Дисертації з теми "Mer – Niveau – Effets des vagues"
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Lavaud, Laura. "The contributions of short waves to storm surges in coastal zones." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS007.
Повний текст джерелаStorm surges and associated coastal flooding can result in major catastrophes. Storm surges correspond to a temporary rise in sea level driven by atmospheric pressure gradients, wind and short waves. In particular, the dissipation of short waves in the nearshore drives a mean water level increase, the wave setup, which contributes to storm surges. This PhD thesis examines the contributions of short waves to storm surges, notably the wave setup, in contrasting coastal environments. To that end, the analysis of field data is combined with high-resolution numerical modelling. First, this work investigates the contribution to storm surges of very large storm waves breaking at the inlet of two wave-sheltered environments. The results indicate that the resulting wave setup contributes up to 40% and 23% to the storm surge peak in the Adour Estuary and the Arcachon Lagoon respectively. Second, the dissipation of storm waves and the resulting depth-varying circulation are analysed at a rock shore platform. Two counteracting effects of the high bottom roughness on the wave setup are identified: (1) waves suffer a strong dissipation by bottom friction, which reduces the wave setup compared to a smooth bottom; (2) the wave-induced circulation over a rough bottom enhances the wave setup. Lastly, waves and wave setup dynamics are investigated on a salt marsh. During the studied wind sea event, the halophytic vegetation of the salt marsh accounts for 65% of the wave dissipation, which reduces the wave setup compared to a case without vegetation. New field measurements on salt marshes are needed to explore the effect of wave non-linearities on the wave setup in vegetation fields
Denamiel, Cléa. "Modélisation hydrodynamique 3D en zone pré-littorale : Caractérisation des effets des houles de tempête sur la circulation océanique." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20175.
Повний текст джерелаClassical coastal circulation models can not reproduce the strong measured three-dimensional currents during storm events, especially at the midshelf scale ( -2 m to -90 m depth) for microtidal seas. The aim of this study is to implement a 3D numerical model (RESYFE) which takes into account the swell effects on the circulation. This model couples REF/DIF and Symphonie models following the physics described by Mellor (2003). RESYFE model is first tested on academic cases in order to validate the numerical implementation. Secondly, in order to compare the model results with measurements, simulations are carried out on realistic cases : the storms of november 1999 in the Banyuls Bay, and of february 2004 off the Têt river. Thirdly, application of the model in the Gulf of Aigues-Mortes shows the effects of storms on sedimentary transport modeled according to Soulsby (1997). Finally, an application of the RESYFE model on an ancient (Jurassic) basin shows that this model can confirm the sedimentologic interpretations
Garat, Marie-Hélène. "Etude expérimentale du décollement de l'air à la crête des vagues et de ses effets sur les flux de quantité de mouvement." Aix-Marseille 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX22018.
Повний текст джерелаBoutin, Guillaume. "Interactions vagues-banquise en zones polaires." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0050/document.
Повний текст джерелаSea ice, which covers most of the ocean near the poles, is a key component of the climate system. Global warming is driving its massive melting, especially in the Arctic. Where sea ice cover decreases, fetch increases leading to more energetic sea states. This means potentially enhanced wavesice interactions effects in the future. The quick evolution of sea ice extent and volume combined with the intensification of human activities in polar regions urge us to improve our understanding of waves-ice interactions.Sea ice attenuates waves. They can however propagate through it and break it far into the ice cover. Attenuation depends on ice properties such as floe size, thickness, etc. Once broken, resulting floes are more likely to drift and melt. In addition, wave attenuation yields a force which pushes the floes in the direction of wave propagation.A simplified representation of sea ice, including a floe size distribution, has been incorporated in a wave model.It allows us to show the important contribution of dissipative mechanisms in the wave attenuation, especially those induced by the bending of the ice plates. After validation, the modified wave model is coupled to an ice model. The floe size distribution is exchanged in the coupled framework and used in ice lateral melt computation. The force exerted by the waves on the ice floes is sent from the wave model and is shown to compact sea ice in summer. This reduces the melting and significantly increases the temperature and salinity in the surface ocean close to the ice edge
Kergadallan, Xavier. "Estimation des niveaux marins extrêmes avec et sans l’action des vagues le long du littoral métropolitain." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1102/document.
Повний текст джерелаAccurate knowledge of the statistical distribution of extreme sea levels is of the utmost importance for the characterization of flood risks in coastal areas, with a particular interest devoted to extreme water levels because they may induce the most dramatic consequences. Research was funded by the French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy to identify the risk of flooding from the sea in France. The aim is to provide values on design levels along the French coasts by a statistical method of extreme value analysis. These levels must include the effect of the three following components: tide, meteorological surge and wave set-up. The principle is as follows: an analysis is carried out at the harbours, where seal level observations are available, then the result is interpolated between the harbours. Different approaches are tested. In particularly, the following specific items are studied:- the tide surge dependence, with two different types of dependence: a temporal dependence and an amplitude dependence;- the interpolation method: with the comparison of a site-by-site analysis (SSA) with a Regional Frequency Analysis (RFA), and a 1-D with a 2-D interpolation;- the estimation of the wave set-up, based on the state of art of parametric formula;- the surge wave dependence, with the bivariate laws of extreme values. The final result is two profiles of the 100-year water level: one for the still water level (tide and meteorological surge), and the other for the sea level with the wave set-up. The highest sea levels are located, for the English Channel and Atlantic coasts at the Saint-Michel-bay (because of the tide), and for the Mediterranean coast around Marseille. The analysis shows that the temporal tide surge dependence has no effect on the estimation of the sea level extreme values. In contrast, the model of the amplitude tide surge dependence shows some interesting results for few harbours. In comparison with the SSA, the RFA tends to smooth the result. RFA estimates are higher along the Mediterranean coast, and similarly along the English Channel and Atlantic coasts. RFA would be recommended for estimating return levels out of the SSA validity domain. Because of the small number of observation sites, a 1-D interpolation, along a smoothed coastline, is preferred. The wave set-up is calculated with the formula of Dean and Walton [2009].The surge wave dependence is medium along the Mediterranean coast. Variations of the dependence factor are more important along the English Channel and the Atlantic coasts, with a maximum at the bay of the Seine and some minima at the bay of Saint-Michel and Calais. Some ideas are provided to perform the methodology for further work
Le, Cozannet Gonéri. "Les conséquences de l'élévation du niveau marin pour le recul du trait de côte." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H036/document.
Повний текст джерелаTo which extent does present day sea-level rise affect shoreline changes? This question remains largely open due to the lack of knowledge and data regarding coastal hydrosedimentary processes and relative sea-level changes (i.e., including vertical ground motions). This PhD Thesis first addresses the question of measuring relative sea-level changes using a combination of geodetic data, including satellite-radar interferometry and permanent GPS stations. Then, it examines the case of coasts that experienced sea-level changes significantly different from the global average over the last 50 years. In the case of atoll islands of French Polynesia, the available data illustrate the major role of southern, trade and cyclonic waves in controlling shoreline changes. For some sheltered coasts, waves are suspected to combine with sea-level rise to favour shoreline retreat. In the case of the European coastal database Eurosion, about 17 000 coastal observations are available and have been analysed using a Bayesian network. Here, part of the spatial variability of shoreline changes can be explained by the fact that Fennoscandian coasts are not only accreting, but also uplifting due to the post-glacial rebound. Overall, these results suggest that it is still too early to observe obvious effects of climate-induced sea-level rise. A probabilistic analysis of the coastal sedimentary equation shows that under common assumptions on hydrosedimentary processes, sea-level rise impacts for beaches should become observable during the second half of the 21st century, if the efforts to maintain climate warming below the 2 C threshold fail. Finally, this PhD thesis offers opportunities for stimulating future research in the field of mathematics applied to the question of climate change and sea-level rise impacts to coastal zones
Gervais, Mathieu. "Impacts morphologiques des surcotes et vagues de tempêtes sur le littoral méditerranéen." Perpignan, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PERP1153.
Повний текст джерелаThis work investigates the main morphodynamic processes that occur during storms on a microtidal barred beach (including erosion, flooding), typically influenced by an irregular stormy- wave climate. The overriding question is to define the more important settings involved in the (rapid) morphological response of the beach and shoreface. New regional historical analyses demonstrate the principal influence of storm wave height, determining impact levels (importance of run-up elevation). Big storm events are significantly involved in offshore migration of nearshore bars (N. O. M. Cycles). A large fieldwork campaign was conducted at the Lido of Sète in the Gulf of Lions. More than 20 pre- and post-storm surveys show the respective part of hydrodynamic conditions and steady morphological difference in term of nearshore bar which are either longshore uniform or rhythmic (due to NOM) over 4. Storms quickly modify the nearshore bar (and rhythmic patterns), and relocate large volume of sub-water sand, with a significant role of the wave direction and longshore currents. An intensive hydrodynamic campaign and a numerical circulation model clearly demonstrate the direct influence of bar patterns on surf zone currents in addition to wave settings. A new video monitoring during a storm group introduce the progressive but highly dynamic 3D-morphological change and longshore displacement of bar pattern at storm peak. During storm, bar irregularities have a large effect on sub-aerial beach impact. The predominant role of morphological feedback and inherited morphology (e. G. : pre-storm bar wavelength) is clearly demonstrated and constitutes the leading improvement of this work
Joseph, Vincent. "Stéroïdes et activité chemoréflexe : études fonctionnelles, neurochimiques et moléculaires chez le rat adulte et prépubère élevé au niveau de la mer ou en haute altitude." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10234.
Повний текст джерелаBrunel, Cédric. "Évolution séculaire de l'avant côte de la méditerranée Française, impact de l'élévation du niveau de la mer et des tempêtes." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00511971.
Повний текст джерелаRétif, Fabien. "Modélisation du niveau instantané de la mer en conditions paroxysmales : Caractérisation des contributions à différentes échelles de temps et d’espace." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS126/document.
Повний текст джерелаTropical storms are the main engine of extreme water levels due to strong winds, abundant rainfalls and strong waves attached to these events. The western North Pacific ocean is one of places where these tropical storms (called typhoon in this area) are the most violent in the world exceeding 95 knots of wind speed (175 km/h). The island of Taiwan is located on the most of typhoons tracks which come from the western North Pacific. Every year, three or four typhoons strike Taiwan directly and around twenty pass near it. The quantification of instantaneous water levels variations is still studied by active researches. The identification of physical processes that can become dominant on water level during extreme conditions is crucial for the management and the protection of coastal areas.These PhD works, based on a numerical approach, allow to discuss the fondamental regional hydrodynamic mechanisms which control the sea surface elevation along the sandy barrier of Wan-Tzu-Liao located south-western Taiwan.We used the 3D circulation model SYMPHONIE and the wave model WAVEWATCH III to study the mousson season 2011 and the typhoon season 2012 on an area extending 600 km off Taiwan island. These simulations deal with most of the oceanographical forcings playing a role in the sea surface elevation at the coast : winds, air/sea fluxes, astronomical tides, regional circulation, rivers and waves. The coupling between waves and currents is fully in 3D and the two models share the same computational grid. Moreover, in the framework of the KUNSHEN project, a raft of devices were set in front of the Wan-Tzu Liao barrier from october 2011 to november 2012 along a cross-shore section. The full simulation of water level describes the storm surges generated by typhoons with errors of 0.1 m. With the aim to analyse hydrodynamic mechanisms, we performed a set of mono-forcing simulation that isolate each meteo-marine parameter. Their analysis show that astronomical tide is the dominant forcing (~1 m) followed by the regional circulation (0.5-0.7m) and the meteorological conditions (0.2-0.3 m). This zone displays a very strong dissipative feature that conducts to a very low waves contribution on the sea surface elevation (< 0.1 m). They display also a low contribution of rivers around Taiwan (< 0.1 m)
Ullmann, Albin. "Surcotes dans le Golfe du Lion et conditions atmosphériques : variabilité contemporaine et future (1905-2100)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00305449.
Повний текст джерелаPouvreau, Nicolas. "Trois cents ans de mesures marégraphiques en France : outils, méthodes et tendances des composantes du niveau de la mer au port de Brest." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00353660.
Повний текст джерелаCette évolution aura un impact sur les populations côtières et sera à l'origine de risques naturels accrus.
Ainsi les composantes du niveau marin font l'objet de nombreux travaux scientifiques d'autant qu'ils font partie des meilleurs indicateurs pour évaluer le réchauffement climatique. Les études montrent qu'il faut disposer de séries temporelles de mesures supérieures à 60 ans pour estimer des tendances fiables sur les composantes du niveau marin. L'observation et la reconstitution des fluctuations de ce niveau sur les derniers siècles s'inscrivent au coeur des grands programmes de recherche sur le réchauffement planétaire.
Ces estimations masquent une grande variabilité d'une région à une autre. Qu'en est-il pour la côte atlantique française ? Le niveau moyen de la mer a-t-il évolué ? Quand ? De combien ? Autant de questions auxquelles nous allons tenter de répondre dans la partie II avec la série marégraphique de Brest, observatoire exceptionnel où des mesures systématiques du niveau de la mer sont réalisées depuis 1679 !
Mais avant cela, il était nécessaire de rechercher toutes les données anciennes de marégraphie potentiellement encore en archives, et dont la validation devait se révéler difficile. La partie I traite alors de l'évolution des méthodes d'observation du niveau marin en France, préalable indispensable au ciblage de nos recherches de mesures anciennes, d'une part, et donnée fondamentale pour compléter les séries d'observations contemporaines par les mesures anciennes retrouvées, d'autre part.
Nahon, Alphonse. "Évolution morphologique actuelle d'une flèche littorale holocène : le Cap Ferret, à l'embouchure du Bassin d'Arcachon." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0182/document.
Повний текст джерелаLow rates of global sea level rise have allowed the Cap Ferret coastal barrier-spit to develop since about 3 000 years ago. Over the last 250 years, navigation charts attest of a significant instability of the distal end of the spit, to which the present study aims to provide a physical explanation. First, the crossing of cartographic data with meteoceanic data reveals a strong relationship of the spit-end behaviour with, on the one hand, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and, on the other hand, decadal to multidecadal variations in the rate of sea level rise in the Northeast Atlantic. Underlying processes were then investigated using a numerical model for sediment transport. Finally, the chronic erosion of the spit between 1986 and 2016, as well as the evolution mechanisms of the oceanic beach of the spit-end are described and quantified by means of topographic data. Locally, these results support the role of climate in the ongoing erosion of the spit-end. From a wider perspective, this study brings new insigths on the processes controling the evolution of Holocene barrier systems, in the present context of an accelerating sea level rise
Nicolle, Amandine. "Modélisation des marées et des surcotes dans les Pertuis Charentais." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00113552.
Повний текст джерелаMeurisse, Murielle. "Enregistrement haute résolution des massifs dunaires Manche, mer du Nord et Atlantique : le rôle des tempêtes." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-347.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAbessolo, Ondoa Grégoire. "Réponse des plages sableuses d'Afrique de l'Ouest, golfe de Guinée, face au forçage multi-échelle." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30029.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis presents a multi-scale investigation of the role of waves, sea level and human settlements to understand long-term coastal evolution of the 400-km long sandy Bight of Benin coast (Gulf of Guinea, West Africa). Coastal morphology and its ocean drivers are monitored using local shore-based video camera and regional satellite remote sensing. New video developpements show the potential of video camera in sensing daily beach profile, waves and sea level at the coast. The results reveal the dominant influence of waves on shoreline variability at the event (daily) and seasonal scales, whereas at the intraseasonal and interannual scales, the shoreline is dominantly modulated by sea level changes. Over longer periods (decades), anthropogenic influence, such as deep water harbours and the reduction of sediment river (such as Volta and Niger) discharge due to dams significantly alter sediment transport, creating several erosion zones. These observations over the long term are satisfactorily reproduced by the implemented shoreline model, specially in the vicinity of the harbors, and allows to estimate, for example, the amount of sediment nourishment necessary to limit erosion downstream of Lagos harbor. Beside their fundamental interest, these results put strong basis to improve regional coastal policies
Nguyen, Dang-Trinh. "Stabilité et franchissement des digues maritimes." Thesis, Le Havre, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LEHA0011/document.
Повний текст джерелаTo protect the devastation on coastal maritime, the slope breakwater are mostly used. The possible malfunctions of this type of slope structure are the damage on armor layer leading to the rupture of the entire structure and the exceeding the safety criterion of overtopping discharge. One of the most used, the semi-empirical model of Van der Meer (1987), has been developed to describe the conditions of stability of armor breakwater under wave attack. This model is unable to accurately describe the influence of the real core’s permeability on the stability of the armor layer. Besides, for a sea dike, an increasing of water level accompanied by intensive swell will lead to the risks of more breakage and wave overtopping than those anticipated in the design of the structure. In the first physical model study of a rubble mound breakwater, we research the empirical relation between the parameter P used in the model VdM and real permeability Ks of porous medium constituting the core layer by two approaches. The second physical model of concrete breakwater is to study the different reinforcement solutions to strengthen the existing sea dikes which face to face the rise in the level of seas and oceans due to climate change. We validate the classical models of prediction for the initial scenario of sea level and propose the modifications of existing formulations in the scenarios of sea elevation from the points of view of damage and overtopping
Gemenne, François. "Environmental changes and migration flows : normative frameworks and policy responses." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0015.
Повний текст джерелаMassive population displacements are regularly forecast as one of the most dramatic consequences of climate change. The thesis shows that such an approch is overly deterministic, and argues that patterns of migration flows depend primarily on policy responses. In a constructivist approah, the research contends that the very conceptualisation of environmental migration, as a political construct, is contingent upon the normative frameworks and policy responses that aim to address it. These frameworks and responses are examined in two policy areas: migration policies and environmental policies. Two empirical studies, in New Orleans and Tuvalu, complement the analysis
Mulot, Vanessa. "Les submersions marines : nouveaux enjeux, nouvelles pratiques juridiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1012.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis, registered in October 2009, has been effected by recent revents; the floods that were caused by the storm, Xynthia, in February, 2010. Due to the climate change and to the land pressure still stronger on the coast, the vulnerability of the human activities in the flooding will only increase, according to the rise of the marine level. The legal tools thus have to be renewed: they have not only to guarantee the stop of the urbanization on the vulnerable zones of the coast, but they also have to accompany the relocation of some properties or activities already threatened by associating public actors and insurers. Today, the necessary anticipation has to allow to think in a participative way about the notions of solidarity, equity, and also the acceptability of the solutions to be implemented in the future. This thesis concerns the implementation of legal and insurance means to reduce the vulnerability of the properties and human activities in front of the floodings, and of the means of protection, prevention, and/or adaptation to reduce the human and economic consequences of this risk. The observation of the existing tools and their limits, leads to look for and to propose new innovative legal mechanisms. At the same time, as the question of the role of the public, state or local actors, settles the insurability of this emergent risk and the impact he can have on the financial stakes of the insurers. Actually, the role which the insurers can play in the elaboration of strategies of prevention or mitigation of these risks can become important