Готові списки джерел за темами / Megafaunal extinctions

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Megafaunal extinctions"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Megafaunal extinctions"

1

Marshall, Charles R., Emily L. Lindsey, Natalia A. Villavicencio, and Anthony D. Barnosky. "A Quantitative Model for Distinguishing Between Climate Change, Human Impact, and Their Synergistic Interaction as Drivers of the Late Quaternary Megafaunal Extinctions." Paleontological Society Papers 21 (October 2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600002941.

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A simple quantitative approach is presented for determining the relative importance of climate change and human impact in driving late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions. This method is designed to determine whether climate change or human impact alone can account for these extinctions, or whether both were important, acting independently (additively) and/or synergistically (multiplicatively). This approach is applied to the megafaunal extinction in the Última Esperanza region of southern Chile. In this region, there is a complex pattern of extinction. Records of environmental change include temperature proxies and pollen records that capture the transition from cold grasslands to warmer, moister forests, as well as evidence of initial human arrival. Uncertainty in extinction times and time of human arrival complicates the analysis, as does uncertainty about the size of local human populations, and the nature, strength, and persistence of their impacts through the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. Results of the Ultima Esperanza analysis were equivocal, with evidence for climate- and human-driven extinction, with each operating alone or additively. The results depend on the exact timing of extinctions and human arrival, and assumptions about the kinds of pressures humans put on the megafauna. There was little evidence for positive synergistic effects, while the unexpected possibility of negative synergistic interactions arose in some scenarios. Application of this quantitative approach highlights the need for higher precision dating of the extinctions and human arrival, and provides a platform for sharpening our understanding of these megafaunal extinctions.
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2

Emery-Wetherell, Meaghan M., Brianna K. McHorse, and Edward Byrd Davis. "Spatially explicit analysis sheds new light on the Pleistocene megafaunal extinction in North America." Paleobiology 43, no. 4 (August 29, 2017): 642–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2017.15.

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AbstractThe late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions may have been the first extinctions directly related to human activity, but in North America the close temporal proximity of human arrival and the Younger Dryas climate event has hindered efforts to identify the ultimate extinction cause. Previous work evaluating the roles of climate change and human activity in the North American megafaunal extinction has been stymied by a reliance on geographic binning, yielding contradictory results among researchers. We used a fine-scale geospatial approach in combination with 95 megafaunal last-appearance and 75 human first-appearance radiocarbon dates to evaluate the North American megafaunal extinction. We used kriging to create interpolated first- and last-appearance surfaces from calibrated radiocarbon dates in combination with their geographic autocorrelation. We found substantial evidence for overlap between megafaunal and human populations in many but not all areas, in some cases exceeding 3000 years of predicted overlap. We also found that overlap was highly regional: megafauna had last appearances in Alaska before humans first appeared, but did not have last appearances in the Great Lakes region until several thousand years after the first recorded human appearances. Overlap in the Great Lakes region exceeds uncertainty in radiocarbon measurements or methodological uncertainty and would be even greater with sampling-derived confidence intervals. The kriged maps of last megafaunal occurrence are consistent with climate as a primary driver in some areas, but we cannot eliminate human influence from all regions. The late Pleistocene megafaunal extinction was highly variable in timing and duration of human overlap across the continent, and future analyses should take these regional trends into account.
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3

Beck, Michael W. "On discerning the cause of late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions." Paleobiology 22, no. 1 (1996): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300016043.

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I examine the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions by testing the only extinction model with strong a priori predictions, the blitzkrieg model (Martin 1973; Mosimann and Martin 1975). I first test an assumption of the blitzkrieg and other extinction models that the megafaunal extinctions occurred in the terminal Wisconsin (12-10 Ka). This assumption has been disputed by Grayson (1989, 1991), but I find that both a reanalysis of Grayson's data and an analysis of new reliable data support a terminal Wisconsin extinction.The blitzkrieg model predicts that the ranges of megafauna in North America were constricted as the semicircular front of hunters moved southeastward; hence the extinctions should be time-transgressive from northwest to southeast. I test this prediction in three separate analyses that examine (1) the location of terminal sites for each taxon relative to all their other late Wisconsin fossil sites, (2) the location of terminal sites for each taxon relative to all their other reliably dated late Wisconsin fossil sites, and (3) the spatio-temporal pattern of all the reliably dated terminal Wisconsin sites without regard to taxonomy. The geographic distribution of the megafaunal remains does not support the blitzkrieg hypothesis in any of the three analyses. Moreover, all of the patterns in the data are in a direction opposite to that predicted by the blitzkrieg hypothesis. I examine how these conclusions affect both climatic and predation models, particularly in relation to the testability of other extinction hypotheses.
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4

Metcalf, Jessica L., Chris Turney, Ross Barnett, Fabiana Martin, Sarah C. Bray, Julia T. Vilstrup, Ludovic Orlando, et al. "Synergistic roles of climate warming and human occupation in Patagonian megafaunal extinctions during the Last Deglaciation." Science Advances 2, no. 6 (June 2016): e1501682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501682.

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Анотація:
The causes of Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions (60,000 to 11,650 years ago, hereafter 60 to 11.65 ka) remain contentious, with major phases coinciding with both human arrival and climate change around the world. The Americas provide a unique opportunity to disentangle these factors as human colonization took place over a narrow time frame (~15 to 14.6 ka) but during contrasting temperature trends across each continent. Unfortunately, limited data sets in South America have so far precluded detailed comparison. We analyze genetic and radiocarbon data from 89 and 71 Patagonian megafaunal bones, respectively, more than doubling the high-quality Pleistocene megafaunal radiocarbon data sets from the region. We identify a narrow megafaunal extinction phase 12,280 ± 110 years ago, some 1 to 3 thousand years after initial human presence in the area. Although humans arrived immediately prior to a cold phase, the Antarctic Cold Reversal stadial, megafaunal extinctions did not occur until the stadial finished and the subsequent warming phase commenced some 1 to 3 thousand years later. The increased resolution provided by the Patagonian material reveals that the sequence of climate and extinction events in North and South America were temporally inverted, but in both cases, megafaunal extinctions did not occur until human presence and climate warming coincided. Overall, metapopulation processes involving subpopulation connectivity on a continental scale appear to have been critical for megafaunal species survival of both climate change and human impacts.
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5

Mann, Daniel H., Pamela Groves, Richard E. Reanier, Benjamin V. Gaglioti, Michael L. Kunz, and Beth Shapiro. "Life and extinction of megafauna in the ice-age Arctic." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 46 (November 2, 2015): 14301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516573112.

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Understanding the population dynamics of megafauna that inhabited the mammoth steppe provides insights into the causes of extinctions during both the terminal Pleistocene and today. Our study area is Alaska's North Slope, a place where humans were rare when these extinctions occurred. After developing a statistical approach to remove the age artifacts caused by radiocarbon calibration from a large series of dated megafaunal bones, we compare the temporal patterns of bone abundance with climate records. Megafaunal abundance tracked ice age climate, peaking during transitions from cold to warm periods. These results suggest that a defining characteristic of the mammoth steppe was its temporal instability and imply that regional extinctions followed by population reestablishment from distant refugia were characteristic features of ice-age biogeography at high latitudes. It follows that long-distance dispersal was crucial for the long-term persistence of megafaunal species living in the Arctic. Such dispersal was only possible when their rapidly shifting range lands were geographically interconnected. The end of the last ice age was fatally unique because the geographic ranges of arctic megafauna became permanently fragmented after stable, interglacial climate engendered the spread of peatlands at the same time that rising sea level severed former dispersal routes.
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6

Hixon, Sean W., Kristina G. Douglass, Brooke E. Crowley, Lucien Marie Aimé Rakotozafy, Geoffrey Clark, Atholl Anderson, Simon Haberle, et al. "Late Holocene spread of pastoralism coincides with endemic megafaunal extinction on Madagascar." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1955 (July 21, 2021): 20211204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1204.

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Анотація:
Recently expanded estimates for when humans arrived on Madagascar (up to approximately 10 000 years ago) highlight questions about the causes of the island's relatively late megafaunal extinctions (approximately 2000–500 years ago). Introduced domesticated animals could have contributed to extinctions, but the arrival times and past diets of exotic animals are poorly known. To conduct the first explicit test of the potential for competition between introduced livestock and extinct endemic megafauna in southern and western Madagascar, we generated new radiocarbon and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data from the bone collagen of introduced ungulates (zebu cattle, ovicaprids and bushpigs, n = 66) and endemic megafauna (pygmy hippopotamuses, giant tortoises and elephant birds, n = 68), and combined these data with existing data from endemic megafauna ( n = 282, including giant lemurs). Radiocarbon dates confirm that introduced and endemic herbivores briefly overlapped chronologically in this region between 1000 and 800 calibrated years before present (cal BP). Moreover, stable isotope data suggest that goats, tortoises and hippos had broadly similar diets or exploited similar habitats. These data support the potential for both direct and indirect forms of competition between introduced and endemic herbivores. We argue that competition with introduced herbivores, mediated by opportunistic hunting by humans and exacerbated by environmental change, contributed to the late extinction of endemic megafauna on Madagascar.
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7

Swift, Jillian A., Michael Bunce, Joe Dortch, Kristina Douglass, J. Tyler Faith, James A. Fellows Yates, Judith Field, et al. "Micro Methods for Megafauna: Novel Approaches to Late Quaternary Extinctions and Their Contributions to Faunal Conservation in the Anthropocene." BioScience 69, no. 11 (October 2, 2019): 877–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz105.

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Abstract Drivers of Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions are relevant to modern conservation policy in a world of growing human population density, climate change, and faunal decline. Traditional debates tend toward global solutions, blaming either dramatic climate change or dispersals of Homo sapiens to new regions. Inherent limitations to archaeological and paleontological data sets often require reliance on scant, poorly resolved lines of evidence. However, recent developments in scientific technologies allow for more local, context-specific approaches. In the present article, we highlight how developments in five such methodologies (radiocarbon approaches, stable isotope analysis, ancient DNA, ancient proteomics, microscopy) have helped drive detailed analysis of specific megafaunal species, their particular ecological settings, and responses to new competitors or predators, climate change, and other external phenomena. The detailed case studies of faunal community composition, extinction chronologies, and demographic trends enabled by these methods examine megafaunal extinctions at scales appropriate for practical understanding of threats against particular species in their habitats today.
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8

Onstein, Renske E., William J. Baker, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, Søren Faurby, Leonel Herrera-Alsina, Jens-Christian Svenning, and W. Daniel Kissling. "To adapt or go extinct? The fate of megafaunal palm fruits under past global change." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1880 (June 13, 2018): 20180882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0882.

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Past global change may have forced animal-dispersed plants with megafaunal fruits to adapt or go extinct, but these processes have remained unexplored at broad spatio-temporal scales. Here, we combine phylogenetic, distributional and fruit size data for more than 2500 palm (Arecaceae) species in a time-slice diversification analysis to quantify how extinction and adaptation have changed over deep time. Our results indicate that extinction rates of palms with megafaunal fruits have increased in the New World since the onset of the Quaternary (2.6 million years ago). In contrast, Old World palms show a Quaternary increase in transition rates towards evolving small fruits from megafaunal fruits. We suggest that Quaternary climate oscillations and concurrent habitat fragmentation and defaunation of megafaunal frugivores in the New World have reduced seed dispersal distances and geographical ranges of palms with megafaunal fruits, resulting in their extinction. The increasing adaptation to smaller fruits in the Old World could reflect selection for seed dispersal by ocean-crossing frugivores (e.g. medium-sized birds and bats) to colonize Indo-Pacific islands against a background of Quaternary sea-level fluctuations. Our macro-evolutionary results suggest that megafaunal fruits are increasingly being lost from tropical ecosystems, either due to extinctions or by adapting to smaller fruit sizes.
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9

Pires, Mathias M., Paul L. Koch, Richard A. Fariña, Marcus A. M. de Aguiar, Sérgio F. dos Reis, and Paulo R. Guimarães. "Pleistocene megafaunal interaction networks became more vulnerable after human arrival." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1814 (September 7, 2015): 20151367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1367.

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The end of the Pleistocene was marked by the extinction of almost all large land mammals worldwide except in Africa. Although the debate on Pleistocene extinctions has focused on the roles of climate change and humans, the impact of perturbations depends on properties of ecological communities, such as species composition and the organization of ecological interactions. Here, we combined palaeoecological and ecological data, food-web models and community stability analysis to investigate if differences between Pleistocene and modern mammalian assemblages help us understand why the megafauna died out in the Americas while persisting in Africa. We show Pleistocene and modern assemblages share similar network topology, but differences in richness and body size distributions made Pleistocene communities significantly more vulnerable to the effects of human arrival. The structural changes promoted by humans in Pleistocene networks would have increased the likelihood of unstable dynamics, which may favour extinction cascades in communities facing extrinsic perturbations. Our findings suggest that the basic aspects of the organization of ecological communities may have played an important role in major extinction events in the past. Knowledge of community-level properties and their consequences to dynamics may be critical to understand past and future extinctions.
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10

COMANDINI, ORNELLA, and ANDREA C. RINALDI. "Tracing megafaunal extinctions with dung fungal spores." Mycologist 18, no. 4 (November 2004): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269915x0400401x.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Megafaunal extinctions"

1

Brault, Marc-Olivier. "Asessing the impacts of late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions on global vegetation and climate." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110760.

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Анотація:
The end of the Pleistocene marked a turning point for the Earth system, as climate gradually emerged from millennia of severe glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere. It is widely known that the deglacial climate change then was accompanied by an unprecedented decline in many species of large terrestrial mammals, featuring among others the near-total eradication of the woolly mammoth. Due to a herbivorous diet that involved the grazing of a large number of trees, their extinction is thought to have contributed to the rapid and well-documented expansion of dwarf deciduous trees in Siberia and Beringia, which in turn would have resulted in a significant reduction in surface albedo, leading to an increase in global temperature.In this study, we use the UVic ESCM to simulate various scenarios of the megafaunal extinctions, ranging from the catastrophic to more realistic cases, in order to quantify their potential impact on the climate system, and investigate the associated biogeophysical feedbacks between the growing vegetation and rising temperatures. The more realistic experiments include sensitivity tests based on the timing of extinction, tree clearance ration, and size of habitat, as well as a gradual extinction and a simulation involving free (non-prescribed) atmospheric CO2. Overall, most of the paleoclimate simulations and the sensitivity tests yield results that correspond well with our intuition. For the maximum impact scenario, we obtain a surface albedo increase of 0.006, which translates into a global warming of 0.175°C; these numbers are comparable in magnitude to those in similar studies.
La fin de l'époque du Pléistocène est une étape importante de l'histoire climatique de la Terre. En effet, c'est lors de cette période mouvementée que notre planète s'est pour une ultime fois libérée des conditions glaciales qui perduraient depuis des dizaines de millénaires, et souvent marquées par la présence d'imposante calottes glaciaires dans l'hémisphère nord. Il est bien connu que ce changement climatique fut également accompagné d'un déclin sans précédent de plusieurs espèces de grands mammifères terrestres, y compris une extermination rapide et brutale du mammouth laineux. En raison d'une diète composée en partie de végétaux provenant d'arbres prolifiques durant cette période, il y a de fortes raisons de croire que les ceux-ci auraient pu contribuer au maintien d'une faible densité forestière au sein de leur habitat. Par conséquent, leur extinction aurait contribué à une rapide émergence d'une variété de petits arbres feuillus tant en Sibérie qu'en Béringie, provoquant par la même occasion une réduction considérable de l'albédo de surface, qui à son tour aurait entrainé une augmentation globale de la température.L'objectif visé par cette étude est de quantifier l'impact potentiel qu'aurait pu avoir une extinction majeure de la mégafaune sur le climat de la Terre, par le biais d'une modification de la carte végétale menant à une hausse de la température. Afin d'examiner en détail la rétroaction de processus biogéophysiques à ce changement de température, nous employons le modèle de complexité intermédiaire de l'Université de Victoria (UVic) avec des scénarios plus ou moins réalistes, dont une catastrophe aux proportions exagérées servant à déterminer les limites de que peut offrir le modèle UVic. Parmi les cas plus terre-à-terre figurent quelques tests de sensibilité menés sur des paramètres tels que le taux de déboisement des mammouths, la grandeur de leur habitat, ainsi que l'année de leur extinction. D'autres expériences ayant été menées portent sur un étalement graduel d'un déclin des populations de mégaherbivores, ainsi qu'une simulation laissant libre cours aux échanges de carbone entre l'atmosphère et les autres constituants du système climatique, en autres mots une libre variation du niveau de CO2 dans l'atmosphère.En général, nous obtenons des résultats qui se conforment assez bien avec ceux d'études similaires. Dans le cas d'un scénario catastrophique, nous enregistrons une baisse de l'albédo terrestre équivalent à un peu moins de 0.006, donnant lieu à une hausse de la température se chiffrant à 0.175°C globalement. Quant aux expériences plus réalistes, les résultats en très grande majorité confirment notre intuition.
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2

Pires, Mathias Mistretta. "Redes tróficas do Pleistoceno: estrutura e fragilidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-29052014-111335/.

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A extinção de grandes mamíferos terrestres no final do Pleistoceno (entre 50 e 11 mil anos atrás) é um dos temas mais debatidos em ecologia. A maioria dos estudos sobre as causas das extinções do Pleistoceno tem como foco o papel de fatores externos como mudanças climáticas e a chegada do homem. Entretanto, a forma como uma comunidade ecológica responde a perturbações depende de suas propriedades, como o número e composição de espécies e a forma como essas espécies interagem. O objetivo final dos estudos reunidos nessa tese foi entender como estavam organizadas as interações ecológicas entre os mamíferos do Pleistoceno e o possível papel dessas interações no episódio de extinção da megafauna. Em primeiro lugar adaptei modelos de teias tróficas para reproduzir redes formadas por diferentes tipos de interações entre consumidores e recursos. Em seguida, utilizei esses modelos para reconstruir redes de interação entre predadores e presas da megafauna do Pleistoceno e examinei as propriedades estruturais e dinâmicas dessas redes. Por fim, investiguei uma das possíveis consequências da extinção da megafauna: a perda de serviços de dispersão de sementes. Os resultados aqui apresentados mostram que (i) diferentes tipos de redes de interação entre consumidores e recursos compartilham características estruturais e podem ser reproduzidas por modelos de teias tróficas; (ii) redes de interação entre grandes mamíferos do Pleistoceno estavam, provavelmente, estruturadas de forma similar aos sistemas atuais na África. Entretanto, as comunidades do Pleistoceno seriam especialmente vulneráveis às mudanças estruturais e na dinâmica causadas pela chegada de um predador como o homem; (iii) entre as consequências da extinção do Pleistoceno está a reorganização de outros tipos de rede de interação como as redes de dispersão de sementes. Em conjunto os resultados apresentados aqui enfatizam a importância de considerarmos o possível papel das interações ecológicas em modular os efeitos de perturbações ao estudarmos eventos de extinção
The extinction of large terrestrial mammals during the late Pleistocene (between 50 and 11 kyrs ago) is one of the most debated topics in ecology. Most studies on the causes of Pleistocene extinctions focus on the role of external factors such as climate changes and the arrival of humans. Nevertheless, the way an ecological community responds to perturbations depends on its properties, such as its number of species, species composition and the way these species interact. This thesis encloses studies with the final objective of understanding how ecological interactions between Pleistocene large mammals were organized and the potential role of such interactions in the Pleistocene extinction episode. First, I adapted food-web models to reproduce networks depicting different types of ecological interactions between consumers and resources. Then, I used these models to reconstruct predator-prey interaction networks between Pleistocene large mammals and examined the structural and dynamic properties of these systems. Finally, as an overview of the ecological impacts of Pleistocene extinctions, I discuss one of the possible consequences of the demise of Pleistocene large mammals: the loss of seed-dispersal services. The results presented here show that (i) different types of interaction networks between consumers and resources share structural properties and can be reproduced by food-web models; (ii) interactions between Pleistocene large mammals were most likely structured in a similar way to modern large-mammals assemblages in Africa, but the former were especially vulnerable to the changes in structure and dynamics caused by a newly arriving predator such as humans; (iii) among the consequences of Pleistocene extinctions is the reconfiguration of other types of interaction networks such as seed-dispersal networks. Taken together these findings emphasize how important it is to consider the role of ecological interactions in modulating the effects of perturbations when studying extinctions events
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3

Price, Gilbert J. "Pleistocene palaeoecology of the eastern Darling Downs." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16271/1/Gilbert_Price_Thesis.pdf.

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Several late Pleistocene fossil localities in the Kings Creek catchment, Darling Downs, southeastern Queensland, Australia, were examined in detail to establish an accurate, dated palaeoecological record for the region, and to test human versus climate change megafauna extinction hypotheses. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS 14C) and U/Th dating confirm that the deposits are late Pleistocene in age, but the dates obtained from the two methods are not in agreement. Fluvial depositional accumulation processes in the catchment reflect both high-energy channel and low-energy episodic overbank deposition. The most striking taphonomic observations for vertebrates in the deposits include: 1) low representation of post-cranial elements; 2) high degree of bone breakage; 3) variable abrasion but most identifiable bone elements with low to moderate degree of abrasion; 4) low rates of bone weathering; 5) low degree of carnivore bone modification; and 6) low degree of articulated or associated specimens. Collectively, those data suggest that the material was transported into the deposit from the surrounding proximal floodplain and that the assemblages reflect hydraulic sorting. A multifaceted palaeoecological investigation revealed significant habitat change between superposed assemblages of site QML796. The basal fossiliferous unit contained species that indicate the presence of a mosaic of habitats including riparian vegetation, vine thickets, scrubland, open and closed woodlands, and open grasslands during the late Pleistocene. Those woody and scrubby habitats contracted over the period of deposition so that by the time of deposition of the youngest horizon, the creek sampled a more open type environment. Sequential faunal horizons show a step-wise decrease in taxonomic diversity that cannot be explained by sampling or taphonomic bias. The decreasing diversity includes loss of some, but not all, megafauna and is consistent with a progressive local loss of megafauna in the catchment over an extended interval of time. Collectively, those data are consistent with a climatic cause of megafauna extinction, and no specific evidence was found to support human involvement in the local extinctions. Better dating of the deposits is critically important, as a secure chronology would have significant implications regarding the continent-wide extinction of the Australian megafauna.
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4

Price, Gilbert J. "Pleistocene palaeoecology of the eastern Darling Downs." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16271/.

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Анотація:
Several late Pleistocene fossil localities in the Kings Creek catchment, Darling Downs, southeastern Queensland, Australia, were examined in detail to establish an accurate, dated palaeoecological record for the region, and to test human versus climate change megafauna extinction hypotheses. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS 14C) and U/Th dating confirm that the deposits are late Pleistocene in age, but the dates obtained from the two methods are not in agreement. Fluvial depositional accumulation processes in the catchment reflect both high-energy channel and low-energy episodic overbank deposition. The most striking taphonomic observations for vertebrates in the deposits include: 1) low representation of post-cranial elements; 2) high degree of bone breakage; 3) variable abrasion but most identifiable bone elements with low to moderate degree of abrasion; 4) low rates of bone weathering; 5) low degree of carnivore bone modification; and 6) low degree of articulated or associated specimens. Collectively, those data suggest that the material was transported into the deposit from the surrounding proximal floodplain and that the assemblages reflect hydraulic sorting. A multifaceted palaeoecological investigation revealed significant habitat change between superposed assemblages of site QML796. The basal fossiliferous unit contained species that indicate the presence of a mosaic of habitats including riparian vegetation, vine thickets, scrubland, open and closed woodlands, and open grasslands during the late Pleistocene. Those woody and scrubby habitats contracted over the period of deposition so that by the time of deposition of the youngest horizon, the creek sampled a more open type environment. Sequential faunal horizons show a step-wise decrease in taxonomic diversity that cannot be explained by sampling or taphonomic bias. The decreasing diversity includes loss of some, but not all, megafauna and is consistent with a progressive local loss of megafauna in the catchment over an extended interval of time. Collectively, those data are consistent with a climatic cause of megafauna extinction, and no specific evidence was found to support human involvement in the local extinctions. Better dating of the deposits is critically important, as a secure chronology would have significant implications regarding the continent-wide extinction of the Australian megafauna.
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5

Rawlence, Nicolas James. "Palaeoecology and population demographics of the extinct New Zealand moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes)." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/65401.

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The cause(s) of the worldwide Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions and their effects on modern ecosystems has been debated by the scientific community since the widespread discovery of megafaunal fossils in the nineteenth century. New Zealand is a good case study because of its geographical isolation, resulting in the late colonisation of New Zealand by Polynesians in about 1280 AD. The subsequent extinction of New Zealand’s megafauna, including the moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes), took place at a time of relative climatic stability, and is thought to be due to over-hunting and habitat destruction. The aim of this thesis, using moa as a case study, is to conduct a detailed examination of a megafaunal palaeoecosystem prior to the introduction of humans. In this thesis, Chapter One reviews the literature concerning the causes and consequences of the Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions; the evolution of moa; New Zealand ecology; ancient DNA and its applications; and coalescent theory. The aims and structure of the thesis is then outlined. To investigate the New Zealand palaeoecosystem using moa, it is first necessary to examine the quality of the recent moa fossil record. This is especially important because specimens used in temporal population demographic analyses need to be interpreted in the correct depositional context and timeframe. There have been a number of theories proposed to explain the deposition mechanisms of swamp deposits, or, more correctly, miring bone deposits, including large floods and stampeding during wildfires. Chapter Two discusses the taphonomy of three different New Zealand swamp deposits that were reconstructed using a novel ARC-GIS methodology specifically designed for this study. It concludes that the reconstructions are consistent with noncatastrophic periodic miring of individual moa. To gain an insight into the faunal composition of North Canterbury, New Zealand in the Late Glacial period (10,000-14,000 years ago), and how moa responded to climate and habitat change, I led a team that re-excavated the Late Glacial Glencrieff miring bone deposit and reconstructed the palaeofauna. The analysis presented in Chapter Three shows the Glencrieff fauna was a characteristic glacial fauna, despite extensive climatic and habitat change during this period. A new opportunity to examine moa palaeoecology has been presented by the discovery of moa coprolites. Previous reconstructions of moa diet have concluded that moa were predominantly browsers of trees and shrubs. There is considerable debate over the role of moa in the evolution of ‘anti-browsing’ growth characteristics found in many of the New Zealand flora. Chapter Four discusses the analysis of newly discovered coprolite deposits and subsequent reconstructions of moa diet. The results challenge historical perceptions of moa diet, showing there was considerable overlap in dietary preferences between different moa species, despite differences in skull and bill morphology, with the majority of plants eaten being less than 30 cm in height. In addition, plants with ‘anti-browsing’ growth characteristics were found in the coprolites, consistent with the moa anti-browsing hypothesis. To further study moa ecology I led a genetic investigation of moa appearance using moa feathers. The current knowledge of moa plumage is limited because the majority of moa feathers are recovered as isolated specimens in caves and rockshelters, and cannot be related to specific species. In Chapter Five, ancient DNA (aDNA) is extracted from isolated sub-fossil feathers and used to identify species. Digital techniques used to reconstruct moa plumage indicate that four species of moa were characterised by either a plain brown slightly streaky plumage or a speckled plumage, with considerable overlap in plumage between species. The overlap may be due to convergent evolution of feather colour for camouflage against aerial predators as observed in many other New Zealand bird species, for example kiwi (Apteryx spp.), kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), kea (Nestor notabilis), takahe (Porphyrio hochstetteri) and weka (Gallirallus australis). In Chapters Six and Seven I analyse how moa species have responded to changes in climate and habitat since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 29-19 Kya in New Zealand). Ancient DNA and fossil records are used to examine the responses of the extinct crested moa (Pachyornis australis) and heavy-footed moa (Pachyornis elephantopus) to climate and habitat change. I show that crested moa tracked changes in its sub-alpine habitat since the LGM due to warming climate with little effect on population size. Concurrently, climate and habitat change promoted phylogeographic structuring and allometric size variation within heavy-footed moa. Importantly, while climate and habitat change had an effect on moa, it did not cause their ultimate extinction. Chapter Eight further investigates the temporal population demographic methods used in Chapters Six and Seven. I discuss how sampling biases common to most aDNA datasets affect the robustness of the Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP), a commonly used analytical method for inferring the past population demographic history of species or populations. The analyses indicate that sampling biases produced large variations in the BSP of Beringian Steppe Bison and Pachyornis moa, when the datasets were re-examined and re-sampled to simulate sampling biases. Importantly, this reveals the BSP may not accurately reflect the true demographic history of a species or population when analysing contemporary genetic data alone. Finally, the thesis concludes with a discussion drawing together, and interpreting the outcomes and significance of the research and argues that the results of this research represent a significant addition to our present knowledge of the pre-human New Zealand megafaunal palaeoecosystem.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2010
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Louys, Julien School of Biological Earth &amp Environmental Science UNSW. "Ecology and extinction of Southeast Asia’s Megafauna." 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43885.

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The Quaternary megafauna of Southeast Asia are among the world’s poorest known. Throughout the Pleistocene, continental collisions, active volcanic systems and fluctuations in sea level have had dramatic effects on the region's geography, from southern China to Indonesia. Many Southeast Asian megafauna experienced geographical range reduction or complete extinction during that interval. This thesis explores the relative influence of environmental change and human interaction in these extinctions. There is currently no direct evidence to suggest that humans had a negative impact on Southeast Asian megafauna until the Holocene. Rather, extinctions and geographical range reduction experienced by megafauna are likely to have resulted from of loss of suitable habitats, in particular the loss of more open habitats. Environmental change throughout the Pleistocene of Southeast Asia is reconstructed on the basis of discriminant functions analysis of megafauna from twenty-seven Southeast Asian Quaternary sites, as well as Gongwangling, an early Pleistocene hominin site previously interpreted as paleoarctic. The discriminant functions were defined on the basis of species lists drawn from modern Asian nature reserves and national parks, and were analysed using both taxonomic and phylogeny-free variables. Biases present in these species lists were mitigated against using a range of multivariate techniques. The reconstructions show that Pleistocene environments in Southeast Asia varied from open (e.g. savannah), mixed (woodland) and closed (e.g. rainforest) habitats. Changes in habitats through time are likely to have been driven, at least in part, by changes in sea-level, in turn related to oscillations between glacial and interglacial conditions. The environmental changes associated with these oscillations are likely to have adversely affected many of Southeast Asia’s megafauna. The Toba super-eruption (~74kya) is unlikely to have been responsible for any of the megafauna extinctions of the Late Pleistocene.
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Priya. "Reconstructing the Late Pleistocene climate sequence at Alexandra Cave, Naracoorte, using single-grain optically stimulated luminescence dating and palaeoenvironmental proxies." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/133458.

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The drivers of the Australia-wide megafaunal extinction during the late Pleistocene remains poorly resolved. Hypotheses include individual or synergistic combinations of climate fluctuations, human impacts through hunting or habitat alteration by landscape burning. Moreover, the relationship between extinction dynamics and long term glacial - interglacial timescales is not yet understood. Using a series of complementary geochronology, palaeoecological and geochemical techniques on a sedimentary sequence in Alexandra Cave, Naracoorte, this study provides improved reconstructions of past climates in south-east South Australia around the time of megafaunal extinction. Ten luminescence dating samples constrain the age of the sedimentary sequence to 17.7 – 106.3 ka. Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions undertaken using charcoal, carbon isotopes and geochemical analysis reveal high fire frequency and precipitation during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5, while MIS 4 and the Last Glacial Maximum were arid, with low fire frequency. MIS 3 was wet, with little fluctuation in the environment, with the exception of a change in biomass burning at 36 – 50 ka. These findings suggest that climate change likely played a minor role in the demise of megafauna locally, whereas changes in fire regime could have acted as a more significant driver or consequence of megafauna extinction.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2018
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Книги з теми "Megafaunal extinctions"

1

Haynes, Gary, ed. American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6.

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American Megafaunal Extinctions At The End Of The Pleistocene. Springer, 2010.

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3

Haynes, Gary. American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. Springer, 2009.

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American Megafaunal Extinctions At The End Of The Pleistocene. Springer, 2009.

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5

O'Connor, Sue, and Peter Hiscock. The Peopling of Sahul and Near Oceania. Edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.002.

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Sahul, comprising Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea was colonized from Sunda, the enlarged southernmost extension of Eurasia, by anatomically modern Homo sapiens over 50,000 years ago. Pleistocene colonization of Sahul required watercraft to cross the perpetual island region of Wallacea, wherein populations adjusted to changing patterns of floral and faunal diversity. Once in Sahul, populations quickly adapted to the varying resources, developed regional differences in technology and culture, and likely contributed to megafaunal extinctions also influenced by environmental change. Ancient DNA and skeletal studies indicate that after colonization, Sahul was largely isolated from other populations. The earliest humans to inhabit Near Oceania, the islands northeast of New Guinea, arrived approximately 45,000 years ago. While the sophistication of their earliest navigational technology is debated, by 20,000 years ago these populations engaged in increasingly frequent voyaging, translocating New Guinea mainland fauna to the islands and moving valuable stone resources over hundreds of kilometers.
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Wignall, Paul B. Extinction: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198807285.001.0001.

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Extinction has occurred throughout the history of life, with the result that nearly all the species that have ever existed are now extinct. Extinction: A Very Short Introduction looks at the causes and nature of extinctions, past and present, and the factors that can make a species vulnerable. Summarizing what we know about all of the major and minor extinction events, it examines some of the greatest debates in modern science, such as the relative role of climate and humans in the death of the Pleistocene megafauna, including mammoths and giant ground sloths, and the roles that global warming, ocean acidification, and deforestation are playing in present-day extinctions.
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Corridors to Extinction and the Australian Megafauna. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2013.

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Corridors to Extinction and the Australian Megafauna. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2011-0-07802-x.

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Webb, Steve. Corridors to Extinction and the Australian Megafauna. Elsevier, 2013.

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10

Edmeades, Baz. Megafauna: First Victims of the Human-Caused Extinction. Scribe Media, 2021.

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Частини книг з теми "Megafaunal extinctions"

1

Stuart, Anthony John. "Late Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinctions." In Extinctions in Near Time, 257–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5202-1_11.

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2

Alroy, John. "Putting North America’s End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction in Context." In Extinctions in Near Time, 105–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5202-1_6.

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3

Fiedel, Stuart. "Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction." In American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene, 21–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2.

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4

Haynes, Gary. "Estimates of Clovis-Era Megafaunal Populations and Their Extinction Risks." In American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene, 39–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_3.

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Greenwood, Alex D. "Ancient DNA and the Genetic Consequences of Late Pleistocene Extinctions." In American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene, 107–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_6.

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Haynes, Gary. "Introduction to the Volume." In American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene, 1–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_1.

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Haynes, Gary. "Afterword, and Thoughts About the Future Literature." In American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene, 195–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_10.

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Fisher, Daniel C. "Paleobiology and Extinction of Proboscideans in the Great Lakes Region of North America." In American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene, 55–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_4.

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Surovell, Todd A., and Nicole M. Waguespack. "Human Prey Choice in the Late Pleistocene and Its Relation to Megafaunal Extinctions." In American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene, 77–105. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_5.

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Cione, Alberto L., Eduardo P. Tonni, and Leopoldo Soibelzon. "Did Humans Cause the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Mammalian Extinctions in South America in a Context of Shrinking Open Areas?" In American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene, 125–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_7.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Megafaunal extinctions"

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Keller, Jonathan S., Thomas W. Stafford, S. Kathleen Lyons, Seth D. Newsome, and Felisa A. Smith. "SMALL MAMMAL PALEOECOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO THE TERMINAL PLEISTOCENE MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-338607.

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Monteath, Alistair, Duane Froese, Benjamin Gaglioti, and Mary E. Edwards. "LATE PLEISTOCENE SHRUB EXPANSION PRECEDED MEGAFAUNA EXTINCTIONS IN EASTERN BERINGIA." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-356796.

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Freymueller, Nicholas, Corinne Myers, and Felisa A. Smith. "FELID GUILD ECOLOGICAL NICHE DYNAMICS PRE- AND POST-PLEISTOCENE MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-341379.

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Dunhill, Alexander, Amy Shipley, Jack O. Shaw, Tracy Aze, Catalina Pimiento, Andrew P. Beckerman, and Jennifer Dunne. "TROPHIC CHANGES IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS FOLLOWING THE PLIOCENE MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION EVENT." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-380030.

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Miller, Joshua, and Carl Simpson. "CRYPTIC AGE-MIXING WITHIN ENVIRONMENTAL DNA (EDNA) COMPLICATES ESTIMATES OF MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-380190.

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Ford, Trenity, Ashley Burkett, Christina Hulett, and Erin Roark. "OVERKILL: A BOARD GAME FOR TEACHING PLEISTOCENE MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION AND THE OVERKILL HYPOTHESIS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-339395.

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Tome, Catalina, Felisa Smith, Amelia Villaseñor, Carson P. Hedberg, Seth D. Newsome, and S. Kathleen Lyons. "CHANGES IN MAMMAL SPECIES ASSOCIATIONS ACROSS LOCALITIES ON THE EDWARDS PLATEAU FOLLOWING THE MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-359254.

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Smith, Quentin, Daizaburo Shizuka, Catalina Tomé, William Gearty, Felisa Smith, and S. Kathleen Lyons. "CHANGES IN MAMMALIAN NETWORKS ACROSS THE PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE TRANSITION AS A RESULT OF THE MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-382222.

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Smith, Felisa A., Amelia Villaseñor, Emma A. Elliott Smith, Catalina P. Tome, S. Kathleen Lyons, Seth D. Newsome, and Thomas W. Stafford. "THE MISSING PIECE II: CONSEQUENCES OF TERMINAL PLEISTOCENE MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION ON ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PREDATORS AND PREY." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-335474.

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DeSantis, Larisa R. G. "MAMMALIAN RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE DURING THE LATE PLEISTOCENE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE SURVIVORS OF THE LATE PLEISTOCENE MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-285237.

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