Статті в журналах з теми "Medium Voltage divider"
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1
Crotti, Gabriella, Daniele Gallo, Domenico Giordano, Carmine Landi, and Mario Luiso. "Medium Voltage Divider Coupled With an Analog Optical Transmission System." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 63, no. 10 (October 2014): 2349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2014.2317294.
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Orlov, Aleksandr I., Sergei V. Volkov, Ilsur Kh Garipov, and Sergey G. Nikiforov. "ANALYSIS OF POSSIBILITY OF LOW POWER TAKE-OFF FROM MEDIUM VOLTAGE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2022-1-100-106.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper considers the possibility of using capacitive power take-off from medium voltage overhead power lines with isolated neutral. Direct scaling of the designs of the known 1-phase capacitive power take-off devices intended for high voltage overhead power lines is impractical for several reasons: the impossibility of obtaining significant power, violation of the operating conditions of protection against single-phase earth faults, the creation of asymmetry of phase voltages relative to the ground. As a power take-off device, it is proposed to use a 3-phase symmetrical circuit of a capacitive voltage divider with a voltage converter at the output, which makes it possible to minimize the indicated disadvantages. On the basis of computer simulation of the equivalent circuit of an overhead line section with a power take-off device, its external characteristics were obtained for various values of the capacitance of the voltage divider capacitors. The simulation results confirm the technical feasibility and feasibility of using the proposed power take-off method for feeding low-power 1- and 3-phase consumers.
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De Maria, Letizia, Daniele Bartalesi, and Natale Claudio Pistoni. "Combined Optical Sensor and Capacitor Voltage Divider Arrangement for Voltage Control in Medium Voltage Switchboard Fiber." Procedia Engineering 168 (2016): 1597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.469.
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Zhou, Kai, Qing Xiong, Min He, Lingjiang Dong, and Yalin Chen. "An On-line Monitoring System for Over-voltages Based on a Two-stage Voltage Divider and Field Measurement Results in Medium-voltage Grids." Electric Power Components and Systems 44, no. 12 (June 9, 2016): 1345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2015.1028117.
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Crotti, Gabriella, and Domenico Giordano. "Set up and characterization of a measuring system for PQ measurements in a MV site with PV generation." ACTA IMEKO 4, no. 1 (February 5, 2015): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v4i1.171.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The features of a Power Quality measurement system which includes both voltage and current transducers and a self-developed measuring instrument are described. The system is intended for measurements in substations at medium voltage level. A Rogowski coil and a voltage divider are the used transducers, whereas the measuring instrument is based on a Reconfigurable I/O-FPGA system with embedded software. Attention is focused on the procedures adopted for the characterization of the voltage and current sensors, which are carried out taking into account the expected on-site measurement conditions. An example of use of the systems for measurement of some PQ parameters in a private substation which connects an industrial load and two photo-voltaic generation plants to the public MV voltage network is presented, together with the associated voltage and current uncertainty budget. By making use of the results obtained in the characterization phase, the current and voltage measurement uncertainty can be reduced.
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Xie, Yue, and Jing Chen. "Research on the Calibration Instrument for the Medium-Voltage Electronic Instrument Transformers." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 7471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.7471.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electronic instrument transformers are used in power line for electrical measurement and protection purposes. Calibration instruments are necessary for the transformation error test of electronic instrument transformers. The operation principles of the direct and difference measurement method based calibration instrument for the medium-voltage electronic instrument transformers are systematically analyzed in this paper. The analysis results show that the direct measurement method based instrument can be used for the calibration of electronic instrument transformers with air-core coils or resistor-capacitor voltage divider without a built-in integrator, and the difference measurement method based instrument is suitable for the calibration of the electronic instrument transformers with no rated phase offset.
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Hu, Bo Xue, He Li, Zhuo Wei, Ya Feng Wang, Diang Xing, Ri Sha Na, and Jin Wang. "An Auxiliary Power Supply for Gate Drive of Medium Voltage SiC Devices in High Voltage Applications." Materials Science Forum 924 (June 2018): 836–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.924.836.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A high-reliability auxiliary power supply (APS) for gate drive circuits is crucial to utilization of emerging medium voltage (MV ≥ 10 kV) Silicon Carbide (SiC) devices in high voltage applications. This paper proposes an active voltage divider based APS with lower arm voltage regulation. The proposed APS circuit is targeting the application of MV SiC devices in modular multilevel converters (MMCs). It can harvest energy from a MV (≥ 7 kV) dc bus to provide an isolated low voltage output to gate drive circuits of MV SiC devices. Compared to existing APS solutions, it can achieve a high input voltage (≥ 7 kV) with simple circuit structure and control scheme. In this paper, the working principle of the proposed APS is presented and a circuit design example is shown. A circuit prototype with 7 kV input and 15 V/10 W output has been built and tested to verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution.
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Fusiek, Grzegorz, and Pawel Niewczas. "Construction and Evaluation of an Optical Medium Voltage Transducer Module Aimed at a 132 kV Optical Voltage Sensor for WAMPAC Systems." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 5307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145307.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper reports on the construction and characterization of an optical voltage transducer module for applications in the field of wide-area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC). The optical medium voltage transducer (MVT) module was designed to be combined with a capacitive voltage divider (CVD) to form a voltage sensor intended for 132 kV high voltage (HV) networks. The MVT module comprises a combination of a piezoelectric transducer (PZT) and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as a core optical sensing element. Changes in the input voltage across the PZT translate into strain being detected by the FBG. The resultant FBG peak wavelength can be calibrated in terms of the input voltage to obtain a precise voltage measurement. The module was experimentally evaluated in the laboratory, and its performance was assessed based on the requirements specified by the IEC standards for electronic voltage transformers and low power voltage transformers. The results of accuracy tests demonstrate that the MVT module is free from hysteresis, within the experimental error, and is capable of simultaneously meeting the requirements for 0.1 metering and 1P protection classes specified by the IEC 60044-7 and IEC 61869-11 standards.
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Kaštelan, Nediljko, Marko Zubčić, Maja Krčum, and Miro Petković. "Contribution To The Reduction Of The Ship’s Switchboard By Applying Sensor Technology." Pedagogika-Pedagogy 93, no. 6s (August 31, 2021): 235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/ped21-6s.21con.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper discusses the contribution to energy efficiency by reducing the dimensions of the main switchboard (medium voltage or High Voltage – used on ship). Reducing the dimensions of the switchboards can be achieved by reducing the dimensions of the bus bars, while fully satisfying the conditions with regard to thermal and mechanical stresses. The same can be achieved by modifying some other components, such as the application of new technology for measuring current and voltage, using current and voltage sensors that fall into the category of completely new technological solutions. By replacing conventional measuring transformers (IT), compact and efficient sensor technology significantly contributes to reducing the dimensions and mass of switchboards, which ultimately contributes to energy efficiency. Previous applications, the possibility of improving existing solutions, especially in applications in marine power systems, and new technological solutions that contribute to the efficiency of the marine power system using the Rogowski coil sensor and voltage divider voltage sensors are also considered.
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Delatte, Pierre, Etienne Vanzieleghem, Thomas François, and Jean-Christophe Doucet. "VEGA & RIGEL: New tiny high temperature adjustable voltage regulators for reduced PCB footprint and extended reliability of medium and high temperature systems." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, HITEC (January 1, 2012): 000093–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-2012-tp15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents two new tiny high-temperature adjustable voltage regulators. CHT-VEGA can regulate a 5V ±10% input voltage to an output within the range 1.1V to 3.6V and delivering up to 500mA at 225°C (junction). The output voltage is set by an external resistor divider and is maintained within +/−5% total accuracy in all load, line and temperature conditions. The second device, CHT-RIGEL, supports a wide input voltage range up to 30V; its output is adjustable between 1.8V and 24V, with up to 100mA capability at 225°C. Both chips feature a thermal shut-down with a threshold in the 250∼300°C range: the first over-temperature protection of this kind in high temperature devices. CISSOID created a new TDFP SMD package that combines tiny size and good thermal resistance. A detailed thermal characterization is presented, as well as what it means for the operating temperature, and the impact on PCB footprint and system cost. As a conclusion, will be highlighted the benefits of using such ICs rated 225°C at junction level, even if the ambient temperature of the application remains low (e.g. 175°C), and in particular the impact on reduction of the PCB footprint, compared to 175–210°C ratings.
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Barakhoev, A. L., O. I. Tikhon, and V. V. Tuboltsev. "Study of the operating modes of the high voltage power source for barrier type discharge excitation." Doklady BGUIR 19, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35596/1729-7648-2021-19-1-46-51.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The issues related to the features of operation and modes setting of a high-voltage switching power source based on a sequential autonomous resonant inverter with reverse diodes used to excite an atmospheric pressure barrier type discharge are discussed in the article. It is indicated that the characteristic features of the autonomous resonant inverters operation are the occurrence of damped voltage fluctuations in the LC circuit of the inverter, as well as the dependence of the output alternating voltage on the ratio of the inverter operating frequency (thyristor switching frequency) to the natural resonant frequency of the LC circuit. Depending on this ratio, the inverter can operate in discontinuous, boundary and continuous current mode. The amplitude and shape of the inverter output voltage were controlled using a 1:1000 voltage divider with a C1-65A oscilloscope. The shape of the gate trigger pulses was obtained using a C1-167 oscilloscope. It is established that when the gate trigger pulses are asymmetrical relative to each other due to the operation features of the step-up transformers, the value of the alternating high-voltage at the inverter output is insufficient to excite the atmospheric pressure barrier type discharge. In the case of the gate trigger pulses symmetry, the output voltage of the inverter stage reaches the values required for the breakdown of the dielectric medium. Oscillograms of the inverter output voltage while adjusting its operating frequency are obtained. It is shown that the amplitude value of the voltage at the gas-discharge load increases as the operating frequency of the inverter increases. For the gate trigger pulses frequency of 250 Hz the value of the inverter output voltage amplitude was 3.4 kV, for 460 Hz – 4.0 kV, and for 550 Hz – 4.2 kV.
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Sheila, Sindy Yurisma, Nur Wakhidatur Rochamwati, Faris Riyadi, Reza Fardiyan As’ad, and Anggara Trisna Nugraha. "Desain and Build a Medium Voltage Cubicel Temperature and Humidity Optimization Tool to Minimize the Occurrence of Corona Disease with the PLC-Based Fuzzy Method." Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics 4, no. 4 (November 24, 2022): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/ijeeemi.v4i4.251.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cubicle is an electrical device that functions as a breaker, protector, connector, controller, and divider of the power system electricity from a power source and reduce sparks when connecting. One of the problems that occur in medium voltage cubicles is the presence of corona. Corona phenomena at cubicle terminations can trigger disturbances such as a decrease in insulation quality, power loss and a significant increase in harmonic distortion. Based on previous research, the solution to minimize the occurrence of corona is to optimize the temperature and humidity of the cubicle. Many of the previous studies examined the control of cubicle temperature and humidity using fans and heaters, but the temperature and humidity had not yet reached a stable and optimal point. In this study, raised a problem regarding the optimization of temperature and humidity in cubicles using the fuzzy method to stabilize the performance of medium voltage cells. In this study, it was found that the fuzzy method in this prototype was able to stabilize the panel humidity at 55% RH and stabilize the panel room temperature at 31.5 o C. Thus, it is hoped that a stable and optimal temperature and humidity can minimize the occurrence of corona. The use of HMI/SCADA based applications can facilitate the ability of the user (operator) to monitor several available parameters and manually control the operation of the panel (on/off).
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Megido, Adiel, and Eko Ariyanto. "SISTEM KONTROL SUHU AIR MENGGUNAKAN PENGENDALI PID. DAN VOLUME AIR PADA TANGKI PEMANAS AIR BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO." Gema Teknologi 18, no. 4 (April 30, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v18i4.21912.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Adiel Megido, Eko Ariyanto in this paper explain that the temperature control system on water heaters that use electric heaters, generally uses ON-OFF voltage control. Apart from this system being less efficient in using electricity, the limited range of voltage settings provided also lacks the output accuracy value required by the control system. So that for some applications it can cause a response to the temperature control system that oscillates. Another alternative in controlling the heating voltage is by using the PID control method (Proportional - Integral - Derifative), this method provides a wider range of voltage settings, so that it can provide the output accuracy value needed by the control system, thus making it possible to obtain system responses finer (minimum oscillation amplitude). In addition to problems with the temperature control system, the water volume control system in the water heater tank generally still uses probes that are installed at certain levels. The limitations in reading each change in height / volume of water causes the system output to be less linear (discrete). To produce linear readings and outputs in each change in water volume, a voltage divider can be used. In this final project design will use an electric water heater tank as a medium to determine the ability of the PID controller to control water temperature according to the set-point and control the height / volume of water in the tank using a voltage divider. Keywords : PID (Proporsional – Integral – Derifatif), Berosilasi, Set-pointReferencesMalvino, Albert Paul. 1981. Prinsip-prinsip Elektronik edisi kedua. Jakarta: Erlangga.Gunterus, Frans. 1994. Falsafah Dasar : Sistem Pengendalian Proses.Jakarta:Elex Media KomputindoEfendy, Marwan.n.d. Bab 1 Sistem Pengendalian. Surakarta: Universitas Muhamadiyah SurakartaBolton, W. 2009. Sistem Instrumentasi dan Sistem Kontrol. Jakarta:ErlanggaOgata, Katsuhiko. 1996. Teknik Kontrol Automatik Jilid 1-2, Diterjemahkan oleh Ir. Edi Laksono. Jakarta : Erlangga.sPetruzella, Frank D. 1996. Elektronika Industri. Yogyakarta: Andi Yogyakarta.Rashid, H Muhammad. 1999. Elektronika Daya Jilid 1. Jakarta: Prehalindo.Michael Tooley, BA. 2003. Rangkaian Elektronik Prinsip dan Aplikasi Edisi kedua. Jakarta : Erlangga.Bishop, Owen. 2004. Dasar-Dasar Elektronika. Jakarta : Erlangga.Majid, Saifulloh Agung. 2009. Pengontrolan Temperatur Menggunakan Metode Kontrol PID Berbasis Mikrokontroler AT90S8515. Semarang: Jurusan Teknik Elektro Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro.Surono, dkk. 2009. Bahasa Indonesia Untuk Perguruan Tinggi. Semarang: Farindo Press.Laksono, Suryo Krido, Sumardi, dan Aris Triwiyatno. 2010. Pengaturan Sudut Fasa Berbasis Logika Fuzzy Untuk Sistem Pengaturan Temperatur. Semarang: Jurusan Teknik Elektro Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro.Firsyari, Akhmad Salmi, Purwanto, M Aziz Muslim. 2013. Sistem Pengendalian Suhu Pada Proses Distilasi Vakum Bioetanol Dengan Menggunakan Arduino. Semarang: Jurusan Teknik Elektro Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro.Azaria Mutia Suriatmadja. 2013. Modul Kontrol Temperatur Air Berbasis PID Menggunakan Matlab Simulink. Semarang: PSD III Teknik Elektronika Jurusan Teknik Elektro Politeknik Negeri Semarang
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Frehn, Anica, Soroush Azarian, Gesa Quistorf, Stephan Adloff, Fritz Santjer, and Antonello Monti. "First comparison of the electrical properties of two grid emulators for UVRT test against field measurement." Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 85, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10010-021-00476-9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe technical rules for connecting turbines to the medium, high or extra-high voltage grid in Germany require the certification of the UVRT characteristics of wind turbines. The state-of-art voltage divider-based test equipment, also named UVRT-Container, is well equipped for executing UVRT tests in field. To conduct the UVRT in field the full wind turbine should be already installed. A second option to perform UVRT tests are system level test benches. They enable the testing of the nacelle. The components that are not actually present, such as the turbine tower or the blades, are emulated via a mechanical hardware in the loop (HiL) system. In this work, for the first time, the performance of two different grid simulators installed at the DyNaLab at Fraunhofer IWES and at the CWD at RWTH Aachen University is compared with a field measurement of the same type of wind turbine. Thus, not only a system test bench measurement is compared to a field measurement. Rather, two system test benches with individual technical approaches are additionally compared with each other. The focus of this work is to investigate the characteristics of the grid simulators within the steady-state range of the UVRT tests to replicate identical fault shapes on the test benches and in the field.
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Surkaev, A. L., and Yu R. Mukha. "METHOD FOR MEASURING THE PRESSURE OF A SHOCK-ACOUSTIC WAVE OF AN ELECTRIC EXPLOSION OF A CONDUCTOR IN A DISCHARGE CHAMBER WITH A CONDENSED ENVIRONMENT." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 267 (September 2020): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.09.pp.050-056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An electric explosion of conductors, as well as an electric discharge as a whole, is a poorly studied unique phenomenon that is widely used both in basic scientific research and in various technological processes, which determines the relevance of further studies of ongoing processes. In this paper, we consider the methods and carry out calibration procedures to determine the value of the conversion coefficient for a piezoelectric pressure transducer with a reactive acoustic waveguide made of non-Newtonian fluid material. Designs of calibration plants are shown, the principle of which is based on the method of falling load and the interaction of parallel currents. The results of recording and measuring the pressure of a shock acoustic wave (SAW) generated by an electric explosion of a metal conductor of a ring-shaped geometry in a closed space of conical geometry with a condensed (aqueous) medium are presented. The discharge current and the voltage drop across the exploding flat ring foil (EEFRF) were recorded by the Rogowski belt and voltage divider, respectively. The pressure pulse of the acoustic shock wave was recorded by a piezoelectric pressure transducer. The electrical signals were recorded with a GDS-810 S digital two-beam storage oscilloscope. The amplitude value of pressure was estimated by plastic deformation of the plate sensor in the form of a round thin plate with clamped edges.
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Surkaev, A. L., and Yu R. Mukha. "METHOD FOR MEASURING THE PRESSURE OF A SHOCK-ACOUSTIC WAVE OF AN ELECTRIC EXPLOSION OF A CONDUCTOR IN A DISCHARGE CHAMBER WITH A CONDENSED ENVIRONMENT." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 267 (September 2020): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.09.pp.050-056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An electric explosion of conductors, as well as an electric discharge as a whole, is a poorly studied unique phenomenon that is widely used both in basic scientific research and in various technological processes, which determines the relevance of further studies of ongoing processes. In this paper, we consider the methods and carry out calibration procedures to determine the value of the conversion coefficient for a piezoelectric pressure transducer with a reactive acoustic waveguide made of non-Newtonian fluid material. Designs of calibration plants are shown, the principle of which is based on the method of falling load and the interaction of parallel currents. The results of recording and measuring the pressure of a shock acoustic wave (SAW) generated by an electric explosion of a metal conductor of a ring-shaped geometry in a closed space of conical geometry with a condensed (aqueous) medium are presented. The discharge current and the voltage drop across the exploding flat ring foil (EEFRF) were recorded by the Rogowski belt and voltage divider, respectively. The pressure pulse of the acoustic shock wave was recorded by a piezoelectric pressure transducer. The electrical signals were recorded with a GDS-810 S digital two-beam storage oscilloscope. The amplitude value of pressure was estimated by plastic deformation of the plate sensor in the form of a round thin plate with clamped edges.
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Artale, Giovanni, Antonio Cataliotti, Valentina Cosentino, Dario Di Cara, Riccardo Fiorelli, Salvatore Guaiana, Nicola Panzavecchia, and Giovanni Tinè. "A New Coupling Solution for G3-PLC Employment in MV Smart Grids." Energies 12, no. 13 (June 27, 2019): 2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12132474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper proposes a new coupling solution for transmitting narrowband multicarrier power line communication (PLC) signals over medium voltage (MV) power lines. The proposed system is based on an innovative PLC coupling principle, patented by the authors, which exploits the capacitive divider embedded in voltage detecting systems (VDS) already installed inside the MV switchboard. Thus, no dedicated couplers have to be installed and no switchboard modifications or energy interruptions are needed. This allows a significant cost reduction of MV PLC implementation. A first prototype of the proposed coupling system was presented in previous papers: it had a 15 kHz bandwidth useful to couple single carrier PSK modulated PLC signals with a center frequency from 50–200 kHz. In this paper, a new prototype is developed with a larger bandwidth, up to 164 kHz, thus allowing to couple multicarrier G3-PLC signals using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation. This modulation ensures a more robust communication even in harsh power line channels. In the paper, the new coupling system design is described in detail. A new procedure is presented for tuning the coupling system parameters at first installation in a generic MV switchboard. Finally, laboratory and in-field experimental test results are reported and discussed. The coupling performances are evaluated measuring the throughput and success rate in the case of both 18 and 36 subcarriers, in one of the different tone masks standardized for the FCC-above CENELEC band (that is, from 154.6875–487.5 kHz). The experimental results show an efficient behavior of the proposed coupler allowing a two-way communication of G3-PLC OFDM signals on MV networks.
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Yin, Tan Ying, Farhanahani Mahmud, and Nur Ilyani Ramli. "Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)-based Digit Skin Tissue Blood Flow Measurement System." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.30 (November 30, 2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.30.22076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The tissue blood flow (BF) and vascular resistance are the important information for consult peripheral vascular system which related to cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, most of the current BF monitors are costly, built in huge size and preferable use in hospital and clinic. In the present study, a portable digit skin tissue BF measurement system had been developed using Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) method with simple circuitry and low cost that can be afforded by patients to monitor their cardiovascular information. This system consists of a self-developed NIRS probe; LED and a photodiode, and an Arduino Uno board with MATLAB software as the processing unit. The NIR LED transmits 810 nm light source through biological tissue then detected by the photodiode. The output signal from the NIRS probe is based on resistance changes in the photodiode and by applying the voltage divider law, the signal is further processed by the Arduino with the MATLAB software. Then, according to the modified Lambert-Beer Law in scattering medium, the change in total concentration of haemoglobin ( ) is plotted in order to get a quantitative BF reading which based on its maximum change during venous occlusion. To evaluate the proposed BF measurement system, BF measurement tests had been conducted on four healthy subjects during resting and after exercise. The study had shown that the results of BF after the exercise were in average of 1.5 time higher than the resting BF and this finding agrees with previous research works.
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Maria, Bartalesi, Brambilla, Pistoni, and Orrea. "Optical Voltage Transducer for Embedded Medium Voltage Equipment: Design and Parameters Optimization." Proceedings 15, no. 1 (July 10, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019015017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An Optical Voltage Sensor prototype has been developed suitable for operating as embedded sensor in capacitive dividers for monitoring Medium Voltage in distribution networks. It is based on a retracing scheme, which consists of Lithium Tantalate crystals used as voltage transducers, and on telecom standard single mode fibre components. In this work a optimization of the optical layout via a numerical and an experimental investigation is reported for guaranteeing the OVS sensor survival under fast over-voltages. Tests carried out under different configurations of the electric circuit did not evidenced critical electric field gradients within the transduction path which could damage or deteriorate over time the performance of the OVS sensor.
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Wetula, Andrzej, Andrzej Bień, and Mrunal Parekh. "New Sensor for Medium- and High-Voltage Measurement." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 4654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154654.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Measurements of medium and high voltages in a power grid are normally performed with large and bulky voltage transformers or capacitive dividers. Besides installation problems, these devices operate in a relatively narrow frequency band, which limits their usability in modern systems that are saturated with power electronic devices. A sensor that can be installed directly on a wire and can operate without a galvanic connection to the ground may be used as an alternative voltage measurement device. This type of voltage sensor can complement current sensors installed on a wire, forming a complete power acquisition system. This paper presents such a sensor. Our sensor is built using two dielectric elements with different permeability coefficients. A finite element method simulation is used to estimate the parameters of a constructed sensor. Besides simulations, a laboratory model of a sensor was built and tested in a medium-voltage substation. Our results provide a proof of concept for the presented sensor. Some errors in voltage reconstruction have been traced to an oversimplified data acquisition and transmission system, which has to be improved during the further development of the sensor.
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Ustiyaroh, Uus, and Irwanto Irwanto. "Sistem Instalasi Listrik Sebagai Sarana Penerangan Laboratorium Terpadu Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa." Reslaj : Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal 4, no. 5 (July 13, 2022): 1491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/reslaj.v4i5.1170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of electrical energy consumed by the University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa uses electrical energy sources managed by PLN which are included in primary consumers, where primary electricity customers are given a voltage of 20kV (medium voltage). Then from the PLN substation in Untirta, it is distributed by equipment or components to the Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University area. Medium Voltage (TM) which is a strong current at Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University is divided into 5 parts, where the medium voltage starts from the power house and enters the Integrated Laboratory Building, Economic Building, Transformer House, Integrated Class and Rectorate Building. The light voltage (TR) is divided into 3 zones, namely the Integrated Laboratory Building, Transformer House and Rectorate Building. The research method used is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, documentation, and literature study. Analysis of the data used is interactive analysis by Milles & Humerman. The results of the study stated that this light voltage is used as an additional voltage to compensate for medium voltages such as lighting lamps. The lighting source in the Integrated Laboratory uses the Philips brand with 5 types of lamps namely TL-LED, LED Floodlight, LED BULB, BL CG TL-5 and TL-RM 300 M1 which have IP Ratings of IP65 and IP20. For output use 10-200watt with a lighting level of 2100-28000 lm. The Schneider brand socket has a power of 200-1000 watt and a current of 16 Ampere.
Keywords: installation, system, lighting, building, laboratory, facilities.
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Ustiyaroh, Uus, and Irwanto Irwanto. "Analisis Sistem Instalasi Listrik Sebagai Sarana Penerangan Laboratorium Terpadu Bagi Mahasiswa Pendidikan Vokasional Teknik Elektro." Reslaj : Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal 4, no. 6 (April 9, 2022): 1472–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/reslaj.v4i6.1155.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of electrical energy consumed by the University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa uses electrical energy sources managed by PLN which are included in primary consumers, where primary electricity customers are given a voltage of 20kV (medium voltage). Then from the PLN substation in Untirta, it is distributed by equipment or components to the Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University area. Medium Voltage (TM) which is a strong current at Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University is divided into 5 parts, where the medium voltage starts from the power house and enters the Integrated Laboratory Building, Economic Building, Transformer House, Integrated Class and Rectorate Building. The light voltage (TR) is divided into 3 zones, namely the Integrated Laboratory Building, Transformer House and Rectorate Building. The research method used is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, documentation, and literature study. Analysis of the data used is interactive analysis by Milles & Humerman. The results of the study stated that this light voltage is used as an additional voltage to compensate for medium voltages such as lighting lamps. The lighting source in the Integrated Laboratory uses the Philips brand with 5 types of lamps namely TL-LED, LED Floodlight, LED BULB, BL CG TL-5 and TL-RM 300 M1 which have IP Ratings of IP65 and IP20. For output use 10-200watt with a lighting level of 2100-28000 lm. The Schneider brand socket has a power of 200-1000 watt and a current of 16 Ampere.
Keywords: Installation, System, Lighting, Building, Laboratory, Facilities.
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Crotti, Gabriella, Daniele Gallo, Domenico Giordano, Carmine Landi, and Mario Luiso. "FPGA-based real time compensation method for medium voltage transducers." ACTA IMEKO 4, no. 1 (February 5, 2015): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v4i1.168.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since the increase of the distributed power connected to the medium voltage networks, a capillary monitoring of the power quality becomes essential. This entails the spread of transducers with suitable frequency bandwidths, as required by the relevant standards. The paper describes a real time compensation method for the extension of the frequency bandwidth of medium voltage dividers whose performances do not allow to perform measurements over a wide frequency range. This approach will contribute to keep the costs of this innovation low.
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Jurnal, Redaksi Tim. "PEMASANGAN ARRESTER DAN ARCING HORN PADA PENGHANTAR BERISOLASI DI SUTM 20 kV." Sutet 7, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/sutet.v7i1.165.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Temporary disturbance in medium-voltage air ducts is a disturbance mainly caused by lightning. This disorder is divided into two kinds according to the occurrence of lightning strikes, namely direct strike and indirect strike (induction). This disorder is very difficult to predict, therefore it needs good protection. To protect the equipment from a lightning strike then mounted arresters and arcing horn mounted on a 20kV SUTM network simultaneously. The combination of arresters and arcing horns in medium voltage networks can improve the reliability of the disturbances caused by tighter lightning. Lightning strikes an isolated conductor causing a flashover and causing a disruption to the network, and can damage the conductor, in which case the arrester and arcing horn secure the conductor so as not to break due to the spark jump followed by the current follow-up, in this paper discussed how Arresters and arcing horns installed simultaneously at medium voltage.
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Mingotti, Alessandro, Federica Costa, Gaetano Pasini, Lorenzo Peretto, and Roberto Tinarelli. "Modeling Capacitive Low-Power Voltage Transformer Behavior over Temperature and Frequency." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051719.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of capacitive dividers (CDs) in medium-voltage (MV) networks started as simple voltage detectors and as rough voltage measurement instruments for protective purposes. Now, with the spread of intelligent electronic devices and renewable energy sources at the distribution level, capacitive dividers are designed and installed to perform accurate voltage measurements. Such a requirement is mandatory when the power quality has to be assessed. Therefore, CDs are currently being used either for power frequency or for high-frequency (supraharmonic- or partial-discharge-level) measurements. In this paper, typical off-the-shelf CDs are studied and modeled to understand how they behave in a wide range of frequencies and when the temperature varies. To this purpose, specific setups and tests have been developed and performed. From the results, it is clear that with proper modeling of CDs, it is possible to exploit them for measuring phenomena in a wide range of frequencies, including the effects due to temperature variations and self-resonances.
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Chen, Yuqiang, and Fusheng Wang. "A Hybrid Control Strategy for Half-bridge Three-level LLC Resonant Converter." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012080.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The half-bridge three-level LLC resonant converter uses the resonant process of the inductance and the capacitance to transfer energy. It has the advantages of low voltage stress on the switch and high efficiency, but there are problems such as narrow voltage gain range. To widen the voltage gain range of the converter, a hybrid control strategy for a half-bridge three-level LLC resonant converter is proposed in this paper. The voltage gain of the converter is divided into three gain intervals: low, medium and high. Burst control is used in the low gain interval, phase shift control is adopted in the middle gain interval, and frequency modulation control is adopted in the high gain interval. The experiment results show that the proposed control strategy can realize a wide range of output voltage gain of the converter.
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Basri, Hasan, and Ujang Wiharja. "Studi Pendekatan Formula Jogja Pada Jaringan Distribusi PT PLN UP3 Pondok Gede." ELECTRA : Electrical Engineering Articles 3, no. 01 (September 30, 2022): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/electra.v3i01.12505.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<em><span lang="EN-US">PT. PLN (Persero) at the Customer Service Implementing Unit (Unit Pelaksana Pelayanan Pelanggan, UP3) Pondok Gede, in order to make the loss reduction program more effective, first find out whether the biggest contribution to shrinkage in Pondok Gede UP3 is technical or non-technical. By using the shrink formula method, Jogja has several mechanisms to perform the analysis. The results of the Jogja Formula Shrinkage are presented in the Dupont Chart which divides losses into two parts, namely non-technical losses and technical losses, while technical losses are divided into four parts, namely medium voltage network losses, distribution substation losses, low voltage network losses, and house connection losses. So that we can evaluate and analyze these losses and the program's efforts to reduce losses are on target. In the calculation of the cumulative loss of UP3 Pondok Gede globally in the first quarter of 2020, it is 58,403,338 kWh or 12.27%. After performing a calculation simulation using the Jogja Formula, it was obtained with a technical loss composition of a total of 34,813,582 kWh or 7.31% (this technical loss cannot be avoided or eliminated because it is a shrinkage caused by the components of the equipment used), and non-technical losses. engineering of 23,589,757 kWh or 4.95%.</span></em>
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Jurnal, Redaksi Tim. "STUDI ANALISIS GANGGUAN PERANGKAT HUBUNG BAGI TEGANGAN RENDAH DAN UPAYA MENGATASINYA DI PLN AREA TANJUNG PRIOK." Energi & Kelistrikan 9, no. 1 (November 26, 2018): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/energi.v9i1.60.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Medium voltage feeders are a means for the distribution of electricity from substations to consumers. But in reality these feeders often experience interference, among other is interference onthe low voltage network, especiallyCircuit For Low Voltage Device. Circuit For Low Voltage Device (PHB-TR) is device used as a liaison, security, and dividers electrical power from an electric power source to the customer. Over time, the PHB-TR also decreased quality of service so that should be their efforts to overcome the problems in order to maintain or restore the initial achievement level and can operate with high reliability so that the continuity of the electrical service will be achieved. The disturbances that can occur in this PHB-TR as damage to the NH fuse, corona contained in ground plate, over current and damage to the measuring instrument.Additionally by overcoming the interference can secure the assets of PLN from the interferences and reduce the cost of replacing broken tools.
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Hua, Wen, Bowen Wang, Xiang Zheng, Huangfu Yao, and Wei Dong. "Unit combination problem of counting and DC bipolar blocking and dynamic voltage stabilization under a new power system." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2359, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2359/1/012008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract With the construction of new power systems a large number of DC transmission technologies are applied, but the ensuing DC blocking problem brings new challenges for the combination of units in the intranet. Considering the unit combination problem of DC bipolar blocking and dynamic voltage stability occurring in the intranet under different load levels of high, medium and low is divided into two steps: selecting the unit combination that meets the load boundary under static constraints such as N-1 fault state constraint and network security under the occurrence of DC bipolar blocking; and then checking whether the low-voltage load shedding device does not operate to meet dynamic voltage stability on this basis. This unit combination method considers the impact on dynamic voltage stability while satisfying the DC bipolar lockout standby capacity, and verifies the effectiveness of the proposed model by simulation analysis using PSD-BPA software based on the large operation mode of Zhejiang summer in 2022.
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Syaifuddin F, Ahmad, Arief Budi Laksono, and Suharijanto Suharijanto. "Studi Analisis Perbandingan Rugi Daya Pada Titik Sambung Pierching Connector Dengan Line Tap Connector Pada Jaringan Tegangan Rendah." Jurnal Elektro 3, no. 1 (May 4, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/je.v3i1.215.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Distribution system is divided into primary and secondary distribution networks. The primary distribution network is the network of the substation to the distribution, while the secondary distribution is the channel network from the substation transformer is distributed to the consumer or the load. Primary distribution network is better known as medium voltage network (JTM 20kV) while secondary distribution is low voltage network (JTR 220 / 380V). The distribution network is part of the power system closest to the customer or the load compared to the transmission network.At this time PT. PLN (Persero) experiencing power loss that occurs at the point of connection of low voltage on the use of pierching connector. This study is to analyze the calculation of loss of power at low voltage network (JTR) by doing comparison of measurement between input with output at connection point of pierching connector with line tap connector. For conditions required evaluation and analysis for replanning that takes into account the planning criteria such as voltage drop and take into account the loss of power.
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Maulana, Rizky Rahmat, S. Salahuddin, E. Ezwarsyah, Baharuddin Ismail, Ashish Shrestha, and Dhiraj Vijayrao Astonkar. "Analysis of Technical Loss Calculation Using Load Curve Approach on 20 kV Distribution Network." Journal of Renewable Energy, Electrical, and Computer Engineering 1, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/jreece.v1i2.5238.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Energy loss (losses) is the loss of a certain amount of energy generated when it is distributed to consumers so that it affects the profitability of the company concerned. The size of the losses from an electric power system shows the level of efficiency of the system, the lower the percentage of losses that occur the more efficient the system. Energy losses in the distribution network are generally divided into two, namely technical and non-technical losses. The calculation of technical losses in the 20 KV medium distribution network of PT PLN (Persero) Ulp Matang Glumpang Dua is carried out using the load curve approach method and using the help of the Microsoft Exel program, while the technical losses calculated are technical losses on the Medium Voltage Network and Distribution Transformer. From the results of the analysis of the calculation of technical losses in 2020, the total technical loss value at MG-01 Matang City is in the range of 13.8% to 20.8% which consists of the average technical loss in the Medium Voltage Network feeder of 0.02%. and the loss of Distribution Transformer by 17.6%.
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Blaszczyk, P., K. Koska, and P. Klimczak. "Energy balancing in modular multilevel converter systems." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 65, no. 5 (October 1, 2017): 685–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2017-0073.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The modular multilevel converter (MMC) is a well-known solution for medium and high voltage high power converter systems. This paper deals with energy balancing of MMCs. The analysis includes multi-converter systems. In order to provide clear view, the MMC control system is divided into hierarchical levels. Details of control and balancing methods are discussed for each level separately. Finally, experimental results, based on multi-converter test setup, are presented.
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Rastgou, Abdollah, and Saman Hosseini-Hemati. "Simultaneous Planning of the Medium and Low Voltage Distribution Networks under Uncertainty: A Bi-Level Optimization Approach." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (September 28, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2267926.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Distribution network expansion planning (DNEP) is one of the important matters in the field of planning and operation of electrical power systems. Since many costs and losses have occurred in the distribution networks, it has increased attention towards this network. The electrical energy distribution network is divided into two parts: the medium voltage (MV) network and the low voltage (LV) network. The main problem in this field is that planning is done either only on the MV network or only on the LV network. While planning in each of these networks has a significant effect on the other networks, this important case has not been considered in most research studies. Therefore, this study has tried to do integrated planning in the form of a bi-level model in the presence of different types of distributed generations (DGs) and consider the uncertainties of renewable sources and load demand in both MV and LV networks so that the planning and operation costs are minimized. In the proposed bi-level model, the upper-level section aims to minimize the investment and the operation cost of the MV network, and the lower-level problem minimizes the investment and the operation cost of the LV network considering the DGs and pollution emission. The obtained results show the effectiveness of the proposed model.
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Zhang, Meng, Feng Zhan Zhao, Xiao Li Meng, Xiao Hui Song, Ren Gang Yang, Ye Sheng, and Zhi Jun Ye. "Establishment of Smart Distribution Grid Evaluation System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 719-720 (January 2015): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.443.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper analyzes the core values of the smart grid that is the need of significant stakeholders, the reliable and efficient electricity supply for users and running economy for power grid enterprises. Using fishbone analysis gets the main elements, which are the quality and reliability of power supply, grid structure, equipments situation, intelligence level and operation level. Due to the complexity of the evaluation system,the entire system divided into three layer levels,the target layer, the element layer and the index layer. The structure and operation of low voltage distribution grid and medium-high voltage distribution are significantly different,they separate into two systems to evaluate,it can get the evaluation index system. Compared with the traditional distribution grid evaluation system, this system is more comprehensive and systematic for evaluation the development level of the smart distribution grid,it is practically valuable for evaluation work.
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Nedelcheva, Stefka, Mihaela Ivanova, and Mehmed Hassan. "OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES FOR ACHIEVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ELECTRICAL NETWORKS." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, ICTTE 2019 (2019): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.2019.04.097.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The energy efficiency improvement actions of the electrical networks are divided into two main groups: operational and technical. Technical events require significant investment. Operating events do not require investment and are limited to optimal solutions in operational conditions that achieve energy efficiency. The report presents a methodology for assessing of the energy efficiency when changing the configuration of distribution electrical power networks. It is summarizing the results of the reconstruction and exploitation of the distribution networks for medium and low voltage under optimized schemes, which achieve energy efficiency. Recommendations are made for the implementation of energy efficiency activities in the exploitation of distribution networks.
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Eagles, Peter A. M., Amer N. Qureshi, and Suwan N. Jayasinghe. "Electrohydrodynamic jetting of mouse neuronal cells." Biochemical Journal 394, no. 2 (February 10, 2006): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20051838.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
CAD (Cath.a-differentiated) cells, a mouse neuronal cell line, were subjected to electrohydrodynamic jetting at a field strength of 0.47–0.67 kV/mm, corresponding to an applied voltage of 7–10 kV. After jetting, the cells appeared normal and continued to divide at rates similar to those shown by control samples. Jetted cells, when placed in serum-free medium, underwent differentiation that was sustained for at least 1 month. Some of the droplets produced by jetting contained only a few cells. These results indicate that the process of jetting does not significantly perturb neuronal cells and that this novel approach might in the future be a useful way to deposit small numbers of living nerve cells on to surfaces.
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De Santis, Michele, Leonardo Di Stasio, Christian Noce, Paola Verde, and Pietro Varilone. "Initial Results of an Extensive, Long-Term Study of the Forecasting of Voltage Sags." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051264.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents the preliminary results of our research activity aimed at forecasting the number of voltage sags in distribution networks. The final goal of the research is to develop proper algorithms that the network operators could use to forecast how many voltage sags will occur at a given site. The availability of four years of measurements at Italian Medium Voltage (MV) networks allowed the statistical analyses of the sample voltage sags without performing model-based simulations of the electric systems in short-circuit conditions. The challenge we faced was to overcome the barrier of the extremely long measurement times that are considered mandatory to obtain a forecast with adequate confidence. The method we have presented uses the random variable time to next event to characterize the statistics of the voltage sags instead of the variable number of sags, which usually is expressed on an annual basis. The choice of this variable allows the use of a large data set, even if only a few years of measurements are available. The statistical characterization of the measured voltage sags by the variable time to next event requires preliminary data-conditioning steps, since the voltage sags that are measured can be divided in two main categories, i.e., rare voltage sags and clusters of voltage sags. Only the rare voltage sags meet the conditions of a Poisson process, and they can be used to forecast the performance that can be expected in the future. However, the clusters do not have the characteristics of memoryless events because they are sequential, time-dependent phenomena the occurrences of which are due to exogenic factors, such as rain, lightning strikes, wind, and other adverse weather conditions. In this paper, we show that filtering the clusters out from all the measured sags is crucial for making successful forecast. In addition, we show that a filter, equal for all of the nodes of the system, represents the origin of the most important critical aspects in the successive steps of the forecasting method. In the paper, we also provide a means of tracking the main problems that are encountered. The initial results encouraged the future development of new efficient techniques of filtering on a site-by-site basis to eliminate the clusters.
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Arlenny and David Setiawan. "Optimization of electrical energy in the fan using fuzzy logic controllers." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1041, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1041/1/012025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Single-phase induction motors are a type of electric machine that are widely used in people’s lives due to it has advantages such as lower prices, simple maintenance and construction. However, the single-phase induction motor also has a weakness, which is difficulty in setting up the rotation. The rotation setting of a single-phase induction motor can be affected by changes in the input frequency and changes in the input voltage. In this study is to design the control of a single-phase induction motor in a commonly used fan. The speed of the single-phase induction motor is regulated based on the number of visitors, using artificial intelligence namely fuzzy logic. The fuzzy logic controller can be group visitors to the room to determine the speed of the fan. The visitors are divided into three groups, namely “many” to indicate the maximum speed, “medium” for medium speed and “few” for low speed. Therefore, this research may contribute as an energy-saving solution using artificial intelligence.
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Huang, Xiao Yun, Fei Jin Peng, Hong Yuan Huang, and Zhi Wen Xie. "Service Restoration of Smart Distribution System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 737 (March 2015): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.737.181.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: On the condition of protecting the critical load, it is necessary to restore the service of outage area without fault as soon as possible after the occurrence of fault in smart distribution system. A fast service restoration method is proposed for medium-voltage distribution system with distributed generations, which combines intentional islanding of DGs for network reconfiguration. Under the condition of safety limits, the out of service areas are achieved maximization of restoration, making full use of DGs. The whole process of restoration is regarded as a multi-stages decision problem, and divided into four stages. Compared to the existing algorithms, this method can effectively avoid the time-consuming and search results problems, and the simulation results are better. The effectiveness and practicality of the propose approach is demonstrated by simulations on a PG&E 69-nodes system with DGs.
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Sarstedt, Marcel, Leonard Kluß, Johannes Gerster, Tobias Meldau, and Lutz Hofmann. "Survey and Comparison of Optimization-Based Aggregation Methods for the Determination of the Flexibility Potentials at Vertical System Interconnections." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030687.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aggregation of operational active and reactive power flexibilities as the feasible operation region (FOR) is a main component of a hierarchical multi-voltage-level grid control as well as the cooperation of transmission and distribution system operators at vertical system interconnections. This article presents a new optimization-based aggregation approach, based on a modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) and compares it to non-linear and linear programming. The approach is to combine the advantages of stochastic and optimization-based methods to achieve an appropriate aggregation of flexibilities while obtaining additional meta information during the iterative solution process. The general principles for sampling an FOR are introduced in a survey of aggregation methods from the literature and the adaptation of the classic optimal power flow problem. The investigations are based on simulations of the Cigré medium voltage test system and are divided into three parts. The improvement of the classic PSO algorithm regarding the determination of the FOR are presented. The most suitable of four sampling strategies from the literature is identified and selected for the comparison of the optimization methods. The analysis of the results reveals a better performance of the modified PSO in sampling the FOR compared to the other optimization methods.
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Wafa, Tourab, Ourici Amel, and Babouri Abdessalem. "Experimental and theoretical modelling of the electric and magnetic fields behaviour in the vicinity of high-voltage power lines." Global Journal of Computer Sciences: Theory and Research 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjcs.v7i2.2713.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper consists of an experimental and analytical characterisation of the electromagnetic environment in the medium surrounding a circuit of two 220-Kv power lines running in parallel. The analysis presented is divided into two main parts. The first part concerns an experimental study of the behaviour of the electric and magnetic fields generated by the selected double-circuit at ground level (0 m). While the second part simulates and calculates the field profiles generated by both the lines at different levels above the ground, from 0 m to the level close to the line conductors at 20 m above the ground, using the electrostatic and magnetostatic modules of the COMSOL multi-physics software. The implications of the results are discussed and compared with the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection reference levels for occupational and non-occupational exposures.
Keywords: High-voltage power lines, low-frequency electromagnetic fields, finite element method, electromagnetic compatibility, inductive and capacitive coupling, standards.
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Zhao, Li, Shoudao Huang, Yuan Gao, and Jian Zheng. "A Common-Mode Voltage Suppression Strategy Based on Double Zero-Sequence Injection PWM for Two-Level Six-Phase VSIs." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 6242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176242.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A common-mode voltage (CMV) suppression strategy, namely double zero-sequence injection common-mode voltage (DZICMV), is proposed in this paper for an asymmetrical six-phase induction motor fed by two-level dual three-phase voltage source inverters (VSIs). In this strategy, the sinusoidal waveforms injected by double zero-sequence signals are employed as modulation signals, and two opposite triangular waveforms are used as carriers. The fundamental period is divided into 24 sectors. In each sector, the carrier used by the medium amplitude phase is distinct from the carriers used by the other two phases in each set of three-phase windings. Using this method, the zero vectors (000) and (111) in each set of three-phase windings can be eliminated, and the peak values of sub-CMV and total CMV can be reduced from ±Udc/2 to ±Udc/6. The experiment results show that the root mean square (RMS) value of common-mode leakage current in DZICMV can be reduced by 51.83% compared with the double zero-sequence injection PWM (DZIPWM) strategy. It is also found in the other four existing benchmark CMV suppression strategies that the peak values of sub-CMV therein are nearly all ±Udc/2, and only in the low linear modulation region could one of these strategies suppress sub-CMV peak values to ±Udc/6. However, the proposed DZICMV can suppress the sub-CMV peak values to ±Udc/6 in the whole linear modulation range. Moreover, the maximum linear modulation index of the DZICMV is 1.15, which is larger than that of the four benchmark strategies, whose maximum modulation index is 1.
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Zeng, Yu, Guibin Zou, Xiuyan Wei, Chenjun Sun, and Lingtong Jiang. "A Novel Protection and Location Scheme for Pole-to-Pole Fault in MMC-MVDC Distribution Grid." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 2076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, the efficient and reliable protection and location schemes for MMC-MVDC (Modular Multilevel Converter-Medium Voltage Direct Current) grid are few. This paper is the first to propose a scheme to not only protect the feeders and the busbar, but locate the segments in MMC-MVDC grid. To improve the reliability, this paper analyzes the transient characteristics of the pole-to-pole fault and then obtains the characteristic frequency band. Based on S-transform, STCFB (S-transform characteristic frequency band) Phase of fault component is utilized to construct the identification criterion for faulty feeder and faulty segment. The whole scheme can be divided into three steps, namely, protection starting criterion, faulty feeder and busbar protection criterion, and faulty segment location criterion. Firstly, the current gradient method is utilized to quickly detect the fault and start the protection device. Secondly, the non-unit protection criterion on busbar and feeders is proposed according to STCFB Phase of the voltage and current fault component. Thirdly, according to the STCFB Phase on both sides of the feeder segment, the faulty segment can be located. A radial MMC-MVDC distribution network model was built in PSCAD/EMTDC software to evaluate the performance of the protection and location method. Simulation results for different cases demonstrate that the proposed scheme has high accuracy, good adaptability and reliability.
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Rokicki, Łukasz. "Optimization of the Configuration and Operating States of Hybrid AC/DC Low Voltage Microgrid Using a Clonal Selection Algorithm with a Modified Hypermutation Operator." Energies 14, no. 19 (October 5, 2021): 6351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196351.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The issue of optimization of the configuration and operating states in low voltage microgrids is important both from the point of view of the proper operation of the microgrid and its impact on the medium voltage distribution network to which such microgrid is connected. Suboptimal microgrid configuration may cause problems in networks managed by distribution system operators, as well as for electricity consumers and owners of microsources and energy storage systems connected to the microgrid. Structures particularly sensitive to incorrect determination of the operating states of individual devices are hybrid microgrids that combine an alternating current and direct current networks with the use of a bidirectional power electronic converter. An analysis of available literature shows that evolutionary and swarm optimization algorithms are the most frequently chosen for the optimization of power systems. The research presented in this article concerns the assessment of the possibilities of using artificial immune systems, operating on the basis of the CLONALG algorithm, as tools enabling the effective optimization of low voltage hybrid microgrids. In his research, the author developed a model of a hybrid low voltage microgrid, formulated three optimization tasks, and implemented an algorithm for solving the formulated tasks based on an artificial immune system using the CLONALG algorithm. The conducted research consisted of performing a 24 h simulation of microgrid operation for each of the formulated optimization tasks (divided into 10 min independent optimization periods). A novelty in the conducted research was the modification of the hypermutation operator, which is the key mechanism for the functioning of the CLONALG algorithm. In order to verify the changes introduced in the CLONALG algorithm and to assess the effectiveness of the artificial immune system in solving optimization tasks, optimization was also carried out with the use of an evolutionary algorithm, commonly used in solving such tasks. Based on the analysis of the obtained results of optimization calculations, it can be concluded that the artificial immune system proposed in this article, operating on the basis of the CLONALG algorithm with a modified hypermutation operator, in most of the analyzed cases obtained better results than the evolutionary algorithm. In several cases, both algorithms obtained identical results, which also proves that the CLONALG algorithm can be considered as an effective tool for optimizing modern power structures, such as low voltage microgrids, including hybrid AC/DC microgrids.
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Ge, Shang, Jian-Yao Zhu, Han Liu, Yuan Chen, and Zhao-Huan Zhu. "Ladder-Like Low Iodine Delivery Rate Injection Protocols Based on BMI at 70 KV by Automated Tube Voltage Selection in Coronary CTA." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2022 (July 16, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7804015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective. To evaluate the feasibility of reducing the injection velocity and volume of contrast agent according to BMI, and the effect of body weight (BW), body surface area（BSA）, body mass index（BMI），and blood volume (BV) on aortic contrast enhancement when the voltage of third-generation dual-source CT is selected at 70 KV. Methods. A total of 280 patients selected at 70 KV were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. Each group was divided into 7 subgroups according to BMI ≤20, 20–21, 21-22, 22-23, 23-24, 24-25, and 25–26. The experimental group uses 2.3/2.4/2.5/2.6/2.7/2.8/2.9 ml/s injection speed with 350 mgI/ml contrast agents according to the subgroups; injection time was fixed at 10 s. In the control group, the fixed injection flow rate was 3.5 ml/s, time was 12 s with a total of 42 ml. Subjects in both groups were inspected to adaptive prospective ECG-gating sequence scanning, and subjective and objective image quality of the two groups were compared using Student's t-test. BMI, BSA, and BV were calculated from the patient’s body weight and height. We assess the relationship between aortic attenuation and BW, BMI, BV, and BSA using regression analysis or correlation analysis. Results. Significant differences exist in vascular enhancement between the two groups; SNR and CNR of objective image quality in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group ( P < 0.05). Both groups had the same subjective image scores ( P > 0.05). The number of vessels in the optimal enhancement range counts more in the experimental group than in the control group (χ2 value = 334.25, P ＜ 0.05). In the control group, a weak to medium correlation was seen between vascular enhancement and BMI (r = −0.20), BW (r = −0.42), BSA (r = −0.46), and BV (r = −0.48) ( P ＜ 0.05 for all). Conclusions. Compared to BW, BSA, and BV, a weaker negative correlation exists between vascular enhancement and BMI when ATVS selects 70 KV. However, as a much easier way to operate, the stepped low flow and low-contrast agent injection based on BMI was feasible, and the image quality was more homogenized than that of the control group.
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Epiwardi, Ruwah Joto, and Muhammad Urfan Barran Rusyda Marzuq. "Analisis Perencanaan Sistem Jaringan Distribusi Listrik dan Perkembangan Beban Pada Perumahan The Grand Kenjeran Surabaya." Elposys: Jurnal Sistem Kelistrikan 9, no. 3 (February 17, 2023): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/elposys.v9i3.649.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
he electric power system is a system consisting of several parts, namely generating units, transmission units, distributionunits, and load units that are interconnected and work together to serve the electricity needs of customers according to their needs. In theprocess itself, electrical energy is distributed from the generator through the transmission network until it is received by consumers orcustomers so that in this case a related plan is needed. Planning here aims to get an optimal service flexibility so that it is able to quicklyanticipate the growth of electrical energy and how dense the load that must be served. So that the planning of the electricity distributionnetwork system must pay attention to the load conditions in the field, this is intended so that the planned distribution network system can stillwork well for the next few years. The data collection method used is in the form of field observations which aim to determine field conditionsand obtain load data that will be planned. The results of research conducted at The Grand Kenjeran Surabaya housing show that there are76 housing units to be built in this housing. The 76 housing units will be divided into 4 blocks D, E, F, G and are planned with an initial powerof 5500 VA for each housing unit along with Public Road Planning in residential areas. Taking into account field conditions, ground cablesare used as a distribution network system which includes SKTM and SKTR. The total power obtained is 435,107.5 VA and is served by 3units of distribution transformer using Pole Transformer Substation, 3 PHB-TR, 12 Main PHB, and 3 Branch PHB. The magnitude of thepossible voltage drop is around 0.97% for medium voltage, 0.3% - 0.92% for Main PHB group, 0.7% - 1.54% for Branch PHB group.
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Ishizaki, Mami, Masayuki Iigo, Naoyuki Yamamoto, and Yoshitaka Oka. "Different Modes of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Release from Multiple GnRH Systems as Revealed by Radioimmunoassay Using Brain Slices of a Teleost, the Dwarf Gourami (Colisa lalia)." Endocrinology 145, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 2092–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0960.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract It has become a general notion that there are multiple GnRH systems in the vertebrate brains. To measure GnRH release activities from different GnRH systems, we conducted a static incubation of brain-pituitary slices under various conditions, and GnRH released into the incubation medium was measured by RIA. The slices were divided into two parts, one containing GnRH neurons in the preoptic area and axon terminals in the pituitary (POA-GnRH slices), and the other containing the cell bodies and fibers of terminal nerve-GnRH neurons and midbrain tegmentum-GnRH neurons (TN-TEG-GnRH slices). We demonstrated that GnRH release was evoked by high [K+]o depolarizing stimuli (in both POA-GnRH and TN-TEG-GnRH slices) via Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The most prominent result was the presence of conspicuous sexual difference in the amount of GnRH release in the POA-GnRH slices. The GnRH release from TN-TEG-GnRH slices also showed a small sexual difference, which was by far more inconspicuous than that of POA-GnRH slices. Immunohistochemical analysis using an antiserum specific to the seabream GnRH (sbGnRH; suggested to be specific to POA-GnRH neurons) revealed the presence of a much larger number of POA-GnRH neurons in males than in females. This clear morphological sexual difference is suggested to underlie that of GnRH release in the POA-GnRH slices.
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Amely Jumaat, Siti, Ammar Syahmi Bin Mohd Anuar, Mohd Noor Abdullah, Nur Hanis Radzi, Rohaiza Hamdan, Suriana Salimin, and Muhammad Nafis Bin Ismail. "Monitoring of PV Performance Using LabVIEW." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v12.i2.pp461-467.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This project aims to design a simulator for PV monitoring using LabVIEW. This project will be divided into two parts ; software where LabVIEW and Arduino IDE been contracted and hardware parts. First part involves the software development. In this project, LabVIEW program is used as the main program to monitor the output of solar panel; voltage, current, power and temperature in real time. Next, the Arduino IDE program is used to interact the sensors with the Arduino board. The Arduino Uno microcontroller board is used as data acquisition medium to collect data from the solar panel. <span lang="EN-MY">Second, the hardware part which is PV panel setup and measurement circuit that consist of sensors and Arduino board so that the sensors data will transfer and display to the PC connected. In this simulator, the sensors are connected to the Analog I/O of Arduino Uno microcontroller which read the analogue input of sensors. The Arduino then is connected to the PC program LabVIEW to display the I-V graph and P-V graph. To make the data more significant, the data will be collected at the location 1.8635° N, 103.1089 ° E which is in Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor. The data was collected with 3 different day and time; 12PM, 1PM and 2PM on 28/11/2017, 29/11/2017 and 30/11/2017.</span>
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Kaštelan, Nediljko, Igor Vujović, Maja Krčum, and Nur Assani. "Switchgear Digitalization—Research Path, Status, and Future Work." Sensors 22, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 7922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22207922.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To keep pace with global energy efficiency trends and, in particular, emission reduction targets in the maritime sector, both onshore and maritime power distribution systems need to be adapted to the relevant new technologies and concepts. As an important link in the distribution chain, medium-voltage switchgear (MV) is expected to be stable and reliable while operating as efficiently as possible. Failures of MV equipment, while rare because the equipment must be safe to handle and use, have far-reaching consequences. The consequences of such failures, whether to the shore or marine power system, present risks to the entire power plant, so an accurate assessment of equipment condition is required to identify potential failures early. The solution is an emerging concept of digital switchgear, where the implementation of sensor technology and communication protocols enables effective condition monitoring, and the creation of a database that, when combined with machine learning algorithms, enables predictive maintenance and/or fault detection. This paper presents, step by step, the previous challenges, the current research (divided into predictive maintenance, condition monitoring, and fault detection categories), and the future directions in this field. The use of artificial intelligence is discussed to eliminate the disadvantage of manually interpreting operational data, and recommendations for future work are formulated, such as the need to standardize test procedures and data sets to train and compare different algorithms before they are used in practice.
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Chen, Shuai, Xilong Zhang, and Jizhong Wang. "Sliding Mode Control of Vehicle Equipped with Brake-by-Wire System considering Braking Comfort." Shock and Vibration 2020 (February 25, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5602917.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For passengers, the most common feeling during running on the bumpy road is continuous vertical discomfort, and when the vehicle is braking, especially the emergency braking, the instantaneous inertia of the vehicle can also cause a strong discomfort of the passengers, so studying the comfort of the vehicle during the braking process is of great significance for improving the performance of the vehicle. This paper presented a complete control scheme for vehicles equipped with the brake-by-wire (BBW) system aiming at ensuring braking comfort. A novel braking intention classification method was proposed based on vehicle braking comfort, which divided braking intention into mild brake, medium comfort brake, and emergency brake. Correspondingly, in order to improve the control accuracy of the vehicle brake system and to best meet the driver’s brake needs, a braking intention recognizer relying on fuzzy logic was established, which used the road condition and the brake pedal voltage and its change rate as input, output real-time driver's braking intention, and braking intensity. An optimal brake force distribution strategy for the vehicle equipped with the BBW system based on slip rate was proposed to determine the relationship between braking intensity and target slip ratio. Combined with the vehicle dynamics model, improved sliding mode controller, and brake force observer, the joint simulation was conducted in Simulink and CarSim. The cosimulation results show that the proposed braking intention classification method, braking intention recognizer, brake force distribution strategy, and sliding mode control can well ensure the braking comfort of the vehicle equipped with the BBW system under the premise of ensuring brake safety.