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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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1

Lan, Shan Hong, Chuan Lu Wang, Hui Jie Li, Heng Zhang, and Hui Xia Lan. "Study on Aerobic Nitrogen Removal in Double Membrane Bio-Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.923.

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The double membrane bio-reactor was used to treat the simulated wastewater under aerobic conditions, and the aerobic activated sludge system was set as the control. At the beginning of acclimation, COD removal efficiency in double membrane bio-reactor was higher than that of aerobic activated sludge system, but difference between two systems was little in later stage. The ammonia nitrogen removal rate in double membrane bio-reactor was significantly higher than aerobic activated sludge throughout the whole acclimation stage and nitrite concentration in the effluent from double membrane bio-reactor was lower than that of from aerobic activated sludge, while the nitrate concentration was higher. The nitrite was not accumulated in double membrane bio-reactor through the whole process of acclimation, while the accumulation of nitrate happened in aerobic activated sludge system.

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2

Kobayashi, Masumi. "A Development Trend of MBR (Membrane Bio Reactor)." MEMBRANE 43, no. 4 (2018): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.43.161.

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3

Takemura, Kiyokazu, Naoki Ohkuma, Makoto Oonishi, and Kazuhiko Noto. "Application of Membrane to Sewage Treatment System Bio-Reactor." membrane 29, no. 6 (2004): 388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.29.388.

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4

Davies, W. J., M. S. Le, and C. R. Heath. "Intensified activated sludge process with submerged membrane microfiltration." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1998): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0684.

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A pilot bio-reactor based on the Kubota membrane filtration system using screened domestic sewage has shown impressive results. Operating with an average MLSS of 16,000 mg/l and 4.5 hours HRT the bio-reactor produced a very high quality effluent with typical values of 4 mg/l and 5 mg/l for BOD and NH4-N respectively. The sludge age from the bio-reactor was about 45 days. The cost of secondary treatment by membrane bio-reactor (including land and civil costs) starts from 12 p/m3 for a 1.4 Ml/d plant and reduces to 6p/m3 for a 22.5 Ml/d plant based on full treatment up to 3DWF. The corresponding treatment costs by conventional technologies are 13 p/m3 for a 1.4 Ml/d SBC plant and 5 p/m3 for a 22.5 Ml/d FBDA activated sludge plant.

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5

Lubello, C., and R. Gori. "Membrane bio-reactor for textile wastewater treatment plant upgrading." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0091.

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Textile industries carry out several fiber treatments using variable quantities of water, from five to forty times the fiber weight, and consequently generate large volumes of wastewater to be disposed of. Membrane Bio-reactors (MBRs) combine membrane technology with biological reactors for the treatment of wastewater: micro or ultrafiltration membranes are used for solid-liquid separation replacing the secondary settling of the traditional activated sludge system. This paper deals with the possibility of realizing a new section of one existing WWTP (activated sludge+clariflocculation+ozonation) for the treatment of treating textile wastewater to be recycled, equipped with an MBR (76 l/s as design capacity) and running in parallel with the existing one. During a 4-month experimental period, a pilot-scale MBR proved to be very effective for wastewater reclamation. On average, removal efficiency of the pilot plant (93% for COD, and over 99% for total suspended solids) was higher than the WWTP ones. Color was removed as in the WWTP. Anionic surfactants removal of pilot plant was lower than that of the WWTP (90.5 and 93.2% respectively), while the BiAS removal was higher in the pilot plant (98.2 vs. 97.1). At the end cost analysis of the proposed upgrade is reported.

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6

Nuhoglu, Alper, Turgay Pekdemir, Ergun Yildiz, Bulent Keskinler, and Galip Akay. "Drinking water denitrification by a membrane bio-reactor." Water Research 36, no. 5 (March 2002): 1155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00344-x.

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7

Kim, Myeongho, Daihyeon Go та Junho Lee. "막회복률 극대화를 위한 Airlift pump가 결합된 생물막반응조". Journal of the Korean Society of Urban Environment 22, № 4 (31 грудня 2022): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33768/ksue.2022.22.4.287.

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8

Xie, Xian Si, and Ping Shang. "Experimental Study on Non-Backwashing Dynamic Membrane Bio-Reactor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.682.

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Using a DMBR, which consists of two piece of Polyester fabric mini nets and an interactive unit with brushes, to test whether it can relieve membrane fouling and keep the reactors stable operation on a high flux by anti-brushing periodically or not. The results indicated that when the flux was 45L/m2·h, it could operate 28d until the flux decline. And it also showed that an operation by running the interactive unit periodically could remove the dynamic membrane and make the non-backwashing come true. By comparing the amount of bio-film on the nets surface before and after anti-brushing, it proved that anti-brushing had a good cleaning effect to net. In addition to through a detection to the effluent turbidity, it could put 0.5NTU as an important sign to do anti-brushing operation.

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9

Ng, Kok-Kwang, Chien-Ju Wu, Li-Yuan You, Chin-Sheng Kuo, Cheng-Fang Lin, Andy Pui-Kwan Hong, and Ping-Yi Yang. "Bio-entrapped membrane reactor for organic matter removal and membrane fouling reduction." Desalination and Water Treatment 50, no. 1-3 (December 2012): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.708538.

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10

VERGUNOV, Aleksey I. "ORGANIC SORPTION-MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY OF DON WATERS CLEAN." Urban construction and architecture 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2016.02.5.

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Within one year on the water of the river Don were conducted pilot tests of bio-sorptional-membrane installation, allowing to reduce the content of organic substances in drinking water. Thus, reducing the efficiency of COD concentration in the bio-sorptional-membrane reactor averaged 44.8%, the chroma - 59.1%, permanganate oxidation - 31.2%. The high degree of water purification has been obtained and turbidity was 95-96%. The results showed that the bio-sorptional membrane technology is a promising way to improve the process of natural water purification, in particular, to prevent the formation of chlorinated and brominated compounds in the chlorination of water.

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11

Liang, Su Tao, Jin Xi Lu, Jiang Hai Ji, Liang Gao, Hong Wei Li, and Hong Quan Liu. "The Research of Solar Film Reactor Technology Designing." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.150.

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In view of the Membrane Bio-Reactor(MBR)'s common energy consumption and higher operating costs in domestic and overseas, we designed a solar MBR process, the design process is using solar energy to directly carry out the thermal conversion, and complete membrane bioreactor Oxygen demand and membrane pressure process of the work process without motor,blower or water pump. The reactor can make the energy consumption and operation cost greatly reduced, and the operating costs can be reduced by 56% to 78%.

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12

Nagaoka, N., S. Kono, S. Yamanishi, and A. Miya. "Influence of organic loading rate on membrane fouling in membrane separation activated sludge process." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 10-11 (May 1, 2000): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0679.

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A Laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of organic loading rate to a reactor on the bio fouling in a membrane separation activated sludge system. A flat-sheet-type membrane module was used and the change of the pressure and the filtration resistance were measured. Using synthetic substrate, TOC loading rate was set in the range between 0.3 g l–1 day–1 and 1.5g l–1 day–1. Also an experiment on the consolidation characteristics of sludge accumulated on membrane was conducted. A mathematical model was developed to simulate temporal changes of suction pressure, flux and filtration resistance considering accumulation, detachment and consolidation of bacterial extracellular polymers on the membrane surface. A reactor with higher loading rate showed sudden increase of trans-membrane pressure, while a reactor with lower loading rate showed delayed increase of the pressure. The experimental results were simulated well by the developed model.

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13

Liu, En Hua, Li Yang, and He Ying Xu. "Advanced Landfill Leachate Treatment Using the Tubular Membrane Bio-Electro Reactor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 164 (April 2012): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.164.199.

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The paper studied advanced landfill leachate treatment with tubular membrane bio-electro reactor. The results showed that the tubular membrane flux be stability, COD of effluent be 350～650 mg L-1, while COD of feed water is 500～800 mgL-1, and the removal of COD reached 25%～45%.

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14

Lubello, C., and R. Gori. "Membrane bio-reactor for advanced textile wastewater treatment and reuse." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0102.

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Анотація:

Textile wastewater contains slowly- or non-biodegradable organic substances whose removal or transformation calls for advanced tertiary treatments downstream Activated Sludge Treatment Plants (ASTP). This work is focused on the treatment of textile industry wastewater using Membrane Bio-reactor (MBR) technology. An experimental activity was carried out at the Baciacavallo Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) (Prato, Italy) to verify the efficiency of a pilot-scale MBR for the treatment of municipal wastewater, in which textile industry wastewater predominates. In the Baciacavallo WWTP the biological section is followed by a coagulation-flocculation treatment and ozonation. During the 5 months experimental period, the pilot-scale MBR proved to be very effective for wastewater reclamation. On average, removal efficiency of the pilot plant (93% for COD, 96% for ammonium and 99% for total suspended solids) was higher than the WWTP ones. Color was removed as in the WWTP. Anionic surfactants removal of pilot plant and WWTP were very similar (92.5 and 93.3% respectively), while the non-ionic surfactants removal was higher in the pilot plant (99.2 vs. 97.1). In conclusion the MBR technology demonstrated to be effective for textile wastewater reclamation, leading both to an improvement of pollutants removal and to a draw-plate simplification.

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15

Aryal, Rupak, Julie Lebegue, Saravamuthu Vigneswaran, Jaya Kandasamy, and Alain Grasmick. "Identification and characterisation of biofilm formed on membrane bio-reactor." Separation and Purification Technology 67, no. 1 (May 2009): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2009.03.031.

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16

Song, Li Ming, Zi Wang, Lei Chen, Min Zhong, and Zhan Feng Dong. "Treating domestic sewage by Integrated Inclined-Plate-Membrane bio-reactor." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 100 (December 2017): 012122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/100/1/012122.

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17

Künzle, Rahel, Wouter Pronk, Eberhard Morgenroth, and Tove A. Larsen. "An energy-efficient membrane bioreactor for on-site treatment and recovery of wastewater." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 3 (June 11, 2015): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.116.

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The present study describes the development of a new type of aerated membrane bioreactor referred to as a biologically activated membrane bioreactor (BAMBi) for on-site treatment of high-strength wastewater. The treated wastewater is reused for flushing and personal hygiene. BAMBi is an adaptation of a gravity-driven membrane reactor, originally developed for the purpose of treating river water to drinking water quality. Initially, a series of reactor configurations were tested and it was found that the simplest possible configuration could treat the wastewater to an acceptable standard, provided that a polishing step for color removal and disinfection was introduced. A commercial electrolysis unit was utilized for polishing. The energy consumption of BAMBi is 0.8 kWh/m3 of water treated, which can be considered low for an on-site membrane bio reactor application.

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18

KINOUCHI, KOUJI, MASAHIRO KATOH, TOSHIHIDE HORIKAWA, TAKUSHI YOSHIKAWA, and MAMORU WADA. "HYDROGEN PERMEABILITY OF PALLADIUM MEMBRANE FOR STEAM-REFORMING OF BIO-ETHANOL USING THE MEMBRANE REACTOR." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 06 (January 2012): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512002851.

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A Palladium membrane was prepared by electro-less plating method on porous stainless steel. The catalytic hydrogen production by steam-reforming of biomass-derived ethanol (bio-ethanol) using a Pd membrane was analyzed by comparing it with those for the reaction using reagent ethanol (the reference sample). And the hydrogen permeability of the palladium membrane was investigated using the same palladium membrane ( H 2/ He selectivity = 249, at ΔP = 0.10 MPa, 873 K). As a result, for bio-ethanol, deposited carbon had a negative influence on the hydrogen-permeability of the palladium membrane and hydrogen purity. The sulfur content in the bio-ethanol may have promoted carbon deposition. By using a palladium membrane, it was confirmed that H 2 yield (%) was increased. It can be attributed that methane was converted from ethanol and produced more hydrogen by steam reforming, due to the in situ removal of hydrogen from the reaction location.

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19

Biswas, Amit. "Application of membrane bio-reactor for municipal wastewater treatment: A review." Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 9, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 892–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2020.v9.i4m.11832.

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20

Wu, Li. "Membrane Bio-Reactor Process for the Expressway Service Center Wastewater Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2732–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2732.

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A membrane bio-reactor (MBR) process was used as a backbone system to treat the expressway service center wastewater. This paper describes the design of the process as well as the operating results of the system. The design of the process emphasized efficiency, economy, simplicity, reliability, low construction cost and low land requirement. The process was formally put into operation in September, 2011. The eight months operating results of the process demonstrate that the MBR process is both effective and efficient in meeting the water discharge and reuse quality requirements (Chinese national effluent standard (the reuse of urban recycling water - water quality standard for scenic environment use, GB/T 18921-2002).

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21

Chung, Y. J., H. Na Choi, J. B. Cho, and S. K. Park. "Treatment of swine wastewater using MLE process and membrane bio-reactor." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 5-6 (March 1, 2004): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0786.

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The aim of this study was to develop the optimum integrated treatment system for slurry type swine wastewater through field testing. Although composting and liquid composting are the most desirable processes to treat swine wastewater, inadequate composting has been blamed as critical non-point source pollutants. In the area with limited crop land and grass land, the most feasible method to handle slurry type swine wastewater would be that the solids portion from the solids/liquid separation process is treated by composting and then the liquid portion is treated by a series of wastewater treatment processes, including physicochemical treatment system and biological nutrient removal systems such as the modified Ludzack Ettinger (MLE) process and MLE process coupled with a membrane, to satisfy the different effluent criteria. When using the appropriate solids/liquid separation system, the removal efficiency of SS, CODCr, and TKN was 92.4%, 73.6%, and 46.0%, respectively and the amount of bulking agent required for composting and organic loading rate for the following wastewater treatment system can be reduced by 94.8% and 84.7%, respectively. When treating the effluent from solids/liquid separation process by MLE process, the optimal volume fraction for denitrification was 20% of total reactor volume and the optimum ratio of F/M and FN/M were increased with increase of C/N ratio. Since the effluent quality of MLE process is not enough to discharge, the DAF process was operated with addition of FeCl3 and cationic polyelectrolyte. The effluent from the DAF process was treated in the MLE process coupled with a crossflow ultrafiltration membrane to satisfy more stringent effluent criteria. When external carbon source is added to keep 6.0 of C/N ratio, the efficiency of denitrification is best. The optimum linear velocity and transmembrane pressure for MBR process was 1.8m/sec and 2.1atm, respectively. By addition of external carbon source, nitrogen compounds, especially NOx-N, were considerably removed. And by addition of powdered activated carbon, the removal efficiency of CODCr and CODMn and the membrane flux were increased dramatically.

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22

Chu, Huaqiang, Dawen Cao, Bingzhi Dong, and Zhimin Qiang. "Bio-diatomite dynamic membrane reactor for micro-polluted surface water treatment." Water Research 44, no. 5 (March 2010): 1573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.11.006.

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23

Judd, S. J., P. Le-Clech, T. Taha, and Z. F. Cui. "Theoretical and experimental representation of a submerged membrane bio-reactor system." Membrane Technology 2001, no. 135 (July 2001): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-2118(01)80232-9.

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24

Chung, Jinwook, Xiaohao Li, and Bruce E. Rittmann. "Bio-reduction of arsenate using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor." Chemosphere 65, no. 1 (September 2006): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.018.

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25

Marinetti, Mauro, Kar Munirathinam, Carlo Zaffaroni, Bernardino Ciongoli, Ronald Petcher, Nigel Monument, Patrick Kavan, and Majeed Abdulla. "Full-scale Membrane Bio-Reactor Plant Performance and Membrane maintenance for a Refinery Wastewater Treatment." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2016, no. 11 (January 1, 2016): 3368–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864716819707067.

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26

Zhang, Kai Hai, and Bao Zhen Wang. "Improvement of Operational Performance of MBR with the Emphasis on Enhanced N and P Removal by Modification in Design." Advanced Materials Research 777 (September 2013): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.777.296.

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Анотація:

Membrane bio-reactor (MBR) is an innovative and effective wastewater treatment process, which has much more extra advantages than other processes. However, membrane fouling and high operational/maintenance costs are always two important factors that restrict the development of MBR. In order to alleviate membrane fouling, larger aeration rate is usually used, which increases the operational cost and decrease N and P removal efficiencies of MBR. This paper summarizes the pilot scale experimental study on the improvement of operational performance of MBR by its design modification from one cell into three cells with micro-aeration,normal aeration and enhanced aeration conditions respectively with the package of fibrous bio-film carrier and PAC. As the result, the effluent water quality was improved significantly and membrane fouling was alleviated remarkably.

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27

Li, Jian, and Zhen He. "Optimizing the performance of a membrane bio-electrochemical reactor using an anion exchange membrane for wastewater treatment." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 1, no. 3 (2015): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ew00001g.

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28

Ni, C. H., and J. C. T. Lin. "Industrial Wastewater Reclamation for Sustainable Development – Integration of Membrane Bio-Reactor Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.715.

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The Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) technology, a state-of-the-art wastewater treatment process that combines an activated sludge process and membrane filtration, has received worldwide recognition in the past decade. The growing applications of MBR in wastewater treatment processes are attributed to its small space requirement, less sludge generated, automatic operation and excellent improvement on effluent quality for subsequent reclamation and recycling. This paper outlines diverse applications of the MBR technology on industrial wastewater treatment and reclamation for. Meanwhile, remarkable projects in Taiwan from the first submerged MBR installed in 1999 until now are reported. By combining with Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP’s), the effluent quality is not only able to provide for cooling tower make-up but also able to meet a more stringent standards for city water replacement in the manufacturing process. MBR system played a significant role during various industrial development and provided a robust and effective solution for a limiting water resource area such as Taiwan capable of sustainable development. Such practical experience can be served as an important reference for further applying the MBR technology in the industry around the world.

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29

KANG, C., J. HUA, J. LOU, W. LIU, and E. JORDAN. "Bridging the gap between membrane bio-reactor (MBR) pilot and plant studies." Journal of Membrane Science 325, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.09.016.

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30

Liu, Ningyu, Qide Zhang, Gim-Leong Chin, Eng-Hong Ong, Jing Lou, Chang-Wei Kang, Wenjun Liu, and Edward Jordan. "Experimental investigation of hydrodynamic behavior in a real membrane bio-reactor unit." Journal of Membrane Science 353, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2010): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.02.042.

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31

Chung, Jinwook, Robert Nerenberg, and Bruce E. Rittmann. "Bio-reduction of soluble chromate using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor." Water Research 40, no. 8 (May 2006): 1634–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.01.049.

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32

Chu, Huaqiang, Yalei Zhang, Xuefei Zhou, and Bingzhi Dong. "Bio-enhanced powder-activated carbon dynamic membrane reactor for municipal wastewater treatment." Journal of Membrane Science 433 (April 2013): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.01.030.

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33

Hoque, A., T. Miyoshi, K. Kimura, and Y. Watanabe. "Performance of Membrane Bio-Reactor Equipped with Air-Sparged Side-Stream Tubular Membrane: Treatment Efficiency and Membrane Fouling." Separation Science and Technology 47, no. 10 (June 2012): 1455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2011.648784.

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34

Liu, Yen Chun. "The Study of Phenol Wastewater Treatment by Series-Membrane Bioreactor Combine Bio-Reagent." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.257.

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Анотація:

This present research mainly use bio-reagent process to degradation of medium to high strength phenol. To developing high efficiency process, the hollow fiber series-member bioreactor by Bacillus suctilis to treatment of phenol wastewater. The dependence of phenol degradation rate on biomass was studied, in which reciprocal hollow fiber series-member bioreactor. The result indicate the Bacillus suctilis biomass can efficiency of phenol degradation the initial concentration from 500 mg/L to 0 mg/L in bio reactor 75 hrs, and degradation rate is 6.67 mg phenol/L hr.

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35

Ji, Shi Feng, Chun Mei Gao, Hong Yang, Ming Chu, and Chun Feng Wang. "Analysis of Anti-Shock Loading Capacity of Bio-Ferric MBR." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1358.

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By changing influent COD volume loading and dyestuff volume loading of membrane bio-reactor, the anti-shock capacity of traditional MBR and bio-ferric MBR was analyzed comparatively. The experiment results showed: whatever the influent COD volume loading altered, the supernatant and effluent COD in bio-ferric MBR varied less than that in traditional MBR, and the discreteness was smaller which indicated that the reinforcement of bio-ferric sludge could enhance the system stability, and the anti-shock loading of bio-ferric MBR was much better than traditional MBR. While the influence of the influent dyestuff volume loading on dyestuff concentration in supernatant and dyestuff removal efficiency was smaller. The relationship between influent COD volume loading and dyestuff loading and removal volume loading were linear.

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36

Krzeminski, Pawel, Jose Antonio Gil, Arjen F. van Nieuwenhuijzen, Jaap H. J. M. van der Graaf, and Jules B. van Lier. "Flat sheet or hollow fiber - comparison of full-scale membrane bio-reactor configurations." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 42 (2012): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2012.2465.

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37

Liu, Wenjun, John A. Howell, Tom C. Arnot, and J. Ashley Scott. "Extraction-membrane bio-reactor for treating priority pollutants in the presence of inorganics." Membrane Technology 2001, no. 133 (May 2001): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-2118(01)80189-0.

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38

Krzeminski, Pawel, José Antonio Gil, Arjen F. van Nieuwenhuijzen, Jaap H. J. M. van der Graaf, and Jules B. van Lier. "Flat sheet or hollow fibre — comparison of full-scale membrane bio-reactor configurations." Desalination and Water Treatment 42, no. 1-3 (April 2012): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.682963.

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39

Mannina, Giorgio, Marco Capodici, Alida Cosenza, Daniele Di Trapani, and Gaspare Viviani. "Sequential batch membrane bio-reactor for wastewater treatment: The effect of increased salinity." Bioresource Technology 209 (June 2016): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.122.

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40

Chung, Jinwook, Chang-Hoon Ahn, Zhuo Chen, and Bruce E. Rittmann. "Bio-reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor." Chemosphere 70, no. 3 (January 2008): 516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.016.

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41

Hennebel, Tom, Henri Simoen, Wim De Windt, Marc Verloo, Nico Boon, and Willy Verstraete. "Biocatalytic dechlorination of trichloroethylene with bio-palladium in a pilot-scale membrane reactor." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 102, no. 4 (March 1, 2009): 995–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.22138.

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42

Kim, Hong S., In S. Seo, Youn K. Kim, Ji Y. Kim, Hyo W. Ahn, and In S. Kim. "Full-scale study on dynamic state membrane bio-reactor with modified intermittent aeration." Desalination 202, no. 1-3 (January 2007): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.12.044.

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43

Xia, Siqing, Fohua Zhong, Yanhao Zhang, Haixiang Li, and Xin Yang. "Bio-reduction of nitrate from groundwater using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor." Journal of Environmental Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 2010): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60102-9.

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44

Nagaoka, H., S. Yamanishi, and A. Miya. "Modeling of biofouling by extracellular polymers in a membrane separation activated sludge system." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1998): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0705.

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A Laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to investigate the mechanism of the bio-fouling in the submerged membrane separation activated sludge system. Flat-sheet-type membrane module was used and the change of the pressure and the filtration resistance was measured. Two reactors were operated in parallel to investigate the influence of organic loading rate on the reactor performance. A mathematical model was developed to simulate temporal changes of suction pressure, flux and filtration resistance considering accumulation, detachment and consolidation of EPS on the membrane surface. Parameters in the model were determined so that the calculated results fit to the measured variation curves. The high load reactor (1.5g-TOC L−1 day−1) showed a sudden increase of the pressure and a decrease of flux after 40th days, which could not be recovered even by membrane cleanings, while the low load reactor (0.5g-TOC L−1 day−1) showed little increase of the pressure until 120th days. The measured pattern of the flux, the pressure and the resistance were well explained by the developed model. Using the model, influence of operational parameters, such as organic loading rate, flux and shear stress working on the membrane, on the reactor performance was evaluated. It was concluded that the flux is the most influential parameter and when the flux is more than a critical value, which is as low as 0.1 m day−1, maximum time during which the set flux can be maintained becomes very short.

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45

Chang, I. S., and S. J. Judd. "Domestic wastewater treatment by a submerged MBR (membrane bio-reactor) with enhanced air sparging." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 12 (June 1, 2003): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0640.

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The air sparging technique has been recognised as an effective way to control membrane fouling. However, its application to a submerged MBR (Membrane Bio-Reactor) has not yet been reported. This paper deals with the performances of air sparging on a submerged MBR for wastewater treatment. Two kinds of air sparging techniques were used respectively. First, air is injected into the membrane tube channels so that mixed liquor can circulate in the bioreactor (air-lift mode). Second, a periodic air-jet into the membrane tube is introduced (air-jet mode). Their applicability was evaluated with a series of lab-scale experiments using domestic wastewater. The flux increased from 23 to 33 lm−2h−1 (43% enhancement) when air was injected for the air-lift module. But further increase of flux was not observed as the gas flow increased. The Rc/(Rc+Rf), ratio of cake resistance (Rc) to sum of Rc and Rf (internal fouling resistance), was 23%, indicating that the Rc is not the predominant resistance unlike other MBR studies. It showed that the cake layer was removed sufficiently due to the air injection. Thus, an increase of air flow could not affect the flux performance. The air-jet module suffered from a clogging problem with accumulated sludge inside the lumen. Because the air-jet module has characteristics of dead end filtration, a periodic air-jet was not enough to blast all the accumulated sludge out. But flux was greater than in the air-lift module if the clogging was prevented by an appropriate cleaning regime such as periodical backwashing.

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46

Wang, Mengyuan, and Chunqing Li. "Research of BP Neural Network Based on GA-WOA Algorithm Optimization in MBR Membrane Pollution Simulation." Frontiers in Computing and Intelligent Systems 2, no. 1 (November 23, 2022): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fcis.v2i1.2489.

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For the membrane fouling problem faced by the MBR (Membrane Bio-Reactor) system, an intelligent model is constructed to predict the membrane fouling. The BP neural network has strong self-learning, self-adaptive and generalization capabilities and is widely used in the prediction of MBR membrane pollution, but membrane fouling is a complex dynamic process, which is difficult to simulate accurately by classical mathematical models. Aiming at this problem, the GA-WOA hybrid algorithm was introduced to optimize the BP neural network, and the MBR membrane fouling prediction model was constructed. The simulation results show that the BP neural network model optimized by GA-WOA hybrid algorithm is more suitable and accurate than that optimized by whale optimization algorithm in predicting MBR membrane fouling.

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47

Seo, G. T., S. W. Jang, S. H. Lee, and C. H. Yoon. "The fouling characterization and control in the high concentration PAC membrane bioreactor HCPAC-MBR." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 6-7 (March 1, 2005): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0624.

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This study focuses on the experimental investigation to identify the effect of PAC at high concentrations on the fouling of membranes. A pilot-scale experimental apparatus was installed at a water treatment plant located downstream of Nakdong river basin, Korea. Effluent of rapid sand filter was used as influent of the system, which consists of PAC bio-reactor, submerged membrane module (hollow fiber with pore size 0.1 μm) and air supply facility. PAC was dosed at 40 g/L initially and it was not replaced during the operation period. Suction type filtration was carried out at intervals of 12 min. suction and 3 min. idling. At the initial flux 0.36 m/d, the system could be operated stably for around 90 days at target trans-membrane pressure (TMP) of 40 kPa. Among total resistance of membrane filtration, cake and gel layer resistance, Rc+Rg, was the dominant fraction (more than 90% of the total) to increase the filtration pressure, which means that the filtration resistance could be controlled by the PAC cake layer and then irreversible membrane fouling could be prevented. Three minutes air backwashing every 3 days could extend the operation period to 127 days. Organics were analyzed in terms of molecular weight structure. The influent of the system consists of 15.0% and 74.4% of hydrophobic and hydrophilic natural organic matter (NOM), respectively. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic (electrostatic) interaction was the main factor on fouling of the membrane in the reactor. Hydrophobic fraction decreased slightly in the effluent, which means hydrophobic NOM removal in the reactor by adsorption. Organics accumulated in the membrane were extracted for analysis after a certain period of operation. The fraction of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organics was 41.4% and 38.9%, respectively. On the basis of the experimental results, the hydrophobic organics were the major materials causing the fouling of the membrane, which should be changed to other types of material.

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48

Ramphao, M. C., M. C. Wentzel, G. A. Ekama, and W. V. Alexander. "A comparison of BNR activated sludge systems with membrane and settling tank solid–liquid separation." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 12 (June 1, 2006): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.432.

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Installing membranes for solid–liquid separation into biological nutrient removal (BNR) activated sludge (AS) systems makes a profound difference not only to the design of the membrane bio-reactor (MBR) BNR system itself, but also to the design approach for the whole wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). In multi-zone BNR systems with membranes in the aerobic reactor and fixed volumes for the anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic zones (i.e. fixed volume fractions), the mass fractions can be controlled (within a range) with the inter-reactor recycle ratios. This zone mass fraction flexibility is a significant advantage of MBR BNR systems over BNR systems with secondary settling tanks (SSTs), because it allows changing the mass fractions to optimise biological N and P removal in conformity with influent wastewater characteristics and the effluent N and P concentrations required. For PWWF/ADWF ratios (fq) in the upper range (fq∼2.0), aerobic mass fractions in the lower range (fmaer<0.60) and high (usually raw) wastewater strengths, the indicated mode of operation of MBR BNR systems is as extended aeration WWTPs (no primary settling and long sludge age). However, the volume reduction compared with equivalent BNR systems with SSTs will not be large (40–60%), but the cost of the membranes can be offset against sludge thickening and stabilisation costs. Moving from a flow unbalanced raw wastewater system to a flow balanced (fq=1) low (usually settled) wastewater strength system can double the ADWF capacity of the biological reactor, but the design approach of the WWTP changes away from extended aeration to include primary sludge stabilisation. The cost of primary sludge treatment then has to be offset against the savings of the increased WWTP capacity.

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Li, Chen, Ashanti Sallee, Xiaoyu Zhang, and Sandeep Kumar. "Electrochemical Hydrogenation of Acetone to Produce Isopropanol Using a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Reactor." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 2691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102691.

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Electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH) of acetone is a relatively new method to produce isopropanol. It provides an alternative way of upgrading bio-fuels with less energy consumption and chemical waste as compared to conventional methods. In this paper, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) hardware was used as an electrochemical reactor to hydrogenate acetone to produce isopropanol and diisopropyl ether as a byproduct. High current efficiency (59.7%) and selectivity (>90%) were achieved, while ECH was carried out in mild conditions (65 °C and atmospheric pressure). Various operating parameters were evaluated to determine their effects on the yield of acetone and the overall efficiency of ECH. The results show that an increase in humidity increased the yield of propanol and the efficiency of ECH. The operating temperature and power supply, however, have less effect. The degradation of membranes due to contamination of PEMFC and the mitigation methods were also investigated.

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50

Algieri, Catia, Gerardo Coppola, Debolina Mukherjee, Mahaad Issa Shammas, Vincenza Calabro, Stefano Curcio, and Sudip Chakraborty. "Catalytic Membrane Reactors: The Industrial Applications Perspective." Catalysts 11, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060691.

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Catalytic membrane reactors have been widely used in different production industries around the world. Applying a catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) reduces waste generation from a cleaner process perspective and reduces energy consumption in line with the process intensification strategy. A CMR combines a chemical or biochemical reaction with a membrane separation process in a single unit by improving the performance of the process in terms of conversion and selectivity. The core of the CMR is the membrane which can be polymeric or inorganic depending on the operating conditions of the catalytic process. Besides, the membrane can be inert or catalytically active. The number of studies devoted to applying CMR with higher membrane area per unit volume in multi-phase reactions remains very limited for both catalytic polymeric and inorganic membranes. The various bio-based catalytic membrane system is also used in a different commercial application. The opportunities and advantages offered by applying catalytic membrane reactors to multi-phase systems need to be further explored. In this review, the preparation and the application of inorganic membrane reactors in the different catalytic processes as water gas shift (WGS), Fisher Tropsch synthesis (FTS), selective CO oxidation (CO SeLox), and so on, have been discussed.

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