most rewarding clinical applications♦ Absorbable implants can be inserted through articular surfaces and, in children, also transphyseally♦ Mechanical failures of the implants and redisplacements of fractures are rare, but local, transient inflammatory foreign-body reactions occurr♦ In certain intra-articular applications the absorbable fixation devices are superior to metallic ones.

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39

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Cystic fibrosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0021.

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Gastrointestinal manifestations 156Management of gastrointestinal symptoms in children with CF 158Nutrition in CF 158Nutritional management 159Vitamins 160The incidence of cystic fibrosis (CF) is around 1 in 2500. Cases are diagnosed as a consequence of population screening or high-risk screening, or following presentation with clinical symptoms typical of the disorder. The basic defect is in the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) protein which codes for a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated chloride transporter in epithelial cells of exocrine organs. This is involved in salt and water balance across epithelial surfaces. The gene is on chromosome 7. There are multiple known mutations, the most common being ...

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40

Roberts, Simon. Articular cartilage. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0005.

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Synovial joints allow the efficient and controlled movement necessary for sport with a biological shock-absorbing bearing of hyaline cartilage. This is an extremely low friction surface, with a coefficient of one-sixth of that of ice on ice, lower than most man-made bearing materials. It has viscoelastic properties allowing dynamic congruity and minimization of transmitted pressure and impact....

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41

Harrison, Mark. Thorax. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198765875.003.0003.

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This chapter describes the anatomy of the thorax as it applies to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of the surface markings, blood supply, nerve supply, and muscles of the thoracic body wall, diaphragm, thoracic inlet, trachea, thymus, heart and pericardium, oesophagus, and pleura and lungs. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.

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42

Hughes, Jim. Distal femur and knee. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198813170.003.0014.

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The knee is one of the main load-bearing joints of the body, and injuries to it can involve damage to the joint or articular surfaces, or fractures to the long bones in case of high-energy trauma. The position of the contralateral leg can cause difficulty in positioning for imaging, but good positioning and technique should allow demonstration of the region for intervention. This chapter covers a selection of orthopaedic procedures involving the distal femur and knee, covering distal femoral plating and LISS plates, tension band wiring of the patella, and cerclage wiring of the patella. Each procedure includes images that demonstrate the position of the C-arm, patient, and surgical equipment, with accompanying radiographs demonstrating the resulting images.

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43

Meyer, Stephen. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040054.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter briefly examines the roots and evolution of working-class manhood. It shows how working-class masculine identity had many roots. The relations of social class, gender, race, and ethnicity influenced and shaped male attitudes, values, and behaviors. Most important, boys becoming men, young men, and adult men fashioned and refashioned their manliness in a variety of all-male settings—such as the workplace. The workplace was central to the forming, nurturing, widening, and deepening of this masculine culture. Generally, this working-class masculine culture has surfaced in two distinct forms—a respectable culture and a rough one. Though analytically quite discrete, these two contradictory forms might result from either personal disposition or social position. Yet they sometimes coexisted with, overlapped with, or blended into each other.

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44

Riley, Nicholas D., and A. Hashemi–Nejad. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: surgical management. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.013024.

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♦ Approximately 10% of juvenile idiopathic arthritis cases will require a surgical procedure♦ Non-operative management aims to prevent deformity, promote normal growth, and maintain function♦ Perioperative problems must be anticipated and managed appropriately♦ Deformity may be treated by soft tissue release and/or osteotomy♦ Synovectomy may be useful if the articular surface is well-preserved♦ Arthrodesis is rarely indicated except in the wrist/hand♦ Arthroplasty is successful in restoring function.

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45

Clarke, Noel W. Metastatic disease in prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0068.

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Metastases are the predominant cause of morbidity and death from prostate cancer (CaP). The tendency for cells to migrate from the primary site, enter the vascular/lymphatic circulation, and implant/grow at secondary sites is the principal discriminator of aggressive form indolent disease. But this process is poorly understood. Cells enter the circulation in increasing number as the disease progresses, impinging on endothelial surfaces, particularly in red bone marrow where they bind and transmigrate, forming early cell colonies. This requires chemo-attractants and nutrients enabling cellular survival. Established metastases thrive independently, disrupting local tissue, as characterized by progressive replacement of red bone marrow and disruption of skeletal architecture. Bone disruption includes massive overstimulation of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, inducing synchronous over-production of abnormal bone and gross osteolysis.

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46

Vince, Kelly, and Jacob Munro. Revision total knee replacement. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.008008.

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♦ Understanding the reason for failure of the original knee replacement is crucial prior to revision♦ The surgery should be a revision and not a repeat of the failed arthroplasty♦ There are eight reasons for failure of original knee replacements which should each be approached individually♦ Unexplained pain relating to a knee replacement requires further investigation before revision surgery can occur♦ Successful revision surgery is performed in three steps – preparation of a tibial surface, the knee in flexion and the knee in extension

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47

Berker, David de. Hair disorders. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0253.

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This chapter discusses inflammatory scalp diseases and hair shedding (telogen effluvium and pattern hair loss). Inflammatory diseases of the scalp can affect all epidermal surfaces or focus upon the follicle, with relative sparing of the interfollicular skin. Eczema and psoriasis are examples of the former; other diseases, such as lichen planopilaris or discoid lupus erythematosus, are examples of the latter. Some follicular diseases, such as the family of diseases based on alopecia areata (alopecia areata (small areas of hair loss), alopecia totalis (whole scalp), and alopecia universalis (whole body)), cause barely visible follicular inflammation which results in hair loss but no scarring. Some patients present with hair shedding or change of hair pattern as their primary complaint, with no scalp disease; this is telogen effluvium. Others present with an altered pattern of scalp hair without conspicuous shedding; this is pattern hair loss.

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48

Tobar, Ximena, and Shannon B. Putman. Viral Gastroenteritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0030.

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Viral gastroenteritis is a diarrheal disease associated with nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal cramping, myalgias, and low-grade fever. Stools are often described as watery, with bouts of diarrhea and emesis that can occur on an hourly basis. Blood or mucus in the stool is suggestive of a bacterial or parasitic process. Additionally, the presence of fecal leukocytes excludes viral infection, as it is suggestive of colonic inflammation. Treatment is mainly supportive with appropriate hydration, including oral rehydration and/or intravenous fluids, being the key intervention. Specific antiviral agents are not available. Prevention and control of spread are important issues for viral gastroenteritis. Hand washing alone may reduce the spread of infection. The use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers and daily disinfection of surfaces with quaternary ammonium wipes has reduced the spread of Norovirus and was found superior to handwashing alone.

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49

Harrison, Mark. Abdomen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198765875.003.0004.

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This chapter describes the anatomy of the abdomen as it applies to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of regions, muscles, functions, blood supply, nerve supply, surface markings, and relations of the abdominal wall and cavity, inguinal region, testis, epididymis and spermatic cord, peritoneum, gastrointestinal tract, liver and biliary tract, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, ureters and bladder, pelvis, prostate, reproductive systems, and genital regions. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.

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50

Nadel, Simon, and Johnny Canlas. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and assessment of meningitis and encephalitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0240.

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Despite advances in antimicrobial therapy, central nervous system infections have a high morbidity and mortality. Most pathogens reach the brain by haematogenous spread following invasion through the mucosal surface of the nasopharynx. The cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory response is responsible for most of the deleterious effects of the infection. Understanding this response has allowed a more rational approach to therapy. Patients may present with non-specific features, especially neonates, infants, post-neurosurgical patients, and the elderly. This chapter will review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis and encephalitis.

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