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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 5 жовтня 2023

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Sokolova, S. M., G. N. Buzuk, M. Ya Lovkova, and Yu V. Tyutekin. "Membranotropic Compounds and Alkaloid Accumulation in Plants." Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 402, no. 1-6 (May 2005): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10628-005-0075-x.

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Dubinin, Mikhail V., Vyacheslav A. Sharapov, Alena A. Semenova, Lyudmila V. Parfenova, Anna I. Ilzorkina, Ekaterina I. Khoroshavina, Natalia V. Belosludtseva, Sergey V. Gudkov, and Konstantin N. Belosludtsev. "Effect of Modified Levopimaric Acid Diene Adducts on Mitochondrial and Liposome Membranes." Membranes 12, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12090866.

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This paper demonstrates the membranotropic effect of modified levopimaric acid diene adducts on liver mitochondria and lecithin liposomes. We found that the derivatives dose-dependently reduced the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria due to inhibition of the activity of complexes III and IV of the respiratory chain and protonophore action. This was accompanied by a decrease in the membrane potential in the case of organelle energization both by glutamate/malate (complex I substrates) and succinate (complex II substrate). Compounds 1 and 2 reduced the generation of H2O2 by mitochondria, while compound 3 exhibited a pronounced antioxidant effect on glutamate/malate-driven respiration and, on the other hand, caused ROS overproduction when organelles are energized with succinate. All tested compounds exhibited surface-active properties, reducing the fluidity of mitochondrial membranes and contributing to nonspecific permeabilization of the lipid bilayer of mitochondrial membranes and swelling of the organelles. Modified levopimaric acid diene adducts also induced nonspecific permeabilization of unilamellar lecithin liposomes, which confirmed their membranotropic properties. We discuss the mechanisms of action of the tested compounds on the mitochondrial OXPHOS system and the state of the lipid bilayer of membranes, as well as the prospects for the use of new modified levopimaric acid diene adducts in medicine.

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Shabanov, Petr Dmitrievich, Anatoliy Ivanovich Vislobokov, Georgiy Nolianovich Shilov, P. M. Bulay, and A. P. Lugovskii. "Changes in intracellular potentials and ionic currents of the mollusk and activity of Cl--channels under exposure to some inhibitory amino acids and new litium-containing compounds of them." Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 13, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rcf13339-47.

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The Changes of membrane rest potential (RP), action potential (AP), impulse activity (IA) as well as sodium, calcium and potassium ionic currents in neurons of isolated central nervous system of the Planorbarius corneus mollusk (pedal ganglia) under the extracellular action of inhibitory amino acids GABA, glycine and β-alanine and their litium-containing derivatives (LCD) in 0.1, 1 and 5 mM concentrations have been studied using a microelectrode technique. They induced the same dose-dependent and irreversible depolarization of neurons on 2-10 mV accompanied by increase of AP frequency, prolongation of their duration and decrease of summmerized ionic currents (dV/dt). According to degree of depolarization, the drugs were placed in the following range in decreasing activity: compound 3 > compound 2 > compound 1. In identified pedal ganglion neurons (PPed1), compound 3 in contrast to other compounds induced hyperpolarization by 2-10 mV and blocked impulse activity. The amplitude of sodium and calcium channels was decreased by 7-15 %, in the same degree after application of all compounds exposed in concentration of 5 mM. Efflux potassium ionic currents were increased in dose-dependent manner and irreversibly about by 3-7 % assessed on amplitude indexes without changes in kinetic parameters after application of LCD. Therefore, the decrease of ionic current amplitudes was due to both depolarization of neurons and direct action of LCD on ionic channels. Thus, LCD possess membranotropic activity and can modulate functional state of neurons. In the study of chloride channels in cells culture of rat glioma C6 in vitro by patch-clamp method, GABA, glycine, β-alanine and their LCD 10 µM/l activated chloride channels, shifting equiliblium membrane potential of glioma cells from -90… -70 mV to -55... -60 mV. All compounds (transmitters and LCD) were placed in the following range: glycine > GABA > β-alanine and compound 1 > compound 3 > compound 2 according to descending activity. Therefore, the most active compounds activating Cl--channels were glycine and compound 1 (LCD). Glycine was shown to be coagonist GABA receptors and its litium salt possessed significant membranotropic activity.

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Akhmedov, Alan A., Dmitriy N. Shurpik, Zainab R. Latypova, Rustem R. Gamirov, and Ivan I. Stoykov. "Synthetic meroterpenoids based on terpene alcohols: synthesis, self-assembly, and membranotropic properties." Butlerov Communications 63, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-63-7-11.

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Currently, targeted drug delivery is of great interest in the field of medicine. The study of compounds capable of permeating cell membranes is a major problem in this area. The synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds includes the formation of structures with various combinations of pharmacophore fragments and properties. Amphiphilic compounds tend to exhibit membranotropic activity. From this point of view, the modification of natural products, especially terpenoids, is of particular interest. Terpenoid structures are used as membrane anchors in the development of modulators for membrane-integrated proteins or structures for creating nanocontainers. In this paper we synthesized a number of water-soluble amphiphilic meroterpenoids containing a charged pyridinium fragment on the basis of acyclic terpene alcohols. Residue of terpene alcohols – geraniol (monoterpenol), farnesol (sesquiterpenol), and phytol (diterpenol) – were used as the hydrophobic part of the amphiphilic structure. Linear acyclic alcohols are commercially available reagents and have a structure similar to that of polyprenols in archaeal lipids, which made it possible to obtain synthetic lipid-like meroterpenoids capable of self-assembly in aqueous solutions. The charged pyridinium fragment, which is included in numerous natural compounds, was of interest as a polar component. This meroterpenoids are synthetic analogs of archaeal lipids. It was shown that the studied meroterpenoids form nanosized aggregates in aqueous solutions by the method of dynamic light scattering and the Doppler microelectrophoresis method. Turbidimetric titration on model dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles revealed that the synthesized compounds are embedded into the bilayer membrane without destroying it. Self-assembled aggregates of synthesized compounds in water can find application for drug delivery – in the creation of nanocontainers containing membrane anchors capable of interacting with the outer surface of the cell (lipid membrane).

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Logashenko, E. B., I. L. Kuznetsova, E. I. Ryabchikova, V. V. Vlassov, and M. A. Zenkova. "Mechanism of the toxicity of the artificial ribonucleases for the different human cancer cell lines." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 56, no. 2 (2010): 230–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20105602230.

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The ability of artificial ribonucleases to cause in the concentration-dependent manner death of cancer cells has been studied. The cytotoxic activity of artificial ribonucleases is observed at rather low concentration of these compounds (10-5 М). Analysis of the mechanism of artificial ribonucleases citotoxicity revealed that compounds under the study exhibit membranotropic activity in addition to ribonucleases activity found earlier. This activity is responsible for effective penetration of these compounds inside cells. The results obtained show that artificial ribonucleases induce cell death via damage of cells membrane, detachment of plasmalemma and derangement its macromolecular organization. In the case of short-term exposure of cells to the compounds, cells, even with damaged membrane, survive.

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Garaev, T. M., T. V. Grebennikova, V. V. Avdeeva, V. V. Lebedeva, and V. F. Larichev. "Antiviral properties of synthetic histidine derivatives containing membranotropic volumetrical carbocycles in their molecule against SARS-CoV-2 virus <i>in vitro</i>." Problems of Virology 68, no. 1 (March 11, 2023): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-147.

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Introduction. Currently, low molecular-weight compounds are being developed as potential inhibitors of CoVs replication, targeting various stages of the replication cycle, such as major protease inhibitors and nucleoside analogs. Viroporins can be alternative protein targets. The aim of this study is to identify antiviral properties of histidine derivatives with cage substituents in relation to pandemic strain SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Materials and methods. Combination of histidine with aminoadamantane and boron cluster anion [B10H10]2 (compounds IIV) was carried out by classical peptide synthesis. Compound were identified by modern physicochemical methods. Antiviral properties were studied in vitro on a monolayer of Vero E6 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 (alpha strain) with simultaneous administration of compounds and virus. Results. Derivatives of amino acid histidine with carbocycles and boron cluster were synthesized and their antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 was studied in vitro. Histidine derivatives with carbocycles and [B10H10]2 have the ability to suppress virus replication. The solubility of substances in aqueous media can be increased due to formation of hydrochloride or sodium salt. Discussion. 2HCl*H-His-Rim (I) showed some effect of suppressing replication of SARS-CoV-2 at a viral load of 100 doses and concentration 31.2 g/ml. This is explained by the weakly basic properties of compound I. Conclusion. The presented synthetic compounds showed moderate antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. The obtained compounds can be used as model structures for creating new direct-acting drugs against modern strains of coronaviruses.

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Avdeeva, V. V., T. M. Garaev, E. A. Malinina, K. Yu Zhizhin, and N. T. Kuznetsov. "Physiologically Active Compounds Based on Membranotropic Cage Carriers–Derivatives of Adamantane and Polyhedral Boron Clusters (Review)." Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 67, no. 1 (January 2022): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036023622010028.

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Amerkhanova, Syumbelya K., Alexandra D. Voloshina, Alla B. Mirgorodskaya, Anna P. Lyubina, Darya A. Kuznetsova, Rushana A. Kushnazarova, Vasilii A. Mikhailov, and Lucia Ya Zakharova. "Antimicrobial Properties and Cytotoxic Effect of Imidazolium Geminis with Tunable Hydrophobicity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (December 5, 2021): 13148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313148.

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Antimicrobial, membranotropic and cytotoxic properties of dicationic imidazolium surfactants of n-s-n (Im) series with variable length of alkyl group (n = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16) and spacer fragment (s = 2, 3, 4) were explored and compared with monocationic analogues. Their activity against a representative range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and also fungi, is characterized. The relationship between the biological activity and the structural features of these compounds is revealed, with the hydrophobicity emphasized as a key factor. Among dicationic surfactants, decyl derivatives showed highest antimicrobial effect, while for monocationic analogues, the maximum activity is observed in the case of tetradecyl tail. The leading compounds are 2–4 times higher in activity compared to reference antibiotics and prove effective against resistant strains. It has been shown that the antimicrobial effect is not associated with the destruction of the cell membrane, but is due to specific interactions of surfactants and cell components. Importantly, they show strong selectivity for microorganism cells while being of low harm to healthy human cells, with a SI ranging from 30 to 100.

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KUKOVINETS, О. S., R. KH MUDARISOVA, A. A. VAKULSKAYA, and A. R. ISAEVA. "TECHNOLOGY FOR OBTAINING NEW BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PECTIN MATERIALS MODIFIED WITH L-TRIPTOFAN." Fundamental and Applied Problems of Engineering and Technology, no. 4 (2021): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7408-2021-348-4-28-32.

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New polymer complexes of copper (II) were obtained on the basis of apple pectin modified with the amino acid L-tryptophan. The stoichiometry of the complexes formed was determined by spectrophotometric methods, and the stability constants and standard thermodynamic characteristics of the complexation process (Hº; Gº; Sº) were calculated. It was found that the interaction of pectin modified with an amino acid with Cu (II) cations leads to the formation of enthalpy - entropy stabilized metal complex compounds. The IR spectral method showed that the coordination interaction of copper (II) cations with tryptophan-modified pectin involves not only carboxyl groups, but also the hydroxyl functions of the polymer matrix. The obtained polymer metal complexes in the future can be proposed for the production of new generation drugs, which, in addition to the specific properties of the amino acid introduced into the polysaccharide, also have membranotropic, immunomolulatory properties and prolonged action.

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Roman’ko, M. Y. "Biochemical markers of safety of nano-particles of metals on the model of isolated subcultural fractions of eukaryotes." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 8, no. 4 (November 9, 2017): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021787.

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Unique sizes and a high level of bioavailability allow nanoparticles of metals (NPMe) to come into direct contact with biological systems, with infectious agents, toxins, as well as with different chemical compounds and separate cell structures (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids). Other biological effects, including less toxicity than in microscopic substances, require attention to be paid to the study of the potential risk of using nanoparticles of each type in a particular way, therefore scientific support is absolutely necessary in this direction. It is believed that the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials is due to genomic and mutagenic effects, but the mechanical forces of interaction of NPMе with cells, obviously, will change not only cytological but also their metabolic reactions. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the biochemical markers of safety (potential toxicity) of NPMe (Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Co, GFCo, Zn, MnO2) on the model of isolated membrane and cytosolic fractions of eukaryotic test cells of CHO-K1 and U937 lines. Under conditions of preincubation of experimental samples of NPMe at a final concentration of 1 μg/cm3 by the metal with preparations of subcellular fractions of CHO-K1 and U937 (in the final amount of protein 150–200 μg/cm3) for 3 minutes at 37 ± 1 ºС, there was determined the magnitude of membrane ATP-ase and cytosolic LDH-ase activity compared to intact cells ("control"). According to the results of the research, colloidal dispersions of NPAg average size ~30 nm, NPFe ~100 nm, NPCu ~70 nm, and NPMnO2 ~50 nm are safe and biocompatible by their membranotropic effect on subcellular fractions of eukaryotic test cells, as evidenced by an increase in the level of membrane ATPase and cytosolic LDHase of test-cells CHO-K1, and the experimental samples NPCo, NPGFCo and NPZn average size of ~100 nm are membrane-toxic, that is, dangerous. By the nature of the changes in the enzymatic activity of the test cells U937, the discrete dimensions of the membranotropic action of NPAu have been demonstrated: nanoparticles of size ~10 nm caused the inhibition of the membrane Na+,K+-ATPase, and the size of ~30 nm and ~45 nm – its induction; nanoparticles of size ~10, ~20 and ~30 nm induced cytosolic LDHase and the size of ~45 nm – its inhibition relative to the control level of enzymes, so NPAu ~10 and ~45 nm can be considered membrane toxic, and size ~30 nm – safe and biocompatible for eukaryotic cells. Based on the hypothesis about the involvement of metabolism-dependent mechanisms of contact interaction of colloidal dispersions of experimental samples of NPMe with cells through membranotropic properties, the study of their potential danger or biocompatibility in further research can be carried out by determining the intensity of oxidation of the main structural components of biomembranes of cells – lipids and proteins and indicators of their AO-regulation.

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Seba, M. V., M. O. Khomenko, D. K. Nosevych, M. I. Golubev, V. G. Kaplunenko, I. V. Byelinska, and V. K. Rybalchenko. "INFLUENCE OF NEUROTROPIC AND METABOLIC DRUGS ON STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL STATE OF LIPID MATRIX OF THE CELL MEMBRANE." Animal Science and Food Technology 11, no. 3 (December 2020): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/animal2020.03.056.

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Lately, more and more often to stimulate the reproductive function of animals people use biochemical products, which are based on neurotropic and metabolic compounds and trace elements of nanobiotechnological origin. In order to new biotechnical drugs search and development, and more effective and safe combinations of dietary supplements in them, one should know Biochemical mechanisms of membranotropic action of these substances on a cell. Since these substances can lead to physiological changes in the cell and trigger nonspecific toxic effects on the body of animals depending on dose and period of action. The article presents the results of studies on the effects of neurotropic and metabolic drugs on structural and functional state of lipid matrix of the cell membrane. In experiment were used four drugs: hlutam 1-M (Sodium Glutaminate), stymulin (Sodium Glutaminate, Sodium Succinate), nanovulin-VHR (Sodium Glutaminate, Sodium Succinate, Copper Citrate), nanovulin-R (Sodium Glutaminate, Sodium Succinate, L-arginine, Copper Citrate). The main task of the experiment was to investigate the concentration effects and primary mechanisms of membranotropic influence of the components of investigated drugs in the range of physiological concentrations of the active substance on the structural and functional state of the lipid matrix of cell membranes. According to research results, it was found that Sodium Glutaminate, which is part of all the investigational drugs, affects the polarity of the hydrophobic zone of the membrane and increases the polarity of the lipid surround. An application of Sodium glutaminate with Succinate in same drug (stimulin, nanovulin-VHR, nanovulin-R) reduces the destructive effects of Sodium Glutamate on the lipid membrane of cells. Also, it should be noted that Copper Citrate in combination with Glutaminate and Succinate (nanovulin-VHR, nanovolin-R) excludes the membrane-stabilizing and membrane-disruptive effects of their influence on the structure of lipid packing in the bilayer. From the results of the research we can suggest, that aquachelates penetrate the hydrophobic lipid bilayer zone, as evidenced by the total fluorescence quenching of pyrene.

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Bozhkov, A. I., A. A. Bozhkov, I. E. Ponomarenko, N. I. Kurguzova, R. A. Akzhyhitov, A. V. Goltvyanskii, E. M. Klimova, and S. O. Shapovalov. "Elimination of the toxic effect of copper sulfate is accompanied by the normalization of liver function in fibrosis." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 12, no. 4 (October 20, 2021): 655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022190.

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The search for biologically active compounds that regulate liver function in fibrosis is an urgent medical and biological problem. A working hypothesis was tested, according to which low molecular weight biologically active compounds from Pleurotus ostreatus and Sacharamirses cerevisiae are capable of exerting immunomodulatory and antitoxic effects after intoxication of the body with ions of heavy metals, in particular copper sulfate. Elimination of the toxic effect caused by copper sulfate can also ensure the normalization of liver function in various pathologies, in particular with liver fibrosis. When determining toxicity, a study was carried out on Wistar rats, and when studying the effect of low molecular weight biologically active compounds on liver function, clinical trials were carried out on volunteers. The activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, actonitase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as the content of bilirubin and lipid hydroperoxides were determined. It was shown that preliminary administration of biologically active compounds to rats at a dose of 0.05 mL/100 g of body weight provided the formation in some animals (up to 80%) of resistance to the toxic effect of copper sulfate (dose 2.5 mg/100 g of body weight). Such stability is associated with a shift in the balance of “prooxidants-antioxidants” towards antioxidants. The data obtained in the clinic on volunteers with liver fibrosis and hepatitis also testify in favour of the membranotropic action of biologically active compounds. Biologically active compounds provided a decrease or complete restoration of the activity of transferases (ALT and AST) in the blood serum of these patients, with the exception of one patient out of 20 examined. Our experiment has shown the relationship between the elimination of toxicity to the action of copper sulfate and the normalization of liver function in patients. The results obtained indicate that it will be promising to use a complex of low molecular weight components from P. ostreatus and S. cerevisiae as an antidote and hepatoprotective agent.

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Benderskii, N. S., O. M. Kudelina, E. V. Gantsgorn, and A. V. Safronenko. "Fulvic Acid: an Active Food Additive or Medication?" Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin 27, no. 3 (June 18, 2020): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25207/1608-6228-2020-27-3-78-91.

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This review article is devoted to the fundamental task of pharmacology, i.e. the research and discovery of novel medications that render the maximal therapeutic effect at the minimal side consequences to health. Over recent years, the world has witnessed a growing interest towards natural organic compounds on the basis of humic substances (HS), which are broadly applied in animal husbandry, agriculture and veterinary medicine due to a wide spectrum of biologically active properties. The results of chemical and biological trials demonstrate that HS have a great potential for various fields of medicine.Numerous studies have demonstrated the cardioprotective, antioxidant, antitumour, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiallergic, membranotropic, hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of HS. In addition, these substances exhibit a stimulating effect on metabolism, thus enhancing specific and non-specific organismal resistance. Published evidence suggests no toxicity of HS and no inherent teratogenic, embryotoxic, mutagenic or carcinogenic properties.Fulvic acid (FA) belongs to humic acids, a family of HS. In the present study, we review its chemical properties and biological activity from the standpoint of traditional medicine. Understanding biological properties of FA and its usage in novel drug design is a perspective avenue of research in contemporary medicine.Published sources referenced in this review are indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, the Cochrane Library, eLIBRARY, PubMed and other relevant databases.

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Shevchenko, O. G., and S. N. Plyusnina. "The role of interspecies differences in the ratio of choline-containing phospholipid fractions of rodent erythrocytes in response of these cells to the effect of membranotropic compounds." Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 53, no. 4 (July 2017): 298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0022093017040068.

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Zelepuga, Elena A., Alexandra S. Silchenko, Sergey A. Avilov, and Vladimir I. Kalinin. "Structure-Activity Relationships of Holothuroid’s Triterpene Glycosides and Some In Silico Insights Obtained by Molecular Dynamics Study on the Mechanisms of Their Membranolytic Action." Marine Drugs 19, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19110604.

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The article describes the structure-activity relationships (SAR) for a broad series of sea cucumber glycosides on different tumor cell lines and erythrocytes, and an in silico modulation of the interaction of selected glycosides from the sea cucumber Eupentacta fraudatrix with model erythrocyte membranes using full-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The in silico approach revealed that the glycosides bound to the membrane surface mainly through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. The mode of such interactions depends on the aglycone structure, including the side chain structural peculiarities, and varies to a great extent. Two different mechanisms of glycoside/membrane interactions were discovered. The first one was realized through the pore formation (by cucumariosides A1 (40) and A8 (44)), preceded by bonding of the glycosides with membrane sphingomyelin, phospholipids, and cholesterol. Noncovalent intermolecular interactions inside multimolecular membrane complexes and their stoichiometry differed for 40 and 44. The second mechanism was realized by cucumarioside A2 (59) through the formation of phospholipid and cholesterol clusters in the outer and inner membrane leaflets, correspondingly. Noticeably, the glycoside/phospholipid interactions were more favorable compared to the glycoside/cholesterol interactions, but the glycoside possessed an agglomerating action towards the cholesterol molecules from the inner membrane leaflet. In silico simulations of the interactions of cucumarioside A7 (45) with model membrane demonstrated only slight interactions with phospholipid polar heads and the absence of glycoside/cholesterol interactions. This fact correlated well with very low experimental hemolytic activity of this substance. The observed peculiarities of membranotropic action are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data on hemolytic activity of the investigated compounds in vitro.

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Rodríguez-Moraga, Nely, Francisco Ramos-Martín, Sébastien Buchoux, Sonia Rippa, Nicola D’Amelio, and Catherine Sarazin. "The effect of rhamnolipids on fungal membrane models as described by their interactions with phospholipids and sterols: An in silico study." Frontiers in Chemistry 11 (February 21, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2023.1124129.

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Introduction: Rhamnolipids (RLs) are secondary metabolites naturally produced by bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Burkholderia with biosurfactant properties. A specific interest raised from their potential as biocontrol agents for crop culture protection in regard to direct antifungal and elicitor activities. As for other amphiphilic compounds, a direct interaction with membrane lipids has been suggested as the key feature for the perception and subsequent activity of RLs.Methods: Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are used in this work to provide an atomistic description of their interactions with different membranous lipids and focusing on their antifungal properties.Results and discussion: Our results suggest the insertion of RLs into the modelled bilayers just below the plane drawn by lipid phosphate groups, a placement that is effective in promoting significant membrane fluidification of the hydrophobic core. This localization is promoted by the formation of ionic bonds between the carboxylate group of RLs and the amino group of the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or phosphatidylserine (PS) headgroups. Moreover, RL acyl chains adhere to the ergosterol structure, forming a significantly higher number of van der Waals contact with respect to what is observed for phospholipid acyl chains. All these interactions might be essential for the membranotropic-driven biological actions of RLs.

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