Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Melbourne (Vic ) Population Growth"

Abstract Aim Pregnancy outcomes in women with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) have traditionally been poor with rates of both maternal and fetal complications greater than that seen in non-SCD populations (Oteng-Ntim et al, 2015). This association has been demonstrated across both low- and high-income countries with no significant correlation to discrepancies in health care (Boafor et al, 2015). Complications associated with pregnancy in SCD include preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), low birth weight, fetal distress in labour, Cesarean section, eclampsia, sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis, infection, postpartum hemorrhage, and perinatal and maternal death. The introduction of prophylactic Red Cell Exchange (RCE) for high-risk SCD patients has seen a significant reduction in SCD-associated morbidity and mortality (Josephson et al, 2007). Limited studies have examined whether prophylactic RCE also translates to improved pregnancy outcomes in the SCD population with mixed conclusions (Asma et al, 2015). Whilst the association between SCD and adverse pregnancy outcomes has been well characterised in large multi-centre retrospective studies internationally, local data of pregnancy outcomes in SCD, particularly in patients receiving regular RCE, is lacking. Method We conducted a retrospective review of pregnancies within the SCD population managed at the Royal Melbourne Hospital between 2001 (date of commencement of regular RCE program) and 2018 to identify pregnancy complications and outcomes. Medical records across two sites (the Royal Melbourne Hospital and the Royal Women's Hospital) were reviewed to identify patient demographics, RCE received, mode and date of delivery, birth weight, fetal and maternal complications, and outcome of pregnancy. Results We identified 10 pregnancies amongst 5 patients with SCD managed during this time. Three patients had HbSS and two HbSC disease. Mean maternal age at time of pregnancy was 27 years. Two patients were receiving regular RCE prior to pregnancy and continued throughout at 3 to 4 week intervals, with a further patient commenced on RCE at 27/40 as per local hospital practice. Of the 3 women receiving regular RCE during pregnancy, all had live births (n=7); 1 via normal vaginal delivery (NVD) and 6 elective Cesarean-section due to cephalopelvic disproportion. Six of these pregnancies were at term, with one induced at 32/40 due to line sepsis as a complication of RCE. Two pregnancies were also complicated by gestational diabetes. Two patients were not managed with regular RCE. The first declined treatment throughout both pregnancies, with pregnancy 1 complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) with delivery via NVD at 37/40, and pregnancy 2 complicated by placental abruption and fetal death in utero (FDIU) at 22/40. Both pregnancies were also complicated by gestational thrombocytopenia. The second patient was on hydroxyurea (HU) at time of conception, initially continued during pregnancy in the setting of normal morphology scans and a rare blood phenotype prohibitive of RCE. HU was subsequently ceased at 27/40 due to the development of IUGR. She was commenced on RCE at 30/40 but suffered placental abruption and FDIU at 34/40. No offspring had a haemoglobinopathy of clinical significance. Conclusion RCE was well-tolerated and associated with good and possibly improved maternal and fetal outcomes in this small cohort of sickle cell patients. Larger studies are required to further characterise the benefit of prophylactic RCE during pregnancy in the SCD population. Disclosures Szer: Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel Support , Research Funding.

Leptospirosis is a human and veterinary illness caused by spirochete bacteria in the genus Leptospira. In symptomatic infection the clinical presentation ranges from non-specific febrile illness to fulminant organ system failure with a high case fatality rate. Leptospires are excreted in the urine of infected mammals with rodents being the main source for human exposures. Leptospires can survive for months in urine-contaminated water and moist soil and humans can acquire infection via direct exposure to urine from infected animals or indirectly though contact with urine-contaminated water and wet soil. While leptospirosis occurs worldwide, it is more common in tropical and sub-tropical climates where it is estimated to cause more than a million illnesses and result in almost 60000 deaths annually. Flood-related leptospirosis outbreaks have been documented in many settings, including Australia, and are expected to increase with climate change. The largest outbreak of human leptospirosis in Australia occurred in 2018 when 84 cases where identified among workers on a berry farm in New South Wales. In 2019 unprecedented clusters of fatal canine leptospirosis occurred in urban areas of Sydney and Melbourne. It is not yet known whether the recent leptospirosis outbreaks among dogs and humans are an aberration or herald a growing threat to public and veterinary health in Australia. A One Health approach is critical to understanding the emergence of leptospirosis in an era of climate change, population growth, changes to agricultural practices, increased travel and urbanisation, both in Australia and abroad.

The consensus of using the compact city as a model for urban sustainable development has inevitably led to governments restricting outer urban expansion as an urban management tool. Urban growth boundaries (UGBs) have become one of the most widely used policy tools to achieve this goal. To evaluate the impact of UGBs on urban sustainable development in Melbourne, Australia, we compare the temporal and spatial changes of population, dwelling density, and growth before and after the implementation of the UGB policy in the Melbourne metropolitan area. The results indicate that, since the implementation of the UGB policy, the urban population, dwelling density, and growth have significantly accelerated; however, nearly half of the new population is located on the urban fringe. Based on the pressure of population growth, the UGB in Melbourne has been adjusted frequently, which has reduced its binding force on urban growth. Herein, we focus on the reasons for amendments to the Melbourne UGB, namely, urban density and the intensity of urban land use and compare the UGB policies of the Melbourne and Portland, Oregon (USA), metropolitan areas. We argue that the state government should restrict urban growth boundaries and increase urban density. At the same time, UGB policy must be coordinated with broader government policy, such as urban land use, urban transportation, and environmental planning, and a mechanism should be established to release land supply in defined areas. In addition, governments should expand public participation in the UGB amendment process and in supporting the implementation of the UGB policy

Northern Psychiatry Research Centre, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Mental health professionals and their patients are increasingly aware of the basic need of all human beings for a source of meaning that is greater than one's self. This growth in awareness is driven by the professional's practical goal of reducing disability from mental disorders and by the heart felt wishes of the suffering for their therapists to recognize of the need for self transcendence. This has resulted in mental health professionals and the general public's growing awareness of the need to foster spirituality and well-being in clinical practice. We now see a groundswell of professional work to focus on the development of health and happiness, rather than merely to fight disease and distress.This presentation will consider the practical necessity to reduce disability, and understanding the science of well-being including the stages of self-awareness on the path to well-being. Considering the interpersonal neurobiology view of well-being. Ultimately discussing the developing of well-being through therapies such as Cloninger's “The happy life- Voyages to well-being” and D'Souza's Evidence based East-West Spiritually Augmented Well-being therapy. seven catalylectic exercises for each day of the week. This allows attention to spirituality based on principles of psychobiology with roots in compassion and tolerance, rather than on the basis of dogmatic judgments that are rooted in fear and intolerance. Thus only by addressing spirituality in a scientific and non judgmental manner can we make psychology and psychiatry into a science of well-being that is able to reduce stigma and disability of psychological disorders

Abstract ContextFeral pigs (Sus scrofa) are an increasing threat to agriculture and ecological communities globally. Although ground rooting is their most readily observable sign, feral pigs typically remain highly cryptic and their abundance and impacts are difficult to quantify. AimsThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of current feral pig population management practices (trapping, baiting, no feral pig management) on feral pig abundance and digging impacts, using a BACI (before–after control–impact) experimental design at a landscape scale. MethodsA monitoring program was established to quantify both the abundance and digging impacts of feral pig populations within a temperate sclerophyll forest landscape using distance sampling. Transects were established across eight drinking water catchments where the whole catchment was the unit of replication for feral pig population management. Monitoring was carried out at 6-monthly intervals for 3 years, with no feral pig population management undertaken in the first year. In total, 367 feral pigs were trapped out of three catchments subject to trapping, and 26 were baited across two catchments subject to baiting with a commercial product (PIGOUT, Animal Control Technologies Australia, Melbourne, Vic., Australia). Three catchments were exempt from feral pig population management for the duration of this study. Key resultsFeral pig density within the overall study site was estimated as 1.127pigskm–2, resulting in 4580diggingskm–2year–1. There was no significant difference in feral pig density estimates observed among population management treatments or the treatment×year interaction term. An overall decrease in feral pig density across all catchments was attributed to extreme temperature and drought conditions experienced during the study. ConclusionsFeral pig populations demonstrate high resilience to current feral pig population management practices in the present study. The annual volume of soil disturbed by the numbers of feral pigs estimated across this study area is comparable to a commercial-scale resource extraction industry. We did not find significant differences in feral pig digging density among dominant vegetation types, but larger digs were associated with swamp vegetation. ImplicationsCurrent levels of feral pig population management did not reduce pig densities across eight catchments in the northern jarrah forest; therefore, more intensive population management is needed.

As growth regions evolve to accommodate the increasing population, they need to develop a wider variety of residential properties to accommodate the varying needs of the residents. As a result, the new accommodation is denser which involves higher embodied water carbon and energy. This research compares the construction differences in metropolitan and growth regions of Melbourne to identify embodied carbon, water, and energy. Representative areas of 25 km2 are selected from both regions. The growth region has 80% of the built area comprised of 2nd generation low-rise residential buildings whereas the prolific construction type in the Metropolitan region is mixed purpose industrial with 30% of the built area comprising of this type. The methodology implies open-source satellite imagery to build a spatial dataset in QGIS. The visual identification of the constructions in the study areas enables to identity the materials used in their construction. The total embodied carbon, water, and energy for the Metropolitan region are 32,895 tonnes, 4192 mL, and 3,694,412 GJ, respectively, whereas in the growth region, the totals are 179,376 tonnes carbon, 2533 mL water, and 2,243,571 GJ. Whilst Metropolitan has a significantly higher overall footprint when this is compared to the population of each region, it is shown that the growth region with its current construction type has a higher embodied carbon, water, and energy per head. The total per head for Metropolitan is 226.7 GJ energy, 257 kL water, and 20 tonnes carbon, whereas in the growth region, the embodied energy, water, and carbon, respectively, per head is 287.4 GJ, 324.6 kL, and 22 tonnes. The current performance per head of the growth region is considerably lower than that of Metropolitan. Using diverse residential construction types and efficient materials can serve the demanding needs of denser populated areas.

Anthropogenic heat release is a key component of the urban heat island. However, it is often excluded from studies of the urban heat island because reliable estimates are not available. This omission is important because anthropogenic heat can contribute up to 4ºC to the urban heat island, and increases heat stress to urban residents. The exclusion of anthropogenic heat means the urban heat island effect on temperatures may be under-estimated. Here we estimate anthropogenic heat for four Australian capital cities (Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide) to inform the management of the urban heat island in a changing climate. Anthropogenic heat release was calculated using 2011 population census data and an inventory of hourly traffic volume, building electricity and gas use. Melbourne had the highest annual daily average anthropogenic heat emissions, which reached 376 W/m2in the city centre during the daytime, while Brisbane’s emissions were 261 W/m2 and Sydney’s were 256W/m2. Adelaide had the lowest emissions, with a daily average of 39 W/m2 in the city centre. Emissions varied within and among the four cities and decreased rapidly with distance from the city centre, to 2 at 20 km from the city in Brisbane, and 15 km in Adelaide. The highest emissions were found in the city centres during working hours. The peak emissions reached in the centre of Melbourne are similar to the peak emissions in London and Tokyo, where anthropogenic heat is a large component of the urban heat island. This indicates that anthropogenic heat could be an important contributor to the urban heat island in Australian capital cities, and needs to be considered in climate adaptation studies. This is an important problem because climate change, combined with an ageing population and urban growth, could double the deaths from heatwaves in Australian cities over the next 40 years.

Abstract Stormwater harvesting for residential and non-residential reuse is an important and crucial aspect to reduce freshwater demand to address climate change, population growth and urbanisation challenges. It is important that freshwater be conserved as much as possible through capturing rainwater and stormwater and using these resources for fit for purpose end uses such as irrigation of public open parks and residential non-potable end uses. The paper describes a methodology for the planning and design of a stormwater harvesting system for park irrigation. The application of suitable models for storage tank capacity and pipe sizing considering peak flows are described. The application of the approach is demonstrated with a local case study for the benefit of wider water professionals engaged in water-sensitive urban design.

Abstract Agricultural land loss is a severe issue that Australia faces, along with many other countries. A myriad of research studies discussed the repercussions and reasons for such land loss, including urban sprawl as the main factor. However, there is a knowledge gap in understanding the impact of dwelling type on farming land reduction. Also, there is an application gap, particularly in the local context. This paper aims to fill these research and practice gaps through a case study using a mixed methodology approach. A quantitative analysis of housing types, their growth and agricultural land area taken up by those different housing types over 18 years was conducted. Thematic analysis of policies, strategies, schemes, and codes relevant to the case study enabled a better understanding of practice gaps. The findings revealed a significant loss of agricultural land. Separate housing was found to be the main culprit due to its more substantial number and area size, thus exhibiting the lack of practical guidelines to prevent their overdevelopment. Findings enabled to identify the opportunities for better practice through government interventions and potential industry alterations. These approaches could contribute to reducing or ending the loss of agricultural ready land within areas observing population growth.

Obesity prevalence is inequitably distributed across geographic areas. Food environments may contribute to health disparities, yet little is known about how food environments are evolving over time and how this may influence dietary intake and weight. This study aimed to analyse intra-city variation in density and healthiness of food outlets between 2008 and 2016 in Melbourne, Australia. Food outlet data were classified by location, type and healthiness. Local government areas (LGAs) were classified into four groups representing distance from the central business district. Residential population estimates for each LGA were used to calculate the density of food outlets per 10,000 residents. Linear mixed models were fitted to estimate the mean density and ratio of ‘healthy’ to ‘unhealthy’ food outlets and food outlet ‘types’ by LGA group over time. The number of food outlets increased at a faster rate than the residential population, driven by an increasing density of both ‘unhealthy’ and ‘healthy’ outlets. Across all years, ratios of ‘unhealthy’ to ‘healthy’ outlets were highest in LGAs located in designated Growth Areas. Melbourne’s metropolitan food environment is saturated by ‘unhealthy’ and ‘less healthy’ food outlets, relative to ‘healthy’ ones. Melbourne’s urban growth areas had the least healthy food environments.

Workspaces and workplaces have changed significantly over the last decade. Facilitated by networking and collaboration tools, there has been a steady concentration of inner-city coworking spaces providing many opportunities for new flexible work arrangements. Driven by sustainability and creative entrepreneurship, coworking spaces are ideal hosting and meeting places to connect creative minds. Despite the growth in inner city coworking spaces, little is known of entrepreneurial needs for coworking models in outer urban city areas, particularly areas that experience rapid population growth. The authors conducted an exploratory study to identify entrepreneurs' coworking needs in a fast-growing outer urban city area in Melbourne, Australia. Drawing on activity theory (AT) as a lens to analyse the data, the study confirms that entrepreneurs in fast-growing outer urban areas have unique coworking needs compared to those in inner-city areas. The study identifies three key requirements that an outer urban coworking model needs to address to support a growing cohort of outer-urban anywhere workers.